#Mosfet model

[bjmn2livar]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--discretes--transistors--mosfets/dmg1012uw-7-diodes-incorporated-1004537

Mosfet power transistor, low voltage mosfet, mosfets, mosfet power supply

N-Channel 20 V 1 A 0.45 Ω Surface Mount Enhancement Mode Power MosFet - SOT-323

[mthew2gne]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--discretes--transistors--mosfets/dmg1012uw-7-diodes-incorporated-1004537

Transistor mosfet, High current mosfet , mosfet module mosfet explained

N-Channel 20 V 1 A 0.45 Ω Surface Mount Enhancement Mode Power MosFet - SOT-323

[bbie2ouse]

Mosfet circuits, mosfet switch circuit, mosfet model, power mosfet

STN3NF06L Series 60 V 0.1 Ohm N-Channel STripFET™ II Power MosFet - SOT-223

[gearcade]

Geordie Greep @ The Catalyst, Santa Cruz CA 5/5/25

I had the pleasure of being at this show, it was wonderful. And there’s some different gear now.

Friendly Dave kneeling down to make Greep look taller

Pedalboards:

Geordie’s pedalboard is more or less the same than it has been. Although, he replaced his usual Suhr Riot with a Moog MF Drive, a filter-based drive inspired by the Moogerfooger line.

The amp Geordie used was much different from his usual Fender reverb amps, a Limited Edition Vox AC15C1, an anniversary model offered exclusively at Guitar Center, most likely rented from them.

Amp with bongos in background. Notice the missing Les Paul SG, I don’t believe he brought it with him on this tour.

Ethan Marsh’s guitar pedalboard, out of frame being a Dunlop Crybaby Bass Wah and a BOSS OC-3 (unused)

The signal chain of this board goes as follows:

Guitar -> Dunlop DVP4 -> Dunlop Bass Wah -> BOSS SY-1 -> Fulltone Mosfet Full-Drive 2 -> ProCo Rat -> BOSS DD-7 -> MXR Phase 90 -> Amp

The amp Ethan uses is a Fender Blackface Deluxe Reverb on the Vibrato Channel and the guitar is a Gibson ES-335.

Amps (in the back, unused for the show, is a Parker Fly Deluxe)

The bassist, Friendly Dave’s pedalboard.

Dave's pedals, being a bassist, aren't too wild and are mainly just used for some fun effect during loud parts.

The signal chain is,

Bass -> Polytune 3 -> EHX Frequency Analyzer -> Darkglass Microtubes B7k Ultra -> BOSS OC-2 -> Dunlop DVP3 -> Strymon Flint -> Amp

The bass Dave uses is a Charvel Pro-Mod San Dimas Bass JJ V and the amp is a Mark Bass CMD 102P

The keys are a Nord Electro 6D and Moog MiniMoog.

MiniMoog goes through Radial Pro D2 Direct Box before going to front desk

That's all of the gear stuff I could take from this concert, percussion I know nothing about. Thank you and goodnight.

[vbsemi-mosfet]

⚡ Why your push-pull MOSFET design FAILS (and how to fix it)!

Ever swapped BJTs to MOSFETs in a P-high N-low push-pull stage, only to watch your output voltage drop in half and your MOSFETs heat up like crazy? You’re not alone.

The #1 reason? Gate drive failure. Your P-channel MOSFET needs its gate pulled below its source (Vcc) by >10V to fully turn on. Most drivers can’t provide this negative voltage.

🔥 The solution? Bootstrap drive. Bootstrap circuits give your MOSFET the voltage it needs using “floating supply magic,” enabling full conduction without complex negative rails.

But wait—body diodes are killing your efficiency too! Their 0.7V drop at high current bleeds power, and reverse recovery spikes hammer your EMI budget.

✅ What you can do:

Use synchronous rectification to bypass body diode drops.

Choose ultra-soft recovery MOSFETs to slash Qrr losses.

Add RC snubbers to tame spikes and EMI.

Real results? One 12V-to-5V push-pull supply jumped from 85% to 94% efficiency and ran 30°C cooler after bootstrap + MOSFET optimization. Adding sync rectification pushed light-load efficiency above 92%, hitting 93.2% at 2kW.

📈 Stop wasting power, reduce EMI, and design like a pro.

💬 Drop “PUSH-PULL” below, and I’ll send you a free advanced guide with LTspice models, bootstrap design formulas, and real-world component selection to level up your power design game.

#PowerElectronics #MOSFET #Bootstrap #DIYElectronics #HardwareDesign #Efficiency #ElectronicsEngineering

[costapower]

Costa Power Industries Pvt. Ltd. is a having global exposure as Manufacturers, Suppliers, Distributor and dealers of ups system, uninterruptible power supplier ups powersuppliers in mumbai, Apc ups suppliers in mumbai Emerson ups suppliers in mumbai,  Numeric ups suppliers in mumbai, Luminous ups suppliers in mumbai,  Hitachi ups suppliers in mumbai, Microtek ups suppliers in mumbai , Delta ups suppliers in mumbai Apc ups dealers , Emerson ups dealers, Luminous ups dealers , Microtek ups dealers, Hitachi ups dealers ,  Deltaups dealers   All ups dealers in Mumbai . As headquarter is in economic capital of India, located in Mumbai and branches at PAN India. Costa Power Industries Pvt. Ltd. had started its operation in the field Since year successfully offering turnkey project services in the field of Electrical,Automation, Instrumentation, Energy Saving and Control with qualified & experience working team with solid technical background.

3KVA BPE with Exide make 26Ah 6 nos* batteries installed - Lower Parel Mumbai.

3KVA BP Single phase input * Single phase output UPS INSTALLATION DONE BY COSTA POWER INSTALLED AT Lower Parel Mumbai WITH Exide Make 26Ah 6nos* Batteries

Features:

Micro-Controller Based PWM Technology using MOSFET

Overload & Short Circuit Protection

Optional USB Card for Auto Shutdown Software

Wide Input AVR Range

Battery Deep Discharge Protection

Up to 10A Large Charging ability for connecting external Batteries

300KVA Vertiv Make Ups

300KVA Vertiv Make Hipulse U model UPS - Vapi Gujrat. Product Specification : Brand Name - Vertiv Usage/Application -Power Backup, Nominal Ratings - 300 kVA, Rectifier Type - 6P - 12P, Nominal Input Voltage - 380/400/415Vac 4-wire plus ground, Input Voltage Range - 290 to 498 Vac, Nominal Input Frequency - 50/60Hz, Nominal Output Voltage - 380/400/415Va

300KVA Vertiv make Hipulse U model UPS Installation By CPIPL.

300KVA Vertiv make Hipulse U model UPS INSTALLATION DONE BY COSTA POWER INSTALL AT Vapi Gujrat WITH 150Ah 12V 34nos TWO BANKS Exide BATTERIES

Information Technology

Large Internet Data centers

Coloration Facilities

Server Farms

Internet Service Providers

[ameya360-ameyaholdinglimited]

AMEYA360：ROHM Develops an Ultra-Compact MOSFET Featuring Industry-Leading Low ON-Resistance Ideal for Fast Charging Applications

With the rise of compact devices featuring large-capacity batteries, such as smartphones, the need for fast charging functionality to shorten charging times continues to grow. These applications require bidirectional protection to prevent reverse current flow to peripheral ICs and other components when not actively supplying or receiving power. What’s more, fast charging involves high current power transfer, leading smartphone manufacturers to demand stringent specifications for MOSFETs, including a maximum current rating of 20A, breakdown voltage between 28V and 30V, and an ON-resistance of 5mΩ or less. However, meeting these requirements with standard solutions typically necessitates the use of two large low ON-resistance MOSFETs, increasing board space along with mounting complexity.

In response, ROHM developed an ultra-compact low ON-resistance MOSFET optimized for fast high-power charging. The AW2K21 adopts a proprietary structure that enhances cell density while minimizing the ON-resistance per unit chip area. Two MOSFETs are integrated into a single package, allowing a single part to support bidirectional protection applications (commonly required in power supply and charging circuits).

The proprietary structure also places the drain terminal on the top surface, unlike on the backside in standard vertical trench MOS structures. This enables the use of a WLCSP, which achieves a larger chip-to-package area ratio that further reduces ON-resistance per unit area. As a result, the new product not only minimizes power loss but also supports high current operation, making it ideal for high-power fast charging applications despite its ultra-compact size.

For example, in power supply and charging circuits for compact devices, standard solutions typically require two 3.3mm × 3.3mm MOSFETs. In contrast, the AW2K21 can achieve the same functionality with a single 2.0mm × 2.0mm unit, reducing the footprint and ON-resistance by approximately 81% and 33%, respectively. Even compared to similarly sized GaN HEMTs, ON-resistance is decreased by up to 50%, contributing to lower power consumption and increased space savings across a variety of applications.

The AW2K21 is also suitable for use as a unidirectional protection MOSFET in load switch applications, where it maintains the industry’s lowest ON-resistance. At the same time, ROHM is further pushing the limits of miniaturization with the development of an even smaller 1.2mm × 1.2mm model.

Going forward, ROHM remains dedicated to supporting the miniaturization and energy efficiency of electronic systems through compact, high-performance solutions that contribute to the realization of a sustainable society.

Key Product Characteristics

Application Examples

��� Smartphones • VR (Virtual Reality) headsets • Compact printers

• Tablets • Wearables • LCD monitors

• Laptops • Portable gaming consoles • Drones

And other applications equipped with fast charging capability.

Terminology

MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)

A field-effect transistor (FET) featuring a metal oxide semiconductor structure (the most commonly used type). It consists of three terminals: gate, drain, and source. Applying a voltage to the gate (control terminal) regulates current flow from the drain to the source.

N-channel MOSFETs turn ON when a positive voltage is applied to the gate relative to the source. A common-source configuration MOSFET integrates two transistor elements that share a single source terminal.

ON-Resistance

The resistance between the Drain and Source of a MOSFET when it is in the ON state. A smaller RDS(on) reduces power loss during operation.

Breakdown Voltage

The maximum voltage that can be applied between the drain and source terminals of a MOSFET without causing damage. Exceeding this limit results in dielectric breakdown, potentially leading to device failure or malfunction.

WLCSP (Wafer Level Chip Scale Package)

An ultra-compact package in which terminals and wiring are formed directly on the wafer before separated into individual chips. Unlike general packages where the chips are cut from the wafer and then molded with resin to form terminals, WLCSP allows the package size to match the chip itself, making it possible to further reduce size.

GaN HEMT

GaN (Gallium Nitride) is a compound semiconductor material used in next-generation power devices. It offers superior physical properties over conventional silicon, enabling higher frequency operation with faster switching speeds. HEMT stands for High Electron Mobility Transistor.

[nikkoelectronics]

Explore Quality Transistors at Nikko Electronics – Trusted UK Supplier Since 1983

If you’re into electronics—whether as a passionate hobbyist, a repair technician, or a professional engineer—you already know that transistors are the building blocks of modern circuits. From amplifying audio signals to switching electrical power, transistors are used in almost every electronic device imaginable. But finding genuine, reliable, and affordable transistors online in the UK can be a challenge.

That’s where Nikko Electronics steps in.

Established in 1983, we’ve been supplying high-quality electronic components to individuals, businesses, and service centers for over 40 years. We’re proud to offer one of the UK’s most trusted and extensive selections of transistors, all available to browse and buy online at nikkoe.com/transistors.html.

What Are Transistors and Why Are They So Important? A transistor is a semiconductor device used to either amplify or switch electronic signals. At its core, it’s a tiny component that can do big things. Whether you're building an audio amplifier, fixing a vintage radio, or designing a new piece of tech, transistors are essential for managing voltage and current flow in your circuits.

There are two main types of transistors:

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) – which include NPN and PNP types, are commonly used in switching and amplification.

Field Effect Transistors (FETs) – like MOSFETs, often used in power applications and integrated circuits.

Each type has its own characteristics, suited to specific kinds of work. Whether you're dealing with high current, precision switching, or audio signal processing, the right transistor makes all the difference.

A Huge Range of Transistors for Every Application At Nikko Electronics, we’ve built our inventory around what customers actually need—reliable, tested, and often hard-to-find transistors, including both modern and vintage models.

Our stock includes: General-purpose transistors – Perfect for prototyping and small-scale projects

Power transistors – Ideal for handling higher current and voltage in amplifiers or power supplies

Audio transistors – Tailored for use in speaker and amplifier circuits

MOSFETs and FETs – Great for precision control and high-speed switching

TO-92, TO-126, TO-220 packages – Multiple case styles for various designs

Vintage & obsolete transistors – Popular with enthusiasts restoring old radios, televisions, and audio equipment

We stock trusted brands like Matsushita, NEC, Sanken, Toshiba, and more—all at competitive prices with UK-based dispatch.

Popular Transistor Models at Nikko Electronics Here are some of the most sought-after models in our transistor collection:

K301 Transistor – Commonly used in analog and audio circuits; a favorite among amplifier enthusiasts

D718 and B688 – Often sold as complementary pairs for audio power output stages

C945 and A733 – Great for low-noise, small-signal applications; frequently used in audio gear

2SD667 and 2SB647 – Perfect for general-purpose medium power applications

TIP31 / TIP32 Series – Popular in power applications and basic switching tasks

2N3055 – A classic NPN power transistor widely used in DIY power amplifiers and power supplies

If you're not sure which transistor suits your application, our team is always ready to guide you through specifications and compatible alternatives.

Why Buy Your Transistors from Nikko Electronics? We know how frustrating it is to order components online and end up with cheap knock-offs or long shipping delays. That’s why we’re committed to being different. Here’s what sets us apart:

✅ Trusted Since 1983 With over four decades of experience, we’ve built a reputation for honesty, quality, and great customer support. We’ve worked with schools, tech firms, repair centers, and hobbyists all over the world.

✅ UK-Based Inventory All items are stocked and shipped from the UK, which means fast delivery, no import headaches, and reliable customer service you can actually speak to.

✅ Only Genuine, Quality Parts We source components from authorized distributors and reputable suppliers. No fakes, no surprises—just dependable parts that do what they’re supposed to do.

✅ Great Prices Because we work directly with manufacturers and suppliers, we’re able to offer highly competitive pricing—whether you’re buying a single unit or bulk quantities.

✅ Friendly, Expert Support Got a question? Not sure if two transistors are compatible? Need help identifying a part? Our small but knowledgeable team is here to help. We're always happy to provide guidance—without the jargon.

Who Do We Serve? Nikko Electronics is proud to serve a diverse customer base. Whether you’re:

A student building your first amplifier

A repair technician restoring vintage audio gear

An electronics hobbyist working on a passion project

An engineer prototyping new circuits

A business looking for reliable component supply

…we’re here to help you find exactly what you need.

Our customers include universities, repair shops, DIY YouTubers, and electronics professionals across the UK, Europe, and beyond.

Not Just Transistors – A Full Range of Components While transistors are one of our specialties, we also carry a large inventory of other components including:

Thermal fuses

ICs (Integrated Circuits)

LEDs and displays

Diodes

Capacitors

Resistors

Connectors

Sockets & headers

If you’re looking to stock up or need matching parts for a repair job, we likely have it in stock.

Ready to Order? It’s Easy! Shopping with us is simple and secure. Here’s how it works:

Browse our transistors section at nikkoe.com/transistors.html

View product details including datasheets, pin configurations, and packaging info

Add items to cart – whether it’s one piece or one hundred

Choose fast UK delivery or international shipping at checkout

Receive your order quickly and reliably with support on hand if you need it

We accept all major payment methods and ensure your transaction is safe and protected.

Let’s Build Something Great Together At Nikko Electronics, we’re more than just a supplier. We’re your partner in every repair, upgrade, prototype, and idea that turns into reality.

Whether you’re fixing up old gear, designing a new device, or simply learning the ropes of electronics, we’re proud to be part of your journey.

Explore our full transistor range now and discover why so many customers trust us for quality parts and honest service.

👉 Visit us at: https://nikkoe.com/transistors.html

[codingprolab]

ECEN 4797/5797 Homework 4 

Problem 4.1 (50 points) Do Textbook (Fundamentals of Power Electronics 2nd Edition) Problem 4.7 (pg. 105). Problem 4.2 (50 points) The buck-boost converter shown below is implemented with a MOSFET and a diode. The MOSFET can be modeled as ideal, but the diode exhibits “snappy” reverse-recovery characteristics, with reverse recovery time tr and recovered charge Qr . In addition, the inductor has…

[microtek-india]

How to Know If Your Old Stabilizer Is Still Safe to Use With a New LED TV

The old stabiliser that you have in store might look fine. However, it won't be a good choice for your new LED TV. LEDs require steady and good voltage. A small spike or drop in the voltage can easily damage the television. A weak stabiliser may fail to protect. You could face picture flicker or screen damage. Do not risk your new TV. This guide shows how to check your old stabiliser. You will learn simple tests at home. You will know when to replace it and which Microtek models to choose. Let’s get started.

Why LED TVs Need Stable Voltage?

There are some crucial reasons why all LED TVs require a stable voltage to function: 

Sensitive Circuits

LED TVs have thin circuit boards. Small chips drive the entire display, and they also need a steady voltage. Too little or too much voltage will damage them completely. 

Common Voltage Problems

Over-voltage (Spike): A sudden rise. It can burn circuits.

Under-voltage (Dip): A sudden drop. It can make the TV flicker or shut off.

Voltage Fluctuation: Fast changes. It stresses the power supply board.

Signs Your Old Stabiliser May Be Unsafe

At times, an old LED TV stabilizer, might be pretty unsafe to use. Here are some of the reasons behind it:

Overheating

If the stabiliser feels very hot, it may be overloaded. Heat can melt wires or damage internal parts.

Noisy Operation

A loud buzz or hum can mean worn coils or loose parts. Noise often signals poor performance.

Slow Response to Fluctuations

If your lights dim during a dip and the stabiliser takes time to correct, it is too slow. LED TVs need fast correction to avoid flicker.

Frequent Tripping

If the stabiliser’s breaker trips often, it cannot handle the load. This puts stress on the device and the TV.

How to Test Your Stabiliser at Home?

When you plan on testing the best voltage stabilizer for home, you should observe the following steps:

Using a Multimeter

Set up the multimeter to AC voltage. After that, measure the input voltage at the stabiliser inlet. You should also measure the output voltage at the outlet and compare both values. Make sure the output stays within ±5% of 230 V.

Load Test Procedure

Plug in a heavy load and then watch the stabiliser’s output as the load runs. When the voltage swings over ±10 %, it implies that the stabiliser is weak.

Checking Response Time

Simulate a voltage dip by temporarily unplugging one phase (for 3-phase models). After that, observe how quickly the stabiliser restores to 230 V. If it takes over 2 seconds, it may cause the television to flicker.

Upgrading to Microtek Stabilisers

Companies, such as Microtek, offer some of the finest stabilisers. Here are some of its products:

Smart Digital Stabiliser Series

Model Range: SDS 0.5 to SDS 3.5 kVA

Features: Digital voltage display, refined copper transformer, microcontroller-based power.

Why It’s Ideal: Fast reaction in 20 to 40 ms. Supports LED TVs and even home theatre.

SEBz Smart Outdoor Series

Model Range: SEBz 0.75 to SEBz 2.0 kVA

Features: Weatherproof case, increased surge handling, and auto-bypass on severe defaults.

Why It’s Ideal: Perfect for rooftop installations near the meter box.

Scientific Series

Model Range: SCIN-0.5 to SCIN-2.0 kVA

Features: High-precision buck-boost control, low-loss transformer, and silent operation.

Why It’s Ideal: Utilises MOSFETs for faster correction, runs LED TVs without noise.

Stabiliser Products for LED TVs

If you’re looking for top-tier stabilisers for LED TVs, take a look at the options listed below:

SEBZ-1200 Model

Capacity: 1.2 kVA

Input Range: 130 to 300 V

Output Voltage: 230 V ±4 %

Key Points: LED display, surge protection, auto-bypass, thermal overload protection.

Smart Digital SDS Series

Popular Model: SDS 1 kVA

Input Range: 140 V–260 V

Output Voltage: 230 V ±2 %

Key Points: Digital display shows real-time voltage. Cold start feature for backup.

Scientific-Pro Series

Popular Model: PRO 1.5 kVA

Input Range: 90 V–280 V

Output Voltage: 230 V ±1 %

Key Points: High accuracy for sensitive electronics. Silent operation under load.

Maintenance Tips for Long-Lasting Performance

Supervision of the stabiliser will make it function perfectly for a long time. To perform the maintenance, please check the information below:

Regular Cleaning

Dust can block ventilation. Wipe the stabiliser casing every three months. Keep vents clear.

Periodic Servicing

Have a technician check it once a year. They can test coils, transformers, and electronics. This prevents sudden failure.

Correct Load Matching

Do not overload. Check the total VA of all plugged-in devices. Keep the load under rated capacity.

Firmware Updates (If Available)

Some digital models allow firmware updates. Check Microtek’s download centre. An update can improve response times.

Conclusion

Your old stabiliser may not suit a new LED TV. LEDs need a steady and precise voltage. An old unit may overheat, make noise, or react too slowly. Simple home tests with a multimeter and a load can show if it is unsafe. For best results, choose a Microtek stabiliser. Options like the SEBZ-1200, Smart Digital SDS series, and Scientific-Pro series are made for LED TVs. They offer fast correction, surge protection, and silent operation. Microtek is a trusted brand in India. Their stabilisers give you peace of mind and long TV life. Choose Microtek for safe and stable viewing every day.

[leiditechelectonicpublishing]

High-Speed Signal Dual-Channel SOT-23 Low Capacitance ESD Protection

Shanghai Leiditech often receives inquiries from new and existing customers: “Do you have dual-channel bidirectional 3.3V or 5V… ESD diodes for high-speed signals? We need to protect two I/O ports from ESD, preferably in SOT-23 package.”

l The LCC33DT3, LCC05DT3, LCC12DT3, LCC15DT3, and LCC24DT3 series can meet customers’ ESD protection requirements for 3.3V, 5V, 12V, 15V, and 24V signal voltages, which are the conventional signal voltages required by customers.

l Dual-channel bidirectional ESD protection: One device is sufficient to meet the requirement, saving space and facilitating PCB layout.

l Complies with IEC61000–4–2 (ESD) with ±30kV (air) and ±30kV (contact), meeting ESD Level 4 (±8kV/15kV) protection.

l All models in this series have a peak power of over 300W, featuring not only high ESD protection but also strong surge resistance to protect against surges caused by hot-swapping.

l Low clamping voltage (VCmax@A) under peak current conditions.

l Low junction capacitance (approximately 0.6pF), suitable for high-speed signal applications.

l Low leakage current (0.1μA).

For high-speed dual-channel ESD protection and other interface ESD/surge protection requirements, please contact Leiditech’s sales team or the EMC specialist.

Leiditech Electronics is committed to becoming a leading brand in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) solutions and component supply. We offer a wide range of products, including ESD, TVS, TSS, GDT, MOV, MOSFET, Zener diodes, and inductors. With an experienced R&D team, we provide personalized customization services to deliver the highest quality EMC solutions tailored to our customers’ needs.

If you’d like to learn more or have any questions, don’t hesitate to reach out:

[sales16@leiditech.com]

Visit us at [en.leiditech.com]

#ESDProtection #HighSpeedDesign #PCBDesign #USB3 #HDMI #LAN #IoTDesign #EMCsolutions #SOT23 #TVSdiode #ElectronicsDesign #SurgeProtection #Leiditech #SignalIntegrity #ESDdiodes

[audio-luddite]

Disinformation and Datinformation.

It is no wonder AI bots are so stupid. They comb the internoise for stuff and assume it is all true. I am often on sites or watching a You Tube thing and just have a WTF moment. What they said is just plain wrong!

There is a forum on the Audio Science Review (ASR) that discusses old stuff. I linked to it ages ago in a previous rant. I checked it out again and it is still chaos and confusion. And this is with testing people. They are supposed to be the rational ones.

I was flipping through it to see it there was any information in all the discussion / arguments / insults / and even snake oil. I mean I am still thinking of getting a piece of hardware. Are their brands and models I have not considered?

The forum premise was what of the "old stuff" was as good as new SOTA stuff. (SOTA being state of the art for you newbies) It is my opinion that there is no SOTA as nobody knows what that really means. Does is mean tiny distortion figures on a test? Does it mean a good reputation with the experts? And actually much of the problem with the forum, was just that. What are you looking for? How do you describe it?

It is fact that some people prefer the sound of some types of distortion. Nelson Pass has made his reputation on just that. Give them low order even harmonics and it will be fine. The entire charm of most Tube amplifiers is exactly that. I like tubes remember, but not all tube amplifiers. Some are crap.

Is there a threshold of low distortion of any type below which even experienced listeners cannot discern improvement? I think that is a definite yes, but I do not know what those numbers are. A huge aspect of testing is the "listening people" say you are not testing what we are hearing. You need some other test. I think that is silly.

One reason I am still considering a new amplifier is I wonder if there was any real progress in the 1980s to 90s. Designers and manufactures claimed all sorts of breakthroughs in that era. At least the marketing departments said so.

My Franken-Amp is a 1970s vintage with a few tweaks. My ARC tube amp is 1989 vintage, stock, and is very nice. It does not do the tube amp warmth and false space thing. It does nice textures and a certain modest richness. The Franken-Amp however lets me hear tiny stupid details that are of no importance aside from telling me that the tuber is hiding something.

The Franken-Amp is basically a Dynaco ST400 with extra output transistors (16 rather than 8) a split power supply right and left, bigger capacitors with film helpers in the power supply and a few film capacitors in the signal path. In late 1973 Stereophile magazine praised the stock ST400 as "the best solid state amplifier we know of for any price" (Stereophile magazine winter 73/74 page 11).

Since then Mosfets came out and many features touted that my old beast simply does not have.

I would really like to see if I could hear an improvement with a good newer amplifier. I was genuinely excited about that ARC Class D amp. It ticked several boxes and was almost within reach.

Oh one thing that ASR forum clearly does is slag those tiny Class D amps as either poor sounding, lying about their true power output, or very unreliable. On the ASR rankings there are may class D amps on the top of the list. Maybe measurements are not everything.

Tonight I should fire the beast up and let sound wash over me. That is what it is for.

Solid State 400 Watt Franken-Amp

ARC SP14 preamp.

AT7V for vinyl

Yamaha CD player.

Stealth two way speakers.

[integrating-sphere]

Abstract In modern electronic design and compliance testing, immunity to electrical fast transients (EFT) is a critical performance indicator. The eft test generator serves as a standard tool to simulate such disturbances, ensuring electronic equipment can withstand operational disruptions. This paper discusses the technical principles, structural design, and test methods of the eft test generator, with a focus on the LISUN EFT61000-4 EFT Immunity Measurement product. The study elaborates on how the generator fulfills IEC61000-4-4 standard requirements, providing stable and repeatable test environments. Experimental configurations, waveform specifications, and output characteristics are presented alongside practical application scenarios in electronic testing environments. Introduction The rise of digital control systems and power electronics in today’s industry has made electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) compliance more essential than ever. Among various EMC tests, immunity to electrical fast transients (EFT), also known as burst immunity, is mandatory per international standards. EFT disturbances typically originate from switching transients such as relay contact bounce or interrupting inductive loads. The eft test generator simulates these conditions, enabling effective validation of device immunity. The LISUN EFT61000-4 EFT Test Generator is a mature solution developed to precisely meet the IEC61000-4-4 standard, providing essential support for EMS (Electromagnetic Susceptibility) testing. EFT Test Generator: Functional Overview The eft test generator is designed to create a burst of high-frequency transients with short rise times and fixed intervals. These impulses are coupled onto the power lines or signal lines of the equipment under test (EUT) to verify its resistance to disturbance. Key Functions of EFT Test Generator: Feature Description Pulse Rise Time Typically less than 5 ns Burst Duration Up to 15 ms Repetition Rate Up to 5 kHz Voltage Range From 250V to 5,000V Output Impedance 50Ω standard Coupling/Decoupling Network Integrated or external CDN as per IEC61000-4-4 Compliance with IEC61000-4-4 Standard The IEC61000-4-4 standard defines the testing methodology and waveform parameters for EFT testing. It mandates waveform shapes, duration, repetition rate, and coupling methods. The LISUN EFT61000-4 is engineered in full compliance with this standard and provides configurable parameters to allow for flexible test setups. IEC61000-4-4 Standard Burst Characteristics Parameter Requirement (Per IEC61000-4-4) Rise Time of Pulse 5 ns ±30% Pulse Duration (at 50Ω load) 50 ns ±30% Burst Duration 15 ms ±20% Burst Period 300 ms ±20% Repetition Rate 5 kHz (typical) Test Voltage Up to 5,000V Technical Principle of EFT Generation The generation of EFT involves a capacitor discharging through a fast-switching device such as a spark gap or semiconductor switch, into a standard impedance network. The key requirement is achieving extremely fast rise times and narrow pulse widths. The LISUN EFT61000-4 uses a high-voltage MOSFET-based discharge switch that ensures consistency in pulse generation. Coupled with an advanced timing controller, the generator delivers programmable bursts with high accuracy and reliability. LISUN EFT61000-4: Product Features The LISUN EFT61000-4 EFT test generator is known for its compact design and versatility. It supports various test levels and provides built-in safety mechanisms. EFT61000-4_EFT Immunity Measurement Product Specifications Model LISUN EFT61000-4 Output Voltage 250V – 5,000V (adjustable) Pulse Rise Time < 5ns Pulse Width 50ns Burst Frequency 0.1 – 5kHz Burst Duration 0.75 – 15ms Output Polarity Positive/Negative/Both Coupling Methods AC/DC power lines, signal lines via CDN Display 7-inch touchscreen with parameter presets Control Interface USB/RS232/LAN remote control Safety Features EUT overload protection, emergency stop Application Scenarios The eft test generator is widely used across multiple industries: • Household Appliance Testing – ensuring products meet EMC regulatory compliance. • Automotive Electronics – verifying ECU systems can withstand transient disturbances. • LED Driver Circuitry – validating robustness against switching noise. • Industrial Controllers – ensuring PLCs and SCADA devices remain operational under noise conditions. • Telecommunication Systems – safeguarding routers and modems from power-induced transients. Test Setup and Procedure To perform an EFT immunity test using the LISUN EFT61000-4, the following steps are taken: Test Setup: • Connect the CDN to the EUT’s power supply. • Set desired test parameters via the control panel. • Grounding and shielding according to standard layout. • Initiate the test and observe EUT performance. • Log disturbances and post-test results. Test Level Guidelines Per IEC61000-4-4, standard voltage levels are defined for different environments: Test Level Open Circuit Test Voltage Application Environment Level 1 500V Light Industrial, Residential Level 2 1,000V General Commercial Equipment Level 3 2,000V Industrial Control Systems Level 4 4,000V Harsh Industrial, Critical Systems Custom Up to 5,000V R&D and Stress Testing Advantages of LISUN EFT61000-4 System • Modular Design – easy integration into automated EMC labs. • Flexible Interfaces – remote configuration support. • Advanced Safety – overload and spark detection. • Multi-Language Support – international usability. • User-Friendly GUI – touch-screen operation for faster workflows. Conclusion The eft test generator plays a pivotal role in EMS immunity evaluation, enabling engineers to identify and mitigate susceptibility to transient disturbances. The LISUN EFT61000-4 test generator, built to the precise requirements of IEC61000-4-4, offers a highly reliable and customizable solution for commercial, industrial, and research applications. With programmable bursts, comprehensive coupling options, and robust safety features, it ensures thorough compliance testing across a broad range of electronic equipment. Read the full article

[kyoritsuvietnam]

Nên mua đồng hồ vạn năng hiển thị số hay chỉ thị kim?

Hai loại đồng hồ vạn năng được sử dụng phổ biến nhất hiện nay trong công nghiệp cũng như dân dụng là đồng hồ vạn năng số và đồng hồ vạn năng kim. Để có câu trả lời cho câu h��i: "Nên mua đồng hồ vạn năng số hay kim?", chúng ta cùng đem hai dòng sản phẩm này lên bàn cân so sánh để xem loại nào sẽ chiếm nhiều ưu thế hơn để đáp ứng công việc tốt nhất.

So sánh đồng hồ vạn năng số và đồng hồ vạn năng kim 

Điểm giống

Điểm khác biệt

Tuy vậy, nếu xét trên cấu tạo, cách thức hoạt động hay khả năng đo thì 2 loại đồng hồ đo điện này vẫn có sự khác biệt nhất định, cụ thể bạn hãy theo dõi bảng so sánh chi tiết sau đây: Tiêu chíĐồng hồ vạn năng kimĐồng hồ vạn năng số (điện tử)Nguyên lý hoạt độngHiển thị thông số qua kim chỉ thịHiển thị thông số qua màn hình LCDĐộ chính xácPhụ thuộc kỹ năng đọc kimChính xác cao, ít sai sốTốc độ hiển thịTương đối chậmNhanh chóng, tức thìChức năng đoCơ bản: V, A, ΩĐa dạng: V, A, Ω, tần số, điện dung, diode...Độ bền và chống sốcBền bỉ, ít bị hỏng khi rơi vỡNhạy cảm với va đập mạnhGiá thànhThường rẻ hơnGiá cao hơn tùy chức năng và thương hiệu

Để hiểu rõ hơn về từng loại và đánh giá xem dòng máy nào tốt hơn, bạn có thể theo dõi ưu - nhược điểm của đồng hồ vạn năng số và kim dưới đây:

Ưu điểm - nhược điểm của đồng hồ vạn năng số

Ưu điểm

Có thể th��c hiện nhiều phép đo điện đa dạng hơn so với đồng hồ vạn năng kim

Kết quả đo được trả về nhanh chóng, có độ chính xác cao (hiển thị cả những con số sau thập phân nhỏ lẻ)

Độ bền cao, an toàn với người sử dụng

Thiết kế hiện đại, đẹp mắt

Dễ dàng đọc và theo dõi giá trị đo được hiển thị trên màn hình ở nhiều góc độ, không gian khác nhau

Nhược điểm

Giá thành đắt hơn so với đồng hồ vạn năng kim cùng loại

Khó sử dụng hơ khi dùng để kiểm tra nhanh các hư hỏng của linh kiện điện tử

Ưu điểm - nhược điểm của đồng hồ vạn năng hiển thị kim

Ưu điểm

Phù hợp khi thực hiện các kiểm tra các linh kiện bán dẫn (điốt, transistor, SCR, MOSFET,…) còn sống hay chết vì dễ quan sát hơn

Khả năng kiểm tra hư hỏng của các linh kiện trong mạch điện tử nhanh chóng hơn so với đồng hồ vạn năng số

Đa dạng mẫu mã, chủng loại với giá thành khác nhau cho người dùng lựa chọn

Nhược điểm

Độ chính xác không cao do kim chỉ vạch không ổn định

Đồng hồ dễ hỏng mạch điện tử hoặc kim chi thị nếu không được sử dụng đúng cách

Khó đọc các chỉ số đo như dòng điện, điện áp, giá trị điện trở

Kích thước thường to hơn so với đồng hồ vạn năng số

XEM THÊM: Mua đồng hồ vạn năng ở đâu chính hãng, giá tốt nhất?

Nên mua đồng hồ vạn năng số hay kim?

Mỗi dòng đồng hồ đều có những điểm nổi bật riêng, nếu áp dụng đúng vào công việc phù hợp và sử dụng đúng kỹ thuật thì thiết bị sẽ phát huy tốt nhất khả năng làm việc của mình. Dưới đây là một số nhận định giúp bạn đọc đưa ra quyết định nên mua đồng hồ vạn năng số hay kim.

Với đồng hồ vạn năng số, loại này sẽ thích hợp với các công việc trong ngành điện, viễn thông. Thiết bị cung cấp phép đo chính xác, nhanh chóng cùng màn hình LCD sắc nét (một số loại tích hợp đèn nền) giúp làm việc dễ dàng trong nhiều điều kiện khác nhau.

Đây là dòng máy đo điện hiện đại nên sở hữu nhiều chức năng đo khác nhau, phạm vi đo rộng nên phù hợp với các mục đích thương mại, công nghiệp. Nhiều sản phẩm còn được trang bị chức năng tự động chọn thang đo, giữ giá trị đỉnh - trung bình,... nhằm hạn chế sai sót khi chọn thang đo và thuận tiện hơn khi ghi chép, lưu lại kết quả.

Trong khi đó, đồng hồ vạn năng chỉ thị kim lại quen thuộc với nhiều người dùng hơn do đây là dòng sản phẩm được ra đời trước. Nó dễ sử dụng, tính an toàn cao, phù hợp để kiểm tra linh kiện điện tử, linh kiện bán dẫn. Ngoài ra, giá thành cũng rẻ hơn so với đồng hồ vạn năng số nên phù hợp với nhiều đối tượng người dùng hơn.

CÓ THỂ BẠN QUAN TÂM: Ý nghĩa của các ký hiệu trên đồng hồ vạn năng

Một số đồng hồ vạn năng số và kim bán chạy

Nếu bạn đang tìm kiếm một chiếc đồng hồ vạn năng phù hợp cho công việc của mình thì dưới đây là gợi ý một số model đang được nhiều người ưa chuộng nhất hiện nay bạn co thể tham khảo:

Đồng hồ vạn năng Kyoritsu 1109S

Giá tham khảo: 1.529.000₫ (giá có thể thay đổi tùy theo thời điểm bán)

Kyoritsu 1109S là đồng hồ vạn năng chỉ thị kim bán chạy nhất hiện nay của Kyoritsu. Sản phẩm được thiết kế kim chỉ thị sắc nét, tấm chắn kính trong suốt giúp người dùng dễ dàng quan sát kết quả đo hơn rõ ràng hơn.

Sở hữu thang đo điện áp AC/DC lên tới 1000V, đo điện trở 2/20kΩ/2/20MΩa, đo dòng điện ở phạm vi nhỏ đạt 250mA, do vậy Kyoritsu 1109S được các kỹ sư, kỹ thuật viên và nhà máy, trung tâm sửa chữa linh kiện điện tử sử dụng phổ biến.

Thông số kỹ thuật cơ bản:DC V0.1/0.5/2.5/10/50/250/1000VAC V10/50/250/1000V (9kΩ/V)DC A50µA/2.5/25/250mAĐiện trở (Ω)2/20kΩ/2/20MΩ

Đồng hồ vạn năng Kyoritsu 2000A

Giá tham khảo: 2.530.000₫ (giá có thể thay đổi tùy theo thời điểm bán)

Kyoritsu 2000A thuộc dòng đồng hồ vạn năng điện tử, thường được sử dụng trong nhiều ứng dụng thực tế của đời sống như: kiểm tra, khắc phục sự cố điện dân dụng, thương mại, công nghiệp; kiểm tra bảng mạch điện; kiểm tra và bảo dưỡng xe ô tô, xe điện; kiểm tra cài đặt pin năng lượng mặt trời;...

Thông số kỹ thuật cơ bản:DC V340.0mV / 3.400 / 34.00 / 340.0 / 600V (Trở kháng đầu vào: 10MΩ); ± 1.5% rdg ± 4dgtAC V3.400 / 34.00 / 340.0 / 600V (Trở kháng đầu vào: 10MΩ); ± 1.5% rdg ± 5dgt [50 - 400Hz]DC A60.0A ± 2% rdg ± 5dgtAC A60.0A ± 2% rdg ± 5dgt (50 / 60Hz)Điện trở (Ω)340.0Ω / 3.400 / 34.00 / 340.0kΩ / 3.400 / 34.00MΩ; ± 1% rdg ± 3dgt (0 - 340kΩ); ± 5% rdg ± 5dgt (3.4MΩ); ± 15% rdg ± 5dgt (34MΩ)

Đồng hồ vạn năng Kyoritsu 1030

Giá tham khảo: 1.386.000₫ (giá có thể thay đổi tùy theo thời điểm bán)

Kyoritsu 1030 xứng danh là một chiếc đồng hồ vạn năng “tuy nhỏ nhưng có võ”. Sản phẩm này có thiết kế nhỏ gọn dạng bút cầm tay, được xem là dòng đồng hồ vạn năng nhỏ nhất hiện nay của Kyoritsu. Nhờ vậy, nó có thể dễ dàng tiếp cận được nhiều không gian làm việc khác nhau vô cùng thuận tiện.

Thông số kỹ thuật cơ bản:DC V400m/4/40/400/600V (5 Range auto)AC V4/40/400/600V (4 Range auto)Điện trở (Ω)400/4k/40k/400k/4M/40MΩ (6 Range auto)Kiểm tra thông mạchCòi báo khi điện trở nhỏ hơn 120ΩKiểm tra điốt: Điện áp kiểm tra0.3~1.5VTần số5/50/500/5k/50k/200kHzKiểm tra tụ50n/500n/5µ/50µ/100µF (5 Range auto)

Từ những tư vấn về việc nên mua đồng hồ vạn năng số hay kim ở trên, có thể thấy rằng sản phẩm nào thì cũng có những ưu điểm và phù hợp với những ứng dụng khác nhau. Do đó, khi chọn mua, bạn hãy xác định rõ nhu cầu sử dụng và những yêu cầu công việc của mình là gì để đảm bảo chọn lọc được sản phẩm ưng ý nhất.

Xem thêm: https://kyoritsuvietnam.net/tin-tuc/nen-mua-dong-ho-van-nang-hien-thi-so-hay-chi-thi-kim-1994.html

#donghovannang #kyoritsuvietnam #thbvietnam #579phamvandong #275flythuongkiet

[vbsemi-mosfet]

⚡🤖 AI’s Power Crisis: Can Smarter MOSFETs Save Our Data Centers? 🛠️🌿

Ever thought about what happens every time you prompt ChatGPT or run an AI model? 🌐💡

Behind every smooth, instant AI response lies a hidden power struggle inside data centers worldwide. With AI workloads skyrocketing, some GPU servers are now pulling 5kW EACH, and power use is increasing 20% yearly! 😳🔥

While everyone obsesses over GPUs and LLMs, there’s an unsung hero we need to talk about:

⚡ MOSFETs.

These tiny components are evolving from simple on/off switches to smart soldiers that:

✅ Handle huge inrush currents during hot-swaps 🚀 ✅ Keep power loss low even under heavy GPU loads 💪 ✅ Survive +100°C environments while switching fast 🌡️ ✅ Control EMI to prevent signal corruption 🛡️

Why Does This Matter for AI Builders & Engineers? 🧑‍💻

If you’re building AI servers, edge devices, or working on HPC, power delivery is your hidden bottleneck.

We’re testing GaN and SiC MOSFETs and advanced 48V systems to:

✅ Slash energy waste ✅ Reduce thermal issues ✅ Build smaller, efficient AI power modules

What I’m Testing Right Now 🔬

I’m prototyping a compact 48V hot-swap PSU for AI servers, testing VBsemi’s low R_DS(on) MOSFETs to handle inrush and heat while improving overall system efficiency. Results so far? Promising! 🚀

🗨️ Let’s Talk:

🤔 Have you used GaN or SiC MOSFETs in your AI builds? 🤔 Ever struggled with thermal or EMI issues while running heavy AI loads? 🤔 What’s your go-to MOSFET for reliable, efficient high-current switching?

Drop your experiences, hacks, or questions below! ⬇️ Let’s build smarter, cooler, and more efficient AI infrastructure together.

💡 If you’re curious about the MOSFETs I’m testing (VBsemi’s lineup) and want test data for your projects, DM me or comment below.

⚡ Hit LIKE ❤️ if you care about efficient AI hardware, and SHARE to reach other hardware engineers and AI builders!

#AI #Hardware #PowerElectronics #MOSFET #DataCenters #GaN #SiC #Engineering