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[businessenglish2debate]

Chair: Danique Marcet

So, ‘’tobacco is a plant that grows natively in North and South America’’ (Boston University MedicalCenter, 2017). In 1 B.C., American Indians began using it in different ways, such as in medical and religious practises. But from the 18th century, scientists began to understand the chemicals in tobacco, as well as the dangerous health effects smoking produces. Cigarettes became more popular around the time that soldiers bought it back to England from the Turkish and Russian soldiers. Nowadays, one quarter of people living in the European Union smoke tobacco, as reported by EuroNews (EuroNews 2017, 2016). There are multiple brands which sell cigarettes, and Marlboro is the best and most popular one, according to TheTopTens (preachinpreach, 2005-2017). Today, both teams are going to discuss whether to continue or stop with legitimising of tobacco in the European Union.

Bibliography  

Boston  University MedicalCenter. (2017). History of Tobacco. Retrieved from  academic.udayton.edu: http://academic.udayton.edu/health/syllabi/tobacco/history.htm#begin

EuroNews 2017. (2016, December 7). One quarter of  people living in the EU smoke tobacco, new statistics reveal. Opgehaald van  euronews.com: http://www.euronews.com/2016/12/07/one-quarter-of-people-living-in-the-eu-smoke-tobacco-reveal-new-statistics

European Comission. (2004, October). Tobacco Or  Health In The European Union. Retrieved from ec.europa.eu:  http://ec.europa.eu/health/archive/ph_determinants/life_style/tobacco/documents/tobacco_fr_en.pdf

European Comission.  (2012-2016). tobacco. Opgehaald van ec.europa.eu:  https://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products/revision_en

Eurostat Statistics Explained. (2017, April 28). Tobacco  consumption statistics . Retrieved from ec.europa.eu:  http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tobacco_consumption_statistics

preachinpreach. (2005-2017). Top Ten Best  Cigarette Brands. Retrieved from thetoptens.com:  https://www.thetoptens.com/cigarette-brands/

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For: Selin Bilgin

There are approximately 600 ingredients in cigarettes. When they are burned they create more than 7000 chemicals, and at least 69 of these cause cancer and many ingredients are poisonous. All these chemicals cause harm to the lungs and the environment (American Lung Association, -).

A few of the ingredients found in cigarettes are:

-       Acetone (found in nail polish remover)

-       Acetic acid (can be found in hair dye)

-       Arsenic (used in rat poison)

-       Benzene (found in rubber cement)

-       Methanol (a component in rubber fuel)

-       Toluene (used to make paint)

-       Nicotine (used as insecticide)

The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, says cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases, and reduces the health of smokers in general (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). If all these diseases can be prevented, it should be. The world health organization states that compared to the rest of the world, Europe had the highest proportions of deaths attributable to tobacco. 16% of all deaths in people aged over 30 years were due to tobacco in the Europe, in 2015. This is a very high percentage compared to Africa’s 3% and the 7% of the Eastern Mediterranean region. The global average is 12%. Nearly 1 in every 5 citizens in the 30–44 age group was attributable to tobacco use, and 1 in every 3 of those in the 45–59 age group, in 2004. The usage of tobacco in general is higher in Europe than the global average. 38% of men in Europe smoke, while the global average is 36%. The global average of female smokers is 7% and in Europe that percentage is 19% (World Health Organization, 2012). This contributes to a lot of personal harm. The European Union can prevent many deaths and diseases by banning the use and selling of tobacco.

When using tobacco not only is a person harming his/her own health, the health of others also gets damaged. By standing near them and smoking, they also inhale the toxic substances. Even when people are not standing near each other while smoking, the health of others get damaged. This is because all the exhaled chemicals stay in the air, and it causes pollution. For people that find it hard to quit smoking, replacements like e-cigarettes and vapes can be used. These two products give the smokers the same experience without causing so many health problems and environmental damage. In 2015 in England, vaping contributed to a record number of people becoming long-term ex-smokers (British Vape Trade Association, 2016).

  Bibliography  

American Lung  Association. (-). Smoking facts. Retrieved from American Lung  Association:  http://www.lung.org/stop-smoking/smoking-facts/whats-in-a-cigarette.html

British Vape  Trade Association. (2016, September 20). Protecting lungs from smoke and  pollution. Retrieved from The Guardian:  https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/sep/20/protecting-lungs-from-smoke-and-pollution

Centres for  Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, May 15). Health Effects of  Cigarette Smoking. Retrieved from Centres for Disease Control and  Prevention:  https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/

Eurostat;  statistics explained. (2017, April 28). Tobacco consumption statistics.  Retrieved from Eurostat; statistics explained:  http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tobacco_consumption_statistics

World Health  Organization. (2012, April 11). Deaths from tobacco in Europe.  Retrieved from World Health Organization: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/news/news/2012/04/deaths-from-tobacco-in-europe

World Health  Organization. (2013). Data and statistics. Retrieved from World Health  Organization: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/data-and-statistics

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For: Dirk Valk

As many of you know I smoke cigarettes as well, so you may think I sound like a hypocrite when I say that I am for the motion that the European Union should make the usage and selling of tobacco illegal. But for this reason, I understand the addiction and negative effects on your health even better. For example, my stamina has decreased a lot since the day I started smoking.

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), Europe has the highest percentage of adults who smoke tobacco. 28% of the adult population smoke, and in some European countries the numbers for under aged people is nearly as high. Following these numbers the WHO states that 16% of the pre-mature deaths for people over 30 years old is caused by the usage of tobacco. Even people who do not smoke themselves are affected and can die from the negative effects of the chemicals and heavy metals which are released when inhaling and exhaling the smoke of cigarettes.

The University of Exeter research the liabilities and health costs, caused by smoking. Over 80% of the deceased that could be caused by smoking, like cancer and bronchitis, are directly related to the negative effects of smoking. This results in yearly public healthcare cost of €875 billion. This is 7.4% of the total European GDP. This increased a lot compared to 2009, when the public healthcare cost was €544 billion, 4,6% of Europe’s GDP. Besides these health cost, over 8 million people in the workforce are permanently inactive due to long term, smoking related deceases. These results in total costs of €6.1 Billion in the European Union. Besides this on average, another 1 million people are inactive. To compare, these total costs caused by smoking are much higher in the European Union alone, then the total combined revenue of the world leading tobacco companies of €315 billion (TobaccoAtlas).

As you can see, besides the negative effects of smoking not only result in personal problems, but also costs a lot of money for European countries. Even for the people who do not smoke at all. That is why the European Union should ban the usage and selling of Tobacco.

Bibliography

Data and statistics. (2017, May 31). Retrieved May 31, 2017, from http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/data-and-statistics

Jarvis. A. (2012, April). A study on liability and the health costs of smoking [PDF]. GHK. Retrieved May 31, 2017, from http://ec.europa.eu/health//sites/health/files/tobacco/docs/tobacco_liability_final_en.pdf

Societal costs of smoking. (n.d.). Retrieved June 01, 2017, from http://www.erswhitebook.org/chapters/tobacco-smoking/societal-costs-of-smoking/

Israel, B. (2009, November 25). Inhaling Bacteria with Cigarette Smoke. Retrieved June 02, 2017, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cigarettes-smoking-bacteria-infection-pathogen/

Tobacco companies should be strictly regulated in ways that minimize the harm caused by their products. (n.d.). Retrieved June 01, 2017, from http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/topic/tobacco-companies/

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(World Health Organization, 2013)

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Against: Gideon van der Lee

28 percent of both sexes, men and women in Europe smoke tobacco according to the World Health organization (Organisation, data and statistics, 2017). Therefore I can say as a person against the motion that this is good for the economy. Only already in the Netherlands according to het Financieel dagblad, the income on taxes for tobacco is 2.4 billion (organisation, op weg naar de laatste roker, 2016). This is an enormous amount. With so much money the government can do many good things. For example by helping people and the society. 

However many people are getting ill or catch a disease from smoking tobacco. Actually I don’t think it is necessary to mention that smoking tobacco is bad for your health. I think everyone knows that already. Nowadays we live in a quite democratic society and people can make their own decisions. People know the possible consequences of smoking tobacco and the government cannot stop everything what is bad for people. According to Iquitforlife, 63% of the smokers want to quit, but they don’t. Every smoker has his or her own incentives to smoke (Organisation, Why Don't People Quit Cigarettes?, 2017).

The biggest argument from individuals who support smoking bans is that they should not have to breathe polluted air just because people near them want to smoke. They fear exposure to secondhand smoke and react accordingly. What they do not consider is that they breathe more pollutants in at the street corner when vehicular exhaust enters the air than they do when individuals near them light cigarettes. Exhaust fumes from cars, smoke from the cookers of nearby restaurants, and the dust on city streets do more harm than the occasional whiff of cigarette smoke, yet no bans exist to prevent people from driving, cooking, or kicking up dust (Marrero, 2016).

As I said in my first sentence, 28 percent of Europe smoke tobacco! That equals 208 million people smoking tobacco. In fact according to the tobacco atlas, in 2014, 5.8 trillion cigarettes were used. Therefore the demand for tobacco is very high and according to the tobacco atlas a problem that would occur is that, the illegal trade in tobacco would increase immensely (organisation, CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION, 2014).

Putting a ban on smoking tobacco is a bad idea. The government should not interfere in everything the society does because people can decide for themselves. You can reduce it, not ban it. But either way illegal trade for tobacco would definitely skyrocket. So since there is so much demand for cigarettes and not illegal in other countries like the USA it will be easy to get hold of cigarettes.

Therefore people need cigarettes and will buy them illegal and since there is so much demand for cigarettes it will be easy to get them. And for the people who smoke, it will be considered a crime they commit if they just smoke a cigarette.

Bibliography

Marrero, A. S. (2016). What would happen if cigarettes were banned? Quora journal. Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-would-happen-if-cigarettes-were-banned

organisation. (2014). CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION. the tobaco atlas journal. Retrieved from http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/topic/cigarette-use-globally/

organisation. (2016). op weg naar de laatste roker. FInancieel dagblad journal. Retrieved from https://fd.nl/search?q=accijns+&period=thirteenmonths

Organisation. (2017). data and statistics. World Health organization journal.

Organisation. (2017). Why Don't People Quit Cigarettes? I quit for life journal.

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Against: Asjer van der Meulen

Argument 1

I want to talk about all the consequences that comes with the illegalization of the use and sell of tobacco in Europe.

 In 2015, tax revenue (including social contributions) in the EU-28 stood at 40.0 % of GDP, and accounted for around 89 % of total government revenue stated by euro-statistics and European system of national and regional accounts (European commision, 2016).

If we are prohibiting the use and sell of tobacco, almost a half of the European income is lost. This will have direct and indirect consequences for the people who live in Europe. Direct because people will lose their jobs, increasing poverty, increasing criminality, and the budget spend on public services will decrease.

Argument 2

The World Health Organization (WHO) has promoted an increase in tobacco excises in order to discourage consumption in 2008, and stated by the European commission 29 percent of the total population in Europe is still smoking (European commision, 2016). A third of the population in Europe does not want to stop smoking, no matter if there are changes. People choose to smoke, if the use and sell of tobacco is being prohibited, we are also an adversary of the human right of freedom of choice (Crow, 2005)

Conclusion

The manufacturing sector employed 29.7 million persons in 2013 and this has been increased with almost 30 percent till 2016 stated by the European commission (European commision, 2010). Is prohibiting the sell and usage of tobacco really weighing more than the number of people losing their jobs, families that are depended on that income, and all the other consequences that comes with it. And if the usage and sell of tobacco is being illegalized, are people, parents, even teenagers whom are addicted seen as criminals when smoking cigarettes.

  Bibliography  

Crow, M.  E. (2005, August). The human rights responsibilities of multinational  tobacco companies. Retrieved from search.proquest.com.rps.hva.nl:  http://search.proquest.com.rps.hva.nl:2048/businesspremium/docview/1781858082/abstract/B6ACB9D78FB642A6PQ/3?accountid=130632

European commision. (2010, May). Tobacco.  Retrieved from ec.europa.eu: http://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/tobacco/docs/ebs332_en.pdf

European commision. (2016, August). Manufacturing  statistics - NACE Rev. 2. Retrieved from ec.europa.eu:  http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Manufacturing_statistics_-_NACE_Rev._2#Regional_analysis

European commision. (2016, november 24). Tax  revenue statistics. Retrieved from ec.europa.eu:  http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tax_revenue_statistics

United Nations. (1948, December 10). Universal  Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved from Un.org:  http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/

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Motion: Hijabs should be banned from public places in Europe

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Introduction: Danique Marcet

In 13 B.C., the practice of veiling was described as elite; women of lower-classes were forbidden from veiling. Elite women in ancient Greco-Roman, pre-Islamic Iranian, and Byzantine societies practiced veiling. Since the 19th century, Muslims have embraced veiling as a cultural practice rather than simply an Islamic practice.

A hijab is referred to by various names, but most common as a veil or a headscarf. Hijab is an Arabic word, which literally means ‘cover’. It used to be only for elite women, but is nowadays a cultural practice or commitment to modesty.

Countries across Europe have wrestled with the issue of the Muslim veil, like the body-covering burka and the niqab, which covers the face apart from the eyes. The debate takes in religious freedom, female equality, secular tradition, and even fears of terrorism.

The veil issue is part of a wider debate about multiculturalism in Europe, as many politicians argue that there needs to be a greater effort to assimilate ethnic and religious minorities.

Bibliography

Academia. (2017). The History & Evolution of the Hijab in Iran. Retrieved from academia.edu: http://www.academia.edu/236875/The_History_and_Evolution_of_the_Hijab_in_Iran

BBC News. (2017, January 2017). The Islamic veil across Europe. Retrieved from bbc.com: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13038095

Ezzat, A. (2010, October 30). Hijab: The Politics and History behind the Veil. Retrieved from dissidentvoice.org: http://dissidentvoice.org/2010/10/hijab-the-politics-and-history-behind-the-veil/

Gender and Society. (2003). A Brief History of the Veil in Islam. Retrieved from facinghistory.org: https://www.facinghistory.org/civic-dilemmas/brief-history-veil-islam

Zayzafoon. (2005). Arabs in America. Retrieved from arabsinamerica.unc.edu: http://arabsinamerica.unc.edu/identity/veiling/hijab/

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For: Dirk Valk

Wearing a hijab is for many a way to show their religion, but if it is allowed to fully cover your body because you think it is the right thing to do, why is it not allowed to walk around naked in public places. Of course, this is an extreme example, but many other similar things are forbidden as well. Take black Pete, a typical Dutch tradition where his face is painted black to represent the soot from the chimney. A lot of public celebrations, for example Gouda in 2014, changed black Pete to calm the people who thought the black face represented racism.

 The problem with the hijab is that it is a sign of oppression, it shows that women do not have the same rights as men in Islamic culture. Why else is it not mandatory for Muslim men as well to cover their body. Some people say that these women wear the hijab voluntary, but when growing up in a culture like they do, they learned from a young age that they are less important and they are afraid of the consequences. The primitive idea that a woman should be protected from lustful men does not match our current western society. The western world sees both men and women as equal, and this is not the case in the Islam. In 2014, in Dubai which is ruled by Islamic law a 29-year-old Muslim woman from Vienna was raped. When she reported it to the police, she was put in custody and told that if she did not want to risk a prison sentence she should marry het rapist. This because she had sex outside marriage which is forbidden in the Koran.

This is an example that shows that the Islamic culture and traditions does not fit in our western society.

 Bibliography

MailOnline, T. T. (2014, October 16). Dutch abandon 'black Pete' Christmas tradition over racism row - and replace him as santa's sidekick with 'cheese Pete' . Retrieved May 11, 2017, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2795267/dutch-abandon-black-pete-christmas-tradition-racism-row-replace-santa-s-sidekick-cheese-pete.html

Tarico, V. (2014, February 18). Is the Hijab a Symbol of Diversity or a Symbol of Oppression? Retrieved May 11, 2017, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/valerie-tarico/is-the-hijab-a-symbol-of-_b_4796907.html

Garratt, L. (2014, February 01). Austrian rape victim was arrested for having sex outside of marriage in UAE when she reported the crime... and told she had to MARRY her attacker. Retrieved May 11, 2017, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2549707/Austrian-rape-victim-arrested-having-sex-outside-marriage-UAE-reported-crime-told-MARRY-attacker.html

Q., Ahmed. (2017, March 16). As a Muslim, I strongly support the right to ban the veil. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from https://www.spectator.co.uk/2017/03/the-right-to-ban-the-veil-is-good-news-for-everybody-including-muslims/#

The Islamic veil across Europe. (2017, January 31). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13038095

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For: Gideon van der Lee

We live in a democratic country, everyone can say and (almost) do what they want. It is possible that people have different opinions, that they have their own habits, cultures, different laws and of course the religion the people believe in. But when someone has a bad habit of stealing stuff in a store, because whatever the reason may be, it is considered illegal and you will be categorized as a thief and you have to get rid of that (bad) habit. So it is against the rules and you have to change that bad habit to fit in society. With culture it is the same, when someone from a muslim country, for example Maroc, lives like a Moroccan muslim integrate to the Netherlands, there are certain things, like norms and values the person has to adapt, because it does not fit in here and when people integrate it is not that the people that live in the country they are integrating have to adapt to them, because they never asked for those people to come. It is okay if they do that home, but not everything is possible to show in the open.

The same accounts for religion. In the Netherlands the religion originally was the Catholicism, nowadays there are a lot of different religions in the Netherlands  (Berg, 2017). For example, Judaism, Protestantism etcetera.(you name it).

I myself am an Atheist but I am not against the Islam or any other religion.

For the muslims and often other religions their religion accounts higher than anything else. In some cases even family and the law. The headscarf, muslims wear because of their religion, the Islam. (Yaceen, 2016) But this goes very much against the norms and values of the Dutch population. At the moment, headscarfs are not forbidden, but they should be. The headscarf do not fit in the Dutch society where people can do and say whatever they want, headscarfs actually go against these norms and values, because it is very secretive and it is not an appliance in how Dutch people communicate with each other.

Bibliography

Amrani, I. (2017). Islam opinion. The hijab ruling is a ban on Muslim women. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/15/hijab-ruling-muslim-women-religious-identity-european-court-of-justice-resistance

 Berg, L. v. (2017). What is the state of the religion in the Netherlands? Retrieved from: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-state-of-religion-in-the-Netherlands

Chrisafis, A. (2017). Court of justice of the European Union. Europe's right hails EU court's workplace headscarf ban ruling. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/mar/14/employers-can-ban-staff-from-wearing-headscarves-european-court-rules

Herrero, B. (2016). Is it wrong to wear hijab in europe? Why hijab? Retrieved from: https://www.quora.com/Is-it-wrong-to-wear-hijab-in-europe

Soenah, A. (2016). Waarom dragen vrouwen een hoofddoek? Al-Yaceen. Retrieved from https://al-yaqeen.com/va/waarom-dragen-vrouwen-een-hoofddoek/

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Against: Selin Bilgin

-Freedom of religion.

Dutch law

Chapter 1 (constitutions)/ Article 6

 Everyone has the right to choose his/her own religion and everyone is allowed to show this publically. It also says you can practice your religion openly if it is not conflicting with other laws.

-Hijabs do not take away someone else’s freedom. Hijabs are a personal choice and it should not be banned as it does not interfere with the life’s of others.

-Hijabs indicate a part of someone’s personality, and we like people to be their selves. So banning Hijabs is like taking away a part of someone’s individuality. Iman Armani who is a writer for The Guardian said, “Identity isn’t something you suppress for public spaces”. (Armani, 2017)

 “Religious identity isn’t something you can take off in public” (Armani, 2017)

“As of 2010, the European Union was home to about 13 million Muslim immigrants” stated by the Pew Research Center. (Hackett, 2016)

-Hijabs are a part of religion. Religion is a social matter (some find it an issue). The solutions for social matters/issues should not come from the government. Social matters/issues will only be solved if it feeling comes from the society itself, because the society has to believe in the solution for it to be solved.

Society does not want Hijabs to be banned from public places, so there is no reason we should ban it.

-The week of 15 March 2017 the European court of justice allowed the Hijab to be banned in the workplace (Armani, 2017). Which can lead to less Muslim women in the work environment. That leads to a higher unemployment rate, which is not good for the country.

‘It means choosing between my right to choose how I dress and my right to work’ Nadia Khedachi is a 25-year-old volunteer for the Forum of European Muslim Youth and Student Organisation and a member of Muslim Students in France. (Aabedy, 2017)

Bibliography

Aabedy, N. E.  (2017, March 16). How does the EU hijab ruling affect Muslim women?  Retrieved from Aljazeera:  http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/03/eu-hijab-ruling-affect-muslim-women-170316073040916.html

Armani, I. (2017,  March 15). The hijab ruling is a ban on Muslim women. Retrieved from  The Guardian:  https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/15/hijab-ruling-muslim-women-religious-identity-european-court-of-justice-resistance  

Chrisafis, A.  (2013, July 22). France's headscarf war: 'It's an attack on freedom'.  Retrieved from The Guardian:  https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/22/frances-headscarf-war-attack-on-freedom

el-Aabedy, N.  (2017, March 14). Employers allowed to ban the hijab: EU court.  Retrieved from Aljazeera: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/employers-allowed-ban-headscarves-eu-court-170314092627483.html

Hackett, C.  (2016, July 19). 5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe.  Retrieved from Pew Research Center:  http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/19/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/

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Source:

Hackett, C. (2016, July 19). 5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe. Retrieved from Pew Research Center: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/19/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/

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Video of Hanna Yusuf why the Hijab is not a sign of oppression 

Source:

Armani, I. (2017, March 15). The hijab ruling is a ban on Muslim women. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/15/hijab-ruling-muslim-women-religious-identity-european-court-of-justice-resistance

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Against: Asjer van der Meulen

1-    When we are limiting women in their choices, we are limiting the emancipation of women. Islamic women will feel themselves limited in this society

When we limit Islamite women, we are empowering the emancipation of women. And as stated by political science contribute Amartya Sen (1999) human development takes us beyond measures of well-being to look at what is happening to people in a society and to how their lives are improving when it comes to indicators such as health, education, income, culture and religion. So, if we are prohibiting women of wearing the hijab, we are an adversary of how the humans are developing since Aletta Jacobs and the rise of the first feminism wave.

 2-   Why is a hijab being prohibited, but a Keppel or cross or a tattoo not?

 In France and Belgium 2 females were dismissed for not taking of their hijabs. Why is a hijab so different than other religious symbols and a hijab for women who want to were it not a political symbol for example in Iran, but a religious symbol? A moko is a tattoo and a religious symbol for people in the moluccan and New Zealand, a cross is religion symbol for catholic people and a Keppel for Jewish people. But because this symbols aren’t removable or not visible it is not a problem, but a hijab is visible and removable so just because they can it should be prohibited

 3-    The jurisdiction is a walking hand in hand with the image of the society, and if only if all limitations and prohibitions are balanced with the direness of the people. The society will function optimal

Our jurisdiction should reflect our society. And if we are prohibiting the right of freedom of religion, we are denying the ideology of great minds as martin Luther, Wilhelmina Drucker and even barrack Obama.

  Bibliography

Viviene, T. (2010, June). Emancipation and its Failurest. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from http://search.proquest.com.rps.hva.nl:2048/businesspremium/docview/507597575/abstract/34DBB0991B984F50PQ/1?accountid=130632

 U. (2014, March 14). EU workplace headscarf ban 'can be legal', says ECJ. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39264845

El-aabedy, N. (2017, March 14). Employers allowed to ban the hijab: EU court. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/employers-allowed-ban-headscarves-eu-court-170314092627483.htm

Foster, A. (2016, December 7). Where in the world are the burka and niqab banned? Retrieved May 18, 2017, from http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/652842/Burka-Niqab-Islamic-Face-veil-Ban-UK-Fine-France-Belgium-Netherlands-Europe-Muslim-dress 

Derden, L. (2017, March 14). European court rules employers can ban women from wearing Islamic headscarves and religious symbols. Retrieved May 18, 2017.