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coloncanceriumw · 5 years ago

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Chemoprevention

Chemoprevention ( Lee Sin Win)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major cancer incidents and has a high mortality rate worldwide. It is also one of the most common and one of the most preventable cancers globally, with powerful but strongly missed potential for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. According to Brenner & Chen (2018), CRC incidence has traditionally been the highest in the Western countries, but it is now increasing rapidly throughout the other parts of the world. CRC have few causing factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and being overweight, with other common diseases

With the progress of scientific research over the past two decades, science have brought major advances in CRC screening and therapeutics. As a result, the incidence and mortality of CRC have started to decline and data shows that there is improvement in the increasing number of CRC survivors. Patients who have completed their therapy session show high interest in adopting dietary and lifestyle activities changes in an attempt to reduce the risk of recurrent cancer. According to Brenner & Chen (2018), this moment is known as the “teachable moment” for oncologists. It is a time when patients are receptive and willing to consider a different lifestyle approach to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.

There are now statistics that show the importance in improving dietary and lifestyle behaviours for patients that were diagnosed with CRC. With the rising number of CRC survivors and advances in the understanding of several therapeutic agents, people are showing new interest in developing new strategies for CRC risk reduction among CRC patients. The United States National Cancer Institute (NCI)-supported cooperative group clinical trials system wishes to optimize the approach to reduce risk among CRC survivors over the next decade and beyond. NCI will start conducting trials that will involve a prolonged intervention period using oral medications to inhibit colorectal carcinogenesis.

Currently, a few medical components that are under review by the clinics as a tertiary prevention of CRC. These medical components such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors, NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS) and low-dose aspirin.

STATIN

According to a study by Voorneveld et al. (2017) , it is reported that there is a decreased risk of death from any cause and from cancer in statin users belonging to a cohort of colon cancer patients. Statins act as lipid-lowering compounds through inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR).It is a key enzyme of the mevalonate pathway involved in the cholesterol biosynthesis and in post-translational modification (isoprenylation) of small GTPase family members such as Ras and Rho. The statin effect is correlated with intact bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.The reported data based on Bifulco & Gazzerro, (2018) represent an expanded evidence-based analysis of statin antitumor activity. In the cohort analyzed by Voorneveld et al. (2017), statin users had more comorbidities and experienced tumors at an earlier stage than nonusers. In a recent analysis based on Bifulco & Gazzerro (2018) , a research was done to evaluate the relationship between lipid traits and colorectal cancer risk. A study by Rodriguez‐Broadbent et al. (2017) also yielded similar results that showed single nucleotide polymorphisms mimicking HMGCR inhibition were associated with 43% reduction in colorectal cancer occurrence. Intriguingly, recent data suggest that statins are able to prevent the progression from adenoma to adenocarcinoma rather than to directly inhibit cancer incidence. In the colon cancer cohort analyzed by Voorneveld et al. (2017), statin use after diagnosis significantly improved survival in colon cancer patients with intact BMP signaling and wild-type SMAD4.

ASPIRIN

Based on an observational study by Coyle et al.( 2016), there is evidence that the usage of low-dose aspirin which is categorized under chemoprevention is showing results that it can reduce CRC risk. According to Coyle et al. (2016), the first clinical evidence emerged in 1988 from a case-control study conducted in Melbourne, Australia, which showed that aspirin reduced the risk of developing CRC. This finding also shows that aspirin was associated with a lower risk of developing CRC (relative risk (RR) 0.73, 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.67–0.79). Based on a research by (Li et al., 2015), aspirin goes along with enhanced survival after CRC diagnosis. Not only that, Sostres (2015) conducted a study that shows aspirin is one of the most likely key mechanisms that are related to cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition but an additional role of non-COX mechanisms has also been postulated. Then, observations of enhanced survival of CRC patients treated with metformin should be followed up by randomised controlled trials (RCTs).According to Weberpals et al. (2016) , there are drugs that are commonly used for treatment of comorbidities among CRC patients such as beta-blockers, an apparent beneficial role for prognosis seems to have been spurious, and could have resulted from major flaws in pertinent pharmacoepidemiologic studies, such as immortal time bias.

NSAID

According to Rigas & Tsioulias (2015) , there are multiple epidemiologic studies, randomized clinical trials in patients and pooled analyses of patients who were administering non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the prevention of cardiovascular disease could show that conventional NSAIDs are able to prevent CRC to a certain extent. However, chronic medication with NSAIDs also bears various serious side effects that could harm the patients.Therefore , researchers are slowly researching newer and chemically modified NSAIDs so that the drugs could be more effective and safe in the future. In addition to that , recent work also indicates that targeting earlier stages of colorectal carcinogenesis with these new NSAIDs could be a promising approach for treating this malignant disease, since it may only require a relatively short use of these therapeutics.

Taking medication is not that easy isn’t? On paper, take the pills that were given by your oncologist, or doctor, by the time requested. Sometimes, concern seeps into our minds when taking medication, especially those that need to be taken in the long run. A lot of factors are considered, such as the opinion of others around us. One friend said that taking this medication isn’t good? Another mentioned about visiting this doctor again? What about side effects? (Kahwati et al., 2016)

The theory of planned behaviour is a theory that can be used to predict if the patient will perform a health related behaviour (Hasan et al., 2019). As explained by "The Theory of Planned Behavior" (2020) the theory of planned behaviour consists of 3 factors. It includes, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control.

Attitude is the negative and positive feelings of the patient towards the behaviour, in this case, its taking medication to prevent CRC. Subjective norm is the view of the individual that has an influence on the patient (individual with authority, deemed to be more knowledgeable, trusted individuals) on the medication. Perceived behavioural control is the perceived difficulty of the patient towards the behavior. If the behaviour is too difficult to accomplish at first glance, it steers the patient away from completing the task.

Using this theory, it is possible to understand why the patient would refrain from taking the prescribed medication. Removing those barriers can increase adherence. For example, attitude towards the medication can be changed by introducing and explaining the benefits of the medication. Another tip can be to inform the individual in the patient’s life about the importance of the medication, so the patient would be more willing to take the medication. A study done by Granger et.al (2015) showed that adherence has gone up from 32% to 70%. In this study, patients were given intense education before the prescription of the medication in the hospital. The patients were informed about the goal of the medication, and response plans.

Another study done by Kopelowiz et. al. (2015) tested the possibilities of multi-family group intervention (MFG) paired with theory of planned behaviour. MFG intervention is an intervention method that involves the patient’s family, and is process oriented. MFG allows the family members to set the problem focus instead of the therapist. Then the problems are solved, giving the patient a ‘tailored’ solution for their problem. Culture specific concerns can be adapted and solved through MFG because the families are encouraged to point out all the problems and concerns they have. This fits the social norms aspect of the theory of planned behaviour.

The process of MFG as discussed by Kopelowiz et. al. (2015) first started with having the patient identify the problems they had with the medication. Then, the clinician or therapist addresses false beliefs or understanding of the medication by educating them with supporting research and journals. Then, other concerns such as weight gain (an example by Kopelowiz et. al., 2015), are dealt by having the group members voice out potential solutions.

The next step is to correct and change the social norms of the patient. The family members now voice out their concern and problems, the therapist addresses the problems, and correct misinformation. Any other additional problems are then solved by other group members. This corresponds to the social norm aspect of the theory of planned behaviour.

Lastly, perceived power of control was dealt with by correcting inaccurate beliefs and estimation of power (to perform the behaviour). The example that was used to study is the ability to purchase the medication. Suggestions such as ways to get more affordable and free medication is then explained.

Another model to consider is the transtheoretical model. The transtheoretical model describes the process of behaviour change in 5 stages. The behavioural change does not occur in a linear method, but in a spiral, where it is possible to move to previous stages via relapse. Intervention can be used to help the patient transition through the stages. The stages are explained below, and interventions will be discussed after. ("The Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)", 2020)

The first stage is precontemplation. Pre-contemplation is when the patient has no intention to change. This is likely before the advice of a doctor, or right after relapse (not adhering to the medication schedule after taking it for a long time). This stage can also be that not realizing that the patient is at high risk of CRC recurrence.

The next stage is contemplation. This stage occurs when the patient decides that there is a need to take the medication, and is considering to adhere to the medication schedule. The patient is thinking about the change, but not putting effort into changing yet. This should occur when the patient understands that they are at risk of CRC reoccurrence.

Next, preparation. Preparation is when the patient has the thought and intention to make change, in this case, it's to adhere to the medical advice given by their doctor.

Action comes next. This stage is the patient performing the behaviour. The patient is now taking medication as scheduled, in the correct dosage.

The last stage is maintenance. This stage is to maintain the new behaviour, and build up resistance to change. The old behaviour is replaced with the new, and incorporated to the patient’s daily life. This stage would be that the patient is getting used to taking the medication, and have no problems with taking it daily.

Conclusion

In conclusion, statin, aspirin and NSAID are medications that can help prevent the recurrence of CRC. Patients might not be keen to start taking medication, and may have a variety of issues from financial capabilities to afford the medicine to personal beliefs. There are ways to overcome such issues, such as talking to a medical professional and weight out the pros and cons. Talking to a therapist, or participating in a support group can help as well.

Reference

Bifulco, M., & Gazzerro, P. (2018). Colon Cancer Survival and Statins: What More Evidence Do We Need?. Gastroenterology, 154(5), 1545-1546. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.071

Brenner, H., & Chen, C. (2018). The colorectal cancer epidemic: challenges and opportunities for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. British Journal Of Cancer, 119(7), 785-792. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-018-0264-x

Coyle, C., Cafferty, F., & Langley, R. (2016). Aspirin and Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Is It for Everyone?. Current Colorectal Cancer Reports, 12(1), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11888-016-0306-9

Granger, B., Ekman, I., Hernandez, A., Sawyer, T., Bowers, M., & DeWald, T. et al. (2015). Results of the Chronic Heart Failure Intervention to Improve MEdication Adherence study: A randomized intervention in high-risk patients. American Heart Journal, 169(4), 539-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2015.01.006

Hasan, S., Muzumdar, J., Nayak, R., & Wu, W. (2019). Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Factors Influencing South Asian Consumers’ Intention to Seek Pharmacist-Provided Medication Therapy Management Services. Pharmacy, 7(3), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7030088

Kahwati, L., Viswanathan, M., Golin, C., Kane, H., Lewis, M., & Jacobs, S. (2016). Identifying configurations of behavior change techniques in effective medication adherence interventions: a qualitative comparative analysis. Systematic Reviews, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0255-z

Kini, V., & Ho, P. (2018). Interventions to Improve Medication Adherence. JAMA, 320(23), 2461. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.19271

Kopelowicz, A., Zarate, R., Wallace, C., Liberman, R., Lopez, S., & Mintz, J. (2015). Using the theory of planned behavior to improve treatment adherence in Mexican Americans with schizophrenia. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 83(5), 985-993. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039346

Li, P., Wu, H., Zhang, H., Shi, Y., Xu, J., & Ye, Y. et al. (2014). Aspirin use after diagnosis but not prediagnosis improves established colorectal cancer survival: a meta-analysis. Gut, 64(9), 1419-1425. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308260

Rigas, B., & Tsioulias, G. (2015). The Evolving Role of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Colon Cancer Prevention: A Cause for Optimism. Journal Of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics, 353(1), 2-8. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.114.220806

Rodriguez‐Broadbent, H., Law, P., Sud, A., Palin, K., Tuupanen, S., & Gylfe, A. et al. (2017). Mendelian randomisation implicates hyperlipidaemia as a risk factor for colorectal cancer. International Journal Of Cancer, 140(12), 2701-2708. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30709

Sostres, C. (2015). Aspirin, cyclooxygenase inhibition and colorectal cancer. World Journal Of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology And Therapeutics, 5(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i1.40

The Theory of Planned Behavior. Sphweb.bumc.bu.edu. (2020). Retrieved 4 March 2020, from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/SB/BehavioralChangeTheories/BehavioralChangeTheories3.html.

The Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change). Sphweb.bumc.bu.edu. (2020). Retrieved 13 February 2020, from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/SB/BehavioralChangeTheories/BehavioralChangeTheories6.html.

Voorneveld, P., Reimers, M., Bastiaannet, E., Jacobs, R., van Eijk, R., & Zanders, M. et al. (2017). Statin Use After Diagnosis of Colon Cancer and Patient Survival. Gastroenterology, 153(2), 470-479.e4. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.011

Weberpals, J., Jansen, L., Carr, P., Hoffmeister, M., & Brenner, H. (2016). Beta blockers and cancer prognosis – The role of immortal time bias: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 47, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.04.004

#THB

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katetkeith · 8 years ago

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How many apartments are we building?

Another day, another property bust article from me old mucker Roger Montgomery, this time in Professional Planner:

Usually when writing financial articles or documents there’s an internal checking process that goes something like this:

“Does this make sense? No, this does not make sense.” – but for some reason this doesn’t seem to apply when Monty writes about dwelling supply.

The only reason I can think of is to cause people to panic, sell their home, and invest in a managed fund (happy to stand corrected, though).

Have we been producing 230,000 apartments annually, or indeed anywhere close to that level?

Let’s take a look at some numbers…

How many?

2016 was by some margin the greatest calendar year on record for dwelling construction in Australia.

In total just under 114,000 houses were completed, and fewer than 95,000 attached dwellings (including all townhouses, ‘plexes, units, and apartments).

It was a a monster year for dwelling construction with the industry operating close to full capacity, as evidenced by price inflation in materials and labour prices, and a shortage of qualified project managers.

These completion figures are before accounting for stock obsolescence or demolitions, and therefore the net additions were considerably lower.

The ABS preliminary estimates puts the annual net increase in the total number of dwellings at +172,800, but these are of course subject to revision, and in any case these are quite muddy waters at the best of times.

It’s certainly true that over time we have been building fewer houses per capita and shifting towards apartments.

In reality what happened was that by 2009 Sydney completions had crashed to their lowest level since 1953, while there was also the uncertainty of the financial crisis to contend with.

Since 2013, through a combination of record low interest rates, very strong dwelling price growth, and an unprecedented demand for new apartments from investors in China, developers have pumped out a record supply response.

But even still, we’re not near 230,000 apartments annually.

Even lobbing in everything that isn’t a house we’ve got nowhere near producing 230,000 units per annum.

Housing Industry Association (HIA) numbers have shown that while the number of semi-detached commencements has continued to rise, high-rise apartment starts have already fallen away quite sharply in Victoria and Queensland.

This means that peak commencements took place back in the 2016 financial year at a total of 116,300 multi-units.

One key dynamic through this property market cycle – given that it takes on average at least three times as long on average for an apartment to be completed versus a house – is that the pipeline of apartments still to be delivered remains huge in 2017.

Absorption

One other point, the population increase over the year to September 2016 was 1.5 per cent, or +348,700, not 1.3 per cent as claimed in Monty’s latest op-ed:

The rate of population growth also now appears to be accelerating, certainly to above 350,000 per annum, and possibly towards 400,000.

To put that in context, remember last year when Australia’s population hit 24 million?

This week, the population clock will fizz past 24,500,000.

Next year, we’ll pass 25 million.

As I noted 13 months ago – when Monty argued that there was already 18 months worth of oversupply – any way you spun the numbers back then you couldn’t get to an oversupply of 200,000 dwellings.

For that reason, Monty’s claim that rents are falling around the country is also not correct.

I noted here this week that “Sydney rental crisis” could be the next big story as investors are clubbed out of the market, and the latest figures from Domain Group suggest that this could follow hard upon.

For as long as the present rate of immigration and population growth continues, you can more or less forget any oversupply in Melbourne, but the usual regional caveats apply.

There could be some challenges on the outer-Sydney fringe, for high rise apartments in Blacktown and Parramatta, while inner city Brisbane apartments have been a hot topic for at least a couple of years now.

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delhi-architect2 · 5 years ago

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Journal - 25 Best Architecture Firms in New York, NY (Updated April 2020)

New York is arguably the epicenter of the architectural industry in the United States, with more than 20,000 licensed architects and well over 1,000 firms working in the state. At its heart, New York City (NYC) is home to a thriving community of architects, interior designers, landscape architects, engineers and contractors, with projects ranging from residential and retail to cultural and commercial. Construction firms generated an estimated $84 billion in economic activity in 2018, representing 10 percent of New York City’s total economic output.

With so many architecture firms to choose from, it’s challenging for clients to identify the industry leaders that will be an ideal fit for their project needs. Fortunately, Architizer is able to provide guidance on the top design firms in NYC based on more than a decade of data and industry knowledge.

How are these architecture firms ranked?

The following ranking has been created according to key statistics that demonstrate each firm’s level of architectural excellence. The following metrics have been accumulated to establish each architecture firm’s ranking, in order of priority:

The number of A+Awards won (2013 to 2019)

The number of projects selected as “Project of the Day” (2009 to 2020)

The number of projects selected as “Featured Project” (2009 to 2020)

The number of projects uploaded to Architizer (2009 to 2020)

Each of these metrics is explained in more detail at the foot of this article. This ranking list will be updated annually, taking into account new achievements of NYC architecture firms throughout the year. Without further ado, here are the 25 best architecture firms in New York City, as of April 2020:

1. Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG)

A+Awards won: 17 Projects of the Day: 10 Featured Projects: 35 Total Projects: 75

Via 57 West by BIG; photo by Nic Lehoux

Based in Copenhagen, London and New York City, Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) was founded in 2005 and has since grown to a staff of more than 400. Led by Danish architect Bjarke Ingels, the firm has developed a reputation for designing innovative buildings with forms and programs that respond to their local context. The firm practices what it calls “programmatic alchemy”, mixing conventional ingredients such as living, leisure, working, parking and shopping to create new forms of “symbiotic” architecture.

Some of BIG’s most prominent projects include:

Via 57 West, a striking, pyramidal apartment building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City that combines high-rise living with a shared courtyard.

The Mountain, an experimental multi unit housing project with stepped terraces in Copenhagen, Denmark (designed in collaboration with JDS Architects).

Shenzhen Energy Mansion, a high-rise, multi-functional commercial building with an energy-efficient façade in Shenzhen, China.

Amagerforbrændingen, a waste-to-energy plant in Copenhagen, Denmark, with a ski slope built into its sloping roof.

Danish National Maritime Museum, a subterranean museum built into an old dry dock in the harbor of Helsingør, Denmark.

2. Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM)

A+Awards won: 13 Projects of the Day: 10 Featured Projects: 31 Total Projects: 92

One World Trade Center by SOM; photo by James Ewing

International firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) was founded back in 1936 and has since become one of the world’s most renowned practices, particularly famous for its iconic skyscraper designs in Chicago, New York and beyond. The firm comprises architects, engineers, urban planners and more, all participating in a highly collaborative effort to bring incredibly complex, large-scale developments to reality. SOM’s use of innovative materials and emerging technologies has made them a leading force in the design of modern commercial projects.

Some of SOM’s seminal projects include:

One World Trade Center, the landmark skyscraper at the heart of the redeveloped World Trade Center site in Downtown Manhattan, New York City.

Burj Khalifa, a 829.8 m (2,722 ft) tall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates that is currently the world’s tallest building.

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Terminal 2, a vast terminal in Mumbai, India featuring an innovative sculptural concrete roof canopy.

Poly International Plaza, an iconic commercial skyscraper in Beijing, China with an expressive diagrid structure.

John Hancock Center, a Chicago landmark that was the world’s first mixed-use high rise.

3. OMA

A+Awards won: 4 Projects of the Day: 9 Featured Projects: 36 Total Projects: 60

Seattle Public Library by OMA, REX and Balmond Studio; photo courtesy Balmond Studio

Led by renowned Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas, OMA (Office for Metropolitan Architecture) is famous for its avant garde approach to architecture, constantly reexamining the relationship between form and function since its inception in 1975. The firm specializes in “architecture, urbanism and cultural analysis”, expanding its work beyond the built environment with its parallel research and design studio, AMO. One of the world’s most influential design firms, OMA has offices in Rotterdam, New York, Beijing, Hong Kong, Doha and Dubai.

Some of OMA’s most well-known projects include:

Seattle Public Library, a multi-functional civic space with an intertwining program that redefined the library typology (designed in collaboration with REX and Balmond Studio)

CCTV Headquarters, an iconic skyscraper in Beijing, China which connects the entire process of TV production in a single loop of activity.

The Interlace, a multi unit housing project comprising a striking series of stacked, cantilevering volumes.

De Rotterdam, a huge multi-functional high-rise that is the largest building in the Netherlands.

Taipei Performing Arts Centre, a bold new cultural building in Taiwan’s capital that acts as a “machine for theater”.

4. Gensler

A+Awards won: 4 Projects of the Day: 7 Featured Projects: 20 Total Projects: 136

Shanghai Tower by Gensler (tallest building in frame); photo by Blackstation

Founded in 1965, Gensler is one of the world’s largest architecture firms, with more than 6,000 staff working across 48 offices worldwide. The firm has an incredibly diverse portfolio, with projects “as large as a city and as small as a task light for an individual desk.” Gensler specializes in the design of large-scale, high-performance urban developments, and is considered an industry leader in high-rise commercial construction.

Some of Gensler’s most notable projects include:

Shanghai Tower, a high-tech skyscraper in Shanghai, China with a double-skin façade that is currently the second tallest building in the world.

Chennai International Airport, Kamaraj Domestic and International Terminals, major new terminals at India’s third busiest airport.

Cadillac House, an iconic showroom for automobiles in Shanghai, China with a curvaceous stainless steel façade.

IZU Velodrome, a modern sporting arena housing Japan’s first 250-meter indoor cycle track near Mount Fuji.

Facebook at Menlo Park, part of the media giant’s headquarters and one of many projects Gensler has delivered for major technology companies.

5. Steven Holl Architects

A+Awards won: 4 Projects of the Day: 6 Featured Projects: 28 Total Projects: 37

Institute for Contemporary Art, Virginia Commonwealth University by Steven Holl Architects; photo by Iwan Baan

Steven Holl Architects is an award-winning design firm operating continuously between two offices in New York City and Beijing. Founded by renowned architect Steven Holl, the 40-person firm has completed dozens of projects globally, with an emphasis on cultural buildings such as museums and galleries. Holl is also known for his artistic approach, utilizing watercolors and model making to explore new spatial ideas and material applications.

Some of Steven Holl Architects’ best known works include:

Institute for Contemporary Art at Virginia Commonwealth University, a bold composition of cantilever volumes housing gallery spaces and exhibition halls in Richmond, VA.

MIT Simmons Hall, a 350 bed residence for students envisioned as a “vertical slice of city” in Cambridge, MA.

Nanjing Museum of Art and Architecture, an art gallery in Nanjing, China featuring translucent cantilevered volumes elevated above the treeline.

Linked Hybrid, a huge multi-functional development in Beijing, China with interconnected sky bridges, courtyards and roof gardens.

Lewis Arts Complex, a cultural institution in Princeton, NJ defined by natural materials, porosity and ease of movement.

6. HDR

A+Awards won: 4 Projects of the Day: 6 Featured Projects: 28 Total Projects: 37

Peter Kiewit Foundation Sculpture Garden by HDR; photo by © Tom Kessler Photography

HDR is a truly global architecture firm, with 225 offices around the world working on major commercial, residential, educational and cultural projects. Since its inception more than 100 years ago, the firm has grown to a team of 10,000 and provides a wide range of services including engineering, architecture, environmental and construction services. HDR aims to design architecture that is “both proud and humble, stays true to its purpose, and creates a sense of place that is meaningful to the society it serves.”

Some of HDR’s most significant projects include:

Wollongong Central Development, a large-scale shopping center in the heart of Wollongong, Australia that features an innovative series of wood, metal and concrete façade details.

Zayed Building for Personalized Cancer Care, a landmark building for the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX.

Peter Kiewit Foundation Sculpture Garden, an elegant landscape design that adds outdoor exhibition space for the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha, NE.

Kolos Data Center, a 6.5 million square foot data center integrated into the stunning landscape of Ballengen, Norway.

University of Melbourne, a design for a vibrant new student hub that features a glass atrium filled with plants, people and natural light.

7. Sharon Davis Design

A+Awards won: 4

Projects of the Day: 0

Featured Projects: 6

Total Projects: 8

Partners in Health Housing by Sharon Davis Design; photo by Sharon Davis Design

Sharon Davis Design is renowned for its humanitarian and community-focused projects, having completed education and healthcare projects for developing communities across Africa and Asia. Led by architect Sharon Davis, the firm aims to provide “cost-effective, environmentally conscious” designs that integrate seamlessly with the local context. Sharon Davis was named one of Architizer’s “50 Women Rocking the World of Architecture” in 2020.

Some of Sharon Davis’ Designs’ key projects include:

Women’s Opportunity Center, a multi-functional complex including classrooms, lodgings and a demonstration farm for women in Kayonza, Rwanda.

Partners in Health Housing, a community building wrapped in permeable eucalyptus screens in Kayonza, Rwanda.

Davis House, a beautifully detailed timber residence designed and built for the architect herself in Garrison, NY.

8. RAAD Studio

A+Awards won: 4 Projects of the Day: 0 Featured Projects: 2 Total Projects: 20

The LowLine by RAAD Studio; photo by RAAD Studio

Led by principal architect James Ramsey, RAAD (Ramsey Architecture and Design) was founded in 2004 and has since completed over 100 projects across the United States. RAAD is known for its stylish yet comfortable residential projects and hotel designs, with the firm constantly balancing “the relationship between open space and cozy enclosure.” The firm’s award-winning work has featured in The New York Times, The New Yorker, The Wall Street Journal, Metropolis, Monocle, and New York magazine.

Some of RAAD Studio’s most renowned projects include:

The Lowline Lab, a plant-filled subterranean laboratory and public art installation featuring situated in an abandoned market.

The Lowline, a proposed subterranean park beneath Delancey St. in Manhattan, New York that builds upon the findings of the Lowline Lab.

The Strand, a proposed regeneration of an abandoned Brutalist building in London, enlivened with greenery, pathways and creative uses of light.

Franklin Street, a beautifully renovated Manhattan loft featuring a distinctive brick arcade at the heart of its design.

BK Hotel, a boutique hotel in Brooklyn featuring tactile concrete finishes inside and out.

9. NADAAA, Inc.

A+Awards won: 3 Projects of the Day: 2 Featured Projects: 8 Total Projects: 15

Rock Creek House by NADAAA, Inc.; photo by NADAAA, Inc.

NADAAA is a multi-disciplinary design firm led by Nader Tehrani, Katherine Faulkner, and Daniel Gallagher, which works with dozens of collaborators to challenge traditional ways of working in the AEC industry. The firm’s work ranges from small-scale pavilions and installations to large scale infrastructure and landscape projects, and designs often feature innovative applications of materials or unconventional construction techniques.

Some of NADAAA’s key projects include:

Rock Creek House, a daring renovation of a 1920s brick residence in Washington, D.C. that features a constellation of different sized windows across its elevations.

Melbourne School of Design, a large educational facility defined by a distinctive wooden ceiling structure (designed in collaboration with John Wardle Architects).

Banq Restaurant, a bar and restaurant in Boston, MA featuring a sculptural, organic wood canopy.

University of Toronto, Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, a contemporary extension to a historic institution at the center of a circular site in Toronto, Canada.

Tanderrum Pedestrian Bridge, a steel-wrapped pathway linking Birrarung Marr with the Melbourne Park sports precinct in Melbourne, Australia.

10. SHoP Architects

A+Awards won: 3 Projects of the Day: 2 Featured Projects: 7 Total Projects: 40

Steinway Tower by SHoP Architects (tallest building in frame); photo by dbox

Award-winning architecture firm SHoP Architects utilizes interdisciplinary expertise to produce a range of innovative projects across all scales. The firm was founded in 1996 by six individuals with backgrounds in fine arts, banking, history, real estate, political science, business and architecture. Currently led by four principals along with more than 180 employees, SHoP Architects boasts a diverse portfolio including residences, commercial buildings, schools, cultural institutions, and large-scale master plans.

Some of SHoP Architects’ best known works include:

Barclays Arena at Atlantic Yards, a multi-purpose indoor arena in Brooklyn, New York. It is most notably the home of NBA basketball team the Brooklyn Nets.

LaGuardia Airport Master Plan, a reimagining of New York’s LaGuardia Airport that will provide a much improved, world-class facility.

Pier 35, an eco-park on the East River in Manhattan, NY that was designed to provide a passive recreation space for the local community.

9 Dekalb, a 73-story residential tower set to rise above the historic Brooklyn Dime Savings Bank, which will become the tallest building in Brooklyn upon completion.

Midtown Center, a 14-story mixed-use office, dining, and retail complex arranged around a large public plaza in Washington, D.C.

11. Handel Architects

A+Awards won: 3 Projects of the Day: 1 Featured Projects: 9 Total Projects: 82

National September 11 Memorial by Handel Architects; photo by Mark Lennihan

Handel Architects LLP is an architecture, interior design and planning firm that was formed in New York City in 1994. Led by founding Partner Gary Handel, The practice has offices in New York City, Boston, San Francisco and Hong Kong. Over 200 architects and designers represent the firm, working on projects across North and South America, the Middle East and Asia. The firm strives to create buildings that serve as catalysts for positive urban and social change, with clients ranging from private developers to non-for-profit groups.

Some of Handel Architects’ most significant projects include:

The House at Cornell Tech, a 26-story residential tower for Cornell University’s new Roosevelt Island Campus that will include 350 residences for students, staff, and faculty.

Ritz-Carlton Hotel & Residences, a high-end mixed-use complex that cleverly integrates a 1932 landmark incinerator building.

National September 11 Memorial, an eight acre plaza in Lower Manhattan, where the former World Trade Center Twin Towers once stood (designed in collaboration with Davis Brody Bond and Snøhetta).

Enclave at the Cathedral, a contemporary residential development located next to Manhattan’s Cathedral of St. John the Divine.

170 Amsterdam, a 20-story residential building on the Upper West Side of Manhattan defined by its visible exoskeleton that maximizes the interior space.

12. LEVENBETTS

A+Awards won: 3 Projects of the Day: 2 Featured Projects: 6 Total Projects: 14

ZOID by LEVENBETTS; photo by LEVENBETTS

Founded in 1997 by David Leven and Stella Betts, LEVENBETTS is an award-winning architecture practice that focuses on design at all scales. With projects including urban design, public architecture, housing, commercial workspaces, exhibitions and furniture, the practice seeks to create an architecture that engages succinctly with its urban and natural environment. The firm’s work strives to be social, sustainable and devoted to the public.

Some of LEVENBETTS’ standout works include:

ZOID, a shelter arrayed around a courtyard that can be entered from all apertures, designed to prioritize nature and collective engagement with others.

ZOID House, a unique trapezoidal residence conceived as a series of rooms that can serve multiple functions depending on the needs of the inhabitants.

Square House, a 43’ x 43’ house with no front or back door that can be accessed directly from the outside, creating a fluid relationship between interior and exterior.

Brooklyn Heights Interim Library, a temporary library in the Church of Our Lady of Lebanon in Brooklyn, defined by its openness while able to provide private spaces.

36SML Beach House, a residence divided by three yards, each serving a specific purpose.

13. Bohlin Cywinski Jackson

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 5 Featured Projects: 21 Total Projects: 40

Apple Store, Fifth Avenue by Bohlin Cywinski Jackson; photo by Peter Aaron

Bohlin Cywinski Jackson was founded in 1965 and is known for elegant and humane design, with projects ranging from small homes to large civic, cultural and commercial buildings. The firm’s design culture revolves around energy efficiency and environmental sensitivity. Since its inception, Bohlin Cywinski Jackson has received more than 675 regional, national and international design awards, and has offices located across North America.

Some of Bohlin Cywinski Jackson’s most noteworthy works include:

Apple Store, Fifth Avenue, an iconic 32-foot glass cube that serves as the entrance to an Apple Store in the center of the General Motors Plaza, Manhattan, NY.

Twitter, Inc. Headquarters, a new headquarters and urban campus for Twitter that promotes the company’s evolving culture and appeals directly to their innovative staff.

High Meadow Dwellings at Fallingwater, four dwellings with wood interiors and framed vistas that house students of Fallingwater Institute’s summer residency programs.

The Bear Stand, a 3,300 square foot retreat on a remote, seasonally isolated woodland plot.

Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Shrem Museum of Art, a museum defined as a “landscape of cultivation”, with a distinct overhead “Grand Canopy” that has an undulating form.

14. Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 2 Featured Projects: 21 Total Projects: 81

Shanghai World Financial Center by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates; photo by H.G. Esch, Courtesy Mori Building Ltd.

One of the largest architecture firms in New York City with over 650 employees, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates has an extensive portfolio spanning more than 40 countries. The firm was founded in 1976 and has offices in New York, London, San Francisco, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Abu Dhabi, Berlin and Singapore. Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates has an open-minded approach to design and seeks to create buildings that strengthen the urban context and promote sustainable environments.

Some of Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates’ most iconic projects include:

Shanghai World Financial Center, one of Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates’ most highly recognized and award-winning projects. The skyscraper houses a mix of office and retail spaces.

10 Hudson Yards, an office tower that anchors the southeast corner of the famous real estate development and the High Line.

International Commerce Centre, a 118-story tower that accommodates offices, a 360 degree observation deck, and the world’s highest hotel, The Ritz-Carlton Hong Kong.

Centra Metropark, an office park that blends urbanism with the living landscape.

Songdo ConvensiA Convention Center, a low-rise complex in the master-planned city of Songdo, South Korea that is conceptualized as a series of folded roof planes.

15. Ennead Architects

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 2 Featured Projects: 21 Total Projects: 81

The Pennsylvania State University, Dickinson School of Law, Katz Building by Ennead Architects; photo via Ennead Architects

Since 1963, Ennead Architects has designed educational and cultural programs that powerfully shape the public realm, inspire design innovation and enrich neighborhoods. Based in New York City, the 180-person firm boasts a diverse portfolio including master planning, new construction, renovation, preservation and interior design, with a particular focus on museum design. Ennead Architects executes each project with meticulous attention to detail, undertaking a rigorous analysis of the history, context and program for each project.

Some of Ennead Architects’ most notable works include:

The Pennsylvania State University, Dickinson School of Law, Katz Building, a glowing academic building whose sinuous form follows the topography of its site in Centre County, PA.

Natural History Museum of Utah, a copper-clad cultural landmark embedded within the desert landscape of Salt Lake City, UT.

The Standard, an iconic hotel perched on concrete stilts that straddles James Corner Field Operations‘ High Line in New York.

Shanghai Astronomy Museum, an iconic planetarium and space museum that will be the largest of its kind in the world upon opening in 2021.

Rose Center for Earth and Space, a contemporary extension to the American Museum of Natural History in New York characterized by its lofty glass façades.

16. ZGF Architects

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 2 Featured Projects: 9 Total Projects: 24

Expensify Portland Office by ZGF Architects; image courtesy ZGF Architects

Focused on architecture, interior design and urban design, ZGF Architects was founded 70 years ago in Portland, Oregon. The firm has since grown to include over 500 employees, with offices in New York, Los Angeles, Washington DC, Seattle and Vancouver. ZGF strives for design excellence, environmental stewardship and outstanding client service, a mission that is reflected in its wide-ranging portfolio, which includes transportation terminals, commercial offices, healthcare facilities, libraries and museums.

Some of ZGF Architects’ most significant projects include:

Federal Center South Building 1202, a high energy-performance project for the federal government that includes light-filled office space and natural materials.

The University of Arizona Cancer Center, a high-tech medical facility in Phoenix, AZ with a distinctive, faceted copper façade.

Expensify Portland Office, a bold interior transformation of the National Landmark First National Bank building in Portland, OR incorporating modern materials and detailing.

UCLA Wasserman Football Center, a state-of-the-art sports center including training facilities, team meeting rooms, rehabilitation rooms and an auditorium.

17. CannonDesign

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 1 Featured Projects: 11 Total Projects: 39

University of California Riverside, Recreation Center Expansion by CannonDesign; photo courtesy CannonDesign

With offices in 17 cities in the United States, as well as in Mumbai and Toronto, CannonDesign is an integrated global design firm that unites the passion and intelligence of more than 1,000 creative thinkers. Through using a self-created design approach called Living-Centered Design and addressing the complex interdependencies between businesses, society and the environment, CannonDesign seeks to create a world where people may continuously flourish. The firm’s body of work includes a range of educational facilities, healthcare centers and commercial office buildings and headquarters.

Some of CannonDesign’s most exciting projects include:

Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), a contemporary development that merges 3 old hospitals in Montreal, Canada. It was the largest health infrastructure project in North America at the time of completion.

Carnegie Mellon University, Cohon University Center Addition, a contemporary extension to the original Beaux Arts style university building in Pittsburgh, PA.

Landsdowne Park, a sports arena in Ottawa, Canada with a maximum capacity of 45,000 and a façade of undulating timber louvers.

University of California Riverside, Recreation Center Expansion, a cutting edge 155,000-square-foot sports facility that includes multiple running tracks and swimming pools.

18. CetraRuddy

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 1 Featured Projects: 8 Total Projects: 20

ARO by CetraRuddy; photo courtesy CetraRuddy

Established by John Cetra and Nancy Ruddy in 1987, CetraRuddy is an award-winning architecture, planning and interior design firm with a staff of over 100 talented professionals. For more than 30 years, CetraRuddy has been driven to create one-of-a-kind architectural experiences, developing innovative designs in the hospitality, education, cultural and commercial sectors. CetraRuddy has not only shaped skylines, but also added inspiration to the urban fabric throughout the United States and abroad.

Some of CetraRuddy’s most eye-catching projects are:

ARO, a 62-story tower in Midtown Manhattan with white façades and a striking curvilinear form.

One Madison, a high-end residential skyscraper in New York that features a series of glass “pods” inserted into the building’s structure.

Sushi Samba London, a “culinary village” is set in a three-story crystalline volume at the top of Heron Tower, the tallest building in the UK’s capital.

Walker Tower, a sensitive restoration of an iconic 1929 Art Deco tower in New York City.

19. SOMA

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 1 Featured Projects: 4 Total Projects: 49

45 Park Place by SOMA; image via 45 Park Place

Led by Michel Abboud, SOMA is a global collective of architects, designers and creative minds. First established in New York, the firm now has offices in Beirut and a rising presence in Dubai, and is known for creating eye-catching residential projects, hospitality and mixed-use developments. With its focus on the integration of digital technologies and environmental responsibility, the firm’s designs have attracted critical acclaim for their boundary-pushing nature.

45 Park Place, a luxury condominium in Manhattan’s Tribeca neighborhood with stunning modern interiors and panoramic views of the city.

WAVE, a landmark office tower in Beirut, Lebanon with a unique double skin façade and concertinaed louvers that zig-zag up the building.

CALYPSO, a contemporary private residence in Jounieh Bay, Lebanon perched on the edge of the sea cliff.

ONE AT PALM JUMEIRAH, a luxury apartment building located on one of Dubai’s famou artificial archipelagos containing 90 exclusive residences.

20. LEONG LEONG

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 0 Featured Projects: 7 Total Projects: 18

City View Garage by LEONG LEONG; photo by Naho Kubota

LEONG LEONG is a New York and Los Angeles based design firm founded in 2009 by brothers Christopher and Dominic Leong. Their ideas-driven office works on projects across a multitude of sectors, from retail to community-based developments. Each project forms an exploration of new concepts, striving to challenge conventions found within both architecture and society itself. The firm’s experimental, theoretical approach means no two projects are alike.

Some of LEONG LEONG’s key projects include:

3.1 Phillip Lim Seoul Flagship, a modern retail building in Seoul, South Korea featuring a distinctive front elevation covered in pillow-like concrete tiles.

City View Garage, a public parking structure in Miami, FL that is wrapped in a perforated façade of gold-colored, titanium-coated stainless steel.

Los Angeles LGBT Center – Anita May Rosenstein Campus, a community-based urban development that includes diverse social and affordable housing programs.

AAFE Center for Community and Entrepreneurship, a mixed-use development in Queens, NY featuring a seven-story translucent façade (designed in collaboration with JCJ Architecture).

21. Lemay

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 0 Featured Projects: 5 Total Projects: 26

Bibliothèque du Boisé by Lemay; photo by Yien Chao

Lemay was founded in 1957 and has a multitude of offices across Canada as well as a studio in New York City. Its team of more than 450 professionals works on a varied range of projects with a focus on civic and commercial architecture, and prides itself on its “unique blend of creativity, large-firm capacity and transdisciplinary service offering.” The company also possesses a research office named LemayLAB, which aims to advance innovation within the firm.

Some of Lemay’s most renowned projects include:

Bibliothèque du Boisé, a landmark library in Montreal that Lemay claims as “Canada’s greenest library.”

Humaniti, a contemporary mixed-use development under construction in Quebec, Canada that has been dubbed “Montreal’s first smart vertical community.”

Montmagny Library, a multi-functional cultural building that combines a heritage building with a modern light-filled addition.

407 McGill, a mixed-use development in Montreal including a contemporary addition to a 1912 commercial building.

22. Marvel Architects

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 0 Featured Projects: 3 Total Projects: 27

Pierhouse and 1 Hotel Brooklyn Bridge by Marvel Architects; photo by © David Sundberg/ESTO

Based in New York City and San Juan, Puerto Rico, Marvel Architects is a multidisciplinary firm offering design services in architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, and urban design. Led by partners Lissa So, Guido Hartray, Jonathan Marvel and Jose Marchand Sifre, the firm’s diverse portfolio ranges from solar deployments in Puerto Rico to the renovation of commercial and retail buildings in the heart of New York City.

Some of Marvel Architects key projects to date include:

TheatreSquared, a mixed-use project combining cultural and residential programs in Fayetteville, AR, featuring raw concrete and wood finishes.

New Lab at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the redevelopment of Brooklyn’s Navy Yard into a hub for technology and entrepreneurship.

Pierhouse and 1 Hotel Brooklyn Bridge, a multi unit housing and hotel development with stepped terraces on the bank of the East River in New York.

State Street Townhouses, a row of modern brick residences in Brooklyn, NY that creates a dialogue between old and new.

23. Pfeiffer

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 0 Featured Projects: 2 Total Projects: 14

With offices in New York City and Los Angeles, Pfieffer is a 50-person architecture and design firm that works across a wide range of sectors. The firm originated in New York City as Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer in the 1960s, before opening its Los Angeles studio in 1986. Now simply named Pfeiffer, the firm involves clients as active participants in the design process, combining its technical expertise with the clients’ knowledge of their community in order to realize successful buildings.

Some of Pfeiffer’s most notable projects include:

Science Museum of Virginia, a large expansion of an existing museum in Richmond, VA with a swooping roof that contrasts with the old museum’s neoclassical façade.

UCLA Northwest Campus Housing Infill, a modern residential complex for students with multi-functional common spaces (designed in collaboration with KieranTimberlake).

Chapman University Musco Center for the Arts, a highly flexible 1,050 seat multipurpose performance venue in Orange County, CA.

Seattle University Lemieux Library, a 40,000-square-foot modern addition and complete renovation of the original library, constructed in 1966.

24. STUDIO V Architecture

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 0 Featured Projects: 2 Total Projects: 12

STUDIO V Architecture is a design firm that specializes in transit-oriented developments and waterfront urban design at all scales, and adaptive reuse projects that repurpose historic structures for public use. When it comes to urban planning and design, STUDIO V focuses on transforming “edges into centers”, taking underutilized spaces and regenerating them as hubs of public activity and engagement.

Some of STUDIO V’s key projects include:

Empire Stores, a mixed-use development situated in formerly abandoned brick warehouses between the iconic Brooklyn and Manhattan Bridges (with S9 Architecture and Perkins Eastman).

Frank 57 West, a high-end mixed-use development with a distinctive zinc-clad exterior.

The Tanks / Maker Park, a proposed renovation of disused industrial tanks on Brooklyn’s waterfront into a vibrant new public space.

J+K Residence, a private residence in Manhattan, NY that combines two classic New York housing typologies: The townhouse and the historic loft.

25. Sage and Coombe Architects

A+Awards won: 2 Projects of the Day: 0 Featured Projects: 1 Total Projects: 5

Sage and Coombe Architects was founded in 1995 and is led by Jennifer Sage FAIA and Peter Coombe AIA. Based in New York City, the firm has delivered dozens of projects throughout the city, including libraries, parks, firehouses, athletic facilities, art centers and schools for all ages. Sage and Coombe Architects prides itself on an open-minded, flexible approach to architecture, working closely with clients to reach a solution that benefits them long into the future.

Some of Sage and Coombe Architects’ most well known projects include:

Rockaway Beach Open Up, a series of raised “island” boardwalks to reintroduce accessibility following damage caused by Hurricane Sandy.

Ocean Breeze Track and Field House, a 135,000 square foot sporting facility in PlaNYC’s new 110-acre Ocean Breeze Park.

Swingtones, a series of playful suspended installations designed and constructed in collaboration with 88 children at a summer camp in Strafford, NH.

Noguchi Museum, an art gallery in Brooklyn, NY for which the architects designed a new entry pavilion and restored gallery spaces, museum café, bookshop and sculpture storage.

Other Architecture Firms to Consider

Several other renowned architecture firms can be found just outside the Top 25, each of which is worth considering for their experience in delivering high quality, large-scale projects across typologies. They include: Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Studio Gang, Allied Works Architecture, WEISS/MANFREDI, WORKac, ODA New York, nARCHITECTS, Arquitectonica and Robert A.M. Stern Architects.

Why Should I Trust Architizer’s Ranking?

With more than 30,000 architecture firms and over 130,000 projects within its database, Architizer is proud to host the world’s largest online community of architects and building product manufacturers. Its celebrated A+Awards program is also the largest celebration of architecture and building products, with more than 400 jurors and hundreds of thousands of public votes helping to recognize the world’s best architecture each year.

Architizer also powers firm directories for a number of AIA (American Institute of Architects) Chapters nationwide, including the official directory of architecture firms for AIA New York.

An example of a project page on Architizer with Project Award Badges highlighted

A Guide to Project Awards

The blue “+” badge denotes that a project has won a prestigious A+Award as described above. Hovering over the badge reveals details of the award, including award category, year, and whether the project won the jury or popular choice award.

The orange Project of the Day and yellow Featured Project badges are awarded by Architizer’s Editorial team, and are selected based on a number of factors. The following factors increase a project’s likelihood of being featured or awarded Project of the Day status:

Project completed within the last 3 years

A well written, concise project description of at least 3 paragraphs

Architectural design with a high level of both functional and aesthetic value

High quality, in focus photographs

At least 8 photographs of both the interior and exterior of the building

Inclusion of architectural drawings and renderings

Inclusion of construction photographs

There are 7 Projects of the Day each week and a further 31 Featured Projects. Each Project of the Day is published on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram Stories, while each Featured Project is published on Facebook. Each Project of the Day also features in Architizer’s Weekly Projects Newsletter and shared with 170,000 subscribers.

We’re constantly look for the world’s best architects to join our community. If you would like to understand more about this ranking list and learn how your firm can achieve a presence on it, please don’t hesitate to reach out to us at [email protected].

The post 25 Best Architecture Firms in New York, NY (Updated April 2020) appeared first on Journal.

from Journal https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/industry/best-nyc-architecture-firms/ Originally published on ARCHITIZER RSS Feed: https://architizer.com/blog

#Journal #architect #architecture #architects #architectural #design #designer #designers #building #buildings

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maintl · 6 years ago

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Snakebite envenoming: Member States provide WHO with clear mandate for global action

The 71st World Health Assembly today adopted a resolution formally providing the World Health Organization with a strong mandate to develop a comprehensive plan to support countries in implementing measures for increased access to effective treatment to people who get bitten by venomous snakes.

“The resolution provides WHO with a clear mandate to work with affected countries, partners, stakeholders and industry” said Dr Ren Minghui, WHO Assistant Director-General for Communicable Diseases. “We need to work with everyone to coordinate multi-focal measures that can save lives and in most cases life-long disabilities resulting from envenoming.

Discussion around the resolution, proposed by several Member States and coordinated by the governments of Colombia and Costa Rica, was strongly supported by more than 31 countries.

“The Government of Costa Rica is highly satisfied with the resolution which represents a big step forward in the global efforts to reduce the burden of snakebite envenoming,” said Ambassador Elayne Whyte Gómez of Costa Rica.

The adoption of the resolution follows last year’s recognition of snakebite envenoming (poisoning from snake bites) as a neglected tropical disease and the recommendation by WHO’s Executive Board in January 2018 to the Health Assembly.

WHO has already set up a working group to prepare a strategic plan to assess and address the global burden of snakebite envenoming, especially in mid- to low-income countries. The plan, being developed by the 28-member working group of experts, is expected by the end of 2018.

“Our focus is to find integrated, cost–effective and sustainable approaches to lessen the impact of snakebite envenoming on the health and socioeconomic status of mostly poor people who are exposed to this problem,” said Dr David Williams, a member of the core working group, who also heads the Australian Venom Research Unit at the University of Melbourne. “The aim is to reduce the scale of the problem by achieving a 50% reduction in deaths and disabilities by 2030.”

The plan builds on WHO’s concept of Universal Health coverage and seeks to ensure that snakebite victims are included in the drive to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

Global burden

About 5.4 million snake bites occur each year, resulting in 1.8 to 2.7 million cases of envenomings. It is estimated these result in the deaths of 81 000–138 000 people a year and leave another 400 000 with permanent disabilities.

Most victims are poor rural dwellers and many are women and children, who are prone to suffer more severe effects due to their smaller body mass.

Bites by venomous snakes can cause acute medical emergencies. These include severe paralysis that may prevent breathing, bleeding disorders that can lead to fatal [hemorrhage], irreversible kidney failure, and severe local tissue destruction that can cause permanent disability and amputation.

Effective treatment of snakebite envenoming is currently unavailable in many countries. Where treatment is available, the cost can be prohibitive. The long-term effects of poor-quality treatment can drive vulnerable people further into debt and poverty.

This news piece was published on May 24, 2018 by Ashok Moloo of World Health Organization (WHO). Please find the original post here.

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bestreports · 6 years ago

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Ambulatory Surgery Center (ASC) Market Insights Covering Market Dynamics and Competitive Scenario through 2026

JULY 03, 2019: The global ambulatory surgery centers market size is expected to reach USD 120.8 billion by 2026, based on a new report by Radiant Insights, Inc., exhibiting a 6.1% CAGR during the forecast period. Increase in incidence of chronic diseases and rise in geriatric population have furthered the demand for ambulatory surgery centers. Furthermore, advancements in surgeries, such as endoscopy and laparoscopy, are expected to propel ASC market growth.

To Request A Sample Copy Of This Report @: https://www.radiantinsights.com/research/ambulatory-surgery-center-asc-market/request-sample

The number of patient admissions is slowly decreasing owing to increasing outpatient visits. This is primarily due to high hospitalization cost and adoption of technologically advanced techniques in outpatient centers, making treatment fast and cost-effective. Advanced surgical methods allow tests and procedures to be performed without hospital admission. According to the American Hospital Association, the total number of outpatient admissions increased from 624 million in 2008 to 675 million in 2012. The number of inpatient admissions decreased from 35.76 million in 2008 to 34.40 million in 2012.

To Browse Full Research Report @: https://www.radiantinsights.com/research/ambulatory-surgery-center-asc-market

In May 2016, some new codes were added to the coverage for outpatient services in U.S., such as that for gynecology, adenoidectomy, and tonsillectomy. Hence, supportive reimbursement scenario is anticipated to boost market growth.

North America held the dominant share in 2018, driven primarily by U.S. Leading market players in the country are acquiring ambulatory services to provide technologically advanced surgeries and treatments, further propelling demand for ambulatory and primary care services. Asia Pacific is likely to emerge as a strong contender in the global scenario. Some of the prominent players in this region are Surgery Center of Melbourne, Nova Medical Centers, Kaiser Permanente, The Indian Association of Day Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering, M D Anderson Cancer Center, and The Mumbai Surgical Society.

Further key findings from the study suggest:

• In 2018, gastroenterology accounted for the largest share in the market by application. This can be attributed to surge in visits to ambulatory care centers for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. It is one of the most common surgical specialties in single- or multi-specialty ASCs

• Plastic surgery is anticipated to observe the fastest growth in the coming years due to rise in disposable income and growing preference for private care facilities in comparison with hospital surgery centers for plastic surgery. Time and cost advantages, as well as expertise offered by these ambulatory centers, are anticipated to boost demand for plastic surgeries in these settings

• North America dominated the market in 2018 thanks to increased government funding focused on transforming primary care services and rise in coverage for outpatient services

• Asia Pacific is expected to witness lucrative growth in the coming years owing to presence of developing economies, increasing awareness about ASCs, and investments by international players

• Key players in the market include Envision Healthcare Corporation; Terveystalo; Tenet Healthcare Corporation; MEDNAX Services, Inc.; TeamHealth, Quorum Health Corporation; UnitedHealth Group; Surgery Partners; Community Health Systems, Inc.; and Healthway Medical Group.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Methodology and Scope

1.1 Market Segmentation & Scope

1.1.1 Application

1.1.2 Regional Scope

1.1.3 Estimates and Forecast Timeline

1.2 Research Methodology

1.3 Information Procurement

1.3.1 Purchased Database

1.3.2 GVR's Internal Database

1.3.3 Secondary Sources

Continued….

To See More Reports of This Category by Radiant Insights: https://www.radiantinsights.com/catalog/medical-devices

About Radiant Insights: Radiant Insights is a platform for companies looking to meet their market research and business intelligence requirements. It assist and facilitate organizations and individuals procure market research reports, helping them in the decision making process. The Organization has a comprehensive collection of reports, covering over 40 key industries and a host of micro markets. In addition to over extensive database of reports, experienced research coordinators also offer a host of ancillary services such as, research partnerships/ tie-ups and customized research solutions.

Media Contact:

Company Name: Radiant Insights, Inc

Contact Person: Michelle Thoras

Email:

[email protected]

Phone: (415) 349-0054

Address: 201 Spear St #1100, Suite #3036

City: San Francisco

State: California

Country: United States

For more information, Visit:

http://www.radiantinsights.com

#Ambulatory Surgery Center #ASC #Helathcare

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velmaadamrast · 7 years ago

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arushisoni-blog · 7 years ago

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Retail Cloud Market – Analysis of real-time applications 2025

Global Retail Could Market: Snapshot

Retail cloud is a multi-billion dollar market nowadays, thanks to the swift uptake of cloud-based solutions by savvy retailers of almost all sizes, worldwide. Cloud technology such as software as a service (SaaS) helps them to modernize their operations, provide better services to customers, and most importantly are cost effective as it does not require building customized programs for various processes.

Increasing preference for smartphones, rising popularity of omni-channel retail, and ease of use is said to catalyzing growth in the global market for retail cloud. With cloud technology, retailers can adjust to several conditions and attain real-time information. Data tracking has never been so easy, thanks to the advent of cloud in retail processes.

At the forefront of driving demand in the global market for retail cloud are the SMEs. This is because cloud services accord them high degree of efficiency, ease of use, and most importantly, flexibility. With smartphones and tablets functioning as PoS systems these days, which are increasingly inching towards cloud, the global retail cloud market is expected to surge. Handling payments, inventory, and location information are some other functions cloud systems perform. All these benefits have helped the market flourish.

North America is a key region in the global market for retail cloud on account of being an early adopter of latest cutting-edge technologies. A copious number of astute retailers in the region, trying to increase customer engagement with personalization of their in-store experience, are also serving to boost the market. Asia Pacific is another lucrative market that is being powered by the fast expanding major economies of India and China that are home to a copious number of retailers resorting to cloud-based services.

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Global Retail Cloud Market: Overview

As the retail industry constantly strives to meet the ever-expanding needs of consumers, the global retail cloud market will undergo substantial expansion over the next few years. The towering popularity of social networking, the rapid expansion of e-commerce, and ongoing technological advancements are dictating changing consumer demands. Cloud computing enables retailers to keep pace with the transformations in the market scenarios, by providing accuracy, agility, and cost-efficient solutions. Therefore, the adoption of cloud services in retail have become crucial in the survival of several retailers.

Global Retail Cloud Market: Key Trends

Greater popularity of smartphones, increasing preference for omni-channel experience, and ease of use are the primary driving forces of the global retail cloud market. With cloud technology, retailers can adjust to several conditions and attain real-time information. Data tracking has never been so easy, thanks to the advent of cloud in retail processes.

SMEs have been adopting cloud services to a considerable extent, as these services offer high efficiency, ease of use, and flexibility. As smartphones and tablets are now operating as PoS systems, which are gradually moving towards cloud, the global retail cloud market is expected to surge. Handling payments, inventory, and location information are some other functions cloud systems perform. All these advantages have stoked the growth of the market.

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On the other hand, the market might face a major bottleneck due to data privacy and data security concerns. However, the rising demand from SMEs is expected to aid market expansion.

Global Retail Cloud Market: Market Potential

The market for retail cloud has been witnessing several product and service launches. The recent launch of a new cognitive platform, IBM Machine Learning, is likely to have a positive impact on the growth of the global retail cloud market. Making its debut on the z System mainframe, the integration of IBM Machine Learning is expected to benefit not only the healthcare sector in terms of personalized medicine, but also several retail processes. It can handle innumerable daily transactions in banking, retail, government, and insurance sectors, among many others.

Another important development in this area is the launch of a tool that enables retailers to estimate the value of expanding and launching a new financing program in advance by Vyze, which is a cloud solutions provider for manufacturers and retailers.

Star Micronics announced the launch of its versatile cloud printing solution in February 2017. The Star CloudPRNT ™ technology offers several connectivity options. Remote printing is possible with this solution, where one can securely and directly print from a web server, eliminating the need for cloud-based PoS applications. As this product can be used in retail applications, the market for retail cloud might undergo transformations.

Global Retail Cloud Market: Regional Outlook

Escalating cloud adoption in the retail sector aimed at harnessing better business opportunities has been responsible for the growth of the market in Asia Pacific. Increasing number of retailers in countries such as India and China are opting for cloud-based services so as to attend to customer concerns and queries and this will continue to boost the APAC market. North America is likely to dominate the global market for retail cloud. Personalization of consumer’s in-store experience has been one of the major growth drivers of the market in this region.

Global Retail Cloud Market: Competitive Analysis

Microsoft Corporation, Oracle Corporation, Infor, Inc., Cisco Systems, Inc., Epicor Software Corporation, IBM Corporation, Fujitsu Limited, Computer Sciences Corporation, JDA Software group, Inc., Syntel Inc., and SAP SE are some of the major companies operating in the global retail cloud market.

In February 2017, Oxygen Finance acquired finance cloud-based solutions vendor, Satago. Through the combination of their respective capabilities, the two companies are likely to emerge as leading market players. They aim at delivering integrated, modern payment strategies to large organizations.

Fusion5, a business solutions provider, has merged with Myriad IT, a Melbourne-based firm, boosting Oracle and Microsoft capabilities. In February 2016, Fusion5 acquired the Microsoft Dynamics CRM and SharePoint practices of Koorb Consulting, one of the top three Dynamics CRM partners in New Zealand. Extension of customer base and strengthening of customer relationships have been the chief aims of this acquisition.

The study presents reliable qualitative and quantitative insights into:

Market segments and sub-segments

Market trends and dynamics

Supply and demand chain of the market

Market valuation (revenue and/or volume)

Key trends/opportunities/challenges

Forces defining present and estimated future state of the competitive landscape

Technological developments

Value chain and stakeholder analysis

The regional analysis covers:

North America

Latin America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Middle East and Africa

About TMR Research

TMR Research is a premier provider of customized market research and consulting services to business entities keen on succeeding in today’s supercharged economic climate. Armed with an experienced, dedicated, and dynamic team of analysts, we are redefining the way our clients’ conduct business by providing them with authoritative and trusted research studies in tune with the latest methodologies and market trends.

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viraltnteam · 7 years ago

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price61915599-blog · 7 years ago

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nancygduarteus · 7 years ago

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Why You’re Probably Getting a Microchip Implant Someday

When Patrick McMullan first heard in early 2017 that thousands of Swedish citizens were unlocking their car doors and turning on coffee machines with a wave of their palm, he wasn’t too impressed. Sure, the technology—a millimeters-long microchip equipped with near-field communication capabilities and lodged just under the skin—had a niche, cutting-edge appeal, but in practical terms, a fob or passcode would work just as well.

McMullan, a 20-year veteran of the tech industry, wanted to do one better—to find a use for implantable microchips that was genuinely functional, not just abstractly nifty. In July 2017, news cameras watched as more than 50 employees at Three Square Market, the vending-solutions company where McMullan is president, voluntarily received chip implants of their own. Rather than a simple scan-to-function process like most of Sweden’s chips use, the chips and readers around Three Square Market’s River Falls, Wisconsin office were all part of a multi-stage feedback network. For example: Your chip could grant you access to your computer—but only if it had already unlocked the front door for you that day. “Now,” says McMullan of last summer, “I’ve actually done something that enhances our network security.”

The problem McMullan’s chips cleverly solve is relatively small-scale—but it’s still a problem, and any potential new use case represents a significant step forward for a chip evangelist like him. As with most technologies, the tipping point for implantable chips will come when they become so useful they’re hard to refuse. It could happen sooner than you think: In September 2017, Three Square Market launched an offshoot, Three Square Chip, that is developing the next generation of commercial microchip implants, with a slew of originative health features that could serve as the best argument yet that microchips’ benefits can outweigh our anxieties about them.

Though new to the American workplace in this implantable form, radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been around for decades, and has long been considered secure enough for commonplace use. RFID ear tags are used to register almost all farm and ranch livestock with the U.S. National Animal Identification System (in Australia, the system is mandatory). If you’ve checked luggage on a Delta Airlines flight, you can thank RFID luggage tags for the fact that your bag arrived at the same destination you did. And you probably already have a personal RFID chip that goes everywhere with you—it’s in your credit card.

[The future of wearables makes cool gadgets meaningful]

But of course, the fear surrounding RFID implants has little to do with RFID itself, and everything to do with implantation. American pets safely receive RFID implants without complication every day; even so, many of their owners would cite something akin to safety as a reason not to get one of their own. When a company called Verichip developed its own health-care-oriented microchip implants in the early aughts, its research indicated that 90 percent of Americans were uncomfortable with the technology. The company got FDA approval for its devices in 2004, but folded just three years later, in large part due to studies that suggested a potential link between RFID transponders and cancer in lab animals. (The risks of cancer caused by RFID have since been found to be virtually nonexistent for humans and negligible for animals, and one 2016 study even suggested that embedding active RFID transponders within cancerous tumors could be an effective means of treatment.)

A decade later, floating throughout the eruptive hullabaloo around Three Square’s “chip party” were all kinds of fears—some credible, some less so—about the dangers of introducing subdermal radio technology to the American workplace: That companies might make widespread use of this technology mandatory, or that implanted microchips might be hacked or used to track wearers, or that hands might be severed in the name of home break-ins. Many critics, including state legislators working to pass bills that would restrict RFID implants, are fearful that the metal components and circuitry in the chips would mean certain death if a “wearer” were exposed to an MRI machine or defibrillator.

Then there are broader fears about the use of chip technology to track humans: Before the damning research halted Verichip’s growth, the company’s chairman suggested in a 2006 appearance on “Fox & Friends” that Verichip implants could be used to register migrant workers at the border and verify their identities in the workplace; that same year, former Colombian President Álvaro Uribe reportedly proposed to then-senators Arlen Specter and Jeff Sessions that the chips could be implanted into Colombian workers before they entered the United States for seasonal work. Meanwhile, some fundamentalist Christian communities remain convinced that the microchip implant is the manifestation of the biblically portended mark of the beast. But the primary challenge to RFID implants remains the simple underlying question posed over and over again in response to the tech: Is this really necessary?

In 1998, British scientist Kevin Warwick (known by the moniker “Captain Cyborg”) became the first human to receive an RFID microchip implant. But since then, development has been slow. Kayla Heffernan, a researcher in the department of computing and information systems at the University of Melbourne’s School of Engineering, blames the fact that chipping hasn’t yet been accepted widely on what she sees as “a chicken-and-egg problem.” “People don’t get them because they’re not useful enough yet, but because there’s not a market the devices [remain] relatively unchanged,” says Heffernan.

McMullan hopes to solve the second half of that problem as a means of invigorating the first. Shortly after last summer’s chip party, he began meeting with cardiologist Michael Mirro, who serves as the director of the Parkview Research Center in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Dr. Mirro’s team and Three Square Chip developers are currently working on prototypes of RFID implants that will be able to continually monitor an individual’s vitals, enabling both patients and doctors to access highly accurate real-time information.

[Should your watch monitor your heart?]

As McMullan describes it, the decision to develop RFID technology for medical purposes was motivated by more than just business savvy—it’s what intrigued him about the chips in the first place. The technology for better, potentially life-saving solutions has long existed, he says, “it’s just, frankly, nobody decided to take it on.”

It’s an undeniably personal project for McMullan: His wife, Leah, suffers from a chronic nerve disorder caused by a medical accident in 2009 and relies on an implanted spinal-cord stimulator to manage her pain. When he talks to her about the chips, he says, she reminds him, “If I did not have that nerve stimulator in my back I would have committed suicide a long time ago.’”

Nerve stimulators are among the many implantable technologies that have leapt onto the health-care market in full force. Insertable cardiac monitors like the Reveal LINQ have replaced sometimes-finicky stick-on patches as the most reliable option for patients with chronic heart conditions, and just two months ago, the FDA approved the first-ever long-term implantable continuous glucose-monitoring system for people with diabetes.

Three Square Chip says that its medical RFID implants will be powered by body heat, and McMullan’s plans to develop a single piece of hardware to aid patients with a wider range of conditions could make the chips more affordable than devices with more specialized (and limited) functions. “Many heart patients, right now, the only time they know they’ve got a problem is when they’re in the back of an ambulance,” says McMullan.

The company estimates that it will be selling chips capable of tracking a wearer’s live vital signs in a little over a year, but a few other developments will come first. McMullan hopes that people will soon consider storing their medical information on encrypted RFID chips, and the group is also working on a way to make GPS-enabled chips available as an option for families to track relatives suffering from severe dementia—another use for the chips that poses both obvious benefits and legitimate concerns.

“There’s an interest, but also a controversy, with the actual GPS tracking,” says Dr. Luis Martinez, a preventative medicine specialist in San Juan who has worked with McMullan on chip development since before last year’s media frenzy. “A lot of parents will feel actually safe if they can track real-time where their children are, given abductions, child trafficking, and all that.” But, he says, there are even more use cases: “Other populations ... are being looked at for different reasons: law enforcement, or say you could use a GPS chip to identify registered sex offenders. I think it’ll be a case-by-case basis where different countries or different societies will decide.”

At the same time as the technology is becoming more powerful, people are becoming more comfortable with the notion of implantables. “If we think about 1998 to now, a lot has changed about the way we regard the body,” says Heffernan. This shift, she says, is traceable from body modifications like tattoos and piercings all the way up to the chips McMullan is developing. “Pacemakers are routine surgery. Plastic surgery is less taboo now.” Hundreds of thousands of American bodies now contain cochlear implants, IUDs, nerve stimulators, artificial joints, implantable birth-control rods, and beyond. “There’s a trend towards putting devices inside the body, not just for life or death situations, but for convenience such as contraceptives, menstrual aids, contact lenses,” Heffernan says. “So as we’ve become more comfortable with this, insertables become more acceptable.”

In the year since Three Square Market’s chip party, the technology has become mundane to those surrounded by it. “We don’t think about it within the company really at all,” says customer-service manager Melissa Koepp, who chose to get the implant. Her non-chipped colleagues are similarly nonchalant about the company’s futuristic update. In fact, one of the most common reasons employees opted not to receive the implant wasn’t about the implications of the technology at all: “When I watched them chip Todd,” says Katy Melstrom, vice president of marketing, “and I saw the size of the needle, I said, ‘yeah, I’ll wait until we get a smaller version.’”

Yet for all of the implantable gadgets Americans use, and the heaps of location-enabled gizmos we own, the first commercial device with both of these features will be significant. A teenager who brings her iPhone to the school bathroom with her can one day choose not to. If visiting a physician to remove the chip in her hand requires similar parental permissions to other invasive medical procedures, well, then, we know how that episode of Black Mirror ends.

[Why bosses can track their employees 24/7]

The key to ensuring that RFID developments are used only as intended will be meaningful and active legislation developed to cut potential abuses off at the pass. In terms of workplace RFID implants, state legislature is already behind. Before Three Square Market’s “chip party” last summer, five states, including Wisconsin, had RFID privacy laws preventing employer-mandated microchip implantation. Since then, only five more have introduced similar bills.

“I believe this technology is going to grow exponentially, in stages, and in a very short period of time,” says New Jersey State Assemblyman Ronald Dancer, whose bill will be voted on in the coming months. “We need to make sure that there’s full disclosure and consent.”

The legal tenets of disclosure and consent can be complicated enough in the workplace, but how will lawmakers and experts in security and tech react when required to define consent for a patient with advanced dementia? “Laws should not regulate technologies, but the actions we don’t want to happen,” says Heffernan. “This is the problem with some current regulation—it’s too slow because it focuses on technologies, not actions.”

But sooner or later, the laws will change, and the frightening will become familiar. After all, all it took in Sweden for RFID implants to become widespread and normalized was the simple appeal of never having to deal with a lost key. Whenever it happens, like waves of new tech before it, implantable RFID will bring us the next iteration of the yin-and-yang symptoms of technology we’ve seen time and time again. We will likely be healthier, safer, more informed, and more connected, and we will continue to disagree over whether or not it matters if our privacy and autonomy was the corresponding cost.

from Health News And Updates https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/09/how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-the-microchip/570946/?utm_source=feed

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clearperception-blog1 · 8 years ago

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Industrial construction includes refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants. There are also other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets.[7] Engineering News-Record (ENR), a trade magazine for the construction industry, each year compiles and reports data about the size of design and construction companies. In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments divided as transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste and a tenth category for other projects.[8] In their reporting, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.[9] The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system for companies that perform or engage in construction. To recognize the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three subsectors: building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers (firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project).[10][11] Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project.[citation needed] Although building construction projects consist of common elements such as design, financial, estimating and legal considerations, projects of varying sizes may reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation.

For this reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome. The National Cement Share Company of Ethiopia's new plant in Dire Dawa. Commercial building construction is procured privately or publicly utilizing various delivery methodologies, including cost estimating, hard bid, negotiated price, traditional, management contracting, construction management-at-risk, design & build and design-build bridging. Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g. brick versus stone, versus timber). Cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are often more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople. Residential construction as well as other types of construction can generate waste such that planning is required. Framing The most popular method of residential construction in North America is wood-framed construction. Typical construction steps for a single-family or small multi-family house are: As efficiency codes have come into effect in recent years, new construction technologies and methods have emerged.

University Construction Management departments are on the cutting edge of the newest methods of construction intended to improve efficiency, performance and reduce construction waste. New techniques of building construction are being researched, made possible by advances in 3D printing technology. In a form of additive building construction, similar to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts, building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and private habitations in around 20 hours, with built-in plumbing and electrical facilities, in one continuous build, using large 3D printers.[12] Working versions of 3D-printing building technology are already printing 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of building material per hour as of January 2013[update], with the next-generation printers capable of 3.5 metres (11 ft) per hour, sufficient to complete a building in a week.[13] Dutch architect Janjaap Ruijssenaars's performative architecture 3D-printed building was scheduled to be built in 2014.[14] In the current trend of sustainable construction, the recent movements of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design.[15][16] This is in contrast to modernist and short-lived globally uniform architecture, as well as opposing solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.[17] Both trends started in the 1980s. The construction site may be shut down due to bad weather. Erecting scaffolded tents over the site may reduce the number of lost work days, increasing productivity.[18][19][20] Shasta Dam under construction in June 1942 In the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts. The design usually consists of drawings and specifications, usually prepared by a design team including Architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural engineers, fire protection engineers, planning consultants, architectural consultants, and archaeological consultants. The design team is most commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Under this system, once the design is completed by the design team, a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work, either based directly on the design, or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor.

Following evaluation of bids, the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder. The best modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, a firm that is nominally an "architecture" or "construction management" firm may have experts from all related fields as employees, or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill. Thus, each such firm may offer itself as "one-stop shopping" for a construction project, from beginning to end. This is designated as a "design build" contract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifications. Several project structures can assist the owner in this integration, including design-build, partnering and construction management. In general, each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design and construction. In response, many companies are growing beyond traditional offerings of design or construction services alone and are placing more emphasis on establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process.

The increasing complexity of construction projects creates the need for design professionals trained in all phases of the project's life-cycle and develop an appreciation of the building as an advanced technological system requiring close integration of many sub-systems and their individual components, including sustainability. Building engineering is an emerging discipline that attempts to meet this new challenge. Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago) May 23, 2006 September 14, 2007 (3 months before completion) Construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems. Underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials, and because they are a matter of having sufficient funds at a specific time, can arise even when the overall total is enough. Fraud is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field.[21] Financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that a solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project. Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process. Cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation. Cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs, which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid.[22] Large projects can involve highly complex financial plans and often start with a conceptual estimate performed by a building estimator. As portions of a project are completed, they may be sold, supplanting one lender or owner for another, while the logistical requirements of having the right trades and materials available for each stage of the building construction project carries forward. In many English-speaking countries, but not the United States, projects typically use quantity surveyors.

Main article: Construction law Construction along Ontario Highway 401, widening the road from six to twelve travel lanes Construction site with tubes A construction project must fit into the legal framework governing the property. These include governmental regulations on the use of property, and obligations that are created in the process of construction. The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community). A construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations, each of which all parties must carefully consider. A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible. The time element in construction means that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive. Thus, the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out.

Contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly, whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse. Legal advisors in the beginning of a construction project seek to identify ambiguities and other potential sources of trouble in the contract structure, and to present options for preventing problems. Throughout the process of the project, they work to avoid and resolve conflicts that arise. In each case, the lawyer facilitates an exchange of obligations that matches the reality of the project. Apartment complex under construction in Daegu, South Korea Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap and interrelate. The design must be not only structurally sound and appropriate for the use and location, but must also be financially possible to build, and legal to use. The financial structure must accommodate the need for building the design provided, and must pay amounts that are legally owed. The legal structure must integrate the design into the surrounding legal framework, and enforce the financial consequences of the construction process. Procurement describes the merging of activities undertaken by the client to obtain a building. There are many different methods of construction procurement; however the three most common types of procurement are traditional (design-bid-build), design-build and management contracting. There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project. New forms include partnering such as Public-Private Partnering (PPPs) aka private finance initiatives (PFIs) and alliances such as "pure" or "project" alliances and "impure" or "strategic" alliances.

The focus on co-operation is to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry. Main article: Design–bid–build This is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator. His or her role is to design the works, prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings, administer the contract, tender the works, and manage the works from inception to completion. There are direct contractual links between the architect's client and the main contractor. Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor. The procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy. Main article: Design-build Construction of the Phase-1 (first two towers) of the Havelock City Project, Sri Lanka This approach has become more common in recent years, and involves the client contracting a single entity to both provide a design and to build that design. In some cases, the design-build package can also include finding the site, arranging funding and applying for all necessary statutory consents. The owner produces a list of requirements for a project, giving an overall view of the project's goals. Several D&B contractors present different ideas about how to accomplish these goals. The owner selects the ideas he or she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor. Often, it is not just one contractor, but a consortium of several contractors working together. Once these have been hired, they begin building the first phase of the project. As they build phase 1, they design phase 2. This is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract, where the project is completely designed by the owner, then bid on, then completed. Kent Hansen pointed out that state departments of transportation usually use design build contracts as a way of progressing projects when states lack the skills-resources. In such departments, design build contracts are usually employed for very large projects.[23] Main article: Construction management In this arrangement the client plays an active role in the procurement system by entering into separate contracts with the designer (architect or engineer), the construction manager, and individual trade contractors.

The client takes on the contractual role, while the construction or project manager provides the active role of managing the separate trade contracts, and ensuring that they complete all work smoothly and effectively together. Management procurement systems are often used to speed up the procurement processes, allow the client greater flexibility in design variation throughout the contract, give the ability to appoint individual work contractors, separate contractual responsibility on each individual throughout the contract, and to provide greater client control. In recent time, construction software starts to get traction – as it digitizes construction industry. Among solutions, there are for example: Procore, GenieBelt, PlanGrid, etc. See also: Planning permission In construction, the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) is the governmental agency or sub-agency that regulates the construction process. In most cases, this is the municipality where the building is located. However, construction performed for supra-municipal authorities are usually regulated directly by the owning authority, which becomes the AHJ. Construction on the Federal Reserve building in Kansas City, Missouri Before the foundation can be dug, contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations. During the construction of a building, the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code.

Once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed, an occupancy permit may be issued. An operating building must remain in compliance with the fire code. The fire code is enforced by the local fire department or a municipal code enforcement office. Changes made to a building that affect safety, including its use, expansion, structural integrity, and fire protection items, usually require approval of the AHJ for review concerning the building code. In the United States, the industry in 2014 has around $960 billion in annual revenue according to statistics tracked by the Census Bureau, of which $680 billion is private (split evenly between residential and nonresidential) and the remainder is government.[24] As of 2005, there were about 667,000 firms employing 1 million contractors (200,000 general contractors, 38,000 heavy, and 432,000 specialty); the average contractor employed fewer than 10 employees.[25] As a whole, the industry employed an estimated 5.8 million as of April 2013, with a 13.2% unemployment rate.[26] In the United States, approximately 828,000 women were employed in the construction industry as of 2011.[27] Helicopter view of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Operations Support Facility (OSF) construction site Ironworkers erecting the steel frame of a new building at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston A truck operator at Al Gamil, the largest construction company in Djibouti. There are many routes to the different careers within the construction industry. These three main tiers are based on educational background and training, which vary by country: Skilled occupations include carpenters, electricians, plumbers, ironworkers, masons, and many other manual crafts, as well as those involved in project management. In the UK these require further education qualifications, often in vocational subject areas.

These qualifications are either obtained directly after the completion of compulsory education or through "on the job" apprenticeship training.[28] In the UK, 8500 construction-related apprenticeships were commenced in 2007.[29] Technical and specialized occupations require more training as a greater technical knowledge is required. These professions also hold more legal responsibility. A short list of the main careers with an outline of the educational requirements are given below: In 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles, sectors and locations in the construction and built environment industry.[30] The results showed that areas of particularly strong growth in the construction industry, such as the Middle East, yield higher average salaries than in the UK for example. The average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the Middle East, across all sectors, job types and levels of experience, is £42,090, compared to £26,719 in the UK.[31] This trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more affluent roles are available, however, as architects with 14 or more years experience working in the Middle East earn on average £43,389 per annum, compared to £40,000 in the UK.[31] Some construction workers in the US/Canada have made more than $100,000 annually, depending on their trade.[32] See also: Construction site safety At-risk workers without appropriate safety equipment Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the European Union.[33][34] In 2009, the fatal occupational injury rate among construction workers in the United States was nearly three times that for all workers.[33]

Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers.[33] Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry.[35] Other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry include electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins.[36] Roofing requires a very high level of safety Other safety risks for workers in construction include hearing loss due to high noise exposure, musculoskeletal injury, chemical exposure, and high levels of stress.[27] Main article: History of construction See also: History of architecture The first huts and shelters were constructed by hand or with simple tools. As cities grew during the Bronze Age, a class of professional craftsmen, like bricklayers and carpenters, appeared. Occasionally, slaves were used for construction work. In the Middle Ages, these were organized into guilds. In the 19th century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and later diesel- and electric powered vehicles such as cranes, excavators and bulldozers. Fast-track construction has been increasingly popular in the 21st century. Some estimates suggest that 40% of construction projects are now fast-track construction.[37]

For more capable mobile phones and PCs, JavaScript frameworks like Modernizr, jQuery, and jQuery Mobile that can directly test browser support for HTML/CSS features (or identify the device or user agent) are popular. Polyfills can be used to add support for features—e.g. to support media queries (required for RWD), and enhance HTML5 support, on Internet Explorer. Feature detection also might not be completely reliable; some may report that a feature is available, when it is either missing or so poorly implemented that it is effectively nonfunctional.[24][25] Luke Wroblewski has summarized some of the RWD and mobile design challenges, and created a catalog of multi-device layout patterns.[26][27][28] He suggests that, compared with a simple RWD approach, device experience or RESS (responsive web design with server-side components) approaches can provide a user experience that is better optimized for mobile devices.[29][30][31] Server-side "dynamic CSS" implementation of stylesheet languages like Sass or Incentivated's MML can be part of such an approach by accessing a server based API which handles the device (typically mobile handset) differences in conjunction with a device capabilities database in order to improve usability.[32] RESS is more expensive to develop, requiring more than just client-side logic, and so tends to be reserved for organizations with larger budgets.

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Web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites. The different areas of web design include web graphic design; interface design; authoring, including standardised code and proprietary software; user experience design; and search engine optimization. Often many individuals will work in teams covering different aspects of the design process, although some designers will cover them all.[1] The term web design is normally used to describe the design process relating to the front-end (client side) design of a website including writing mark up. Web design partially overlaps web engineering in the broader scope of web development. Web designers are expected to have an awareness of usability and if their role involves creating mark up then they are also expected to be up to date with web accessibility guidelines. Web design books in a store Although web design has a fairly recent history, it can be linked to other areas such as graphic design. However, web design can also be seen from a technological standpoint. It has become a large part of people’s everyday lives. It is hard to imagine the Internet without animated graphics, different styles of typography, background, and music. In 1989, whilst working at CERN Tim Berners-Lee proposed to create a global hypertext project, which later became known as the World Wide Web. During 1991 to 1993 the World Wide Web was born. Text-only pages could be viewed using a simple line-mode browser.[2] In 1993 Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina, created the Mosaic browser. At the time there were multiple browsers, however the majority of them were Unix-based and naturally text heavy. There had been no integrated approach to graphic design elements such as images or sounds. The Mosaic browser broke this mould.[3] The W3C was created in October 1994 to "lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing common protocols that promote its evolution and ensure its interoperability."[4] This discouraged any one company from monopolizing a propriety browser and programming language, which could have altered the effect of the World Wide Web as a whole. The W3C continues to set standards, which can today be seen with JavaScript. In 1994 Andreessen formed Communications Corp. that later became known as Netscape Communications, the Netscape 0.9 browser. Netscape created its own HTML tags without regard to the traditional standards process.

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Doughty wondered if this "parquetting of jis", this "gypsum fretwork... all adorning and unenclosed" originated from India. However, the Najd fretwork seems very different from that seen in the Eastern Province and Oman, which are linked to Indian traditions, and rather resembles the motifs and patterns found in ancient Mesopotamia. The rosette, the star, the triangle and the stepped pinnacle pattern of dadoes are all ancient patterns, and can be found all over the Middle East of antiquity. Al-Qassim Province seems to be the home of this art, and there it is normally worked in hard white plaster (though what you see is usually begrimed by the smoke of the coffee hearth). In Riyadh, examples can be seen in unadorned clay.

Google recommends responsive design for smartphone websites over other approaches.[33] Although many publishers are starting to implement responsive designs, one ongoing challenge for RWD is that some banner advertisements and videos are not fluid.[34] However, search advertising and (banner) display advertising support specific device platform targeting and different advertisement size formats for desktop, smartphone, and basic mobile devices. Different landing page URLs can be used for different platforms,[35] or Ajax can be used to display different advertisement variants on a page.[23][27][36] CSS tables permit hybrid fixed+fluid layouts.[37] There are now many ways of validating and testing RWD designs,[38] ranging from mobile site validators and mobile emulators[39] to simultaneous testing tools like Adobe Edge Inspect.[40] The Chrome, Firefox and Safari browsers and the Chrome console offer responsive design viewport resizing tools, as do third parties.[41][42] Use cases of RWD will now expand further with increased mobile usage; according to Statista, organic search engine visits in the US coming from mobile devices has hit 51% and are increasing.[43] The first site to feature a layout that adapts to browser viewport width was Audi.com launched in late 2001,[44] created by a team at razorfish consisting of Jürgen Spangl and Jim Kalbach (information architecture), Ken Olling (design), and Jan Hoffmann (interface development). Limited browser capabilities meant that for Internet Explorer, the layout could adapt dynamically in the browser whereas for Netscape, the page had to be reloaded from the server when resized. Cameron Adams created a demonstration in 2004 that is still online.[45] By 2008, a number of related terms such as "flexible", "liquid",[46] "fluid", and "elastic" were being used to describe layouts. CSS3 media queries were almost ready for prime time in late 2008/early 2009.[47] Ethan Marcotte coined the term responsive web design[48] (RWD)—and defined it to mean fluid grid/ flexible images/ media queries—in a May 2010 article in A List Apart.[2] He described the theory and practice of responsive web design in his brief 2011 book titled Responsive Web Design. Responsive design was listed as #2 in Top Web Design Trends for 2012 by .net magazine[49] after progressive enhancement at #1. Mashable called 2013 the Year of Responsive Web Design.[50] Many other sources have recommended responsive design as a cost-effective alternative to mobile applications.

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