#Open access journal of Civil Engineering

[civilengineering-crimson]

Long-term Data–the Key for Evaluating Runoff Peak Discharge Estimation Tools and Parameters for Watersheds on Forest Lands_Crimson Publishers

Abstract

The SCS-CN (curve number) and the Rational Method are widely used for quantifying direct runoff and peak discharge rates for designing road cross-drainage and water management structures in agricultural and urban landscapes. However, the studies applying and evaluating these methods are very limited for forest lands. Here we suggest that validating and possibly improving these tools and their parameters using long-term hydro-climatic and high resolution LIDAR and imagery data from US Forest Service experimental forest watersheds and similar other sites in varying ecoregions can help fill that knowledge gap for sustainable management of infrastructure, particularly forest roads in the face of climate change.

Read more about this article: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/fulltext/ACET.000584.php

For more articles in our journal:https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/

[astonishinglegends]

Ep 307: What Lies Beneath the Pyramids of Egypt?

"These claims are merely attempts to undermine the grandeur of ancient Egyptian civilization. However, these attempts are futile, and such baseless rumors will ultimately be consigned to the dustbin of history."  -- Dr. Zahi Hawass - Former Minister of Tourism and Antiquities for Egypt, to the media when asked about this story.

Description:

This week, we dive into a viral story that is captivating social media and stirring global debate — a supposed discovery beneath the sands of Giza that some are calling the find of the century. Descriptions of a vast, multi-level complex with geometric passageways, deep shafts, and mysterious chambers have sparked theories ranging from ancient power plants to the legendary Halls of Amenti. Could this be a groundbreaking revelation? A misinterpretation of data? Something even stranger? We’ll explore the evidence, the claims, and the science behind this unfolding mystery to form some theories of our own. So join us as we examine another layer to one of history’s most enduring enigmas.

Reference Links:

“Official press release. Giza Plateau: discovery of a huge city under the Pyramids.” from the

EXPEDITION – Nicole Ciccolo-YouTube channel

“SAR Scan of Khafre Pyramid Shows Huge Underground Structures” from The Reese Report

“No credible evidence supports claims of vast underground structures found beneath Egyptian pyramids” from Snopes.com

“Researchers say they used SAR to find vast city beneath the pyramids” from The Jerusalem Post

“Experts clash over ‘underground city’ beneath pyramids” from The Telegraph

Pyramid of Khafre

Egyptian pyramids

Robert Edward Grant post on Instagram: “NEW DISCOVERY CONNECTING the SAR Scan Research and Leonardo Da Vinci's Folio 134 from Codex Atlanticus”

JuliansRum @ItsJuliansRum post on X.com: “If the SAR scans of the Khafre pyramid are accurate then this is how deep the pillars go under the bedrock. Which is wild.”

“Discovery of the Legendary Halls of Amenti” on r/AlternativeHistory on reddit

“Cosmic-Ray Muons Reveal Hidden Void in the Great Pyramid” from PBS’ NOVA

Muon tomography

Tomography

The ScanPyramid mission

“Confirmation of the ScanPyramids North Face Corridor in the Great Pyramid of Giza using multi-modal image fusion from three non-destructive testing techniques” from the Scientific Reports section on Nature.com

“Scientists Are Investigating a Puzzling Underground ‘Anomaly’ Near the Giza Pyramids” on Smithsonian Magazine

“Decoding the Great Pyramid – New archeological evidence sheds light on the stunning engineering of the Great Pyramid of Giza.” on PBS’ NOVA

“Nanoscale coherent phonon spectroscopy” on Science.org

Giordano Bruno

“Galileo Affair”

MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), a publisher of open-access scientific journals.

The MDPI editorial process

“Directed Energy Weapons Are Real . . . And Disruptive” from the National Defense University Press

John E. Mack

Avi Loeb

`Oumuamua

“Conferenza: #Giza - Le piramidi e la porta del tempo. Armando Mei, Filippo Biondi, Corrado Malanga.” from the EXPEDITION -Nicole Ciccolo- YouTube channel

The Definitive S-Band Satellite Guide from “Jacopo’s Lair”

Astonishing Legends episode 259: Interstellar with Dr. Avi Loeb

Astonishing Legends Ep 79: The Kelly–Hopkinsville Encounter Part 1

Astonishing Legends Ep 170: Has the Cotopaxi Been Found?

Astonishing Legends Ep 164: The Edgar Cayce Story Part 1

Astonishing Legends Ep 62: The Nazi Bell Part 1

Astonishing Legends Ep 30: Kincaid’s Cave in the Grand Canyon

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CREDITS:

Episode 307: What Lies Beneath the Pyramids of Egypt? Produced by Scott Philbrook & Forrest Burgess. Audio Editing by Sarah Vorhees Wendel of VW Sound. Music and Sound Design by Allen Carrescia. Tess Pfeifle, Producer and Lead Researcher. Ed Voccola, Technical Producer. Research Support from The Astonishing Research Corps, or "A.R.C." for short. Copyright 2025 Astonishing Legends Productions, LLC. All Rights Reserved.

[collegedunias]

B.Tech in India – Choose GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management for a Bright Future

If you are planning to become an engineer, then doing B.Tech in India can be one of the best choices for your career. Engineering is one of the most popular courses in India after Class 12, and thousands of students dream of getting into a good college. But the key to success is choosing the right institute that gives you quality education, good placements, and a strong foundation.

One such reputed institute is GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management in Greater Noida. Known for academic excellence, modern infrastructure, and top placement records, this college stands out among private engineering colleges in North India.

In this blog, we will explain everything you need to know about doing B.Tech in India and why GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management should be your top choice.

Why Choose B.Tech in India?

Doing B.Tech in India offers you many benefits:

A wide variety of engineering branches

Affordable fee structure compared to studying abroad

Availability of top colleges with advanced infrastructure

Opportunities for government and private jobs

Growing demand for engineers in India’s tech-driven economy

Access to national-level entrance exams like JEE Main, CUET, etc.

Whether you want to work in software, electronics, mechanical, AI, or even start your own business, a B.Tech in India opens up a world of opportunities.

What Makes GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management Special?

Located in Greater Noida, GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management (GLBITM) is one of the fastest-growing engineering colleges in North India. It is affiliated with Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU) and is approved by AICTE.

Key Highlights:

Ranked among the top 10 private engineering colleges in UP

Offers multiple B.Tech branches with industry-aligned curriculum

200+ companies visit for placements every year

Excellent infrastructure and advanced computer labs

Training programs to prepare for campus interviews

Active student clubs and hackathons to build real-world skills

The focus of GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management is not just on classroom learning, but also on developing leadership and problem-solving skills.

Popular B.Tech Courses Offered

If you plan to pursue B.Tech in India, choosing the right branch is important. At GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, the following specializations are available:

B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

B.Tech in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

B.Tech in Information Technology (IT)

B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)

B.Tech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)

B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering

B.Tech in Civil Engineering

These courses are designed based on current industry needs and future technology trends.

Eligibility and Admission Process

To apply for B.Tech in India, you must meet the following eligibility criteria:

Pass 10+2 with Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics

Minimum 45% marks (40% for reserved categories)

Appear for JEE Main or UPSEE/UPCET for government quota seats

Direct admission available under management quota

For GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, students can apply through:

JEE Main Counselling (AKTU/UPCET)

Direct Admission (based on Class 12 merit and JEE rank)

The admission process is simple, and the college offers complete support for documentation and guidance.

Campus and Student Life

GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management offers a modern, clean, and vibrant campus with all necessary facilities:

Smart classrooms and e-learning support

24/7 Wi-Fi enabled campus

Central library with over 80,000 books and journals

Dedicated research labs and innovation centers

AC hostel rooms with all basic amenities

Sports, gym, cafeteria, and cultural clubs

Regular technical fests, hackathons, and seminars

College life at GL Bajaj is both educational and enjoyable. Students actively participate in co-curricular and extracurricular activities.

Placement Record of GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management

One of the main reasons students choose this college for B.Tech in India is its strong placement record.

Placement Highlights:

Over 200+ recruiters visit every year

Highest package offered: ₹55 LPA (International)

Average package: ₹5.5 – ₹6 LPA for CSE/AI

Core branches also see strong placements in top companies

Tie-ups with Infosys, Wipro, TCS, Accenture, Amazon, HCL, and more

Internship support from 2nd or 3rd year

Dedicated placement training includes resume building, mock interviews, aptitude tests, and communication skills training.

Internship and Industry Connect

In today’s competitive world, getting real industry experience during college is a must. At GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, students get early exposure through:

Corporate internships in top tech companies

Industrial visits to manufacturing plants and R&D labs

Workshops with experts from Microsoft, IBM, and Google

Entrepreneurship cell and incubation center for startups

This real-world experience makes your B.Tech in India journey more practical and career-ready.

Why GL Bajaj is the Right Choice for You

Choosing the right engineering college is about more than just a degree. It’s about the environment, exposure, and education quality you receive. Here’s why GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management is one of the best for doing B.Tech in India:

High academic standards

Excellent placement support

Industry-aligned teaching

Strong alumni network

Located in Greater Noida – India’s growing tech and education hub

Affordable yet high-value education

With all these advantages, you get a complete package to build a strong career in engineering.

Conclusion

If you’re serious about engineering and want to pursue B.Tech in India from a reputed college, then GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management should definitely be on your list. It offers quality education, career support, practical training, and a positive learning environment.

From excellent placements to industry exposure, GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management helps you unlock your full potential and become a future-ready engineer.

If you need further information contact:

523, 5th Floor, Wave Silver Tower, Sec-18 Noida, UP-201301

+91 9711016766

infocollegedunias@gmail.com

[shruti235]

Top PhD Courses in India: A Complete Guide for Aspirants

Pursuing a PhD is a significant academic milestone, representing the highest level of education and research expertise. For many students and professionals, enrolling in PhD courses in India offers an opportunity to contribute to knowledge, innovate in their fields, and advance their careers. India’s academic landscape boasts numerous universities and research institutes recognised for their rigorous doctoral programmes. This guide will provide an overview of top PhD courses available in India, highlight some of the best PhD colleges in India, and offer insights into selecting the right university for your research ambitions.

Understanding PhD Courses in India

A PhD degree (Doctor of Philosophy) typically requires candidates to undertake original research in a specialised subject area. The duration of PhD programmes in India generally ranges from three to six years, depending on the discipline and university regulations. Candidates must submit a thesis or dissertation that contributes new knowledge or perspectives to their chosen field.

PhD courses cover a broad spectrum of disciplines, including sciences, engineering, humanities, social sciences, management, and more. Admission to these programmes often involves entrance tests, interviews, and review of research proposals.

Top PhD Courses in India

India offers a wide array of top PhD courses catering to diverse academic interests. Some popular fields for doctoral study include:

Science and Technology: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Environmental Science, Biotechnology, Computer Science, and Materials Science.

Engineering and Technology: Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Information Technology.

Humanities and Social Sciences: Literature, History, Sociology, Political Science, Psychology, and Economics.

Management and Commerce: Business Administration, Finance, Marketing, and Organisational Behaviour.

Interdisciplinary Research: Fields combining multiple disciplines such as Bioinformatics, Nanotechnology, and Environmental Studies.

Universities offer specialised programmes tailored to emerging research trends and industry needs, allowing candidates to explore innovative topics.

Admission Process for PhD Courses in India

The admission procedure for PhD courses in India typically involves several stages:

Eligibility: Candidates must hold a master’s degree or equivalent in a relevant discipline with a minimum percentage or CGPA as specified by the university.

Entrance Test: Many universities conduct written exams or accept national-level test scores such as UGC-NET, CSIR-NET, GATE, or university-specific entrance tests.

Interview: Shortlisted candidates often undergo an interview or presentation of their research proposal before a selection committee.

Research Proposal: Submission and approval of a detailed research proposal outlining the intended area of study.

Registration: Once selected, candidates register for the PhD programme and begin their coursework and research.

The exact admission criteria may vary between universities and fields of study.

Research Facilities and Support

Top research universities in India invest heavily in providing infrastructure to support doctoral research. Candidates can expect access to:

Well-equipped laboratories with advanced instruments.

Libraries with extensive collections of books, journals, and digital resources.

Opportunities for research collaborations and conferences.

Funding support through scholarships and grants.

Mentorship by experienced faculty and research guides.

These facilities are vital for producing high-quality research outcomes and publications.

Career Prospects After PhD

Completing a PhD degree opens numerous career pathways:

Academic Positions: Teaching and research roles in universities and colleges.

Research and Development: Opportunities in government and private research institutions, laboratories, and think tanks.

Industry Research: Roles in R&D departments of multinational corporations, startups, and technology firms.

Consultancy and Policy Making: Advising government agencies and organisations on specialised topics.

Entrepreneurship: Developing technology-based startups or consulting firms.

PhD graduates are valued for their analytical skills, subject expertise, and ability to conduct independent research.

Interdisciplinary Research and Emerging Fields in PhD Studies

In recent years, interdisciplinary research has gained considerable momentum in India’s academic environment. Many universities are encouraging PhD candidates to work across traditional boundaries to solve complex real-world problems. This approach integrates knowledge from multiple disciplines, fostering innovation and comprehensive understanding.

Emerging fields such as nanotechnology, bioinformatics, environmental sustainability, and artificial intelligence are prime examples where interdisciplinary PhD research is highly encouraged. For instance, combining computer science with biotechnology enables breakthroughs in genomics and personalised medicine.

Students opting for interdisciplinary PhD courses gain the advantage of broader expertise and more versatile career options. These areas are often supported by specialised centres of excellence and funded projects within top Indian universities, offering candidates access to cutting-edge tools and collaborative networks.

Importance of Choosing the Right Research Supervisor

One of the most critical decisions for any PhD aspirant is selecting the right research supervisor or guide. The supervisor plays a pivotal role throughout the doctoral journey by providing academic mentorship, guidance on research methodology, and support in navigating challenges.

When choosing a supervisor, candidates should consider factors such as the faculty member’s research interests, publications, industry connections, and previous mentorship experience. A good supervisor not only assists in shaping the research direction but also facilitates networking opportunities and career growth.

In India’s top universities, supervisors often have active collaborations with national and international research institutions, enabling students to participate in conferences, workshops, and joint projects. This mentorship can significantly impact the quality of the PhD thesis and future employment prospects.

Funding and Scholarships for PhD Studies in India

Funding is a key consideration for many PhD aspirants. Fortunately, India offers a variety of scholarships, fellowships, and grants to support doctoral research. Some of the prominent funding sources include:

UGC Junior Research Fellowship (JRF): Provides financial assistance to candidates qualifying UGC-NET exams.

CSIR Fellowships: For science and technology research candidates qualifying CSIR-NET.

INSPIRE Fellowship: Sponsored by the Department of Science & Technology for outstanding candidates.

University-Specific Scholarships: Many universities, including Shoolini University, offer merit-based or need-based scholarships for PhD students.

Project-Based Funding: Candidates working on sponsored research projects may receive stipends or grants.

These funding options help cover tuition fees, living expenses, and research costs, making doctoral education more accessible and encouraging talented individuals to pursue research careers.

Shoolini University is recognised as one of the leading institutions offering diverse and research-intensive PhD courses in India. With a strong emphasis on innovation and interdisciplinary research, Shoolini provides doctoral programmes in fields such as Biotechnology, Environmental Science, Physics, Chemistry, and Management. The university boasts state-of-the-art laboratories, experienced faculty, and collaborative projects that prepare candidates to excel in academia and industry alike. Its commitment to nurturing research talent in a serene and conducive environment makes it a promising choice for aspirants seeking to pursue their PhD in India.

Himachal Pradesh is increasingly becoming a prominent destination for doctoral studies, with universities like Shoolini University providing specialised PhD programmes tailored to current scientific and academic demands. Whether your interest lies in the sciences, humanities, or interdisciplinary research, India offers comprehensive options to support your doctoral ambitions.

Aspiring researchers should carefully consider factors such as faculty expertise, research infrastructure, and placement support while choosing their PhD programme. A PhD not only represents academic excellence but also opens the door to numerous career opportunities in academia, industry, and beyond.

[futuroute]

Choosing the Right Academic Stream in India

In India, choosing the right academic stream after 10th standard is one of the most critical decisions a student makes. This decision lays the foundation for future academic choices, professional courses and career paths. With multiple options such as Science, Commerce and Humanities available, the process can feel overwhelming for both students and parents. The pressure to make the right choice, along with peer influence and family expectations, often adds confusion.

At FutuRoute, we guide students through this phase with personalized career analysis and expert advice. With over 14 years of experience, we help students make informed decisions that align with their skills, interests and long-term goals.

The Importance of Stream Selection

The Indian education system follows a structured model after class 10. Students are expected to select a stream that will determine the subjects they study in 11th and 12th grade, and in most cases, influence their choice of graduation courses. A well-chosen stream opens the door to fulfilling careers, while a mismatched one may lead to stress and dissatisfaction.

Choosing a stream is not just about marks or trends. It is about discovering where your strengths lie, what subjects excite you, and what kind of work you would enjoy in the future. This is why early career guidance is essential.

The Three Main Streams in India

1. Science Stream Science is often considered the most prestigious and demanding stream. It offers subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Mathematics. Students can choose between PCM (Physics, Chemistry, Math), PCB (Physics, Chemistry, Biology), or PCMB (all four subjects), depending on their career interests.

Science stream opens up career options in engineering, medicine, research, data science, biotechnology, and pure sciences. However, it also requires strong analytical thinking, problem-solving ability and consistent academic effort. At FutuRoute, we help students understand whether they have the right aptitude for Science and which sub-path suits them best.

2. Commerce Stream Commerce is ideal for students interested in business, finance, accounting, economics, and entrepreneurship. Core subjects include Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, and Mathematics (optional or mandatory in some schools).

Careers in Chartered Accountancy, Company Secretaryship, Banking, Financial Analysis, Management and Law are accessible through the Commerce stream. Students who enjoy working with numbers, logical reasoning, and business processes may find this stream highly rewarding. We help students and parents evaluate these options based on aptitude and career goals.

3. Humanities/Arts Stream Often overlooked, Humanities has now become a popular and respected stream, offering a wide range of career opportunities. Subjects include History, Geography, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology, and English. Many schools now also offer subjects like Legal Studies, Media, and Fine Arts.

Humanities can lead to careers in law, journalism, civil services, design, education, psychology, international relations, social work and more. This stream is ideal for students who are interested in people, society, language and culture. At FutuRoute, we ensure students and families understand the full scope of opportunities in Humanities before making their choice.

Factors to Consider Before Choosing a Stream

1. Interests and Passions What subjects do you enjoy the most? Which topics capture your attention naturally? Interest plays a big role in long-term satisfaction. Choosing a stream that matches your passion helps you stay motivated and perform well.

2. Aptitude and Strengths Each stream demands specific skills. Science needs numerical and logical ability, Commerce demands accuracy and business sense, and Humanities calls for analytical thinking and expression. Career assessments at FutuRoute help identify your strongest abilities and recommend the right match.

3. Career Goals Some students already have a clear idea of the career they want. For example, if a student wants to become a doctor, choosing PCB in Science is a must. Our counselors help students explore career paths and understand the academic routes required to reach their goals.

4. Academic Performance While marks should not be the only factor, they do offer insight into a student’s ability to handle certain subjects. If a student consistently struggles with Math, for instance, a PCM combination might not be the best fit. We use detailed performance analysis to guide students accordingly.

5. Peer and Parental Influence While it is natural for parents and peers to have opinions, decisions should be based on what suits the individual student. At FutuRoute, we work closely with parents to align expectations and ensure that the student’s well-being and future are the top priorities.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. Following the Crowd Just because your friends are choosing a certain stream does not mean it is the right one for you. Each student is different, and your stream should reflect your personal goals.

2. Choosing Based on Prestige Many students feel pressured to pick Science just because it is considered more respectable. However, every stream has valuable career paths. The best choice is the one that fits your personality and aspirations.

3. Ignoring Professional Guidance Stream selection is a turning point, and guessing your way through it can have long-term consequences. Professional guidance through career counseling ensures clarity, confidence and informed decision-making.

The FutuRoute Advantage

At FutuRoute, we begin our guidance as early as class 8. Our step-by-step approach helps students identify their interests, understand their aptitudes, explore career options and finalize their academic stream with complete confidence. Our counselors use psychometric assessments, one-on-one mentoring, and real-world insights to support both students and parents in this process.

We also help students understand how stream choices connect with entrance exams, college admissions and future employment. Whether it is NEET, JEE, CLAT, CUET or design school exams, we map out academic plans that suit each student’s chosen direction.

Parental Role in Stream Selection

Parents play a vital role in guiding and supporting their children. At FutuRoute, we involve parents in the counseling process so they can understand modern career trends, the variety of options available, and how best to encourage their child’s dreams. When parents and children make this decision together, with guidance from experts, the outcome is always stronger.

Conclusion

Choosing the right academic stream is not just about the next two years of school. It is about shaping the next 10 to 20 years of your life. When students make this decision with clarity and support, they set themselves up for academic success and professional fulfillment.

FutuRoute stands by students and parents at every step of this crucial decision. Our goal is to empower young minds with knowledge, tools and confidence to make the best choice for their future.Plan smart. Choose wisely.

Secure your future with FutuRoute

[sunaleisocial]

Study helps pinpoint areas where microplastics will accumulate

New Post has been published on https://sunalei.org/news/study-helps-pinpoint-areas-where-microplastics-will-accumulate/

Study helps pinpoint areas where microplastics will accumulate

The accumulation of microplastics in the environment, and within our bodies, is an increasingly worrisome issue. But predicting where these ubiquitous particles will accumulate, and therefore where remediation efforts should be focused, has been difficult because of the many factors that contribute to their dispersal and deposition.

New research from MIT shows that one key factor in determining where microparticles are likely to build up has to do with the presence of biofilms. These thin, sticky biopolymer layers are shed by microorganisms and can accumulate on surfaces, including along sandy riverbeds or seashores. The study found that, all other conditions being equal, microparticles are less likely to accumulate in sediment infused with biofilms, because if they land there, they are more likely to be resuspended by flowing water and carried away.

The open-access findings appear in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, in a paper by MIT postdoc Hyoungchul Park and professor of civil and environmental engineering Heidi Nepf. “Microplastics are definitely in the news a lot,” Nepf says, “and we don’t fully understand where the hotspots of accumulation are likely to be. This work gives a little bit of guidance” on some of the factors that can cause these particles, and small particles in general, to accumulate in certain locations.

Most experiments looking at the ways microparticles are transported and deposited have been conducted over bare sand, Park says. “But in nature, there are a lot of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and algae, and when they adhere to the stream bed they generate some sticky things.” These substances are known as extracellular polymeric substances, or EPS, and they “can significantly affect the channel bed characteristics,” he says. The new research focused on determining exactly how these substances affected the transport of microparticles, including microplastics.

The research involved a flow tank with a bottom lined with fine sand, and sometimes with vertical plastic tubes simulating the presence of mangrove roots. In some experiments the bed consisted of pure sand, and in others the sand was mixed with a biological material to simulate the natural biofilms found in many riverbed and seashore environments.

Water mixed with tiny plastic particles was pumped through the tank for three hours, and then the bed surface was photographed under ultraviolet light that caused the plastic particles to fluoresce, allowing a quantitative measurement of their concentration.

The results revealed two different phenomena that affected how much of the plastic accumulated on the different surfaces. Immediately around the rods that stood in for above-ground roots, turbulence prevented particle deposition. In addition, as the amount of simulated biofilms in the sediment bed increased, the accumulation of particles also decreased.

Nepf and Park concluded that the biofilms filled up the spaces between the sand grains, leaving less room for the microparticles to fit in. The particles were more exposed because they penetrated less deeply in between the sand grains, and as a result they were much more easily resuspended and carried away by the flowing water.

“These biological films fill the pore spaces between the sediment grains,” Park explains, “and that makes the deposited particles — the particles that land on the bed — more exposed to the forces generated by the flow, which makes it easier for them to be resuspended. What we found was that in a channel with the same flow conditions and the same vegetation and the same sand bed, if one is without EPS and one is with EPS, then the one without EPS has a much higher deposition rate than the one with EPS.”

Nepf adds: “The biofilm is blocking the plastics from accumulating in the bed because they can’t go deep into the bed. They just stay right on the surface, and then they get picked up and moved elsewhere. So, if I spilled a large amount of microplastic in two rivers, and one had a sandy or gravel bottom, and one was muddier with more biofilm, I would expect more of the microplastics to be retained in the sandy or gravelly river.”

All of this is complicated by other factors, such as the turbulence of the water or the roughness of the bottom surface, she says. But it provides a “nice lens” to provide some suggestions for people who are trying to study the impacts of microplastics in the field. “They’re trying to determine what kinds of habitats these plastics are in, and this gives a framework for how you might categorize those habitats,” she says. “It gives guidance to where you should go to find more plastics versus less.”

As an example, Park suggests, in mangrove ecosystems, microplastics may preferentially accumulate in the outer edges, which tend to be sandy, while the interior zones have sediment with more biofilm. Thus, this work suggests “the sandy outer regions may be potential hotspots for microplastic accumulation,” he says, and can make this a priority zone for monitoring and protection.

“This is a highly relevant finding,” says Isabella Schalko, a research scientist at ETH Zurich, who was not associated with this research. “It suggests that restoration measures such as re-vegetation or promoting biofilm growth could help mitigate microplastic accumulation in aquatic systems. It highlights the powerful role of biological and physical features in shaping particle transport processes.”

The work was supported by Shell International Exploration and Production through the MIT Energy Initiative.

[dekhocampus11]

SRM University Amaravati, Guntur

Introduction

SRM University, Amaravati (SRM AP), established in 2017, is a premier private university located in Neerukonda, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. Set in the planned capital region of Amaravati, SRM AP is a part of the prestigious SRM Group of Institutions, known across India for delivering quality higher education. SRM AP aspires to be a world-class institution fostering innovation, research, and global academic partnerships while offering students a vibrant campus experience and access to excellent career opportunities.

Campus and Infrastructure

Spanning a 200-acre state-of-the-art campus, SRM University Amaravati has been designed by the internationally renowned architectural firm Perkins and Will. The design emphasizes open learning spaces, green sustainability, and modern facilities to support a comprehensive student experience.

Academic blocks house smart classrooms equipped with interactive technologies, digital boards, and projectors that enhance the teaching-learning process. The university features over 50 advanced laboratories to support engineering, sciences, and technology students. These labs are tailored to foster a hands-on, experiential approach to education.

The central library is well-stocked with physical and digital resources, including books, research journals, e-databases, and learning platforms. It operates as an academic hub for students and faculty alike.

Student housing includes modern, secure hostels for boys and girls with options for air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned accommodation. Dining halls, high-speed internet, laundry, and recreational areas are also provided to create a comfortable residential environment. The campus offers extensive sports facilities, including courts for basketball, volleyball, and badminton; a gymnasium; a football field; and a cricket ground.

Academic Schools and Programs

SRM AP offers a wide range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across diverse disciplines. Three major schools form the structure of the university:

School of Engineering and Sciences: Offers B.Tech and M.Tech degrees in core and emerging fields like Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Civil Engineering. Interdisciplinary learning and research are at the core of the curriculum, with a strong focus on AI, Data Science, Robotics, and Energy Technologies.

The Easwari School of Liberal Arts offers programs in English, history, economics, psychology, and other social sciences. The school emphasizes critical thinking, communication, and the integration of technology and humanities.

Paari School of Business: Offers undergraduate and postgraduate management degrees with a curriculum aligned with global business trends, leadership training, entrepreneurship, and sustainability.

SRM AP’s academic model encourages flexibility and personal growth. Through its Inter-Disciplinary Experiential Active Learning (IDEAL) approach, students can tailor their degrees with minors and electives from other fields, promoting cross-functional skill development.

Faculty and Research

The faculty at SRM Amaravati come from reputed national and international institutions, bringing global perspectives and expertise. The university places a strong emphasis on research and development, with many faculty members engaged in funded research projects and publishing in high-impact journals.

The university has set up several Centers of Excellence and Research Labs, such as:

Centre for Energy Storage Devices

Centre for Drone Technology

Centre for Computational and Integrated Sciences

Centre for Geospatial Technologies

Centre for Electronics Cooling

Centre for Consumer Research in India

These centers promote cutting-edge research and innovation across disciplines, encouraging collaboration among students, faculty, and industry experts.

Global Exposure and Collaborations

SRM University Amaravati places significant emphasis on global education. It has established academic and research collaborations with leading global universities such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), UC Berkeley, Illinois Institute of Technology, and others.

These partnerships enable students to participate in semester exchange programs, collaborative research, global internships, and dual-degree opportunities. Faculty members also benefit from these tie-ups through international workshops, conferences, and collaborative research publications.

The result is a dynamic learning environment where students develop global competencies, preparing them for international careers and graduate studies abroad.

Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Innovation is one of SRM AP's core values. The campus houses an incubation center that nurtures startups and innovative ideas by students. It provides mentorship, funding assistance, technical support, and networking opportunities to budding entrepreneWe regularly organize workshops, hackathons, and competitions in collaboration with industry to foster a culture of problem-solving and innovative thinking.

The university supports intellectual property rights (IPR) and patent filing to encourage student-led innovations.

Placements and Career Development

SRM University Amaravati boasts a strong placement record. The Career Development Center (CDC) works closely with students from the first year, preparing them for the job market through training in communication skills, aptitude, resume writing, group discussions, and mock interviews.

The university has over 850 recruiting partners. Notable recruiters include Amazon, PayPal, Microsoft, Barclays, Deloitte, Infosys, JP Morgan, TCS, and Oracle. Recently, students have received placement offers as high as ₹55 LPA, with a significant percentage securing packages above ₹20 LPA.

Internship opportunities are also facilitated by the CDC, giving students real-world exposure before graduation.

Student Life and Campus Culture

Life at SRM AP is vibrant and holistic. The campus is home to a variety of clubs and societies, including those focused on music, dance, theatre, photography, entrepreneurship, robotics, coding, and environmental activism. Students actively participate in cultural festivals, technical events, sports competitions, and social initiatives.

Flagship events such as Milan (the cultural fest) and Aaruush (the tech fest) bring together students from across the country, promoting talent, collaboration, and leadership.

The university encourages students to take leadership roles in organizing these events, helping them build managerial, interpersonal, and organizational skills.

Conclusion

SRM University, Amaravati, is a new-age institution built on the pillars of innovation, global exposure, academic excellence, and holistic development. It successfully combines the rigor of traditional education with the demands of a modern, technology-driven world.

Through its interdisciplinary curriculum, cutting-edge infrastructure, research orientation, and strong industry linkages, SRM AP prepares students to become not just job seekers but global leaders, entrepreneurs, and change-makers.

Whether one’s ambition lies in engineering, business, the sciences, or the humanities, SRM Amaravati provides the perfect platform to turn dreams into reality. Witnever-ending drive foruit of excellence and a student-first approach, the university continues to shape the next generation of thinkers, doers, and leaders.

[gera-school]

How to Choose the Best Higher Secondary Schools in Goa for Science, Commerce, and Arts

Higher secondary education is a pivotal phase in every student’s life. It’s where academic direction meets career aspirations. Whether your child is leaning toward Science, Commerce, or Arts, choosing the best higher secondary school in Goa can make a significant difference in their future success.

In this guide, we’ll break down how to choose the right school based on your preferred stream, what to look for in each category, and how to evaluate institutions for both academic excellence and holistic development.

🎓 Why Choosing the Right Higher Secondary School Matters

Higher secondary education (Grades 11 & 12) forms the academic foundation for:

Competitive exams (JEE, NEET, CUET, CLAT, etc.)

University admissions (both Indian and international)

Skill development and career awareness

Overall personality and confidence building

The right school offers more than textbooks—it nurtures curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking.

🧪 For Science Stream Students: What to Look For

Science is the go-to stream for students aspiring for careers in engineering, medicine, pure sciences, or research. The best higher secondary schools in Goa for Science should offer:

✔ Key Features:

Strong academic track record in JEE/NEET/Boards

Experienced subject-specific faculty in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Math

Well-equipped science laboratories and research exposure

Integrated coaching programs for entrance exams

Participation in Olympiads and STEM competitions

🔍 Recommended Add-Ons:

Robotics, AI or coding clubs

Career counseling for STEM fields

Access to science fairs, tech fests, and innovation labs

💼 For Commerce Stream Students: What to Look For

The Commerce stream opens doors to fields such as accounting, business management, finance, economics, and entrepreneurship. Choose a school that offers:

✔ Key Features:

Expert faculty in Economics, Accountancy, and Business Studies

Updated syllabus aligned with real-world applications

Workshops on GST, stock markets, and financial literacy

Access to business clubs, mock trading sessions, and entrepreneurship events

Preparation for CA, CS, and CUET exams

🔍 Recommended Add-Ons:

Field visits to banks, financial firms, or start-ups

Business simulation games and student-led ventures

Mentorship by industry professionals or alumni

🎨 For Arts/Humanities Stream Students: What to Look For

Often underestimated, the Arts stream is ideal for students interested in law, media, psychology, literature, design, and public service. The top schools in Goa for Arts should provide:

✔ Key Features:

Qualified faculty in History, Sociology, Psychology, Political Science, etc.

Opportunities for debate, writing, theatre, journalism, and social work

Focus on liberal arts, critical thinking, and creative expression

Workshops and seminars with authors, historians, and professionals

Preparation for CLAT, NID, NIFT, and civil service exams

🔍 Recommended Add-Ons:

Clubs for drama, creative writing, and public speaking

Hands-on projects in media, research, or community work

Exposure to internships, media labs, and NGOs

🏫 General Checklist for All Streams

No matter the stream, here are essential factors to evaluate while choosing a higher secondary school:

✅ Curriculum (CBSE, ICSE, State Board, ISC, or international)

✅ Faculty credentials and experience

✅ Infrastructure: Classrooms, labs, libraries, and extracurricular facilities

✅ Career counseling and guidance programs

✅ Alumni success stories and college placements

✅ Student-teacher ratio and personal attention

✅ Safety, transport, and student well-being services

[suryadattagroupofinstitute]

Right path of a Career after 12th in Pune at Suryadatta Group of Institute

Choosing the right career path after 12th can feel overwhelming — I’ve been there with thousands of students in Pune, helping them navigate this pivotal stage of life. As a senior faculty member with decades of experience in higher education, I understand the hopes, confusion, and pressure that come with this transition. But trust me — you are not alone, and you have more choices than ever before.

In this guide, I will walk you through the options, myths, and emerging trends to help you make an informed decision about your career after Class 12. Whether you're a science, commerce, or arts student, there’s something valuable in this blog for you.

Why Choosing the Right Career Path Matters

At 17 or 18, it's normal to feel unsure about what’s next. However, your decisions today can influence not just your job but your happiness, lifestyle, and long-term fulfillment. According to a 2023 LinkedIn India survey, more than 35% of professionals regretted their first career choice, mostly due to lack of guidance and peer pressure.

This is where informed decision-making becomes powerful.

In Pune ��� a city blessed with top-tier educational institutions, industry exposure, and innovation — you have access to the perfect ecosystem to launch your career journey. But first, let’s explore what your options are

Career Options After 12th – Stream-Wise Breakdown

For Science Students:

1. Engineering (B.Tech/BE) One of the most common choices after PCM. Pune is home to some top engineering colleges and offers specializations ranging from computer science to artificial intelligence and mechanical engineering.

2. Medicine (MBBS, BDS, BAMS, BHMS) If you had Biology, the medical field opens up numerous doors. Apart from MBBS, students are also pursuing BAMS (Ayurveda) and BDS (Dental), all of which are well-respected in Pune’s healthcare sector.

3. Pure Sciences (B.Sc in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, etc.) For those interested in research, higher education, or becoming a scientist, a B.Sc followed by MSc or Ph.D. is a valuable path. Institutes like IISER Pune offer world-class programs.

4. Emerging Fields

Data Science

Robotics

Biotechnology

Environmental Sciences These are future-ready domains that combine technology with societal needs.

For Commerce Students

1. B.Com / BBA / BBM Core commerce programs that serve as stepping stones to professional careers in business, finance, or marketing. Pune, with its robust startup culture and MBA institutions, offers great industry exposure.

2. Chartered Accountancy (CA) / CS / CMA These are professional certifications that can begin right after 12th. CA, in particular, continues to be a gold standard in accounting and finance.

3. B.A. in Economics / Statistics For those inclined towards analytics and policy-making, this can lead to roles in government, private sector, or think tanks.

4. Digital Marketing / E-commerce With India’s digital boom, many students are exploring digital careers even during graduation. Pune offers top-tier short-term courses and internships in this field.

For Arts/Humanities Students

1. B.A. in Psychology, Sociology, Political Science, etc. These degrees open doors in counseling, civil services, research, and education. With the rising awareness of mental health, Psychology has gained immense popularity.

2. Law (BA LLB / BBA LLB) Many students opt for integrated law programs after 12th. Pune’s law colleges like ILS Law College are highly reputed.

3. Hotel Management / Culinary Arts The hospitality industry is booming again post-COVID, and Pune’s proximity to tourist hubs makes it a good place to train.

4. Journalism & Mass Communication Ideal for students with a creative flair and communication skills. You can explore roles in media, PR, or even content creation

How to Choose the Right Path: A Professor’s Checklist

As a teacher, here’s what I tell every student and parent who walks into my office:

1. Know Your Strengths and Interests

Don't choose a path just because your friends are doing it. Use tools like aptitude tests (like Psychometric Assessments offered by Career Guide or MINDLER) to understand your core skills.

2. Research the Industry Scope

Is the industry growing or declining? According to NASSCOM, India’s data science and AI sector alone will need 1.5 million professionals by 2026. Such trends matter when planning your future.

3. Talk to Professionals and Alumni

Attend career fairs, seminars, and open houses. Pune has a thriving academic community — use it to your advantage. You’ll get insights that textbooks can’t give.

4. Consider Cost vs. ROI

A career path must also be financially sustainable. Evaluate fees, duration, and future salary potential. Scholarships and financial aid are also available at reputed institutes.

Why Pune is the Ideal Education Hub

Having taught in Pune for years, I can confidently say this city is uniquely positioned to support young learners. Here's why:

Diverse Academic Institutions: From engineering to fashion design, Pune covers every stream.

Safe and Student-Friendly: With an affordable cost of living and high safety index, students can focus on their studies.

Industry Interface: IT hubs, startups, and manufacturing units offer internships and exposure.

Cultural Balance: A blend of tradition and modernity that enriches overall growth.

Future-Ready Career Trends to Watch in 2025 and Beyond

As we move into a tech-driven world, the nature of jobs is evolving. According to World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2023, 44% of core skills will change in the next 5 years.

Some emerging domains to consider:

AI & Machine Learning

UX/UI Design

Green Technology

Cybersecurity

Healthcare Management

FinTech

Incorporating these trends into your learning journey—through electives, certifications, or internships—can give you a strong competitive edge

Suryadatta Group of Institutes: Your Pathway to Purposeful Learning

When students ask me where they can find a balance of academics, real-world exposure, and values, I often recommend the Suryadatta Group of Institutes in Pune. With over two decades of academic excellence, Suryadatta offers:

AICTE, UGC, and Government Recognized Courses

Programs across streams like Management, Commerce, IT, Fashion, Interior Design, Animation, and more

Industry-aligned curriculum and global collaborations

Strong placement records with top companies

Emphasis on holistic development — soft skills, ethics, and emotional intelligence

If you're looking for a nurturing, forward-thinking institution, contact Suryadatta Group of Institute which is an excellent choice.

Conclusion: Your Journey Starts Now

Your career after 12th isn’t just about what course you pick — it’s about discovering your potential, aligning your goals, and preparing yourself for a dynamic world. You’re standing at a fork in the road, and every choice you make from here on will shape your future. But the good news? With awareness, guidance, and the right mentors, you can’t go wrong.

As someone who’s guided hundreds of students just like you, I say this with confidence — trust the process, trust your potential, and stay curious.

Wishing you all the best for your future. Pune is proud of young minds like you.

[civilengineering-crimson]

Preparation of Low Energy Cement Clinker from Paper Industry Waste Materials_Crimson Publishers

Abstract

The Kraft process-based paper production generates considerable amount of waste. The chemical recovery section produces lime sludge while fly ash is being generated in the boiler through combustion of biomass for electricity production. The final utilisation of such waste materials is significant concern, since landfilling is becoming less effective destination due to strict environmental regulations. Determined by this scenario, industries are considering more sustainable solutions, such as application of waste material in manufacturing of distinct products. In this work, the lime sludge and fly ash tested as raw materials for cement clinker synthesis and mortar preparation from synthesised cement clinker. Firstly, the detailed characterisation of waste materials was performed, on the basis of characterisation distinct mixtures of materials were prepared. The formulated mixtures then fired at 1000 ºC and 1100 ºC to get cementitious clinkers. The clinker was processed at relatively lower temperature than generally used in the industrial synthesis of clinker due to the presence of mineralising impurities in fly ash and lime sludge. The cement was prepared from the synthesised clinker and applied to produce the mortars that advanced in adequate mechanical strength and did not divulge signs of deterioration or durability weaknesses.

Read more about this article: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/fulltext/ACET.000583.php

For more articles in our journal:https://crimsonpublishers.com/acet/

[bachelorofhotelmanagement]

Best PhD in Engineering College in Jaipur — Why SGVU Stands Out

Are you searching for the Best PhD in Engineering College in Jaipur? Look no further. In the heart of Rajasthan’s educational hub, Suresh Gyan Vihar University (SGVU) has emerged as a premier destination for doctoral studies in engineering. With world-class infrastructure, a robust research culture, and a student-centric approach, SGVU is the top choice for aspiring scholars aiming to contribute meaningfully to the field of engineering.

Why Pursue a PhD in Engineering?

A PhD in engineering opens doors to advanced research, teaching opportunities, and high-impact roles in industry and academia. It equips scholars with in-depth knowledge, problem-solving skills, and the ability to drive innovation in specialized domains such as computer science, civil, mechanical, electrical, and electronics engineering.

SGVU: The Best PhD in Engineering College in Jaipur

Suresh Gyan Vihar University has consistently proven its excellence through its commitment to quality education and research. Here’s why SGVU is widely regarded as the Best PhD in Engineering College in Jaipur:

1. NAAC ‘A’ Grade Accreditation

SGVU is one of the few private universities in Rajasthan to receive an ‘A’ grade from NAAC, reflecting its high academic standards and dedication to continuous improvement.

2. Experienced Faculty & Research Guides

The university boasts a team of highly qualified faculty members and research supervisors who are experts in their respective fields. They provide personalized mentorship and ensure scholars are guided effectively throughout their research journey.

3. Advanced Research Facilities

SGVU offers state-of-the-art laboratories, well-equipped research centers, and access to top journals and databases. This empowers scholars to conduct groundbreaking research across various branches of engineering.

4. Interdisciplinary Research Opportunities

The university promotes interdisciplinary collaboration, allowing PhD candidates to work on innovative projects that intersect with multiple domains like data science, AI, renewable energy, and smart infrastructure.

5. Flexible Learning & Supportive Environment

SGVU provides flexible timelines, structured coursework, and regular seminars to ensure a smooth PhD experience. The university’s focus on student well-being and academic support adds to its appeal.

6. Strong Industry Linkages

With tie-ups and collaborations with top industries and research institutions, SGVU offers opportunities for sponsored research, internships, and industry-based dissertations.

7. High Research Output

The university encourages publication in Scopus-indexed journals and international conferences, making it a hub for high-quality, globally recognized research.

Specializations Offered in PhD (Engineering) at SGVU

Computer Science Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Civil Engineering

Electronics & Communication Engineering

Electrical Engineeringand more…

Each program is designed to foster analytical thinking, innovation, and academic excellence.

Final Thoughts

Choosing the right university for your doctoral studies is crucial, and SGVU provides the perfect ecosystem to nurture your research aspirations. With its exceptional faculty, top-tier facilities, and a track record of academic excellence, SGVU undoubtedly offers the Best PhD in Engineering College in Jaipur.

Whether you’re a working professional, a recent post-graduate, or someone with a passion for research, Suresh Gyan Vihar University offers a path to realize your potential and make a lasting impact in the field of engineering.

[aryacolllege]

Inside Arya College: A Campus Tour of Modern Facilities

Arya College is a hub of innovation, learning, and growth. With state-of-the-art infrastructure, world-class laboratories, and cutting-edge technology, the campus provides students with an ideal environment to excel in academics and beyond. Let’s take a virtual tour inside Arya College’s modern facilities and explore what makes it a top choice for aspiring engineers and professionals.

1. Smart Classrooms for Interactive Learning

Arya College is equipped with digitally enabled smart classrooms that enhance learning through multimedia presentations, e-learning tools, and high-speed internet connectivity. These classrooms encourage interactive and collaborative education, making lessons more engaging and effective.

2. Advanced Laboratories & Research Centers

Hands-on learning is a priority at Arya College. The campus features well-equipped laboratories for various engineering disciplines, including:

AI & Data Science Lab – Focusing on machine learning, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics.

Electronics & Robotics Lab – Designed for IoT, automation, and embedded systems projects.

Mechanical Engineering Lab – Housing CNC machines, 3D printers, and industrial design tools.

Civil & Structural Engineering Lab – Providing real-time simulations and construction material testing.

3. Extensive Library & Digital Resource Center

The Arya College library is a treasure trove of knowledge, offering:

Thousands of books, journals, and research papers

E-learning portals, online databases, and digital archives

Comfortable reading zones and discussion spaces

4. Innovation & Startup Incubation Center

Arya College promotes entrepreneurship and innovation through its Startup Incubation Center, where students can:

Develop business ideas and prototypes

Receive mentorship from industry experts

Connect with investors and funding opportunities

5. High-Tech Computer Labs & Cloud Computing Facilities

With cutting-edge computer labs, students gain hands-on experience in:

Software development, cloud computing, and cybersecurity

Programming languages like Python, Java, and C++

Real-time projects with advanced computing tools

6. World-Class Sports & Recreation Facilities

Arya College believes in the overall development of students. The campus offers:

Outdoor and indoor sports facilities, including cricket, football, basketball, and table tennis.

Fully-equipped gymnasium for fitness enthusiasts.

Cultural & extracurricular clubs to enhance creativity and leadership skills.

7. Modern Hostel & Student Accommodation

For outstation students, Arya College provides comfortable hostel accommodations with:

24/7 security and Wi-Fi access

Hygienic food and recreational areas

Study lounges and mentoring support

8. Industry Partnerships & Placement Cell

Arya College has strong ties with top recruiters like Infosys, TCS, Wipro, and Accenture. The dedicated Training & Placement Cell offers:

Resume building & interview training

Internship & live project opportunities

Industry visits & corporate networking

Conclusion

Arya College stands out as a premier institution with modern infrastructure, advanced technology, and a student-friendly campus. Whether you are looking for top-notch education, hands-on training, or career growth opportunities, Arya College has everything you need to succeed.

📢 Admissions for 2025 are now open! Apply today to be part of a world-class learning experience.

[shraddhamatre]

Getting Ahead on the Coal India Limited (CIL) Exam: A Complete Success Guide

One of the most demanding exams in India, the Coal India Limited (CIL) test opens access to one of the country's major public sector organizations. Passing this test is a must for many aspiring engineers, particularly those with degrees in mechanical, electrical, and civil engineering, who want to work for CIL since it is a stable, growing company with lots of prospects for professional progression. A thorough description of the CIL test, important study techniques, and what to anticipate from the selection process are all covered in this blog.

Comprehending the CIL Examination Structure There are two stages to the CIL exam: Test by Computer (CBT): There are two papers in the CBT: Paper I: It contains General Knowledge/Awareness, Reasoning, Numerical Ability, and General English. Paper II: Depending on the subject you're looking for, such as mechanical, electrical, civil engineering, etc., this paper assesses your professional or technical knowledge. Multiple-choice questions make up the objective format of the CBT (MCQs). Because there is no negative grading and each exam has 100 points, applicants can tackle every question without worrying about receiving a lower grade for an incorrect response. The exam will take three hours to complete in total. Verification of Documents and Medical Examination: Shortlisted applicants are contacted for document verification and medical fitness assessments following their successful completion of the CBT.

Novel Techniques for Passing the CIL Exam: 

1) Understand the Foundations of Your Field of Study Paper II, the technical knowledge component, carries a lot of weight, thus it's critical to have a solid foundation in the fundamental areas of your engineering specialty. Focus on textbooks, prior year question papers, and pertinent study resources. Stress problem-solving strategies for ideas in Mechanical, Electrical, or Civil Engineering, as these will be important in the test.

2) Broad Awareness Is Essential You'll have an advantage if you stay up to date on current affairs, particularly as it pertains to the coal industry, energy regulations, and governmental mining projects. Read articles on energy and coal mining on a regular basis in newspapers, journals, and internet resources. This will also assist with the General Knowledge portion, which is frequently where scores diverge.

3) Managing Your Time During the Test Since there is no negative marking on the CIL test, the best strategy is to use your time wisely and try every question. Considering your advantages and disadvantages, split your time between Paper I and Paper II. Give Paper II more time if your technical knowledge is stronger, but don't ignore Paper I because it might get you good scores with less preparation. 4) Practice Exams and Older Assignments You can improve your understanding of the exam format, level of difficulty, and types of questions given by solving previous year's question papers and taking frequent practice exams. Additionally, mock exams improve time management and exam temperament. After every exam, try to review your errors in order to get better over time.

5) Health and Mentality Are Important A sound body promotes a sound mind. Make sure you follow a healthy regimen throughout test preparation, which consists of a balanced diet, frequent exercise, and enough sleep. It is essential to have a stress-free, optimistic mentality on exam day in order to be composed and confident. Advantages of Using CIL A secure government position is guaranteed by passing the CIL test, and it also creates prospects for advancement within the company. Because CIL is a Maharatna PSU, staff members are eligible for promotions, competitive pay, and benefits. CIL provides training and development programs that foster professional progress in addition to employment stability.

Start Your Preparation With: https://gameacademy.in/ / https://clppenny.page.link/cTBm

Recommended: https://www.youtube.com/@gblions / https://www.youtube.com/@gblionsaeje 

[sunaleisocial]

New general law governs fracture energy of networks across materials and length scales

New Post has been published on https://sunalei.org/news/new-general-law-governs-fracture-energy-of-networks-across-materials-and-length-scales/

New general law governs fracture energy of networks across materials and length scales

Materials like car tires, human tissues, and spider webs are diverse in composition, but all contain networks of interconnected strands. A long-standing question about the durability of these materials asks: What is the energy required to fracture these diverse networks? A recently published paper by MIT researchers offers new insights.

“Our findings reveal a simple, general law that governs the fracture energy of networks across various materials and length scales,” says Xuanhe Zhao, the Uncas and Helen Whitaker Professor and professor of mechanical engineering and civil and environmental engineering at MIT. “This discovery has significant implications for the design of new materials, structures, and metamaterials, allowing for the creation of systems that are incredibly tough, soft, and stretchable.”

Despite an established understanding of the importance of failure resistance in design of such networks, no existing physical model effectively linked strand mechanics and connectivity to predict bulk fracture — until now. This new research reveals a universal scaling law that bridges length scales and makes it possible to predict the intrinsic fracture energy of diverse networks.

“This theory helps us predict how much energy it takes to break these networks by advancing a crack,” says graduate student Chase Hartquist, one of the paper’s lead authors. “It turns out that you can design tougher versions of these materials by making the strands longer, more stretchable, or resistant to higher forces before breaking.”

To validate their results, the team 3D-printed a giant, stretchable network, allowing them to demonstrate fracture properties in practice. They found that despite the differences in the networks, they all followed a simple and predictable rule. Beyond the changes to the strands themselves, a network can also be toughened by connecting the strands into larger loops.

“By adjusting these properties, car tires could last longer, tissues could better resist injury, and spider webs could become more durable,” says Hartquist.

Shu Wang, a postdoc in Zhao’s lab and fellow lead author of the paper, called the research findings “an extremely fulfilling moment … it meant that the same rules could be applied to describe a wide variety of materials, making it easier to design the best material for a given situation.”

The researchers explain that this work represents progress in an exciting and emerging field called “architected materials,” where the structure within the material itself gives it unique properties. They say the discovery sheds light on how to make these materials even tougher, by focusing on designing the segments within the architecture stronger and more stretchable. The strategy is adaptable for materials across fields and can be applied to improve durability of soft robotic actuators, enhance the toughness of engineered tissues, or even create resilient lattices for aerospace technology.

Their open-access paper, “Scaling Law for Intrinsic Fracture Energy of Diverse Stretchable Networks,” is available now in Physical Review X, a leading journal in interdisciplinary physics.

[dekhocampus11]

Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad

Introduction

Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Hyderabad, established in 2008, is one of the four campuses under the prestigious BITS Pilani umbrella. Despite being the youngest campus, BITS Hyderabad has carved out a strong identity in India's academic landscape. It combines academic rigor, world-class infrastructure, a vibrant student community, and an emphasis on innovation and research, making it one of the most sought-after institutions for science and engineering aspirants.

Set in a serene 200-acre campus in Jawahar Nagar, Telangana, the institute offers a peaceful yet dynamic environment conducive to both study and recreation. In a short time, BITS Hyderabad has lived up to the legacy of its parent institute and now stands tall among India’s top private engineering colleges.

Academic Programs and Admission

BITS Hyderabad follows the same academic structure and curriculum as its other campuses in Pilani, Goa, and Dubai. It offers a variety of programs, including:

Integrated First Degrees such as B.E. in disciplines like Computer Science, Electronics & Communication, Electrical & Electronics, Mechanical, Civil, Chemical, and Manufacturing Engineering. It also offers B.Pharm and integrated M.Sc. degrees in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biological Sciences, and Economics.

Higher Degree Programs (Postgraduate) such as M.E. in Computer Science, Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Embedded Systems, and more.

Doctoral Programs in all major areas of science, engineering, and humanities.

Admission to most undergraduate courses is through BITSAT, a highly competitive computer-based entrance exam that tests candidates on physics, chemistry, mathematics, English proficiency, and logical reasoning. The exam is known for its difficulty and emphasis on conceptual understanding rather than rote memorization.

Academic Experience and Pedagogy

BITS Hyderabad offers a highly flexible academic system. There are no rigid boundaries between streams, and students can choose electives, pursue dual degrees, or take interdisciplinary courses.

Key features of the academic system include

Continuous Evaluation: Regular quizzes, assignments, projects, and mid- and end-semester exams serve as the means of evaluating students.

Grading System: BITS uses a relative grading system that encourages students to perform consistently throughout the semester.

Practice School (PS) Program: A standout feature of the BITS curriculum. This program places students in top companies and research organizations for 6–7 months as part of their academic training. The process provides hands-on exposure and often leads to pre-placement offers.

No Reservation Policy: Admissions are purely merit-based, with no quotas based on caste, religion, or region.

Infrastructure and Facilities

The infrastructure at BITS Hyderabad is modern, student-friendly, and continually expanding to meet the needs of a growing academic community.

Academic Facilities: Classrooms are equipped with audio-visual aids, and laboratories are state-of-the-art, allowing for practical training in all engineering disciplines. The central library offers access to thousands of books, research journals, and digital resources.

Hostels: The campus is fully residential with separate hostels for boys and girls. Hostels are well-maintained, Wi-Fi enabled, and provide common areas for study and recreation.

Dining and Food Courts: The institute has multiple dining facilities and canteens serving various cuisines. Some outlets stay open late to cater to students working on late-night projects.

Recreational and Sports Facilities: Students have access to indoor and outdoor sports facilities, including football, cricket, tennis, volleyball, and basketball courts, along with a well-equipped gym and a student activity center.

Medical Facilities: An on-campus health center and visiting doctors ensure the well-being of students and faculty.

Campus Life

The student community at BITS Hyderabad is vibrant, inclusive, and self-driven. Campus life is rich in events, clubs, and activities, providing students with opportunities beyond academics.

Fests:

Pearl is the annual cultural fest, one of the largest in South India, featuring music, dance, theatre, fashion, and pro shows.

ATMOS is the national-level technical festival, including hackathons, workshops, paper presentations, and guest lectures from industry experts.

Arena is the annual sports fest that attracts participation from across the country.

Student Clubs and Societies: The campus has numerous clubs catering to interests such as robotics, coding, literature, music, dance, debate, photography, finance, entrepreneurship, and more. These are completely student-run and play a crucial role in holistic development.

Student Governance: Student-elected bodies play an active role in organizing events, maintaining campus culture, and liaising with faculty and administration.

Placements and Internships

BITS Hyderabad has built a strong placement record in a short span of time. The institute’s placement cell, known as the Career Development Centre (CDC), facilitates both internships and final placements.

Placement Rate: Around 90–95% of eligible students are placed every year across engineering disciplines.

Top Recruiters: Regular recruiters include Google, Microsoft, Amazon, Deloitte, Goldman Sachs, Accenture, Adobe, Oracle, Qualcomm, L&T, and more.

Average Package: The average salary package offered to students is consistently high, often above INR 15–20 LPA in top streams like Computer Science.

Practice School Internships: These long-term internships often lead to pre-placement offers and are conducted in companies like Cisco, HP, JP Morgan, and research labs.

Startup Culture: Many students also explore entrepreneurship. The on-campus incubation center and entrepreneurship cell help students develop business ideas and connect with industry mentors.

Faculty and Research

The faculty at BITS Hyderabad comprises experienced professors, researchers, and industry professionals. Many hold Ph.D. degrees from reputed institutions in India and abroad.

Student-Faculty Ratio: The institute maintains a healthy ratio, ensuring personalized mentoring.

Research Output: Faculty and students actively publish papers in international journals and conferences. The institute is involved in over 60 funded research projects in areas like AI, biotechnology, sustainability, and more.

Collaboration: There are collaborations with other BITS campuses, international universities, and industry partners for research and student exchange programs.

Alumni and Industry Connections

Though relatively new, BITS Hyderabad has built a solid alumni network. Alumni have gone on to work in leading global firms, pursue higher studies in top universities, or start successful companies. Regular alumni talks, mentorship programs, and networking events help current students connect with the industry.

Student Support and Welfare

BITS Hyderabad prioritizes student welfare through multiple support systems:

Counseling Services: On-campus mental health support and academic counseling.

Financial Aid: Merit scholarships and need-based assistance for deserving students.

Equal Opportunity: Inclusive campus culture with no discrimination and a focus on diversity.

Safety and Security: 24/7 security and emergency medical assistance ensure student well-being.

Conclusion

The Hyderabad campus of BITS Pilani is a prime example of a modern engineering institute, characterized by academic rigorousness, technological advancements, and student-friendliness. With its strong emphasis on quality education, research, and all-round development, it has quickly become a top choice for engineering and science aspirants across India.

The institute’s unique blend of academic flexibility, global exposure, industry alignment, and active student life creates an environment where students are not just trained to become engineers but also innovators, leaders, and global citizens. BITS Hyderabad, with its short but impressive history, continues to rise and uphold the legacy of the BITS Pilani brand.

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Extraction and Characterization of Natural Cellulose Fibers from Sanseveria Trifasciata Plant- Crimson Publishers

Extraction and Characterization of Natural Cellulose Fibers from Sanseveria Trifasciata Plant- Crimson Publishers

The present study was undertaken to investigate fibers extracted from Sanseveria Trifasciata leaves and to analyze their physical behavior of the fiber. The fibre was extracted from the leaves by retting method. Physical and mechanical characterizations were performed on Sanseveria Trifasciata fiber (STF): fibre strength, elongation, fiber length, fineness, diameter and moisture content. The functional elements of the fiber were studied using FTIR spectroscopy for better understanding of their behavior. Thus, the above characteristics confirm that this fiber has wide scope in the field of textiles application.

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