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loadguild600 · 4 years ago

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Marlins English Test

Bagi anda yang bekerja di kapal pesiar pasti tidak asing dengan istilah MARLINS TEST.

Tp2 r kelly zippyshare 2. Jan 09, 2001 Download Marlins Test Trainer for free. Marlins Test Trainer - Test users get the chance to practice each question type before they start the test and help information is available in 11 languages. The TOSE test (Test of Spoken English) is a test of spoken English that is often required by the shipowner, as is the Marlins certificate. The TOSE certificate is a mandatory requirement for working on UK-flagged vessels. The test results can be requested and rechecked by the UK ISAS or other government agencies. It is a test used to know what is the score of seafarer in maritime English. How do I take the Marlins test? There are 2 ways to get marlins test. Your company will made marlins test for you. You will make marlins test in official marlins website as a trainer. You will made it in approved centre for making marlins test. Marlins test centre Marlins English Language Training products are known and used internationally to assess and develop English language competency levels. STCW95 stipulated that Officers of the Watch need a level of English ‘adequate to communicate with other ships and coast stations and multilingual crews’.

Marlins Test adalah test bahasa inggris untuk para pekerja di kapal pesiar. Test ini dilakukan oleh seluruh agen kapal pesiar untuk mengetahui kemampuan bahasa inggris yang dimiliki oleh candidate mereka. karena pada masing-masing posisi yang dilamar oleh candidate memiliki skor Marlins English Test yang berbeda-beda, seperti berikut : housekeping: 60 Galley Utility: 60 Bar Boy: 60 Snack Steward: 65 dan seterusnya.

Marlins English Test Questions And Answers Pdf

Marlins english test akan anda lakukan secara online. dan setelah mendapatkan score, sertifikat marlin english test yang berlaku secara internasional inipun bisa anda miliki. rata-rata agen kapal pesiar akan memberikan harga berkisar US 20-25 untuk sekali test.

bagaimana jika anda tidak lulus test?? jangan khawatir, anda bisa mengulangnya berkali-kali. namun anda harus ingat, setiap pengulangan yang anda lakukan akan dikenakan biaya yang sama. jadi usahakanlah untuk mendapatkan skor terbaik pada saat mengikuti test marlins. materi yang akan di uji di Marlin English Test antara lain: - listening - odd word - fill the gap - time and number -different sound

dengan waktu sekitar 30 menit dan menyediakan sekitar 50 pertanyaan. Preposition adalah kata sambung. Pada soal-soal ini, anda diharapkan dapat menggunakan kata sambung yang tepat untuk menyambung kalimat yang terputus.

Marlins English Test Pdf

1. The ship .. Alaska. a. in c. around b. out d. about 2. It is .. The Promedae deck. a. at c. against b. around d. on 3. We go to shore .. tender. a. in c. by b. on d. at 4. The hull is made .. steel. a. on c. of b. by d. above 5. He leaned .. the bulkhead. a. about c. under b. over d. against 6. She is married .. the captain. a. to c. without b. with d. at 7. Is the qualified .. the job? a. about c. on b. against d. for 8. I learned marlin test .. this blog. a. on c. in b. at d. by 9. Her uniform is similar .. mine. a. to c. as b. so d. for 10. Are you afraid .. shark? a. about c. for c. against d. of 11. Where .. .. 2 days ago? a. are you c. did you b. have you gone d. were you 12. The ship will dock .. Thursday afternoon a. for c. on b. in d. at 13. We haven't received a replay since .. a. 3 days c. last week b. today d. for a week 14. Do you think she .. come tomorrow? a. can c. is going b. have to d. will be 15. .. .. he was staying here, he often saw something strange. a. during c. for b. as a long as d. while 16. ....... is the length of promenade deck a. how many c. what b. how long d. how much 17. We can see the difference .... the result. a. by checking c. from checking b. with checking d. to check 18. We need to keep .. with the current issues. a. on c. at b. up d. in 19. MS. Statendam isn't ... MS. Rotterdam. a. as big than c. as big as b. as big with d. so big with 20. How does he work? He works .. a. hardly c. hard b. good d. so hard Odd Words; adalah contoh soal dimana anda harus memilih satu dari empat kata yang paling berbeda. Untuk nomor 1 anda harus memilih 'Meal'. Karena kata ini adalah kata umum. Berbeda dengan breakfast (makan pagi), supper (makan setelah dinner/ late dinner), dinner (makan malam). Sedangkan Meal (artinya hanya makan), tidak ada waktu spesifik untuk meal. 1. a. Breakfastb. Mealc. Supperd. Dinner 2. a. Chopperb. Helicopterc. Planed. Whirly Bird 3. a. Dinghyb. Yachtc. Coasterd. Ferry 4. a. Universityb. Facultyc. Academyd. Institute 5. a. Porridgeb. Hominyc. Grueld. Gratin 6. a. Oysterb. Prawnc. Shrimp d. Crayfish 7. a. Swordfishb. Carpc. Troutd. Shellfish 8. a. Blandb. Tastelessc. Spicyd. Insipid 9. a. Poodleb. Sealc. Dogd. Sleuth-hound 10. a. Chickenb. Henc. Roosterd. Stork 11. a. Turmericb. Gingerc. Citronellad. Galangal 12. a. Fawnb. Rubyc. Scarletd. Crimson 13. a. Godownb. Forthc. Warehoused. Storage 14. a. Swordb. Saberc. Rapierd. Spear 15. a. Buddyb. Friendc. Fellowd. Class Fellow 16. a. Lotusb. Jasminec. Amberd. Sponge 17. a. Dormitoryb. Hostelc. Dormd. Convert 18. a. Persimmonb. Pomeloc. Oranged. Grape Fruit 19. a. Grapeb. Mosellec. Muscateld. Guava 20. a. Onionb. Candlenutc. Shallotd. Garlic 21. a. Roadb. Riverc. Streetd. Square 22. a. Bookb. Magazinec. Televisiond. Newspaper 23. a. Armb. Headc. Handd. Hat 24. a. Tubeb. Pipec. Cylinderd. bridge 25. a. gallonb. Bottlec. Literd. Pint 26. a. Bossb. Wifec. Sond. Daughter 27. a. Doctorb. Medicinec. Taxid. Ambulance 28. a. Postcardb. Stampc. Letterd. Travel's cheque 29. a. Occupationb. Nursec. Doctord. Shop Assistant 30. a. Speakb. talkc. Sayd. Scream 31. a. Entranceb. Exitc. No Entryd. Push 32. a. Smileb. Kissc. Tasted. Listen 33. a. Pigb. Horsec. Sheepd. Beef 34. a. Stadiumb. Groundc. Fieldd. Team 35. a. Stringb. Soapc. Toweld. Razor 36. a. Cellarb. Lavatoryc. Roofd. Stairs 37. a. Meaningb. Incorrectc. Mistaked. Wrong 38. a. Bloodb. Tomatoc. Strawberryd. Beer 39. a. Try Onb. Put On c. Get Ond. Take Off 40. a. Galleryb. Theaterc. Cabaretd. Museum 41. a. Courseb. Testc. Faild. Pass 42. a. Christmasb. Easterc. 20th Centuryd. New Year's Day 43. a. Billb. Waiterc. Service Charged. Tip 44. a. Speedyb. Slowc. Swiftd. Rapid 45. a. Hugeb. Enormousc. Immensed. Tiny 46. a. Prettyb. Gracefulc. Handsomed. Ugly 47. a. Reduceb. Costlyc. Unreasonabled. Dear 48. a. Rustyb. Spotlessc. Stainedd. Dusty 49. a. Gladb. Sadc. Marryd. Cheerful 50. a. Scaredb. Frightenedc. Cowardlyd. Blod

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loadguild600 · 4 years ago

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Wondershare Winsuite 2012 Cracked

Wondershare gave 6 licenses WinSuite 2012 as reward for post about wondershare promo in tricks-collections.com. Now the WinSuite 2012 License Keys will be given as giveaway for tricks-collections.com readers. Normally the software price is $49.95 for one license. In this giveaway contest you’ve a chance to get one WinSuite 2012 license key for free.

Free download download wondershare winsuite 2012 Files at Software Informer. LiveBoot provides a way to prepare a bootable CD or USB unit that will boot your computer into Windows 7.

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Windows Speedup tools contain start-up management, windows service management and internet optimizer.

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I got 6 licenses for Wondershare WinSuite 2012 and all licenses will be given for this blog readers as giveaway contest. If you are interest to get the license, you can read the following giveaway rule.

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loadguild600 · 4 years ago

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Auto Dll Injector 64 Bit

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Auto Dll Injector 64 Bit Windows 10

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Technical Details about Remote DLL Injector

Category System Utilities

Release Date 2015-07-31

Publisher SecurityXploded

Previous Versions

Here you can find the changelog of Remote DLL Injector since it was posted on our website on 2015-04-27 03:00:00.The latest version is 2.1 and it was updated on 2021-03-11 08:33:34. See below the changes in each version.

Release Date: 2015-07-31

Changes: Fixed few minor bugs in process listing operation

Release Date: 2013-05-03

Changes: Displays target Process Name. Auto detects & prompts only when run from desktop directly. Improved usage & display screens.

Related Apps

Here you can find apps that are similar with Remote DLL Injector.

I recommend to read the previous posts before reading this one:

User APC API: We discussed the user mode API of user APC

User APC Internals: We discussed the implementation of user APC in the kernel

Let’s continue our discussion about APC internals in windows: This time we’ll discuss APC dispatching in user mode and how APC works in Wow64 processes:

The evolution of KiUserApcDispatcher

Modifications to APC functions to support Wow64

Wow64 APC injection techniques

The evolution of KiUserApcDispatcher

NTDLL contains a set of entry points that the kernel uses to run code in user mode like: KiUserExceptionDispatcher, KiUserCallbackDispatcher, …

In the previous post we saw that User APCs start executing at ntdll!KiUserApcDispatcher in user mode. What is the purpose ofKiUserApcDispatcher?

To understand KiUserApcDispatcher, Let’s explore the evolution of the implementation of KiUserApcDispatcher from old windows versions to the newest implementation. It’s important to say that this function is written in assembly but I created a pseudo-code implementation that will help you understand the logic of this function faster:

The arguments of KiUserApcDispatcher are passed on the stack - we know that this function is written in assembly because of the custom calling convention - this function reads the ApcRoutine from (esp) while normally the return address is stored in (esp) - There’s no return address in this case.

The arguments of KiUserApcDispatcher:

ApcRoutine: The “NormalRoutine” from the KAPC structure.

SystemArgument1-3 - The arguments of the APC

ContextRecord - The user mode context that the APC interrupted - In the typical case the instruction pointer is in an alertable wait system call stub, but in case of special user APC it can be anywhere in user mode.

Let’s explore the implementation: We can see 2 important functions are called: First, ApcRoutine is called. The “ApcRoutine” argument to NtQueueApcThread / “NormalRoutine” ofthe KAPC object - This will invoke the actual code of the APC. This is the pointer that was passed to NtQueueApcThread.

As I explained in the first part of the series, All The pending user APCs has to be executed one after another and only when the queue is empty the OS should return to the context in“ContextRecord” - This is handled by “NtContinue”:

This system call receives the ContextRecord from KiUserApcDispatcher. NtContinue is invoked with TestAlert = TRUE, which causes more pending APCs to be execute, if any.

So to summarize, In the original NT design, KiUserApcDispatcher had 2 main responsibilities:

Invoke the APC routine

Return to kernel mode via NtContinue and invoke more APCs if there are any.

If there are no APCs pending, return to the previous context inside the ContextRecord argument.

Now let’s see how Wow64 influenced KiUserApcDispatcher in 64 bit operating systems.

WoW64

Code can be pretty different on 64 bit CPUs. For example:

The pointer size is 8 bytes instead of 4 bytes since the address space is larger.

Data structure alignment can be different in x64

The calling convention is different (To utilize the additional registers the x64 CPU provides)

….

As you may imagine, the OS and OS APIs had be changed a bit. Most of the API is the same, but the ABI (Application Binary Interface) changed significantly. Thisraises a certain issue with supporting existing 32 bit applications on 64 bit operating systems. That’s why Microsoft created a layer called Wow64.

The main purpose of Wow64 (Windows 32 bit on Windows 64 bit) is to make existing 32 bit executables work both on 32 bit operating systems and 64 bit operating systems. It’s implemented as acompatability emulation layer that mostly emulates APIs of Windows that were changed because of the transition to x64 bit code. The OS has many places that had to be changed toadapt to Wow64, As you may imagine, the APC mechanism had to be changed a bit to adapt to Wow64.

A simple explanation of the design of Wow64:

Most of the user mode libraries are compiled both as 64 bit DLLs and 32 bit DLLs. The 64 bit libraries are stored inside c:windowssystem32 and the 32 bit DLLs are storedin C:WindowsSysWow64.

Wow64 supports only user mode code. All kernel mode code is 64 bit.

There are 2 versions of ntdll that are loaded into a Wow64 process: 64 bit and 32 bit.

When an application calls a system call wrapper in the 32 bit ntdll (directly or through Win32), wow64cpu is called to change the CPU mode to 64 bit and invoke wow64.dll.

wow64.dll has a wrapper per system call. The purpose of these wrappers are to translate the parameters for the 64 bit system calls and invoke the corresponding 64 bit NTDLL routine. Most of these wrappers are auto-generated code, but they can have custom implementation like the wrapper for NtQueueApcThread as we’ll see soon.

At the CPU level, the 32 bit / 64 bit mode transition is done by changing the CS segment that is used. This way, the OS changes from long mode (x64 mode) to IA32 compatibilitymode. Read (https://wiki.osdev.org/X86-64#How_do_I_enable_Long_Mode_.3F) for details about the CPU mode change. In the security community, this is typically referred to as “Heaven’s Gate”.

Many emulation tricks are used to fix assumptions in 32 bit executables. For example, c:windowssystem32 is redirected to c:windowssyswow64 inside wow64 processes.

There are many more issues regarding Wow64, this is just a simple explanation that will allow us to understand the Wow64 APC.

To read more about Wow64, I recommend you to read a post by Petr Beneš about Wow64 Internals: (https://wbenny.github.io/2018/11/04/wow64-internals.html).

APC Compatability with Wow64

Ok, so imagine you wrote the following 32 bit application:

Why is there a compatability issue running this application on a 64 bit operating systems? As we saw at the beginning of the article, the execution of an APC starts atntdll!KiUserApcDispatcher. Note that the kernel does not handle the transition to the Wow64 32 bit mode, so this has to be done in user mode somehow. This means that thereare no kernel entry points inside the 32 bit NTDLL and execution begins in the 64 bit NTDLL. I hope you get it now: The 64 bit KiUserApcDispatcher has to handle the transitionsomehow before executing the ApcRoutine, which expects to be executed in 32 bit mode. Also, 64 bit code can execute inside a wow64 process. How does the OS know if it needsto execute the APC in 32 bit or 64 bit?

First solution: Until Windows 7

The solution to this issue was implemented long time ago (somewhere around the XP era) and was re-implemented in Windows 7. Let’s start by visiting the old implementation andwe’ll also talk about the modern implementation later.

To understand the solution, let’s explore the wow64.dll wrapper of NtQueueApcThread on Windows Vista:

So let’s analyze this routine: First, we can see the WOW64_NT_QUEUE_APC_THREAD_ARGS structure. This is a structure that represents the original arguments that were passed to the32 bit NtQueueApcThread. The 32 bit stdcall calling convention passes parameters on the stack. The “Arguments” pointer is actually a pointer to the stack that contains theoriginal arguments of the call to the 32 bit NTDLL.

Ok, so how does this function solve the issue? As you can see, if Arguments->ApcRoutine is not NULL, it replaces the ApcRoutine with Wow64ApcRoutine. Wow64ApcRoutine is thefunction inside wow64.dll that prepares the arguments for the APC routine and handles the transition to Wow64 32 bit mode. But wait, what about the original ApcRoutine?The developers took advantage of the bigger size of the pointers (8 bytes instead of 4) and encoded the original APC routine inside the higher DWORD of SystemArgument1.

By the way, If you were wondering why the ContextRecord is passed as an argument for the ApcRoutine, it’s to allow Wow64ApcRoutine to restore this context later. Wow64ApcRoutinedoes not return to the 64 bit KiUserApcDispatcher.

Another function called PsWrapApcWow64Thread was added to the windows kernel to allow drivers to perform this encoding:

This is a summary of the old flow:

A Wow64 application calls the 32 bit ntdll NtQueueApcThread.

the 32 bit NtQueueApcThread invokes a wow64 routine that changes the mode to 64 bit.

Wow64.dll invokes a per-system call wrapper. In this case, it’s whNtQueueApcThread.

whNtQueueApcThread replaces the ApcRoutine with Wow64ApcRoutine and encodes the original routine into SystemArgument1.

whNtQueueApcThread invokes the real NtQueueApcThread system call.

When the APC is delivered, KiUserApcDispatcher invokes the APC routine (Wow64ApcRoutine in this case).

Wow64ApcRoutine handles the transition to 32 bit mode and invokes the 32 bit ntdll KiUserApcDispatcher.

the 32 bit KiUserApcDispatcher handles the call to the encoded ApcRoutine.

One important thing about this issue is that if you develop a hooking or monitoring software and you hook system calls, you have to make sure to decode the Wow64 APCcorrectly.

This is a dump of the callstack. It’s actually from windows 10 because unfortunately I don’t have a vista VM, but the callstack should be pretty similar on Vista.

Wow64 QueueUserAPC Callstack

Modern solution: From Windows 7

The OS developers were not happy about this implementation. I have a theory about why they changed the implementation, but I’m not really sure about it. The main disadvantagesof this scheme are:

Both ApcRoutine and SystemArgument1 had to be changed in case of a wow64 APC.

Because the address of Wow64ApcRoutine is taken from the source process, it means wow64.dll has to be mapped at the same address globally.

To decode the value, we need to get the address of Wow64ApcRoutine so we can test whether it’s an encoded value or not.

wow64.dll is a known DLL so practically it’s mapped at the same address globally, but maybe it’s a constraint that the OS developers didn’t want to have. Remember it’s just atheory, there could be other reasons, though I could not think of other differences between the encoding schemes.

The implementation has changed around Windows 7. The main functions that were changed are whNtQueueApcThread and KiUserApcDispatcher:

Dll Injector Wearedevs

The only encoded argument is the ApcRoutine. The encoding is pretty weird, let’s try to explain the encoding. The best way to understand this encoding is by looking at theassembly code:

Ok, so the main assumption of this encoding is: All user addresses have their sign bit off. This is because of the page tables structure. One thing I tried to understand is,why not just turn on the sign bit for the Wow64 APC and that’s it? I could not figure this out, probably no special reason.

How the encoding really works

I recommend you to skip these details, unless you really need to. It’s pretty annoying to understand that.

If X is a valid user address, decode(X) is a 64 bit APC.

This is because user addresses cannot have their sign bit on.

The ‘sar’ instruction will zero the higher 2 bits

The ‘neg’ instruction will cause these 2 bits to be 1’s.

Is there any case that something is wow64 by mistake?

Considering the fact that the sign bit has to be on, this cannot happen becauseuser APCs has to point to a valid user address.

If X is less than MAX_ULONG, decode(X) is a 64 bit APC.

This is caused by the neg instruction, that will turn the zeros in the higher 32 bit to be 1’s.

64 bit to Wow64 injection

Ok, So how does the Wow64 encoding influences injection?

Regarding 64 bit -> wow64 injection, we can do one of the following:

Run 64 bit APC code inside a Wow64 process. This is the default behavior.

Run 32 bit APC code inside a Wow64 process, this can be done by encoding the ApcRoutine.

Example code of a DLL injection below. Remember the APC will run only when the target thread will be alertable.

Look at the code:

Full working code is in my apc research repository: https://github.com/repnz/apc-research/blob/master/x64ToWow64ApcInjector/x64ToWow64ApcInjector.c

Wow64 to 64 bit injection

Auto Dll Injector 64 Bit Windows 10

The issue with queueing a 64 bit apc from a Wow64 process is that the ApcRoutine cannot be saved inside a 4 bytes pointer. The 32 bit NtQueueApcThread routine can receiveonly a 4 bytes pointer. For certain system calls, there’s a solution: The 32 bit NTDLL exports the following functions:

These functions allow you to perform operations on a 64 bit process from a 32 bit process. They are not system calls, these functions invoke wrappers in wow64.dll that performthe actual system call. Unfortunately, for NtQueueApcThread there’s no such wrapper. If we want to invoke the NtQueueApcThread with a 64 bit pointer, we need to change to64 bit mode somehow and call the system call. To do this, we can perform a far jump and change the CS segment so the CPU mode will be 64 bit mode (“Heaven’s Gate”). Example codecan be seen below:

Auto Dll Injector 64 Bit Windows

To understand more about the implementation, read the code: https://github.com/repnz/apc-research/blob/master/Wow64To64bitInjector/Wow64To64bitInjector.c

The Wow64 ApcRoutine Validation

Microsoft added a validation to prevent a programming error: If you try to queue an APC from a 32 bit process to a 64 bit process and you use a 32 bit address, you’llget this status code:

More about KiUserApcDispatcher

KiUserApcDispatcher has more responsibilities:

CFG: Validate that the ApcRoutine is a valid indirect call target

Exception Handling: Wrap the ApcRoutine with an exception handler.

Summary

The main takeaways of these articles are:

KiUserApcDispatcher is the entry point of APCs in user mode.

In case of Wow64, the APC is encoded so KiUserApcDispatcher could detect and transfer execution to a Wow64 environment.

If you develop hooking software, make sure you decode the Wow64 apc correctly.

When we inject to Wow64 process, we can choose whether we want to queue to a 64 bit or 32 bit target code.

If we want to queue from a Wow64 process to a 64 bit process, we need to switch to long mode and invoke the system call directly.

We finished our adventure in user APCs, In the next posts we’ll explore kernel APCs. I hope it was not too long. We will revisit the user APC when we’ll talk about specialuser APC.

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loadguild600 · 4 years ago

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loadguild600 · 4 years ago

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The Apache Tomcat Project is proud to announce the release of version 7.0.109 of Apache Tomcat. This release implements specifications that are part of the Java EE 6 platform. This release contains a number of bug fixes and improvements compared to version 7.0.108.

Hi, we have a strange symptom after an upgrade from Tomcat 8 to Tomcat 9, because we get a 403 for a call that works flawlessly with the previous version. Let's describe the scenario: We have a customer with a Wordpress application hosted on an Apache server. Some pages perform XMLHttpRequests to load and embed HTML snippets from other sources.

To fix it 1. Open the $CATALINA_BASE/conf/tomcat-users.xml file and add the following to the <tomcat-users> section.

2. If you are accessing the Tomcat server from a remote computer, open or create the file: $CATALINA_BASE/conf/Catalina/localhost/manager.xml, and add the below to the file.

<Context privileged='true' antiResourceLocking='false'

3. Restart the tomcat server: sudo systemctl restart tomcat.service

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The AJP Connector

Table of Contents

Attributes

Special Features

Introduction

The AJP Connector element represents a Connector component that communicates with a web connector via the AJP protocol. This is used for cases where you wish to invisibly integrate Tomcat into an existing (or new) Apache installation, and you want Apache to handle the static content contained in the web application, and/or utilize Apache's SSL processing.

Use of the AJP protocol requires additional security considerations because it allows greater direct manipulation of Tomcat's internal data structures than the HTTP connectors. Particular attention should be paid to the values used for the address, secret, secretRequired and allowedRequestAttributesPattern attributes.

This connector supports load balancing when used in conjunction with the jvmRoute attribute of the Engine.

The native connectors supported with this Tomcat release are:

JK 1.2.x with any of the supported servers. See the JK docs for details.

mod_proxy on Apache httpd 2.x (included by default in Apache HTTP Server 2.2), with AJP enabled: see the httpd docs for details.

Other native connectors supporting AJP may work, but are no longer supported.

Attributes

Common Attributes

Apache Tomcat 403 Forbidden

All implementations of Connector support the following attributes:

Attribute Description ajpFlush

A boolean value which can be used to enable or disable sending AJP flush messages to the fronting proxy whenever an explicit flush happens. The default value is true. An AJP flush message is a SEND_BODY_CHUNK packet with no body content. Proxy implementations like mod_jk or mod_proxy_ajp will flush the data buffered in the web server to the client when they receive such a packet. Setting this to false can reduce AJP packet traffic but might delay sending packets to the client. At the end of the response, AJP does always flush to the client.

allowTrace

A boolean value which can be used to enable or disable the TRACE HTTP method. If not specified, this attribute is set to false.

asyncTimeout

The default timeout for asynchronous requests in milliseconds. If not specified, this attribute is set to the Servlet specification default of 30000 (30 seconds).

enableLookups

Set to true if you want calls to request.getRemoteHost() to perform DNS lookups in order to return the actual host name of the remote client. Set to false to skip the DNS lookup and return the IP address in String form instead (thereby improving performance). By default, DNS lookups are disabled.

encodedSolidusHandling

When set to reject request paths containing a %2f sequence will be rejected with a 400 response. When set to decode request paths containing a %2f sequence will have that sequence decoded to / at the same time other %nn sequences are decoded. When set to passthrough request paths containing a %2f sequence will be processed with the %2f sequence unchanged. If not specified the default value is reject. This default may be modified if the deprecated system propertyorg.apache.tomcat.util.buf.UDecoder.ALLOW_ENCODED_SLASH is set.

maxHeaderCount

The maximum number of headers in a request that are allowed by the container. A request that contains more headers than the specified limit will be rejected. A value of less than 0 means no limit. If not specified, a default of 100 is used.

maxParameterCount

The maximum number of parameter and value pairs (GET plus POST) which will be automatically parsed by the container. Parameter and value pairs beyond this limit will be ignored. A value of less than 0 means no limit. If not specified, a default of 10000 is used. Note that FailedRequestFilterfilter can be used to reject requests that hit the limit.

maxPostSize

The maximum size in bytes of the POST which will be handled by the container FORM URL parameter parsing. The limit can be disabled by setting this attribute to a value less than zero. If not specified, this attribute is set to 2097152 (2 megabytes). Note that the FailedRequestFilter can be used to reject requests that exceed this limit.

maxSavePostSize

The maximum size in bytes of the POST which will be saved/buffered by the container during FORM or CLIENT-CERT authentication. For both types of authentication, the POST will be saved/buffered before the user is authenticated. For CLIENT-CERT authentication, the POST is buffered for the duration of the SSL handshake and the buffer emptied when the request is processed. For FORM authentication the POST is saved whilst the user is re-directed to the login form and is retained until the user successfully authenticates or the session associated with the authentication request expires. The limit can be disabled by setting this attribute to -1. Setting the attribute to zero will disable the saving of POST data during authentication. If not specified, this attribute is set to 4096 (4 kilobytes).

parseBodyMethods

A comma-separated list of HTTP methods for which request bodies using application/x-www-form-urlencoded will be parsed for request parameters identically to POST. This is useful in RESTful applications that want to support POST-style semantics for PUT requests. Note that any setting other than POST causes Tomcat to behave in a way that goes against the intent of the servlet specification. The HTTP method TRACE is specifically forbidden here in accordance with the HTTP specification. The default is POST

port

The TCP port number on which this Connector will create a server socket and await incoming connections. Your operating system will allow only one server application to listen to a particular port number on a particular IP address. If the special value of 0 (zero) is used, then Tomcat will select a free port at random to use for this connector. This is typically only useful in embedded and testing applications.

protocol

Sets the protocol to handle incoming traffic. To configure an AJP connector this must be specified. If no value for protocol is provided, an HTTP connector rather than an AJP connector will be configured. The standard protocol value for an AJP connector is AJP/1.3 which uses an auto-switching mechanism to select either a Java NIO based connector or an APR/native based connector. If the PATH (Windows) or LD_LIBRARY_PATH (on most unix systems) environment variables contain the Tomcat native library, the native/APR connector will be used. If the native library cannot be found, the Java NIO based connector will be used. To use an explicit protocol rather than rely on the auto-switching mechanism described above, the following values may be used: org.apache.coyote.ajp.AjpNioProtocol - non blocking Java NIO connector. org.apache.coyote.ajp.AjpNio2Protocol - non blocking Java NIO2 connector. org.apache.coyote.ajp.AjpAprProtocol - the APR/native connector. Custom implementations may also be used. Take a look at our Connector Comparison chart.

proxyName

If this Connector is being used in a proxy configuration, configure this attribute to specify the server name to be returned for calls to request.getServerName(). See Proxy Support for more information.

proxyPort

If this Connector is being used in a proxy configuration, configure this attribute to specify the server port to be returned for calls to request.getServerPort(). See Proxy Support for more information.

redirectPort

If this Connector is supporting non-SSL requests, and a request is received for which a matching <security-constraint> requires SSL transport, Catalina will automatically redirect the request to the port number specified here.

scheme

Set this attribute to the name of the protocol you wish to have returned by calls to request.getScheme(). For example, you would set this attribute to 'https' for an SSL Connector. The default value is 'http'.

secure

Set this attribute to true if you wish to have calls to request.isSecure() to return true for requests received by this Connector. You would want this on an SSL Connector or a non SSL connector that is receiving data from a SSL accelerator, like a crypto card, an SSL appliance or even a webserver. The default value is false.

sendReasonPhrase

Set this attribute to true if you wish to have a reason phrase in the response. The default value is false.

Note: This option is deprecated and will be removed in Tomcat 9. The reason phrase will not be sent.

URIEncoding

This specifies the character encoding used to decode the URI bytes, after %xx decoding the URL. If not specified, UTF-8 will be used unless the org.apache.catalina.STRICT_SERVLET_COMPLIANCEsystem property is set to true in which case ISO-8859-1 will be used.

useBodyEncodingForURI

This specifies if the encoding specified in contentType should be used for URI query parameters, instead of using the URIEncoding. This setting is present for compatibility with Tomcat 4.1.x, where the encoding specified in the contentType, or explicitly set using Request.setCharacterEncoding method was also used for the parameters from the URL. The default value is false.

Notes: See notes on this attribute in HTTP Connector documentation.

useIPVHosts

Set this attribute to true to cause Tomcat to use the IP address passed by the native web server to determine the Host to send the request to. The default value is false.

xpoweredBy

Set this attribute to true to cause Tomcat to advertise support for the Servlet specification using the header recommended in the specification. The default value is false.

Standard Implementations

To use AJP, you must specify the protocol attribute (see above).

The standard AJP connectors (NIO, NIO2 and APR/native) all support the following attributes in addition to the common Connector attributes listed above.

Attribute Description acceptCount

The maximum queue length for incoming connection requests when all possible request processing threads are in use. Any requests received when the queue is full will be refused. The default value is 100.

acceptorThreadCount

The number of threads to be used to accept connections. Increase this value on a multi CPU machine, although you would never really need more than 2. Also, with a lot of non keep alive connections, you might want to increase this value as well. Default value is 1.

acceptorThreadPriority

The priority of the acceptor threads. The threads used to accept new connections. The default value is 5 (the value of the java.lang.Thread.NORM_PRIORITY constant). See the JavaDoc for the java.lang.Thread class for more details on what this priority means.

address

For servers with more than one IP address, this attribute specifies which address will be used for listening on the specified port. By default, the connector will listen on the loopback address. Unless the JVM is configured otherwise using system properties, the Java based connectors (NIO, NIO2) will listen on both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses when configured with either 0.0.0.0 or ::. The APR/native connector will only listen on IPv4 addresses if configured with 0.0.0.0 and will listen on IPv6 addresses (and optionally IPv4 addresses depending on the setting of ipv6v6only) if configured with ::.

allowedRequestAttributesPattern

The AJP protocol passes some information from the reverse proxy to the AJP connector using request attributes. These attributes are:

javax.servlet.request.cipher_suite

javax.servlet.request.key_size

javax.servlet.request.ssl_session

javax.servlet.request.X509Certificate

AJP_LOCAL_ADDR

AJP_REMOTE_PORT

AJP_SSL_PROTOCOL

JK_LB_ACTIVATION

CERT_ISSUER (IIS only)

CERT_SUBJECT (IIS only)

CERT_COOKIE (IIS only)

HTTPS_SERVER_SUBJECT (IIS only)

CERT_FLAGS (IIS only)

HTTPS_SECRETKEYSIZE (IIS only)

CERT_SERIALNUMBER (IIS only)

HTTPS_SERVER_ISSUER (IIS only)

HTTPS_KEYSIZE (IIS only)

The AJP protocol supports the passing of arbitrary request attributes. Requests containing arbitrary request attributes will be rejected with a 403 response unless the entire attribute name matches this regular expression. If not specified, the default value is null.

bindOnInit

Controls when the socket used by the connector is bound. By default it is bound when the connector is initiated and unbound when the connector is destroyed. If set to false, the socket will be bound when the connector is started and unbound when it is stopped.

clientCertProvider

When client certificate information is presented in a form other than instances of java.security.cert.X509Certificate it needs to be converted before it can be used and this property controls which JSSE provider is used to perform the conversion. For example it is used with the AJP connectors, the HTTP APR connector and with the org.apache.catalina.valves.SSLValve.If not specified, the default provider will be used.

connectionLinger

The number of seconds during which the sockets used by this Connector will linger when they are closed. The default value is -1 which disables socket linger.

connectionTimeout

The number of milliseconds this Connector will wait, after accepting a connection, for the request URI line to be presented. The default value for AJP protocol connectors is -1 (i.e. infinite).

executor

A reference to the name in an Executor element. If this attribute is set, and the named executor exists, the connector will use the executor, and all the other thread attributes will be ignored. Note that if a shared executor is not specified for a connector then the connector will use a private, internal executor to provide the thread pool.

executorTerminationTimeoutMillis

The time that the private internal executor will wait for request processing threads to terminate before continuing with the process of stopping the connector. If not set, the default is 5000 (5 seconds).

keepAliveTimeout

The number of milliseconds this Connector will wait for another AJP request before closing the connection. The default value is to use the value that has been set for the connectionTimeout attribute.

maxConnections

The maximum number of connections that the server will accept and process at any given time. When this number has been reached, the server will accept, but not process, one further connection. This additional connection be blocked until the number of connections being processed falls below maxConnections at which point the server will start accepting and processing new connections again. Note that once the limit has been reached, the operating system may still accept connections based on the acceptCount setting. The default value varies by connector type. For NIO and NIO2 the default is 10000. For APR/native, the default is 8192.

For NIO/NIO2 only, setting the value to -1, will disable the maxConnections feature and connections will not be counted.

maxCookieCount

The maximum number of cookies that are permitted for a request. A value of less than zero means no limit. If not specified, a default value of 200 will be used.

maxThreads

The maximum number of request processing threads to be created by this Connector, which therefore determines the maximum number of simultaneous requests that can be handled. If not specified, this attribute is set to 200. If an executor is associated with this connector, this attribute is ignored as the connector will execute tasks using the executor rather than an internal thread pool. Note that if an executor is configured any value set for this attribute will be recorded correctly but it will be reported (e.g. via JMX) as -1 to make clear that it is not used.

minSpareThreads

The minimum number of threads always kept running. This includes both active and idle threads. If not specified, the default of 10 is used. If an executor is associated with this connector, this attribute is ignored as the connector will execute tasks using the executor rather than an internal thread pool. Note that if an executor is configured any value set for this attribute will be recorded correctly but it will be reported (e.g. via JMX) as -1 to make clear that it is not used.

packetSize

This attribute sets the maximum AJP packet size in Bytes. The maximum value is 65536. It should be the same as the max_packet_size directive configured for mod_jk. Normally it is not necessary to change the maximum packet size. Problems with the default value have been reported when sending certificates or certificate chains. The default value is 8192. If set to less than 8192 then the setting will ignored and the default value of 8192 used.

processorCache

The protocol handler caches Processor objects to speed up performance. This setting dictates how many of these objects get cached. -1 means unlimited, default is 200. If not using Servlet 3.0 asynchronous processing, a good default is to use the same as the maxThreads setting. If using Servlet 3.0 asynchronous processing, a good default is to use the larger of maxThreads and the maximum number of expected concurrent requests (synchronous and asynchronous).

secret

Only requests from workers with this secret keyword will be accepted. The default value is null. This attribute must be specified with a non-null, non-zero length value unless secretRequired is explicitly configured to be false. If this attribute is configured with a non-null, non-zero length value then the workers must provide a matching value else the request will be rejected irrespective of the setting of secretRequired.

secretRequired

If this attribute is true, the AJP Connector will only start if the secret attribute is configured with a non-null, non-zero length value. This attribute only controls whether the secret attribute is required to be specified for the AJP Connector to start. It does not control whether workers are required to provide the secret. The default value is true. This attribute should only be set to false when the Connector is used on a trusted network.

tcpNoDelay

If set to true, the TCP_NO_DELAY option will be set on the server socket, which improves performance under most circumstances. This is set to true by default.

threadPriority

The priority of the request processing threads within the JVM. The default value is 5 (the value of the java.lang.Thread.NORM_PRIORITY constant). See the JavaDoc for the java.lang.Thread class for more details on what this priority means.If an executor is associated with this connector, this attribute is ignored as the connector will execute tasks using the executor rather than an internal thread pool. Note that if an executor is configured any value set for this attribute will be recorded correctly but it will be reported (e.g. via JMX) as -1 to make clear that it is not used.

tomcatAuthentication

If set to true, the authentication will be done in Tomcat. Otherwise, the authenticated principal will be propagated from the native webserver and used for authorization in Tomcat.

The web server must send the user principal (username) as a request attribute named REMOTE_USER.

Note that this principal will have no roles associated with it.

The default value is true. If tomcatAuthorization is set to true this attribute has no effect.

tomcatAuthorization

If set to true, the authenticated principal will be propagated from the native webserver and considered already authenticated in Tomcat. If the web application has one or more security constraints, authorization will then be performed by Tomcat and roles assigned to the authenticated principal. If the appropriate Tomcat Realm for the request does not recognise the provided user name, a Principal will be still be created but it will have no roles. The default value is false.

Java TCP socket attributes

The NIO and NIO2 implementation support the following Java TCP socket attributes in addition to the common Connector and HTTP attributes listed above.

Attribute Description socket.rxBufSize

(int)The socket receive buffer (SO_RCVBUF) size in bytes. JVM default used if not set.

socket.txBufSize

(int)The socket send buffer (SO_SNDBUF) size in bytes. JVM default used if not set. Care should be taken if explicitly setting this value. Very poor performance has been observed on some JVMs with values less than ~8k.

socket.tcpNoDelay

(bool)This is equivalent to standard attribute tcpNoDelay.

socket.soKeepAlive

(bool)Boolean value for the socket's keep alive setting (SO_KEEPALIVE). JVM default used if not set.

socket.ooBInline

(bool)Boolean value for the socket OOBINLINE setting. JVM default used if not set.

socket.soReuseAddress

(bool)Boolean value for the sockets reuse address option (SO_REUSEADDR). JVM default used if not set.

socket.soLingerOn

(bool)Boolean value for the sockets so linger option (SO_LINGER). A value for the standard attribute connectionLinger that is >=0 is equivalent to setting this to true. A value for the standard attribute connectionLinger that is <0 is equivalent to setting this to false. Both this attribute and soLingerTime must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for both.

socket.soLingerTime

(int)Value in seconds for the sockets so linger option (SO_LINGER). This is equivalent to standard attribute connectionLinger. Both this attribute and soLingerOn must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for both.

socket.soTimeout

This is equivalent to standard attribute connectionTimeout.

socket.performanceConnectionTime

(int)The first value for the performance settings. See Socket Performance Options All three performance attributes must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for all three.

socket.performanceLatency

(int)The second value for the performance settings. See Socket Performance Options All three performance attributes must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for all three.

socket.performanceBandwidth

(int)The third value for the performance settings. See Socket Performance Options All three performance attributes must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for all three.

socket.unlockTimeout

(int) The timeout for a socket unlock. When a connector is stopped, it will try to release the acceptor thread by opening a connector to itself. The default value is 250 and the value is in milliseconds

NIO specific configuration

The following attributes are specific to the NIO connector.

Attribute Description socket.directBuffer

(bool)Boolean value, whether to use direct ByteBuffers or java mapped ByteBuffers. Default is false. When you are using direct buffers, make sure you allocate the appropriate amount of memory for the direct memory space. On Sun's JDK that would be something like -XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=256m.

socket.appReadBufSize

(int)Each connection that is opened up in Tomcat get associated with a read ByteBuffer. This attribute controls the size of this buffer. By default this read buffer is sized at 8192 bytes. For lower concurrency, you can increase this to buffer more data. For an extreme amount of keep alive connections, decrease this number or increase your heap size.

socket.appWriteBufSize

(int)Each connection that is opened up in Tomcat get associated with a write ByteBuffer. This attribute controls the size of this buffer. By default this write buffer is sized at 8192 bytes. For low concurrency you can increase this to buffer more response data. For an extreme amount of keep alive connections, decrease this number or increase your heap size. The default value here is pretty low, you should up it if you are not dealing with tens of thousands concurrent connections.

socket.bufferPool

(int)The NIO connector uses a class called NioChannel that holds elements linked to a socket. To reduce garbage collection, the NIO connector caches these channel objects. This value specifies the size of this cache. The default value is 500, and represents that the cache will hold 500 NioChannel objects. Other values are -1 for unlimited cache and 0 for no cache.

socket.bufferPoolSize

(int)The NioChannel pool can also be size based, not used object based. The size is calculated as follows: NioChannel buffer size = read buffer size + write buffer size SecureNioChannel buffer size = application read buffer size + application write buffer size + network read buffer size + network write buffer size The value is in bytes, the default value is 1024*1024*100 (100MB).

socket.processorCache

(int)Tomcat will cache SocketProcessor objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is 500. Other values are -1 for unlimited cache and 0 Body outline drawing. for no cache.

socket.keyCache

(int)Tomcat will cache KeyAttachment objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is 500. Other values are -1 for unlimited cache and 0 for no cache.

socket.eventCache

(int)Tomcat will cache PollerEvent objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is 500. Other values are -1 for unlimited cache and 0 for no cache.

selectorPool.maxSelectors

(int)The max selectors to be used in the pool, to reduce selector contention. Use this option when the command line org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorShared value is set to false. Default value is 200.

selectorPool.maxSpareSelectors

(int)The max spare selectors to be used in the pool, to reduce selector contention. When a selector is returned to the pool, the system can decide to keep it or let it be GC'd. Use this option when the command line org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorShared value is set to false. Default value is -1 (unlimited).

command-line-options

The following command line options are available for the NIO connector: -Dorg.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorShared=true|false - default is true. Set this value to false if you wish to use a selector for each thread. When you set it to false, you can control the size of the pool of selectors by using the selectorPool.maxSelectors attribute.

NIO2 specific configuration

The following attributes are specific to the NIO2 connector.

Attribute Description useCaches

(bool)Use this attribute to enable or disable object caching to reduce the amount of GC objects produced. The default value is false.

socket.directBuffer

socket.appReadBufSize

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socket.appWriteBufSize

socket.bufferPoolSize

(int)The NIO2 connector uses a class called Nio2Channel that holds elements linked to a socket. To reduce garbage collection, the NIO connector caches these channel objects. This value specifies the size of this cache. The default value is 500, and represents that the cache will hold 500 Nio2Channel objects. Other values are -1 for unlimited cache and 0 for no cache.

socket.processorCache

APR/native specific configuration

The APR/native implementation supports the following attributes in addition to the common Connector and AJP attributes listed above.

Attribute Description ipv6v6only

If listening on an IPv6 address on a dual stack system, should the connector only listen on the IPv6 address? If not specified the default is false and the connector will listen on the IPv6 address and the equivalent IPv4 address if present.

pollTime

Duration of a poll call in microseconds. Lowering this value will slightly decrease latency of connections being kept alive in some cases , but will use more CPU as more poll calls are being made. The default value is 2000 (2ms).

Nested Components

Special Features

Proxy Support

The proxyName and proxyPort attributes can be used when Tomcat is run behind a proxy server. These attributes modify the values returned to web applications that call the request.getServerName() and request.getServerPort() methods, which are often used to construct absolute URLs for redirects. Without configuring these attributes, the values returned would reflect the server name and port on which the connection from the proxy server was received, rather than the server name and port to whom the client directed the original request.

For more information, see the Proxy Support How-To.

Connector Comparison

Apache Tomcat Http Status 403

Below is a small chart that shows how the connectors differ.

Apache Tomcat 9 403 Access Denied

Java Nio Connector NIOJava Nio2 Connector NIO2APR/native Connector APRClassnameAjpNioProtocolAjpNio2ProtocolAjpAprProtocolTomcat Version7.x onwards8.x onwards5.5.x onwardsSupport PollingYESYESYESPolling SizemaxConnectionsmaxConnectionsmaxConnectionsRead Request HeadersBlockingBlockingBlockingRead Request BodyBlockingBlockingBlockingWrite Response Headers and BodyBlockingBlockingBlockingWait for next RequestNon BlockingNon BlockingNon BlockingMax ConnectionsmaxConnectionsmaxConnectionsmaxConnections

0 notes

loadguild600 · 4 years ago

Text

Celery Python

OrangeTux's solution didn't work out for me, so I wrote a little Python script to achieve more or less the same. It monitors file changes using inotify, and triggers a celery restart if it detects a INMODIFY, INATTRIB, or INDELETE. #!/usr/bin/env python 'Runs a celery worker, and reloads on a file change. Run as./runcelery directory. Celery - Distributed Task Queue¶ Celery is a simple, flexible, and reliable distributed system to process vast amounts of messages, while providing operations with the tools required to maintain such a system. It’s a task queue with focus on real-time processing, while also supporting task scheduling. FastAPI with Celery. Minimal example utilizing FastAPI and Celery with RabbitMQ for task queue, Redis for Celery backend and flower for monitoring the Celery tasks. Docker docker-compose; Run example. Run command docker-compose upto start up the RabbitMQ, Redis, flower and our application/worker instances. Celery Executor¶. CeleryExecutor is one of the ways you can scale out the number of workers. For this to work, you need to setup a Celery backend (RabbitMQ, Redis.) and change your airflow.cfg to point the executor parameter to CeleryExecutor and provide the related Celery settings.

2015-01-01T23:54:07Z

Posted by Miguel Grinberg under Programming, Python, Flask.

The topic of running background tasks is complex, and because of that there is a lot of confusion around it. I have tackled it in my Mega-Tutorial, later in my book, and then again in much more detail in my REST API training video. To keep things simple, in all the examples I have used so far I have executed background tasks in threads, but I always noted that for a more scalable and production ready solution a task queue such as Celery should be used instead.

My readers constantly ask me about Celery, and how a Flask application can use it, so today I am going to show you two examples that I hope will cover most application needs.

What is Celery?

Celery Python Java

Celery is an asynchronous task queue. You can use it to execute tasks outside of the context of your application. The general idea is that any resource consuming tasks that your application may need to run can be offloaded to the task queue, leaving your application free to respond to client requests.

Running background tasks through Celery is not as trivial as doing so in threads. But the benefits are many, as Celery has a distributed architecture that will enable your application to scale. A Celery installation has three core components:

The Celery client. This is used to issue background jobs. When working with Flask, the client runs with the Flask application.

The Celery workers. These are the processes that run the background jobs. Celery supports local and remote workers, so you can start with a single worker running on the same machine as the Flask server, and later add more workers as the needs of your application grow.

The message broker. The client communicates with the the workers through a message queue, and Celery supports several ways to implement these queues. The most commonly used brokers are RabbitMQ and Redis.

For The Impatient

If you are the instant gratification type, and the screenshot at the top of this article intrigued you, then head over to the Github repository for the code used in this article. The README file there will give you the quick and dirty approach to running and playing with the example application.

Then come back to learn how everything works!

Working with Flask and Celery

The integration of Celery with Flask is so simple that no extension is required. A Flask application that uses Celery needs to initialize the Celery client as follows:

As you can see, Celery is initialized by creating an object of class Celery, and passing the application name and the connection URL for the message broker, which I put in app.config under key CELERY_BROKER_URL. This URL tells Celery where the broker service is running. If you run something other than Redis, or have the broker on a different machine, then you will need to change the URL accordingly.

Any additional configuration options for Celery can be passed directly from Flask's configuration through the celery.conf.update() call. The CELERY_RESULT_BACKEND option is only necessary if you need to have Celery store status and results from tasks. The first example I will show you does not require this functionality, but the second does, so it's best to have it configured from the start.

Any functions that you want to run as background tasks need to be decorated with the celery.task decorator. For example:

Then the Flask application can request the execution of this background task as follows:

The delay() method is a shortcut to the more powerful apply_async() call. Here is the equivalent call using apply_async():

When using apply_async(), you can give Celery more detailed instructions about how the background task is to be executed. A useful option is to request that the task executes at some point in the future. For example, this invocation will schedule the task to run in about a minute:

The return value of delay() and apply_async() is an object that represents the task, and this object can be used to obtain status. I will show you how this is done later in this article, but for now let's keep it simple and not worry about results from tasks.

Consult the Celery documentation to learn about many other available options.

Simple Example: Sending Asynchronous Emails

The first example that I'm going to show is a very common need of applications: the ability to send emails without blocking the main application.

For this example I'm going to use the Flask-Mail extension, which I covered in very good detail in other articles. I'm going to assume that you are familiar with this extension, so if you need a refresher see this tutorial or my Flask book.

The example application that I'm going to use to illustrate the topic presents a simple web form with one text field. The user is asked to enter an email address in this field, and upon submission, the server sends a test email to this address. The form includes two submit buttons, one to send the email immediately, and another to send it after a wait of one minute. The top portion of the screenshot at the top of this article shows how this form looks.

Here is the HTML template that supports this example:

Hopefully you find nothing earth shattering here. Just a regular HTML form, plus the ability to show flashed messages from Flask.

The Flask-Mail extension requires some configuration, specifically the details about the email server to use when sending emails. To make things easy I use my Gmail account as email server:

Note how to avoid putting my email account's credentials at risk I set them in environment variables, which I import from the application.

There is a single route to support this example:

Once again, this is all pretty standard Flask. Since this is a very simple form, I decided to handle it without the help of an extension, so I use request.method and request.form to do all the management. I save the value that the user enters in the text field in the session, so that I can remember it after the page reloads.

The data associated with the email, which is the subject, recipient(s) and body, are stored in a dictionary. The interesting bit in this route is the sending of the email, which is handled by a Celery task called send_async_email, invoked either via delay() or apply_async() with this dictionary as an argument.

Python Celery Book

The last piece of this application is the asynchronous task that gets the job done:

This task is decorated with celery.task to make it a background job. The function constructs a Message object from Flask-Mail using the data from the email_data dictionary. One notable thing in this function is that Flask-Mail requires an application context to run, so one needs to be created before the send() method can be invoked.

It is important to note that in this example the return value from the asynchronous call is not preserved, so the application will never know if the call succeeded or not. When you get to run this example, you can look at the output of the Celery worker to troubleshoot any problems with the sending of the email.

Complex Example: Showing Status Updates and Results

The above example is overly simple, the background job is started and then the application forgets about it. Most Celery tutorials for web development end right there, but the fact is that for many applications it is necessary for the application to monitor its background tasks and obtain results from it.

What I'm going to do now is extend the above application with a second example that shows a fictitious long running task. The user can start one or more of these long running jobs clicking a button, and the web page running in your browser uses ajax to poll the server for status updates on all these tasks. For each task the page will show a graphical status bar, a completion percentage, a status message, and when the task completes, a result value will be shown as well. You can see how all this looks in the screenshot at the top of this article.

Background Tasks with Status Updates

Let me start by showing you the background task that I'm using for this second example:

For this task I've added a bind=True argument in the Celery decorator. This instructs Celery to send a self argument to my function, which I can then use to record the status updates.

Since this task doesn't really do anything useful, I decided to use humorous status messages that are assembled from random verbs, adjectives and nouns. You can see the lists of non-sensical items I use to generate these messages above. Nothing wrong with having a little bit of fun, right?

The function loops for a random number of iterations between 10 and 50, so each run of the task will have a different duration. The random status message is generated on the first iteration, and then can be replaced in later iterations with a 25% chance.

The self.update_state() call is how Celery receives these task updates. There are a number of built-in states, such as STARTED, SUCCESS and so on, but Celery allows custom states as well. Here I'm using a custom state that I called PROGRESS. Attached to the state there is additional metadata, in the form of a Python dictionary that includes the current and total number of iterations and the randomly generated status message. A client can use these elements to display a nice progress bar. Each iteration sleeps for one second, to simulate some work being done.

When the loop exits, a Python dictionary is returned as the function's result. This dictionary includes the updated iteration counters, a final status message and a humorous result.

The long_task() function above runs in a Celery worker process. Below you can see the Flask application route that starts this background job:

As you can see the client needs to issue a POST request to /longtask to kick off one of these tasks. The server starts the task, and stores the return value. For the response I used status code 202, which is normally used in REST APIs to indicate that a request is in progress. I also added a Location header, with a URL that the client can use to obtain status information. This URL points to another Flask route called taskstatus, and has task.id as a dynamic component.

Accessing Task Status from the Flask Application

The taskstatus route referenced above is in charge of reporting status updates provided by background tasks. Here is the implementation of this route:

This route generates a JSON response that includes the task state and all the values that I set in the update_state() call as the meta argument, which the client can use to build a progress bar. Unfortunately this function needs to check for a few edge conditions as well, so it ended up being a bit long. To access task data I recreate the task object, which is an instance of class AsyncResult, using the task id given in the URL.

The first if block is for when the task hasn't started yet (PENDING state). In this case there is no status information, so I make up some data. The elif block that follows is that one that returns the status information from the background task. Here the information that the task provided is accessible as task.info. If the data contains a result key, then that means that this is the final result and the task finished, so I add that result to the response as well. The else block at the end covers the possibility of an error, which Celery will report by setting a task state of 'FAILURE', and in that case task.info will contain the exception raised. To handle errors I set the text of the exception as a status message.

Believe it or not, this is all it takes from the server. The rest needs to be implemented by the client, which in this example is a web page with Javascript scripting.

Client-Side Javascript

It isn't really the focus of this article to describe the Javascript portion of this example, but in case you are interested, here is some information.

For the graphical progress bar I'm using nanobar.js, which I included from a CDN. I also included jQuery, which simplifies the ajax calls significantly:

The button that starts a background job is connected to the following Javascript handler:

This function starts by adding a few HTML elements that will be used to display the new background task's progress bar and status. This is done dynamically because the user can add any number of jobs, and each job needs to get its own set of HTML elements.

To help you understand this better, here is the structure of the added elements for a task, with comments to indicate what each div is used for:

The start_long_task() function then instantiates the progress bar according to nanobar's documentation, and finally sends the ajax POST request to /longtask to initiate the Celery background job in the server.

When the POST ajax call returns, the callback function obtains the value of the Location header, which as you saw in the previous section is for the client to invoke to get status updates. It then calls another function, update_progress() with this status URL, the progress bar object and the root div element subtree created for the task. Below you can see this update_progress() function, which sends the status request and then updates the UI elements with the information returned by it:

This function sends the GET request to the status URL, and when a response is received it updates the different HTML elements for the task. If the background task completed and a result is available then it is added to the page. If there is no result then that means that the task ended due to an error, so the task state, which is going to be FAILURE, is shown as result.

When the server is still running the job I need to continue polling the task status and updating the UI. To achieve this I set a timer to call the function again in two seconds. This will continue until the Celery task completes.

A Celery worker runs as many concurrent jobs as there are CPUs by default, so when you play with this example make sure you start a large number of tasks to see how Celery keeps jobs in PENDING state until the worker can take it.

Running the Examples

If you made it all the way here without running the example application, then it is now time for you to try all this Celery goodness. Go ahead and clone the Github repository, create a virtual environment, and populate it:

Celery Python Mysql

Note that the requirements.txt file included with this repository contains Flask, Flask-Mail, Celery and the Redis client, along with all their dependencies.

Now you need to run the three processes required by this application, so the easiest way is to open three terminal windows. On the first terminal run Redis. You can just install Redis according to the download instructions for your operating system, but if you are on a Linux or OS X machine, I have included a small script that downloads, compiles and runs Redis as a private server:

Note that for the above script to work you need to have gcc installed. Also note that the above command is blocking, Redis will start in the foreground.

On the second terminal run a Celery worker. This is done with the celery command, which is installed in your virtual environment. Since this is the process that will be sending out emails, the MAIL_USERNAME and MAIL_PASSWORD environment variables must be set to a valid Gmail account before starting the worker:

The -A option gives Celery the application module and the Celery instance, and --loglevel=info makes the logging more verbose, which can sometimes be useful in diagnosing problems.

Finally, on the third terminal window run the Flask application, also from the virtual environment:

Now you can navigate to http://localhost:5000/ in your web browser and try the examples!

Conclusion

Unfortunately when working with Celery you have to take a few more steps than simply sending a job to a background thread, but the benefits in flexibility and scalability are hard to ignore. In this article I tried to go beyond the 'let's start a background job' example and give you a more complete and realistic portrait of what using Celery might entail. I sincerely hope I haven't scared you with too much information!

Celery Python

As always, feel free to write down any questions or comments below.

Miguel

Hello, and thank you for visiting my blog! If you enjoyed this article, please consider supporting my work on this blog on Patreon!

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Celery Python Doc

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