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#1 July 1873
rabbitcruiser · 9 months
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Prince Edward Island joined into Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1873.  
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prankprincess123 · 2 years
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CANON ENCANTO TIMELINE REVEALED SO FAR
(As best I can put it together based on all revealed info*)
? 1873/1874:
Pedro born
?? 1874/1875:
Alma born
November 11 1897/1898:
Felix born
December 7 1896/1897/1898:***
Festival of Little Candles🇨🇴
Alma & Pedro Madrigal meet
??? 1897/1898/(Early!)1899:***
Alma & Pedro married
October 17 1899:
Thousand Days War starts🇨🇴
Madrigal Triplets born
Villagers flee
Pedro dies
Miracle and Encanto created
Early 1900:
Town of Encanto founded****
June 19 1901:
Agustin Rojas** born
October 17 1904:
Triplets Gift Ceremony
(July 28 1914 – Nov 11 1918: WWI 🌍)
?¿ & ¿?:
Julieta & Agustin married
Pepa & Felix "married in a hurricane!"
August 7 1928:******
Isabela Rojas Madrigal** born
August 31 1928:******
Dolores Madrigal born
November 14 1930:
Luisa Rojas Madrigal** born
August 7 1933:
Isabela Gift Ceremony
August 31 1933:
Dolores Gift Ceremony
December 28 1934:
Camilo Madrigal born
March 6 1935:
Mirabel Valentina Rojas Madrigal** born
November 14 1935:
Luisa Gift Ceremony
(Sept 1 1939 - Sept 2 1945: WWII 🌍)
December 28 1939:
Camilo Gift Ceremony
March 6 1940:
Mirabel Gift Ceremony
Bruno's Vision
Bruno disappears to walls
May 21 1945:
Antonio Madrigal born
(April 9 1948 - 1958: The Violence🇨🇴)
May 21 1950:
'Welcome To The Family'
Antonio Gift Ceremony
'Waiting On A Miracle'
May 22 1950:
'Surface Pressure'
'We Don't Talk About Bruno'
Isabela & Mariano's proposal dinner
'What Else Can I Do'
Casita collapses
Mountain splits
Mirabel runs away
May 23 1950:
'Dos Orugitas' apologies
'All Of You' starts
Summer 1950:*****
Rebuilding of Casita
Dolores and Mariano start dating
???? 1950
'All Of You' finale
Miracle returns
*Years calculated based on a combination of confirmed ages, probable course of events, the approximate timeline of early 1950s given for the main story, and in Agustin's case the fact that he was confirmed to be born on a Wednesday which makes 1901 the most probable year. Theoretically I suppose the triplets could be less than a full year older than Agustin, thus bumping everything else up another year, but 1899 makes more sense to me.
***Alma and Pedro could have met earlier, but a short timeline seems more likely based on time period in my opinion, and given that triplets are almost always early 10m10d isn't too short for an absolute minimum time-frame.
**Mirabel's full name, and thus Agustin's lastname and her sisters full lastname revealed in deleted scene concept art
****Apparently revealed in a picture somewhere, I haven't seen it but it would make sense with my math
*****There's no way it takes them less than a couple months to re-build a house that big, even with the whole town helping
******1928 chosen as their birth year to make them 21 in main story as claimed by most sources, but 22 by the finale to match the rest
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tokidokitokyo · 1 year
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The Day Japan's Calendar Changed
Many of you may have heard of the book 日本の歴史366 (or maybe not!). The translation of this title is Japanese History 366 and it lists an interesting and important event from history for every day of the year (plus a leap year day!). This book is for Japanese elementary school students, so it is probably suitable for JLPT level N3 or high N4.
I began reading this book at the beginning of this year as part of my study goals for 2023. There is one page per day with an interesting event, and so it's short enough to keep up with and also a great chance to learn about Japanese history whilst learning new vocabulary and kanji.
I wanted to share vocabulary I learn from each event (and writing it down helps me to remember it better!). The title of the post aligns with the event that is listed for the day. I will post these as often as I have the time to (which may be less than I hope), but I hope you will learn a few things!
Today, we start with 1873年1月1日 (明治6年) - the day Japan changed its calendar from a lunisolar calendar to a western solar calendar:
暦 こよみ calendar, almanac
西暦 せいれき Common Era; Western (Gregorian) calendar
明治 めいじ Meiji Era (October 23, 1868 to July 30, 1912)
満ち欠け みちかけ waxing and waning of the moon
基準 きじゅん standard, basis
一周 いっしゅう one revolution
出番 でばん one's turn, one's turn on stage
ズレる to be out of alignment, to be out of sync
周り まわり circumference; vicinity
回る まわる to turn, to revolve
太陽暦 たいようれき solar calendar
新暦 しんれき the solar calendar, the Gregorian calendar
太陰太陽暦 たいいんたいようれき lunisolar calendar
旧暦 きゅうれき Japan's old (lunisolar) calendar
調整 ちょうせい adjustment, reconciliation
うるう日 うるうひ leap day
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Some primary sources
I plan to add more whenever I find more.
Historie Parlamentaire de la Révolution Française ou Journal des Assemblées Nationales, depuis 1789 jusqu’en 1815
Volume 1 (May 1789) Volume 2 (June-September 1789) Volume 3 (September-December 1789) Volume 4 (December 1789-March 1790) Volume 5 (March-May 1790) Volume 6 (May-August 1790) Volume 7? Volume 8 (November 1790-February 1791) Volume 9 (February-May 1791) Volume 10 (May-July 1791) Volume 11 (July-September 1791) Volume 12 (September-December 1791) Volume 13 (January-March 1792) Volume 14 (April-June 1792) Volume 15 (June-July 1792) Volume 16 (July-August 1792) Volume 17 (August-September 1792) Volume 18 (September 1792) Volume 19 (September-October 1792) Volume 20 (October-November 1792) Volume 21 (November-December 1792) Volume 22 (December 1792-January 1793) Volume 23 (January 1793) Volume 24 (February-March 1793) Volume 25 (March-April 1793) Volume 26 (April-May 1793) Volume 27 (May 1793) Volume 28 (July-August 1793) Volume 29 (September-October 1793) Volume 30 (October-December 1793) Volume 31 (November 1793-March 1794) Volume 32 (March-May 1794) Volume 33 (May-July 1794) Volume 34 (July-August 1794)
Recueil des actes du comité de salut public Volume 1 (August 12 1792-January 21 1793) Volume 2 (January 22-March 31 1793) Volume 3 (April 1-May 5 1793) Volume 4 (6 May-18 June 1793) Volume 5 (19 June-15 August 1793) Volume 6 (15 August-21 September 1793) Volume 7 (22 September-24 October 1793) Volume 8 (25 October-26 November 1793) Volume 9 (27 November-31 December 1793) Volume 10 (1 January-8 February 1794) Volume 11 (9 February-15 March 1794) Volume 12 (16 March-22 April 1794) Volume 13 (23 April-28 May 1794) Volume 14 (29 May-7 July 1794) Volume 15 (8 July-9 August 1794)
Recueil de documents pour l’histoire du club des Jacobins de Paris Volume 1 (1789-1790) Volume 2 (January-July 1791) Volume 3 (July 1791-June 1792) Volume 4 (June 1792-January 1793) Volume 5 (January 1793-March 1794) Volume 6 (March-November 1794)
Histoire du tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris: avec le journal de ses actes. Volume 1  Volume 2  Volume 3  Volume 4  Volume 5 
Papiers inédits trouvés chez Robespierre, Saint-Just, Payan etc Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3
Oeuvres complètes de Robespierre Volume 1 (Robespierre à Arras) Volume 2 (Les œuvres judiciaires) Volume 3 is the correspondence, listed below Volume 4 (Le defenseur de la Constitution) Volume 5 (lettres à ses comettras) Volume 6 (speeches 1789-1790) Volume 7 (speeches January-September 1791) Volume 8 (speeches October 1791-September 1792) Volume 9 (speeches September 1792-June 27 1793) Volume 10 (speeches June 27 1793-July 27 1794)
Oeuvres de Maximilien Robespierre (not the same as Oeuvres completés) Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3
Oeuvres de Jerome Pétion Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4
Oeuvres complètes de Saint-Just Volume 1 Volume 2
Oeuvres littéraires de Hérault de Séchelles (1907)
Oeuvres de Danton (1866) 
Discours de Danton (1910) by André Fribourg
Works by Desmoulins
La France Libre (1789)
Discours de la Lanterne aux Parisiens (1789)
Révolutions de France et de Brabant (1789-1791) Volume 1 (number 1-13) Volume 2 (number 14-26) Volume 3 (number 27-39) Volume 4 (number 40-52) Volume 5 (number 53-65) Volume 6 (number 66-79) Volume 7 (number 80-86)
La Tribune des Patriots (1792) (all numbers)
Le Vieux Cordelier (1793-1794) (all numbers)
Jean Pierre Brissot démasqué (1792)
Histoire des Brissotins (1793)
Correspondences
Correspondance de Maximilien et Augustin Robespierre (1926)
Correspondance de George Couthon (1872)
Correspondance inédit de Camille Desmoulins (1836)
Correspondance inédite de Marie-Antoinette (1864)
Billuad-Varennes — mémoires et correspondance
Correspondance de Brissot
Lettres de Louis XVI: correspondance inédite, discours, maximes, pensées, observations etc (1862)
Lettres de Madame Roland (1900)  Volume 1  Volume 2
Correspondance inédite de Mlle Théophile Fernig (1873)
Journal d’une bourgeoise pendant la Révolution 1791-1793 by Rosalie Jullien (1881)
Memoirs
Memoirs of Bertrand Barère Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4
Memoirs of Élisabeth Lebas In French In English
Mémoires de Charlotte Robespierre sur ses deux frères (1835) In French In English
Memoirs of Joseph Fouché Volume 1 (English) Volume 2 (French)
Mémoires de Brissot (1877)
Mémoires inédits de Pétion et mémoires de Buzot et Barbaroux (1866)
Memoirs of Barras — member of the Directorate (1899)
Mémoires inédits de madame la comtesse de Genlis depuis 1756 jusqu’au nos jours  Volume 1  Volume 2  Volume 3  Volume 4  Volume 5  Volume 6  Volume 7  Volume 8  Volume 9  Volume 10
Mémoires de Madame Roland  Volume 1  Volume 2
Mémoires de Louvet (1862)
Memoirs of the Duchess de Tourzel: Governess to the Children of France During the Years 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793 and 1795  Volume 1  Volume 2
Révélations puisées dans les cartons des comités de salut public et de sûreté générale, ou Mémoires (inédits) de Sénart, agent du gouvernement révolutionnaire (1824)
Free books
Danton (1978) by Norman Hampson (borrowable for an hour, renewable every hour)
Robespierre (2014) by Hervé Leuwers (borrowable for an hour, renewable every hour)
Collot d’Herbois — légendes noires et Révolution (1995) by Michel Biard 
Choosing Terror (2014) by Marisa Linton
The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution (2015) by Timothy Tackett
Augustin: the younger Robespierre by (2011) by Mary-Young
Journaliste, sans-culotte et thermidorien: le fils de Fréron, 1754-1802, d’après des documents inédits (1909) by Raoul Arnaud
Un Champion de la Royauté au début de la Révolution - François Louis Suleau (1907) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4
Camille Desmoulins and his wife — passages from the history of the dantonists (1876) by Jules Claretie
Vadier, président du Comité de sûreté générale sous la Terreur d’après des documents inédits (1896) by Albert Tournier
Mémoires historiques et militaires sur Carnot (1824)
Le Puy-de-Dôme en 1793 et le Proconsulat de Couthon (1877) by Francisque Mège
Le procès des Dantonistes, d'après les documents, précédé d'une introduction historique. Recherches pour servir à l'histoire de la révolution française (1879) edited by Dr. Jean François Eugène Robinet
Robert Lindet, député à l'Assemblée législative et à la Convention, membre du Comité de salut public, ministre des finances : notice biographique (1899) by Amand Montier
Prieur de la Côte-d'Or (1900) by Paul Gaffarel
Un épicurien sous la Terreur; Hérault de Séchelles (1759-1794); d'après des documents inédits (1907) by Emile Dard
Twelve Who Ruled (1941) by R. R. Palmer (borrowable for an hour, renewable every hour)
Bertrand Barère: A Reluctant Terrorist (1963) by Leo Gershoy (borrowable for an hour, renewable every hour)
Saint-Just : sa politique et ses missions (1976) by Jean-Pierre Gross (borrowable for an hour, renewable every hour)
The Glided Youth of Thermidor (1993) by François Gendron
Pauline Léon, une républicaine révolutionnaire by Claude Guillon
Billaud-Varenne: Géant de la Révolution (1989) by Arthur Conte
When the King Took Flight (2003) by Timothy Tackett (borrowable for an hour, renewable every hour)
Joseph Le Bon, 1765-1795; la terreur à la frontière (1932) by Louis Jacob  Volume 1  Volume 2
Resources shared by other tumblr users (thank you all very much!!!)
Resources shared by @iadorepigeons
Resources shared by @georgesdamnton 
Resources shared by @rbzpr:
Fabre d’Eglantine resources shared by @edgysaintjust
Saint-Just resources shared by @sieclesetcieux
Saint-Just resources shared by @orpheusmori
Marat resources shared by @orpheusmori
My own translations
Lucile Desmoulins’ diary (1788, 1789, 1790, 1792-1793)
Charlotte Robespierre et ses amis (1961)
Laponneraye on the life of Charlotte Robespierre (1835)
Abbé Proyart on the childhood of Robespierre (1795)
Regulations for the internal exercises of the College of Louis-le-Grand (1769)
Regulations for law students at Louis-le-Grand (1782)
Belongings left by Danton, Fabre and Desmoulins after their arrest
Letters from Robespierre’s father
Robespierre family timeline
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angryskarloey · 7 months
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Early Victoria State Locomotives - 1872-1880. Alternate title: What the Hell is a Buzzwinker?!
Meikle was right in it, and the proverbial midden was well on its way to the windmill. The requisite load was 100 tons up a 1-in-50 gradient. He could design a small 4-4-0, which would be happy on the light trackwork, but which would only handle 80 tons, or a small-wheeled goods engine, which could handle the traffic volumes and hammer the track. He chose the latter, creating the aforementioned pair of designs - a goods 0-6-0 and a passenger 2-4-0.
In two weeks he was able to call tenders for their manufacture - in the past, with experienced English builders, it was customary to send only vague specifications, and leave the bulk of design work to the builder. But there were no experienced builders yet in the colony, and Meikle had no chance of getting ready an advanced engineering drawing in the time allotted.
So it was, while prospective contractors readied their estimates, Meikle turned out those last two 2-4-0 conversions mentioned previously, and also rebuilt No.34 and 36 into little 0-6-0 and 2-4-0 well-tanks.
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The contract for fifteen engines to Meikle's new design was awarded to Pheonix Foundry, with nine 0-6-0s and six 2-4-0s to be built. Together with the two pattern engines from England, that left 17 locomotives, all to unproven designs, on order, with no opportunity for testing.
Meikle saved money on his new engines as best he could, with the object of matching the cost of imported machines. The boiler was domeless, with a plain safety valve cover, as well as commonality of as many parts as possible between the two types. He was also aware of the forceful arguments made about light railway speeds, and that they should be kept very low. Thus, he gave the new 0-6-0s 3'6" wheels, and the passenger engines 4' driving wheels, but paired with a firebox equal to any of the larger engines, but with a lighter and smaller boiler barrel.
Shortly before the last of the Greenbacks was finished, Williamstown began working on prototypes for the forth-coming outside-cylindered 0-6-0s, with Phoenix to cast the cylinders. The motion had to be designed specially, with the problems being worked out there and then on the workshop floor - the results being passed to Phoenix for the fifteen production engines.
In recognition of the Williamstown workmen, Meikle had one of the prototype engines, No.105, head their annual picnic train to Ballarat that December, 1873. With a heavy train of sixteen coaches, the locomotive seemed to be doing all right until another design flaw manifested itself. A piston rod broke and in so doing the cylinder head was damaged - a man had to run back to Lethbridge, and a relief from Geelong telegraphed for. The picnic lunch was had as an afternoon tea, and work on the new locomotives was halted until the fault was worked out.
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A bit of a war of words broke out between The Age and The Ballarat Star, augmented by Higinbotham later reporting that locomotives manufactured at Phoenix were not as well-built as those from America or England (although that's not to say those last were perfect, see the 'Yorkies'. Higinbotham's report also added that the Victoria Rlys. would be better off building its own locomotives at Williamstown.
Phoenix had laughed all the way to the bank, though, having secured the contract for the Greenbacks, they outfitted their works to the tune of £7000, and had plenty of political leverage with the loud Major at the wheelhouse. They delivered the new light lines engines between July 1874 and May '75, costing roughly £3,600 a piece - £1200 more than a similar engine from England. The six-coupled ones became the U class, and the four-coupled the K class.
Meikle was, at least in public, happy with his new outside-cylindered machines. There was a prevailing problem, though - the whole raison d'etre of these engines was low speed, but they were thrashed, and this was detrimental to the new, unsettled track. The Resident Engineer of the new lines condemned both the trackwork and the engines in a report he submitted in 1874. Mr. Greene reckoned they were heavier than Meikle's estimate of 22 tons, and was right - although they had no way of proving it at the time. At any rate, the main problem was the horizontal motion - they lurched ponderously at low speed and were down-right hair-raising when pushed. The waddle, and the great cost, lead to the enginemen naming them 'Buzzwinkers' after Ellen Miles, prominent pickpocket around Ballarat.
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At the same time as Greene's report, also arrived the aforementioned pattern engines. Without the protectionists forcing both Meikle and Pheonix Foundry to undertake all the excess work of building the Buzzwinkers, the light lines would have been a success at the first. The two pattern engines entered service in 1874, and proved quite equal in power to a Buzzwinker, more stable at any speed, and arguably better-looking. The Beyer, Peacock 0-6-0, and the 2-4-0, (T class and F class) were copied in good numbers, with F class No.98 being stripped to the last bolt, and these engines would have managed fine. But Phoenix were instead saddled with developing six designs rather than just these two, and indeed everyone lost out in some way.
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With questions being asked in Parliament, and the light lines growing, Meikle was encouraged to have another go at making an engine suitable for the light lines. They borrowed a Melbourne & Hobson's Bay United Rly. passenger 4-4-0 tank, to compare with No.114, a passenger Buzzwinker, and No.100, the pride of Williamstown workshop. (It is worth noting that on the VR system, passenger engines were numbered evens, and goods engines odds.) The 4-4-0T would later become the C class, and was a 'British-American', at least as far as being a British 4-4-0.
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Higinbotham had been on a couple of year's tour around America, and returned for these trials in early 1876. He was delighted by the bogie engine's smooth riding, and disgusted by the effect of No.114's impetous motion on the track. He wasn't too taken with the pattern engines - they were much better than the Buzzwinkers, he thought, 'but they want a bogie truck.'
Meikle had overseen two 4-4-0s being constructed at Williamstown, and was calling tenders for eight more by June of 1876. The two prototypes left Williamstown early the next year, using second-hand boilers. He also placed orders for American bogie coaches, and what large and splendid vehicles they were! The Age thought them quite fit for royalty, which speaks volumes as to the style of carriages in use before. They weren't especially popular with the management, as they weren't always full, but they were both an improvement on comfort and convenience.
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Highinbotham was by this point a convert of American schools of thought on locomotives and rolling-stock, and although he didn't like the idea of light lines from the start, he had to make the best of them to keep out the narrow-gauge advocates, and if the American eight-wheeler could help him to succeed, so much the better. He inserted into his report that the railway should build its own locomotives where possible, as the lack of any real alternative to Phoenix obliged VR to buy inferior engines at steep rates, however this report was sat on until Phoenix had been granted the contract for Meikle's 4-4-0s - the new Minister for Railways, J. Jones, was a representative of Ballarat West, and Phoenix Foundry was in his electorate!
The Engineer-in-Chief's words escaped notice for a cool three-and-a-half weeks, before indignant protectionists got wind of the situation, and there was a further eruption in the Legislative Assembly. They were supported, too, with very grave questions being levied against Higinbotham's engineering prowess. He had, in his report, spotlighted the Buzzwinkers, but his habit of ''ringing in' superlatives' had given the impression all the Phoenix machines were faulty - strictly untrue. Meikle had, interestingly, supported the Phoenix engines, and Major Smith quoted his support, but then the protectionists turned on Meikle too.
'The grave accusations levelled at the engines are properly chargeable upon the Railway Department and its responsible officers. The manufacturers complain that the design of the engine is bad, and who, we ask, is the author of the design?'
The General Manager of Phoenix Foundry was livid, and at once all the good-will gained at the Locomotive Branch picnic vanished. Support for the Foundry was so high in Ballarat that the town was bedecked with bunting when the first engines were delivered. The Foundry itself wasn't particularly pleased either, despite having got the contract for the eight Meikle 4-4-0s, it was displeased at having to abandon the patterns got from stripping down the English 2-4-0 No.98.
The worst part was they had a point. A fifth new design in as many years, and for an engine that in power was not dissimilar to an F class - speaking practically, yet another new type added little, despite the excellent riding qualities of the Williamstown 4-4-0s.
Meikle was now 57 years old, and working for a Government railway, pushed and pulled by press and public, must have been a very trying experience for a man used to working for private railways. He resigned in January 1877, a development he had hoped to keep private, but of course the papers found out the next day. It wasn't a good look, as he had resigned on the same day motions were made toward establishing another Board of Inquiry.
The Board of Inquiry was chaired by the Overseer of Locomotives for the NSWGR, and also in attendance was William Thow, Loco. Engineer of the South Australian Railways. (He is worthy of note - if you've ever seen an Australian engine with a cab sporting a single circular side-window, he's the reason.) The Board of Inquiry was formed to answer:
Were the present locomotives in use on the light railways suitable for the job?
Were home-built locomotives as good as those from England?
The Board spent two days travelling over light railways, on the six different engines types then employed. Meikle's prototype 4-4-0 impressed them with its easy ride qualities, especially in curves. No.125, the pattern 0-6-0 (yet to be copied) was surprisingly easy even at speed.
They saw their first Buzzwinker at Maryborough. No.114, she was the engine who had been trialled along with No.100 and the M&BHUR engine. She was a passenger Buzzwinker, much less steady on the curves than the prototype 4-4-0 No.38, but not nearly so bad as the permanent way staff had warned them of. She took them out to Avoca, then to Creswick. There they waited at the foot of the two-mile incline of 1-in-50, for the regular 'mixed' from Ballarat.
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It was considered good economics to load the engines right up to the maximum they could drag up the hills, and the temptation to make up for slow climbing with spirited downhill runs was a strong one. And here came Buzzwinker No.115, following exactly that mode of thinking, 'hurtling down the incline at about 35mph. This at last was one of the goods Buzzwinkers so much complained of, throwing itself about like a wild thing, its machinery flying around at almost twice its optimum design speed.'
From Creswick, the disillusioned company were whisked into Ballarat by one of Meikle's 2-4-0 conversions. It was rather too heavy for the light lines, but as some of the goods Buzzwinkers had been banned from the area, its presence was a necessity. It was smooth enough, all told, as was No.128, one of Phoenix's copies of the Beyer, Peacock pattern 2-4-0.
When they reached Buangor, they reacquainted themselves with No.115, on the 'mixed' to Ararat, once more loaded down to the gunwhales. The company was brought onto the footplate, and at ten miles an hour felt 'a sinuous motion, distinct, regular, and very apparent at low speeds, combined with a slight rolling motion, equally regular and distinct, and both conformable with the revolutions of the wheels.' Piling head-long downhill at 40mph, the ride became 'a hard, irregular, jerking motion, inconformable to the movement of any part of the machinery.'
F-class No,128 took them to Stawell, where they caught No.119, another six-coupled Buzzwinker, and even worse than her sister. They also watched No.123 climb up an incline near Buangor, lurching back and forth, and saw that the track had 'suffered more displacement and injury than any of the lines seen the previous day' (from which the 0-6-0 Buzzwinkers were banned.)
Last of all to be reviewed was No.121, dragging a heavy train up Warrenheip Bank at nine miles an hour, with its stomping much more marked than any of the others. Even when coasting it was 'uncommonly rough'. It was also under this inquiry that Thow brought accurate weighing equipment, and discovered that the engines were indeed overweight, as had been claimed some years earlier. The Buzzwinkers were roundly condemned as unsuitable for any work other than over the heavily-built and heavily-graded Beechworth line.
Meikle's rebuttal was that this was the intention for the engines from the first, although that does not seem to be strictly true. Incidentally, three goods Buzzwinkers drew a fourteen-coach special on the opening of the Beechworth line in 1876, nearly running out of water in the process.
It is with regret I say that in the aftermath of the report by the Board of Inquiry, on which Meikle was not, the man was made the scapegoat of the whole affair, and it is unsurprising that he returned to England not long after. During his time at Williamstown he had created seven new engine classes, and rebuilt two others, the only ones much complained of being the Buzzwinkers, and those were developed under great outside pressure and with every design factor restricted. All his locomotives were constructed locally, and all were at least fit for purpose. Even the Buzzwinkers lurched on another thirty years, being re-cylindered, fitted with air-brakes, and generally improved in common with the fleet as a whole.
In 1877, two American 4-4-0s, all-American, too, were put into service, followed by Meikle's eight 4-4-0s from Phoenix, later still ten more F-class 2-4-0s (it turned out Meikle's 4-4-0 really was no better than the Peacock design), and last of all in 1880 the ideal colonial locomotive was found, an American ten-wheeler.
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citizenscreen · 1 year
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Pioneering director Alice Guy-Blaché (July 1, 1873 – March 24, 1968)
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warrioreowynofrohan · 2 years
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If anyone wants it, for the Aug. 1 Dracula Daily, here’s my attempt at translating Mr. Swales, though it lacks the colour of the original. People who are more familiar with this dialect, let me know if I’ve got anything wrong - there are places where I’m guessing about certain phrases.
Mr Swales: “It’s all nonsense - these ghost stories and legends are only fit for getting children and silly women to make a fuss. They and all of the supposed supernatural omens are all invented by preachers and busybodies and salesmen to scare and scam fools and get folks to do something they don’t otherwise want to. It annoys me! Why, they’re the ones that, not content with priting lies on paper and preaching them in pulpits, carve them on tombstones too! Look all around you [they’re in the graveyard] - all these tombstones are falling over from the weight of the lies written on them. ‘Here lies the body’ or ‘Sacred to the memory’ written on them, but in near half of them there’s no body there, and no one cares about remembering them! It’s all lies! My God, but it’ll be a strange sight on the Day of Judgement when the dead are raised, all trying to drag their tombstones with them to prove how good they were, and some not even able to hold onto them because their hands are so slippery from their bodies lying in the sea all those years.”
Mina: “Oh, Mr. Swales, you can’t be serious. Surely these tombstones are not all wrong?”
Mr Swales: There might be a few that aren’t wrong, except when they make people out to be better than they are; for people will think a little bowl is like the sea, as long as it’s their own. All lies! Now look, you come here as a stranger and see this churchyard. [Mina nods.] And you think that these stones are about people who are buried here, safe and snug? [Mina nods again.] That’s where the lie comes in! Why, there are loads of these that are completely empty! And my God! how could they be otherwise? Look at that one, read it!
Mina: Reads: ‘Edward Spencelagh, master mariner, murdered by pirates off the coast of Andres, April, 1854, age 30.’
Mr. Swales: “Who brought him home to put him here, I wonder! I could name you a dozen whose bodies lie in the Greenland seas up north, or where the currents have carried them. And there are their tombstones around you! You can read the lies from here. This Braithwaite Lowrey - I knew his father, lost in the Lively off Greenland in 1820; or Andrew Woodhouse, drowned in the same seas in 1777; or John Paxton, drowned off Cape Farewell a year later; or old John Rawlins, whose grandfather sailed with me, drowned in the Gulf of Finland in 1850. Do you think all these men will have to make a rush to Whitby when the trumpet sounds at the Judgement Day? I doubt it! I tell you, when they got here there’d be sho much shoving and crowding and jostling that it would be like a fight up on the ice in the old days [when he was a sailor in the far north], when we were trying to hang up our catch of fish by the light of the aurora borealis.”
Mina [paraphrased]: But surely you don’t think people will need to take their tombstones with them on the Day of Judgement.
Mr. Swales: Well, why else would people have tombstones?
Mina: To please their relatives, I suppose.
Mr Swales: Ha! To please their relatives! Why would it please their relative to have lies written over them, with everyone here knowing they’re lies? Read the lies on that tombstone?” [The seat where they are sitting is on top of this stone - it’s a flat tombstone, not an upright one.]
Lucy: Reads: ‘Sacred to the memory of George Carson, who died, in the hope of a glorious resurrection, on July 29, 1873, falling from the rocks at Kettleness. This tomb was erected by his sorrowing mother to her dearly beloved son. “He was the only son of his mother, and she was a widow.” [That last line is a Bible quote.]’
Lucy: “Really, Mr. Swales, I don’t see anything funny in that!”
Mr. Swales: “You don’t see anything funny! Ha! But that’s because you don’t know the ‘sorrowing mother’ was a hell-cat that hated him because he was hunchbacked and lame, and he hated her so mich he committed suicide so she couldn’t get the life insurance she bought on him! He blew the top of his head off with an old musket that they had for scaring the crows. It wasn’t for crows then - it brought them to him! That’s how he fell of the rocks. And, as to hopes of a gloripus resurrection, I’ve often heard him say myself that he hoped he’d go to hell, for his mother was so pious she’d be sure to go to heaven, and he dudn’t want to be where she was. Now isn’t that stone a pack of lies? and won’t it make Gabriel laugh when Geordie comes panting up with his tombstone on his hump, and asks it to be taken as evidence [of how good he was]!”
Lucy: “Oh, why did you tell us of this? It is my favourite seat, and I cannot leave it; and now I find I mudt go on sitting over the grave of a suicide.
Mr. Swales: “That won’t harm you, my pretty girl; and it may make poor Georgie happy to have such a pretty girl sitting on his lap. I’ve sat here on and off for nearly twenty years, and it’s done me no harm. Don’t worry about the people lying beneath you, or those that don’t lie there either! It’ll be the time to get scared when you see the tombstones run away with and the place all bare! There’s the clock [chiming], and I need to go! Good-bye!”
This isn’t just local colour - there is one thing in this conversation that’s relevant to the plot (in addition to the things other people have mentioned about how it ties into the themes of the book, which I hadn’t thought about before!).
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conradscrime · 7 months
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The Disappearance of Charley Ross
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September 5, 2023
Charley Brewster Ross was born on May 4, 1870 and was only 4 years old when he disappeared.
On July 1, 1874, in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Charley and his brother, Walter, 5 years old at the time, were outside playing in their front yard. Germantown was quite a well off area.
While playing in the yard, the boys were approached by two men in a horse-drawn carriage, offering them candy and to take them to see fireworks if they got in the carriage. The Ross boys had recognized the men, as they had seen them out and about in the days before offering candy in the area.
Both Charley and Walter agreed to this carriage ride, and they were taken to a store where they told Walter to go inside and buy fireworks. The men gave the little boy 25 cents. Walter went into the store, but when he came out the carriage was gone with his brother, Charley, in it. Charley Ross has never been seen again.
The boys' father, Christian, began receiving ransom notes from the supposed men who had Charley. The notes were mailed from post offices in Philadelphia and other locations, all written with many simple words not spelled correctly.
The notes often stated they were looking for $20,000 for the return of Charley. The notes also stated they did not want the Ross' to go to the police and threatened Charley's life if Christian did not cooperate.
The kidnappers had assumed that the Ross family had money, because they lived in a well off area, with a large house. Christian Ross also owned a small dry goods store. However, the Ross family was actually in quite a bit of debt due to the stock market crash in 1873. Christian could not afford to pay the ransom, so ended up going to the police.
Charley's disappearance became national news with lots of coverage about it in the press. The famous Pinkerton National Detective Agency came in to help, and many flyers were printed. There were many attempts to provide the kidnappers with the money, however each time the kidnappers did not show up.
Eventually, the notes stopped coming.
On December 13, 1874, in Brooklyn, New York, Judge Charles Van Brunt's home was burgled. Charles' brother, Holmes, lived next door to him and actually stopped the intruders during the robbery, with the help of his family. They brought down the robbers with gunfire, and the two turned out to be Bill Mosher and Joe Douglas, career criminals who had recently been released from prison.
Bill Mosher was killed in the gunfire, however Joe Douglas was wounded heavily, living for only two more hours, but managed to talk with Holmes before dying.
No one knows for sure what the conversation went like between Douglas and Holmes, however, according to Holmes, Douglas, knowing he didn't have much time left, admitted that him and Mosher had kidnapped Charley Ross. It is believed that Douglas said Charley was killed, or that Mosher actually knew where he was. It's even believed Douglas said Charley would be returned to his family in the next few days. Douglas did not say anything else about the kidnapping and/or murder.
Walter, Charley's brother, went to New York City to look at the bodies of Mosher and Douglas and determine if they were in the men who had given him a ride in the carriage months earlier. Walter did confirm they were the same men. It is said that Mosher was easy to recognize as he had a malformed nose, which Walter referred to as a "monkey nose."
A former policeman, in association with Moser, William Westervelt, was arrested in connection to Charley's case. He was tried in 1875 for kidnapping. While Westervelt probably knew information from Mosher, there was no real evidence tying him to the actual crime. Walter also said that Westervelt was definitely not one of the men who were in the carriage that day.
Westervelt was found not guilty of kidnapping, however he was charged with a lesser crime and served 6 years in prison. He always claimed that he did not know the whereabouts of Charley.
In 1876, two years after his son's kidnapping, Christian Ross published a book about it, titled "The Father's Story of Charley Ross, the Kidnapped Child" in order to raise money to help find his son. Another two years went by, and in 1878, the story of Charley Ross was not being talked about with the same media coverage as before. Christian had the book reprinted and went to give lectures in Boston on the case to keep the interest in it.
Both Christian and his wife continued to look for Charley until their deaths. Christian died in 1897 and his wife died in 1912. Many boys and men over the years claimed to be Charley Ross, and over 570 of them were interviewed. All of them were imposters.
The Ross family spent about $60,000 looking for their son. In 1924, the newspapers ran some stories about Charley's kidnapping for the 50th anniversary of the abduction. During this time, Walter was working as a stockbroker and claimed that him and his sisters still received letters from men claiming to be Charley.
It is believed that what happened to Mosher, Douglas and Westervelt was a deterrent for other potential kidnappers who wanted ransom money, as the next high profile ransom kidnapping did not occur until 1900 with Edward Cudahy Jr.
It is believed by some that the phrase, "don't take candy from strangers" comes from Charey Ross' story and abduction. There's a major missing persons database called the Charley Project, named after him.
In 1934, 60 years after the abduction, a 69 year old carpenter named Gustave Blair, living in Phoenix, Arizona, petitioned the court to recognize him as Charley Ross. He claimed after he was abducted, he lived in a cave and was adopted by a man who told him he was Charley Ross.
Walter dismissed Blair's story, but in 1939, the court ruled him as "Charles Brewster Ross." The Ross family refused to ever recognize Blair as the real Charley and he never got any money or property from the Ross' estate. Blair moved to LA to try to sell the story to a film studio but was never successful. He died in 1943, still claiming he was Charley.
Because Blair was successful in getting a court to rule him as Charley Ross, the disappearance was reported as solved. In 2011, descendants of the family that adopted Blair used a DNA study which disproved Blair's story. It was found that Gustave Blair was born into the Miller family, had not been adopted and could not have been Charley Ross.
The true fate of Charley Ross is still a mystery.
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Explaining one of VTMB paintings (part 14)
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The Music Lesson, oil on canvas (1877) by Fredric Leighton
Sir Fredric Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton (Dec 3 1830 - Jan 25 1896) was a British Victorian painter, draughtsman and sculptor born in Scarborough, Yorkshire. He was educated at the University Collage School in London. He designed the tomb for the English Poet Elizabeth Barret Browning in English Cemetery,Florence in 1861. He was the first President of the Commitee commissioning the Suervay of London which was in charge of documenting public works of art and architecture. He was knighted at Windsor in 1878 and made Baronet of Hollow Park Road in the Parish of St. Mary Abbots, Kensington in 1886.
A Victorian painter refers to the distinctive art style of painting in the UK during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901). Specifically the academic art style coming from mainly the Royal Academy of the Arts with Leighton being one of the most recognized of this style. Focused on Christian, British Royalism and Imperial with an overall optimistic tone and close attention to even the smallest of details. The biggest change was the shift away from the traditional focus on storytelling and moralizing subject matter as the subjects of art. Instead choosing subjects based on aesthetic appeal which contrasted their contemporaries Pre-Raphaelites. [1]
The Architecture depicted in the background of The Music Lesson is based on Leighton study of architecture from his trip to Damascus, Syria in 1873. The black and white stripes of the stone building are a style of Islamic architecture ablaq. In Syria Ablaq is often used to decorate arches of Mosques, palaces and Sufi lodges. The technique of ablaq may have originated from Syria or the Byzantine Empire. One of the first written records on the use of ablaq masonry was found regarding repairs done to the northern wall of the Great Mosque of Damascus in 1109 [2]. The musical instrument that is the center of the lesson is a Baglama (sometime called a saz) which is a type of long necked seven string lute used in both Turkish and Azerbaijani folk music [3]. The choice of architecture and instrument are most likely based on their aesthetic beauty and to give the work a small amount of exotic flare. The two British models depicted in the painting appear in a number of Leighton works. The younger girl is Connie Gilchrist( Jan 23 1865-May 6 1946) who as a child was a rather famous art model, actress and singer that work with a number of other artist including Frank Holl, James McNeil Whistler and author/photogrpher Lewlis Carol (author of Alice in Wonderland). As an adult she married Edmond Walter FitzMaurice, the 7th Earl of Orkney (Orkney is a archipelago in the norther isles of Scotland) making her the Countess of Orkney. [4]
[1]“Frederic Leighton.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 1 Oct. 2023, en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Leighton.  [2]“Ablaq.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Oct. 2023, en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaq#:~:text=Ablaq%20(Arabic%3A%20أبلق%3B%20particolored,architecture%20in%20the%20Arab%20world.  [3]“Bağlama.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Oct. 2023, en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flama.  [4]“Connie Gilchrist, Countess of Orkney.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 30 July 2023, en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Gilchrist,_Countess_of_Orkney#:~:text=Connie%20Gilchrist%20(23%20January%201865,Lewis%20Carroll%20and%20aristocrats%2C%20Lord. 
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corallapis · 9 months
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Henry ‘Chips’ Channon: The Diaries (Vol. 1), 1918-38, entry for 2nd July 1923
— Monday 2nd July In the evening we dined at Brook House some ninety strong with General and Mrs Vanderbilt.¹ Later there was a large ball, very fashionable and grand yet ‘kind’. Mrs Vanderbilt passed first into dinner with Paul of Serbia, which was correct but seemed to irritate Lord Curzon .... At midnight the P of W and the Yorks arrived ... her² first ball. Everyone was interested to see what would happen and what etiquette would be precedented and established. She was charming, dignified and blushing a little. Everyone ‘bobbed’ to the ground, if anything even lower than to the princes. Now that is settled. She brought no lady-in-waiting as Princess Mary³ frequently does ... — 1. Brigadier General Cornelius Vanderbilt III (1873-1942), of New York, was a soldier and yachtsman: in 1896 he married, greatly against his father’s wishes, Grace Graham Wilson (1870-1953). 2. The former Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. 3. Princess (Victoria Alexandra Alice) Mary (1897-1965), only daughter of King George V and Queen Mary. She married Henry George Charles Lascelles (1882-1947), by courtesy Viscount Lascelles, who in 1929 became the 6th Earl of Harewood. She was created Princess Royal in 1932.
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rabbitcruiser · 2 years
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Prince Edward Island joined into Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1873.  
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stregh · 7 months
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PARROCCHIA SAN CRISOGONO - (5.000x14.000 pixel)
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PARROCCHIA SAN CRISOGONO - (5.000x14.000 pixel) da Annalisa Giuseppetti Tramite Flickr: Storia L’edificio non sembra di origine cristiana e può attribuirsi ai primordi del secolo IV. La nuova basilica è stata costruita sull’antica dal Card. Giovanni da Crema nel 1123. Il Card. Scipione Borghese la ampliò e la restaurò nel 1625 dandole l’aspetto che attualmente presenta. La parrocchia vi fu eretta, secondo una lapide vicina alla sacrestia, nel 1127, ma risale certamente a prima della metà del secolo V: i suoi presbiteri infatti si trovano tra i sottoscrittori dei sinodi romani del 499 e del 595. Il papa Gregorio III (731-741), come narra il "Liber pontificalis", vi instituì un monastero che mantenne distinto dal "titulus", i cui presbiteri erano addetti alla cura d’anime. Il Card. Giovanni da Crema, come dalle due lapidi vicine all’ingresso della sacrestia, vi costruì nel 1128 un oratorio con chiostro (V. Forcella, "Iscrizioni", iII, 169 nn. 486-487). Calisto II, il 17 aprile 1121, ed Innocenzo III, il 23 luglio 1199, intervennero per risolvere i problemi di amministrazione parrocchiale di S. Salvatore della Corte nei confronti di quelli di S. Crisogono. Innocenzo III sostituì i monaci con i Canonici regolari del Salvatore i quali vi rimasero fino al 1480 quando Sisto IV affidò la parrocchia ai Carmelitani. Pio IX, il 1 giugno 1847, insediò nella basilica i Trinitari, i quali tuttora l’amministrano. Lo stato attuale architettonico si deve al card. Scipione Caffarelli Borghese, nipote di Paolo V che lo commise a Giovanni Battista Soria (1581- 1651). Nell’abside, Madonna con il Bambino tra i santi Crisogono e Giacomo, mosaico della scuola di Pietro Cavallini (c. 1290). La proprietà, per la legge del 19 giugno 1873 n. 1402 è passata al demanio del Regno d’Italia. NOTIZIE: PARROCCHIA SAN CRISOGONO Basilica Minore Piazza Sonnino 44 - 00153 ROMA Settore Centro - Prefettura III - Rione Trastevere - 1º Municipio Affidata a: Ordine della Santissima Trinità (Trinitari) (O.SS.T.) ___________________________________________________________________________ History The building does not seem to Christian origin can be attributed to the beginning of the fourth century. The new basilica was built on the Cardinal Giovanni by Cream in 1123. Cardinal Scipione Borghese enlarged and restored it in 1625 giving the appearance of which is at present. The parish was erected, according to a plaque close to the sacristy, in 1127, but it certainly dates from the first half of the century V: her priests are in fact among the subscribers of the Roman synods of 499 and 595. Pope Gregory III (731-741), as recounted in the "Liber pontificalis" we instituted a monastery that kept distinct from the "titulus", whose priests were involved in the care of souls. Cardinal John of Crema, as the two tombstones nearby the entrance to the sacristy, built there in 1128 a chapel with cloister (V. Fork, "Subscriptions", III, 169 nn. 486-487). Calisto II, April 17, 1121, and Innocent III, July 23, 1199, intervened to solve the problems of administration Parish Church of St. Savior of the Court in relation to those of S. Krševan. Innocent III replaced the monks with the Canons Regular of the Savior which you remained until 1480 when Pope Sixtus IV entrusted the parish to the Carmelites. Pius IX, June 1, 1847, settled in the basilica, the Trinitarians, who still administer it. The current state of architecture is due to the card. Scipione Caffarelli Borghese, nephew Paul V, who committed it to Giovanni Battista Soria (1581-1651). In the apse, Madonna and Child with Saints James and Grisogono, mosaic of the school of Pietro Cavallini (c. 1290). The property, by the law of 19 June 1873 no. 1402 has gone to the State the Kingdom of Italy. NEWS: PARISH SAN CRISOGONO Minor Basilica Piazza Sonnino 44-00153 ROMA Central Sector - Prefecture III - Trastevere district - 1st Hall Entrusted to: Ordine della Santissima Trinità (Trinitari) (O.SS.T.)
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gliklofhameln · 2 years
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Two ketubot from Tehran, 1873
1. Celebrating the wedding of Eleazar Hayyim ben Mashiah and Deborah bat Moses on Thursday, 8 Tammuz 5633 (July 3, 1873).
2. Celebrating the wedding of Isaac (cognomen: Babai) ben Elijah and Hannah bat Asher on Wednesday, 4 Elul 5633 (August 27, 1873).
The non-representational decorative program is characteristic of ketubot created in lands under Islamic cultural influence, where Jewish artists adopted the dominant aesthetic and refrained from incorporating figural imagery into their ketubot and megillot.
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opera-ghosts · 10 months
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On June 10, 1865, the world premiere of "Tristan and Isolde" by R. Wagner took place in Munich.
„Einsam wachend in der Nacht…“
Here are some of the first Mezzos to have sung the role of Brangäne over the years and contributed to the success of this work through their dedication.
Georgette Bastien, mezzo - soprano.
Mimi Berts
Cecilie Darlays
Katharina Fleischer-Edel (September 27, 1873 in Mülheim - July 18, 1928 in Dresden), German soprano.
Laura Hilgermann (13 October 1869 in Vienna – 9 February 1945 in Budapest, Hungarian Empire), Austro-Hungarian soprano/contralto.
Louise Kirkby-Lunn (8 November 1873 – 17 February 1930), English coloratura contralto (sometimes classified as a dramatic mezzo-soprano).
Luise Willer (1888–1970), German contralto.
Bella Paalen (9 July or 9 December 1881 – 28 July 1964), Austrian-American soprano of Hungarian origin.
Emmi Leisner (8 August 1885 in Flensburg - 12 January 1958 in Kampen), German contralto.
Sabine Kalter (28 March 1889 in Jarosław – 1 September 1957 in London), British mezzo-soprano/contralto.
Marie Goetze (November 2, 1865, Berlin - December 18, 1922), contralto.
Ernestine Färber-Strasser (May 12 or 15, 1884 in Königsberg - unknown location, after 1955), German contralto/mezzo-soprano.
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abwwia · 10 months
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Alice Guy Blaché, 1873 - 1968 - Cinema Pioneer
Alice Ida Antoinette Guy-Blaché was a French #pioneerfilmmaker, active from the late 19th century, and one of the first to make a narrative fiction film.
She was the #firstwoman to direct a film.
From 1896 to 1906, she was probably the only #femalefilmmaker in the world. She experimented with Gaumont's Chronophone sync-sound system, and with color-tinting, interracial casting, and special effects.
She was artistic director and a co-founder of Solax Studios in Flushing, New York. In 1912, Solax invested $100,000 for a new studio in Fort Lee, New Jersey, the center of American filmmaking prior to the establishment of Hollywood.
That year, she made the film A Fool and His Money, probably the first to have an all-African-American cast.
The film is now at the National Center for Film and Video Preservation at the American Film Institute. Via Wikipedia
Born: Alice Ida Antoinette Guy, July 1, 1873, Saint-Mandé, Val-de-Marne, France
Died: March 24, 1968, Wayne, New Jersey, U.S
History���s First Female Filmmaker Has Been Rescued From Obscurity Thanks to an Enlightening New Jodie Foster-Narrated Documentary
Alice Guy-Blaché, the director of nearly 1,000 early films, created what may be the world's first narrative movie. By Sarah Cascone, August 20, 2019
Photo: Alice Guy-Blaché, La Fée aux choux (The Cabbage Fairy)(1900/1896), for Gaumont. Photo courtesy of Musée Gaumont, Paris.
Source: https://news.artnet.com/art-world/alice-guy-blache-pioneering-female-filmmaker-1629004
Watch also:
Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché, directed by Pamela B. Green
https://benaturalthemovie.com/
#BeNatural #GuyBlaché #AliceGuyBlaché #pioneer #femalepioneer #PamelaBGreen #CinemaPioneer
#AliceGuyBlache
#FirstFemaleFilmmaker #JodieFoster #Documentary #herstory #artherstory #retrocinema #OldHollywood #historyofcinema
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scotianostra · 2 years
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James Murray, first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary paased away on July 26th 1915.
A couple of things that I love about this, 1; a Scot was the first editor of the most famous English dictionary, a 2; the picture of Murray, he just looks the part!
He was certainly something of a prodigy as a child, despite his humble background. Born in the Borders village of Denholm, near Hawick, the son of a tailor, he reputedly knew his alphabet by the time he was eighteen months old, and was soon showing a precocious interest in other languages, including—at the age of 7—Chinese.
Thanks to his voracious appetite for reading, and what he called ‘a sort of mania for learning languages’, he was already a remarkably well-educated boy by the time his formal schooling ended, at the age of 14, with a knowledge of French, German, Italian, Latin, and Greek, oh and of course Gaelic, along with a range of other interests, including botany, geology, and archaeology. After a few years teaching in local schools—he was evidently a born teacher, and was made a headmaster at the age of 21—he moved to London, and took work in a bank.
e soon began to attend meetings of the London Philological Society, and threw himself into the study of dialect and pronunciation—an interest he had already developed while still in Scotland—and also of the history of English. In 1870 an opening at Mill Hill School, just outside London, enabled him to return to teaching. He began studying for an external London BA degree, which he finished in 1873, the same year as his first big scholarly publication, a study of Scottish dialects which was widely recognized as a pioneering work in its field and was the first ever sustained history of the Scots tongue.
Only a year later his linguistic research had earned him his first honorary degree, a doctorate from Edinburgh University: quite an achievement for a self-taught man of 37.
In 1876 Murray was approached by the London publishers Macmillans about the possibility of editing a dictionary, he accepted the challenged and it was generally thought the publication would take around ten years to complete and run to 6,400 pages, in four volumes, he undertook the work while still teaching at Mill Hill, although he did enlist help in several assistants.
Five years later- no- he hadn’t finished it, he was a genius but not that much, they published the first volume, A-Ant, to steal the words from a future film, they were going to need a bigger book!“ The team sent out the call for volunteers all across the country. one American man, William Chester Minor, even responded from his prison cell in Broadmoor while serving a life sentence for murder. still suffered from paranoid delusions, some saw his work on the Oxford English Dictionary as a form of therapy. Minor became a regular collaborator with Murray as he sent his notes to the editor every week for 20 years. Every letter Minor signed with the closing, “Broadmoor, Crowthorne, Berkshire.
Murray soon had to give up his school teaching, and moved to Oxford in 1885; even then progress was too slow, and eventually three other Editors were appointed, each with responsibility for different parts of the alphabet. Although for more than three-quarters of the time he worked on the OED there were other Editors working alongside him—he eventually died in 1915—and although he had a staff of assistants helping him, it is without question that he was the Editor of the Dictionary.
It was not until 1928 that C. T. Onions and William Craigie finally finished the main text. In terms of the methodology he developed, The Oxford English Dictionary is largely Murray’s creation; as the ‘Historical Introduction’ to the OED states, ‘to Murray belongs the credit for giving it, at the outset, a form which proved to be adequate to the end’.
In his private life Murray married an Ada Agnes Ruthven and they found time to have 11 children together, all of whom reached adulthood, and unusual occurrence back then. Some even helped him in the compilation of the OED. The last pic is great and shows him astride a huge ‘sand-monster’ constructed on the beach during one of the family’s holidays in North Wales.
He was never made a Fellow of an Oxford college, to their shame, and only received an Oxford honorary doctorate the year before his death.
He died of pleurisy on this day 1915 and requested to be buried in Oxford beside the grave of his best friend, James Legge
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