#AutoKeys

[cwilbah]

its so scary when someone reacts with an emote on me 😭 like im sorry i cant rp like that i dont know them

[saltminerising]

Does anyone have an easy indepth tutorial for autokey stuff…. I suck at computer things-

[autokeymastersmelbourne]

AutoKey Masters Melbourne

AutoKey Masters Melbourne, located at 480 Church St, Cremorne VIC 3121, offers expert automotive locksmith services across Melbourne. We specialize in car key replacements, transponder key programming, remote key repairs, ignition repairs, and emergency car lockout assistance. Whether you've lost your keys, locked them inside your vehicle, or need a spare cut, our mobile locksmiths provide fast, professional, and affordable solutions. With years of experience and advanced tools, we service all major vehicle makes and models. Trust AutoKey Masters for reliable, on-the-spot automotive locksmith services—available 7 days a week.

Website: https://autokeymastersmelbourne.com/

Address: 480 Church St, Cremorne VIC 3121

Phone Number: 0370748954

Business Hours: 24/7

[qinuo3322]

Missing Smart Features in Your Car Key? Here’s What You Need to Know

In today’s world of smart technology, vehicle owners expect more than just basic locking and unlocking from their car keys. Features like keyless entry, push-to-start, and remote engine start are becoming standard in many vehicles.

But what if your replacement key doesn’t support these functions? Are smart features always unavailable in aftermarket or OEM replacement keys? Let’s clear the confusion.

As a leading OEM automotive key manufacturer, we’re here to explain why some keys may lack smart functions—and how to choose the right key to get all the features you want.

Why Some Replacement Keys Don’t Have Smart Features

Many customers ask: “Why doesn’t my new key support push start or remote unlock like the original?”

There are a few key reasons:

Vehicle Compatibility: Not all vehicles support smart features by default. Even if your original key had them, the new key must be correctly matched and programmed for the vehicle to activate those functions.

Key Configuration: Some replacement keys are sold as basic versions for affordability and compatibility. These keys may only support basic remote locking/unlocking and starting with the key blade, but not advanced features like remote start or passive entry.

Programming Limitations: Smart features often require specialized programming tools, dealer-level access, or syncing with your car’s onboard system. If the programming is incomplete or skipped, those features won’t be activated.

How to Get Smart Features in Your Replacement Key

The good news? Smart key features are available—you just need to make sure you’re purchasing the correct type of key and using the proper setup process.

Here’s what to look for:

Look for Smart Key-Compatible Options We offer a full range of keys that support advanced functions, including:

Keyless entry (proximity unlock)

Push-button start

Remote engine start

Trunk release and panic alarm

Check Vehicle Requirements Make sure your vehicle model supports the feature you’re looking for. If your car was originally equipped with a smart key, our OEM-grade replacements can fully support those features.

Professional Programming Smart features often need to be programmed using advanced tools. We recommend working with certified locksmiths or repair shops who can program smart keys properly.

Our Commitment to Smart Key Solutions

At U-AUTOKEYS, we’re committed to delivering OEM-level quality and full-featured key solutions. That means:

Smart key options for most popular brands and models

High compatibility and durability

Reliable technical support and programming guidance

We design our keys with the latest technology to ensure you get a true replacement—not a downgrade.

Final Thoughts: Don’t Settle for Less

Missing smart features like remote start or proximity unlock doesn’t have to be your reality. With the right key and proper programming, you can enjoy the same smart convenience as your original key—sometimes even more.

Looking for a smart key replacement with full features? Browse our catalog of high-tech keys https://www.u-autokeys.com/ or contact our support team for help choosing the right solution.

[keys4cars]

No More Panic When You Loose Your Ford Keys, Do This Instead!

Losing your Car Ford Key has you ever been looking in your pockets, luggage, or even back over your steps in a panic? Anyone may get terrified in such posture, but those under haste are more prone to lose it. Losing your automobile keys is similar to waiting for a calamity. You are helpless, stranded, and unsure about what to do going forward. Suppose I told you that the solution is not freaking out? You can manage this better so that you won't start to sweat. Are you prepared for learning how? Keep on reading!

Control yourself and consider what is happening.

The first and most crucial thing to do is keep calm. Though it might be difficult, stressing out can only lead to poor judgments. Breathe deeply then consider what is happening. Where last did you place your Ford Car Key? Could it have been thrown away? Locked in the vehicle is it? If you remain cool, you will be able to start properly solving the issue and think logically.

Maximize technological possibilities.

These days, technology may literally save your life. If you drive a later Ford, most likely it comes with a smartphone app allowing you to unlock and start it from your home. Should you be trapped inside the automobile or unexpectedly forget your automobile Ford Key, this feature might be very helpful. Make sure you downloaded and ready to use the app should things go wrong.

Contact a licenced locksmith professionally.

If you can't locate your Car Ford Key and cannot access your car using technology, it is time to contact a professional locksmith. A knowledgeable locksmith focused on automobile keys can rapidly create a new key or assist you to get back into your car. Choosing someone with Ford automobile expertise would help to prevent harm.

Speak with your Ford dealership.

You might also phoned your neighbourhood Ford dealership. Though it could take more time and money than other choices, their service can get you a new Car Ford Key. Going via the shop is ideal as it will guarantee that the key will operate with the security system of your automobile.

Although losing your Car Ford Key might seem horrible, it is not necessary. Without adding to your stress, being cool, technologically savvy, and contacting the appropriate individuals can help you find the solution.

Looking for a Ford Key? With Keys4Cars solely specializing as automotive locksmiths, this allows us to stock, cut & program a huge amount of vehicle keys & remotes for 99% of cars on our New Zealand roads. Contact us at 0800 AUTOKEY (0800 288653) and send us an email at info@keys4cars.co.nz.

[sol-flo]

i love having strange and arcane computer problems. triggered my -- to — autokey shortcut and had to restart the laptop because the keyboard stopped working entirely

[saim017sadik]

Если вы ищете профессиональные и надежные автоуслуги в Краснодаре, наша компания готова предложить вам широкий спектр сервисов по доступным ценам. Скрутка пробега автомобиля от 1400 рублей — это одна из наших популярных услуг. Мы гарантируем качественное и быстрое выполнение работ, обеспечивая точность и конфиденциальность. Наши услуги включают в себя не только скрутку пробега, но и чип-тюнинг автомобилей. Этот процесс позволяет улучшить производительность вашего авто за счет индивидуальной настройки программного обеспечения двигателя. Мы поможем вам добиться максимальной мощности и эффективности работы вашего транспортного средства. Наша команда также занимается восстановлением потерянных автоключей. Если вы потеряли ключи или они были украдены, мы оперативно восстановим их для вас. В случае неисправности вашего автомобильного ключа мы ��редлагаем его качественный ремонт. Наши специалисты обладают широким опытом и навыками, чтобы вернуть вашему ключу функциональность. Изготовление автомобильных ключей с чипом — ещё одна наша услуга. Мы гарантируем, что ваш новый ключ будет работать безупречно и обеспечит полный доступ к вашему автомобилю. Для заказа наших услуг и получения подробной информации посетите наш сайт. Там вы найдете все необходимые сведения и сможете оставить заявку. Узнать больше можно по адресу: #ИзготовлениеавтомобильногоключасчипомвКраснодаре https://krasnodar.skrutiprobeg.ru/autokey-with-chip/

[janjonom]

Если вы ищете профессиональные и надежные автоуслуги в Краснодаре, наша компания готова предложить вам широкий спектр сервисов по доступным ценам. Скрутка пробега автомобиля от 1400 рублей — это одна из наших популярных услуг. Мы гарантируем качественное и быстрое выполнение работ, обеспечивая точность и конфиденциальность. Наши услуги включают в себя не только скрутку пробега, но и чип-тюнинг автомобилей. Этот процесс позволяет улучшить производительность вашего авто за счет индивидуальной настройки программного обеспечения двигателя. Мы поможем вам добиться максимальной мощности и эффективности работы вашего транспортного средства. Наша команда также занимается восстановлением потерянных автоключей. Если вы потеряли ключи или они были украдены, мы оперативно восстановим их для вас. В случае неисправности вашего автомобильного ключа мы предлагаем его качественный ремонт. Наши специалисты обладают широким опытом и навыками, чтобы вернуть вашему ключу функциональность. Изготовление автомобильных ключей с чипом — ещё одна наша услуга. Мы гарантируем, что ваш новый ключ будет работать безупречно и обеспечит полный доступ к вашему автомобилю. Для заказа наших услуг и получения подробной информации посетите наш сайт. Там вы найдете все необходимые сведения и сможете оставить заявку. Узнать больше можно по адресу: #Изготовление_автомобильного_ключа_с_чипом_в_Краснодаре https://krasnodar.skrutiprobeg.ru/autokey-with-chip/

[govindhtech]

CMEK: GCP Customer Managed Encryption Keys In Cloud

Google Cloud CMEK

Encrypting your resources quickly and effectively is possible with the help of New Cloud KMS Autokey.

Data security, sovereignty, and privacy in the cloud are all fundamentally regulated by encryption. Though many businesses desire more control over the encryption keys that restrict access to their data, Google Cloud offers default encryption for customer data that is stored in the cloud.

What is CMEK?

The creation, rotation, usage recording, and storage of cryptographic keys can all be made more flexible with Customer-Managed Encryption Keys (CMEK).Although many organisations demand greater control, CMEK offers it, but utilising it involves manual processes that take time and effort to guarantee that the required configurations and controls are applied.

Cloud KMS

Today, Google is happy to announce the debut of Cloud KMS Autokey in preview, which will help to improve the efficiency of CMEK setup. For CMEK, key control procedures are automated by Cloud KMS Autokey. As a result, developers can finish their work more quickly. It includes best practices that can drastically lessen the labour involved in maintaining your own encryption keys.

You generate Cloud KMS keys, which are controlled by the client. An integration of CMEK is deemed to exist for Google services that utilise your keys. Either directly or via Cloud KMS Autokey, you can handle these CMEKs.

GCP Customer Managed Encryption Keys

Google-owned and Google-managed keys are used for default encryption

Google uses the same robust key management mechanisms for its own encrypted data that are used to encrypt all data stored in Google Cloud when it is not in use. User data is encrypted using the AES-256 encryption standard while these key management solutions offer stringent audits and key access controls. The encryption keys used to protect your data are owned and managed by Google. Key usage logs cannot be viewed, managed, or examined. An encryption key (KEK) that is shared by data from several clients may be used. It does not need to be setup, configured, or managed.

SSL keys that are managed by the customer (CMEK)

The encryption keys that are handled by you, the customer, are yours. This feature gives you more control over the keys that are used to encrypt data when it’s at rest within Google Cloud services that support it, as well as creating a cryptographic wall around it. Cloud KMS offers direct CMEK management, as well as the option to use Cloud KMS Autokey to automate provisioning and assignment.

CMEK integrations are available for services that support CMEK. The default encryption provided by Google can be substituted with server-side encryption via CMEK integration. Following the configuration of CMEK, the resource service agent manages the encryption and decryption of resources.

Transparency and end-user effort are eliminated during encryption and decryption since CMEK-integrated services manage resource access. It’s like utilising Google’s default encryption to access the resources. Refer to What a CMEK-integrated service offers for additional details regarding CMEK integration.

Key creation is done automatically with Cloud KMS Autokey. At the same time that resources are created, keyrings and keys are automatically generated, and the IAM roles required for encryption and decryption are allocated. Along with lowering complexity and labor-intensive manual selection, Autokey also streamlines the process by automatically selecting the best type of key for each resource.

Here’s how it operates

BigQuery CMEK

Imagine you are assigned a project that calls for the creation of a BigQuery dataset, Compute Engine instances with persistent discs, and a Google Cloud storage bucket. With a key that you manage, the data in every one of these services must be encrypted. Now that encryption is configured for these resources, you can choose “Cloud KMS with Autokey” from the control panel.

If a key ring hasn’t previously been made for that project and location when you request your key, Cloud KMS Autokey will generate one with your new encryption key in the same spot as your resource.

Three essential aims of CMEK implementation are assisted when creating encryption keys using Cloud KMS Autokey:

Maintaining standardised procedures: The suggestions incorporated inside Cloud KMS Autokey are used by the Cloud KMS Autokey service account to automatically create keys upon request.

Making fine-grained cryptographic keys: To enable or remove a key without compromising numerous protected resources, you can do operations like crypto-shredding with more control because a new key is generated with a granularity suitable for each type of resource.

Getting more done in less time: Instead of having to wait for a developer to request fresh keys from another team, you may immediately generate CMEK-protected resources.

At the level of the resource folder, Cloud KMS Autokey is enabled. The Autokey feature will be available to developers working on projects in that directory. No pre-planning or key creation will be required for those projects by the KMS Administrator.

Within the Cloud KMS Autokey service account, authorised users can request a cryptographic key directly and maintain duty separation. By removing the requirement for elevated key-creation privileges, Terraform and other infrastructure-as-code processes can operate with a smaller attack surface as authorised users. Rather than using the returned key to protect the resource, the Terraform function generates a key handle.

Once it’s configured, Cloud KMS Autokey functions as a helper for managing keys.

Should one not already exist, make a key ring specifically for the site.

Using the guidelines included in Cloud KMS Autokey, create a key with the right location and granularity for the type of resource, if one doesn’t already exist.

If the project where the encrypted resources are to be located does not already have a service agent, create one now.

Assign authority on the key to the service agent to encrypt and decrypt data.

Read more on govindhtech.com

[stevensaus]

I had a problem. I needed a tool to reliably capitalize news article titles. While sed (I'm using GNU sed 4.9-1 from Debian) obviously came to mind, there's a lot of variation in standardization among article titles. For my part, I needed a few things: The first letter of every word -- including "to" and "of" and the like -- to be capitalized. Capitalizing the first letter after an n-dash The various forms of m-dashes to be turned into -- De-smarten quotes Properly handling where titles have single quotes Properly handling all-caps For example, this fake title (yes, I know the apostrophe s is wrong; it's a needed example): Social Media and E-learning Spurs Kids' Interest In Anti-aging ASMR Products—'this is rad, boomer's don't get it.' when run through a tool like ConvertCase.net ends up being: Social Media And E-learning Spurs Kids' Interest In Anti-aging Asmr Products—'this Is Rad, Boomer's Don't Get It.' Fixing those edge cases ends up involving a pretty intense extended sed transformation, but results in this: Social Media And E-Learning Spurs Kids' Interest In Anti-Aging ASMR Products -- 'This Is Rad, Boomer's Don't Get It. Here's the entire sed string: sed -e "s/\b\(.\)/\u\1/g" -e "s/-\(.\)/-\u\1/g" -e 's/“/"/g' -e 's/”/"/g' -e "s/’/'/g" -e 's/—/ -- /g' -e 's/ — / -- /g' -e 's/ - / -- /g' -e 's/ – / -- /g' -e 's/ – / -- /g' -e "s/"\'"\([A-Z]\)\b/"\'"\l\1/g" Let's break down the bits. The first part -- -e "s/\b\(.\)/\u\1/g" -e "s/-\(.\)/-\u\1/g" -- capitalizes everything that is the first letter after every bit of whitespace, dashes, and quotation marks. I managed to find an answer on Stack Overflow that pointed me in this direction, and trial and error after that. Then you have a bunch of transforms for the types of "smart" quotes and m-dash variations which is pretty straightforward: -e 's/“/"/g' -e 's/”/"/g' -e "s/’/'/g" -e 's/—/ -- /g' -e 's/ — / -- /g' -e 's/ - / -- /g' -e 's/ – / -- /g' -e 's/ – / -- /g' . The trickiest bit was making it so that words like "wasn't" or "boomer's" did not end up being "wasn'T" or "boomer'S". Using the first portion that capitalized some words, I knew the basic structure of what I wanted, but I kept getting results that either refused to capitalize anything after an apostrophe, capitalized EVERYTHING after an apostrophe, or transformed the last letter of every word to lowercase. (HIv, ASMr, NIh, you get the idea.) It turned out to be a really funky bit of escaping combined with a more precise regex check: -e "s/"\'"\([A-Z]\)\b/"\'"\l\1/g" The key is that the single quotes have to be outside of the escaped portion. I've highlighted the portions of the string that are escaped. Even though the single quotes are outside of the escaped (by quotation marks) portion, you still need to escape the single quotes as well: The highlighted portions are escaped by the quotation marks, but the single quotes are escaped only by the \ character. Two styles of escaping in one operation. I wrote up a small bash script that I use with AutoKey to pull the selected text into the clipboard, run the transform, and then replace the text with the transformed text. You can find that script here: https://gist.github.com/uriel1998/37b731725653def3b675705546d14f22 It took me a long time to figure that out, so if you're struggling with something similar, I hope this helps. Featured image by Bruno from Pixabay https://ideatrash.net/2024/06/using-sed-to-capitalize-titles-and-a-tricky-escaping-problem.html?feed_id=129&_unique_id=667ca603ed4f3

[cb3273973]

Gag Order on 2A Reporters Over Autokey Card Case

[qinuo3322]

Why Key Appearance Matters — And How We Deliver OEM-Like Automotive Keys That Customers Trust

For automotive service centers, 4S dealerships, and professional locksmiths, offering a reliable replacement car key isn’t enough anymore. Today’s customers care about how it looks—and for good reason.

One of the most common complaints from end users is:

“This key doesn’t look like my original one. It feels different and looks cheap.”

As an experienced automotive key OEM, we fully understand the demand for OEM-matching appearance and quality. In this article, we’ll explore why key design matters and how we’re helping our partners offer keys that match both form and function.

Why Do Customers Care About Key Appearance?

Car keys are no longer just functional items — they are part of the vehicle’s identity and user experience. Here’s why appearance matters:

Brand consistency: Drivers want a replacement key that feels like it belongs with their car.

Resale value: A mismatched or low-quality key may be viewed as a sign of poor maintenance.

Customer perception at 4S shops and repair garages: An original-looking key builds trust in your service.

Ergonomics & user experience: Keys are handled daily — users instantly notice poor design or awkward buttons.

Common Problems with Poorly Designed Aftermarket Keys

Many aftermarket keys on the market fail to meet customer expectations. Common issues include:

Bulky or awkward shapes

Button layout that doesn’t match OEM

Low-quality plastic or rubber coatings

No logo or wrong finishing

Inferior click feel or folding mechanism

These flaws damage your reputation and reduce customer satisfaction, especially in premium vehicle brands.

Our Solution: OEM-Like Design, Inside and Out

At U-AUTOKEYS, we’ve made it our mission to produce aftermarket keys that closely match the look and feel of original car keys—while still offering cost-effective advantages for B2B customers.

OEM-Level Mold Design

We invest in precision molds based on genuine key samples to ensure nearly identical housing shape, texture, and dimensions.

Matched Button Layout & Symbols

Our keys replicate the OEM button placement, press feedback, and symbols, so customers feel instantly familiar using them.

High-Quality Materials

We use automotive-grade ABS plastic, stainless steel key blades, and silicone membranes for long-lasting use.

Custom Branding (Where Permitted)

We offer optional logo engraving or blank housings to meet regional legal requirements and branding strategies.

Compatible Circuit Boards & Chips

Inside the shell, our keys support major immobilizer chip types and remote frequencies—without sacrificing the design.

Why OEM-Like Keys Win in the Marketplace

Whether you're selling at a 4S dealership or independent repair garage, offering OEM-style key fobs increases:

Customer trust and acceptance

Positive reviews and word-of-mouth

Professional appearance for your business

Profitability — as premium-looking keys justify better margins

Final Thoughts: Appearance Drives Value

Automotive keys are more than electronic devices — they’re an extension of the driver’s daily experience. When the replacement looks and feels just like the original, everyone wins:

Customers are happy

Businesses look more professional

Returns and complaints drop significantly

At U-AUTOKEYS, we combine form, function, and factory-level precision so you can offer keys that match the original — and exceed expectations.

[keys4cars]

Locksmiths Tauranga Tips: What To Do When Your Lock is Stuck And Won't Open?

Ever find yourself standing in front of an unopening door? I take it that must be obnoxious. Consider yourself running late, a ton of goods in your arms, and a non-turning key. Or maybe, after a demanding day, you're ready to go home and the lock won't move. Should your lock not open, what should you do? Although this issue may affect everyone, you can save time and frustration if you know what to do. Locksmiths Tauranga provides some practical advice to assist you with this bothersome problem.

Working Out the Problem

Find out why your lock is stuck before you search for solutions. These are often the reasons:

Simple Home Improvements

Use this simple piece of advice yourself:

·  Lubricate The Lock.

One of the simplest things you can do is to grease the lock. Make use of a silicone-containing spray or graphite grease. Dirt may attach to items when lubricants based on oil, like WD-40, are used.

1.       Spoon the oil into the keyhole.

2.       To distribute the grease, insert the key and gently shake it.

3.       One more turn of the key.

·  View The Key

Look for damage to your key. Should the key be twisted or worn out, the lock may get jammed. Should you have an additional key on hand, use it. Sometimes a different key will serve you better.

·  More Diagnostic Information

Should the basic solutions prove ineffective, you may have to attempt more intricate ones.

·  Click The Lock Button.

Think the lock's pins are stuck? Slightly tap the lock with the back of a hammer or screwdriver. Sometimes doing this causes the pins to shift back into position.

·  Warm Up The Lock.

Wintertime may cause locks to freeze. Warm the lock with your hands or with a hair dryer. Allow a minute or two; the ice can take that long to melt.

·  When You Really Should Hire A Professional

Get expert assistance if none of these work. Using the services of qualified Tauranga locksmiths will guarantee that your lock is repaired without causing any additional harm.

·  Try Not Too Hard.

What would be worse is if you tried to push the key in; the lock may shatter. Should none of the aforementioned methods resolve your locked lock, you need to seek professional assistance.

·  Six Professional Tools And Techniques

For locks that won't open, locksmiths have specialised equipment and training. They are fast to identify the problem and to find a solution.

While dealing with a jammed lock might be unpleasant, most of the time these suggestions will help you get it resolved fast. Make sure the key turns and lubricate the components as simple solutions to start. Should they prove ineffective, try warming the lock or tapping, or anything more involved. 

Looking for Locksmiths Tauranga? With Keys4Cars solely specializing as automotive locksmiths, this allows us to stock, cut & program a huge amount of vehicle keys & remotes for 99% of cars on our New Zealand roads. Contact us at 0800 AUTOKEY (0800 288653) and send us an email at info@keys4cars.co.nz.

Resources : https://keys4carstauranga.blogspot.com/2024/06/locksmiths-tauranga-tips-what-to-do.html

[amautokey1]

Lonsdor K518ISE Key Programmer,the English version of K518, with Android OS, fast online upgrade, supports Immobilization Key Programming, Odometer adjustment, VW 4th&5th IMMO, Free BMW FEM toyoya smart key programming

[govindhtech]

Brief Cryptography history: Sending secret messages

Cryptography, from the Greek words for “hidden writing,” encrypts data so only the intended recipient can read it. Most major civilizations have sent secret messages since antiquity. Cryptography history is essential to cybersecurity today. Cryptography protects personal messages, digital signatures, online shopping payment information, and top-secret government data and communications. 

Despite its thousands-year history, cryptography and cryptanalysis have advanced greatly in the last 100 years. Along with modern computing in the 19th century, the digital age brought modern cryptography. Mathematicians, computer scientists, and cryptographers developed modern cryptographic techniques and cryptosystems to protect critical user data from hackers, cybercriminals, and prying eyes to establish digital trust.

Most cryptosystems start with plaintext, which is encrypted into ciphertext using one or more encryption keys. The recipient receives this ciphertext. If the ciphertext is intercepted and the encryption algorithm is strong, unauthorized eavesdroppers cannot break the code. The intended recipient can easily decipher the text with the correct decryption key. 

Cryptography history and evolution are covered in this article.

Early cryptography dates back to 1900 BC, when non-standard hieroglyphs were carved into a tomb wall in the Old Kingdom of Egypt.

1500 BC: Mesopotamian clay tablets contained enciphered ceramic glaze recipes, or trade secrets.

Spartans used an early transposition cipher to scramble letter orders in military communications in 650 BC. The process involves writing a message on leather wrapped around a hexagonal wooden scytale. When the strip is wound around a correctly sized scytale, the letters form a coherent message; when unwound, it becomes ciphertext. A private key in the scytale system is its size.

100-44 BC: Julius Caesar is credited with using the Caesar Cipher, a substitution cipher that replaces each letter of the plaintext with a different letter by moving a set number of letters forward or backward in the Latin alphabet, to secure Roman army communications. The private key in this symmetric key cryptosystem is the letter transposition steps and direction.

In 800, Arab mathematician Al-Kindi introduced the frequency analysis technique for cipher breaking, a significant advancement in cryptanalysis. Frequency analysis reverse engineer’s private decryption keys using linguistic data like letter frequencies, letter pairings, parts of speech, and sentence construction.

Brute-force attacks, in which codebreakers try many keys to decrypt messages, can be accelerated by frequency analysis. Single-alphabet substitution ciphers are vulnerable to frequency analysis, especially if the private key is short and weak. Al-Kandi also wrote about polyalphabetic cipher cryptanalysis, which replace plaintext with ciphertext from multiple alphabets for security that is less susceptible to frequency analysis.

1467: Leon Battista Alberti, the father of modern cryptography, most clearly explored polyphonic cryptosystems, the middle age’s strongest encryption.

1500: The Vigenère Cipher, published by Giovan Battista Bellaso but misattributed to French cryptologist Blaise de Vigenère, is the 16th century’s most famous polyphonic cipher. Vigenère invented a stronger autokey cipher in 1586, but not the Vigenère Cipher.

In 1913, World War I accelerated the use of cryptography for military communications and cryptanalysis for codebreaking. The Royal Navy won crucial battles after English cryptologists deciphered German telegram codes.

1917: American Edward Hebern invented the first cryptography rotor machine, which automatically scrambled messages using electrical circuitry and typewriter parts. Simply typing a plaintext message into a typewriter would automatically generate a substitution cipher, replacing each letter with a randomized new letter to produce ciphertext. To decipher the ciphertext, manually reverse the circuit rotor and type it back into the Hebern Rotor Machine to produce the plaintext.

1918: German cryptologist Arthur Scherbius invented the Enigma Machine, an advanced version of Hebern’s rotor machine that used rotor circuits to encode and decode plaintext. Before and during WWII, the Germans used the Enigma Machine for top-secret cryptography. Like Hebern’s Rotor Machine, decoding an Enigma message required advanced sharing of machine calibration settings and private keys, which were vulnerable to espionage and led to the Enigma’s downfall.

1939–45: Polish codebreakers fled Poland and joined many famous British mathematicians, including Alan Turing, to crack the German Enigma cryptosystem, a crucial victory for the Allies. Turing founded much of algorithmic computation theory.

1975: IBM block cipher researchers created the Data Encryption Standard (DES), the first cryptosystem certified by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (then the National Bureau of Standards) for US government use. The DES was strong enough to defeat even the strongest 1970s computers, but its short key length makes it insecure for modern applications. Its architecture advanced cryptography.

1976: Whitfield Hellman and Martin Diffie invented the Diffie-Hellman key exchange method for cryptographic key sharing. This enabled asymmetric key encryption. By eliminating the need for a shared private key, public key cryptography algorithms provide even greater privacy. Each user in public key cryptosystems has a private secret key that works with a shared public for security.

1977: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman introduce the RSA public key cryptosystem, one of the oldest data encryption methods still used today. RSA public keys are created by multiplying large prime numbers, which even the most powerful computers cannot factor without knowing the private key.

2001: The DES was replaced by the more powerful AES encryption algorithm due to computing power improvements. AES is a symmetric cryptosystem like DES, but it uses a longer encryption key that modern hardware cannot crack.

Quantum, post-quantum, and future encryption

Cryptography evolves with technology and more sophisticated cyberattacks. Quantum cryptography, also known as quantum encryption, uses quantum mechanics’ naturally occurring and immutable laws to securely encrypt and transmit data for cybersecurity. Quantum encryption, though still developing, could be unhackable and more secure than previous cryptographic algorithms.

Post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms use mathematical cryptography to create quantum computer-proof encryption, unlike quantum cryptography, which uses natural laws of physics.

Post-quantum cryptography (also called quantum-resistant or quantum-safe) aims to “develop cryptographic systems that are secure against both quantum and classical computers, and can interoperate with existing communications protocols and networks,” according to NIST.

IBM cryptography helps businesses protect critical data

IBM cryptography solutions ensure crypto agility, quantum safety, governance, and risk compliance with technologies, consulting, systems integration, and managed security services. Asymmetric and symmetric cryptography, hash functions, and more ensure data and mainframe security with end-to-end encryption tailored to your business needs.

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