#7 September 1548

[tudorqueen6]

7 September 1548: THE FUNERAL of the Dowager Queen

Evesham Journal 7 September 1548: THE FUNERAL of the Dowager Queen Katherine Parr. It was the first Protestant funeral held in English. Her chief mourner was Lady Jane Grey. She was buried in St Mary’s Chapel on the grounds of Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire, England. ‘A Breviate of the Internment of the lady Katherine Parr, Queen Dowager, late wife to King Henry VIII, and after, wife to Sir…

[famousborntoday]

Vincenzo Scamozzi was an Italian architect and a writer on architecture, active mainly in Vicenza and Republic of Venice area in the second half of the 16th cen...

Link: Vincenzo Scamozzi

[scotianostra]

September 10th 1547 saw the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh.

The background behind this goes back to one of the protagonists in yesterdays anniversary battle, Henry VIII  of England who had been rather isolated since his break from Rome and Catholic Europe.

Henry sought to secure his northern borders though an alliance with Scotland. Henry’s proposal involved the marriage of his son, Prince Edward to the young Mary Queen of Scots.

When the Scottish Parliament rejected Henry’s overtures, he sought to change their mind through a show of force by waging war in what became known as the ‘Rough Wooing’.

With the death of Henry in January 1547, the Duke of Somerset, uncle to the new King Edward VI, was now effectively ruling England as its Lord Protector. 

Like Henry, Somerset continued with the policy, known as the  Rough Wooing, but stepped up the campaign of violence against the Scots.

Somerset gathered the English army at Berwick before marching his force of around 18,000 men north, along the east coast road to Edinburgh, shadowed along the coast be some 30 war ships.

It fell to the Earl of Arran to organise the Scottish defences, who managed to muster an army estimated at 22,000 strong in response to the English invasion. Moving out of Edinburgh, Arran organised his troops on the west bank of the River Esk, blocking Somerset’s march on the Scottish capital. With the Firth of Forth to his left, he sited some of his artillery pieces out into the estuary to try and keep the English warships at bay.

Most chroniclers of the time agree that both armies were roughly of the same size with the Scots perhaps having more men-at-arms, but crucially, the English had naval support from the fleet offshore as well as much larger cavalry forces and vastly superior artillery including 15 heavy guns which could tear holes in an army or any castle for that matter.

 The Scottish army was divided into three “battles” with the Earl of Argyll and his 3000 clansmen given the important task of guarding the bridge with the Earl of Huntly and his troops alongside. The chief Scottish commander was the Earl of Arran who held the centre while the right wing of around 1500 cavalry – mostly from the Borders – was under the command of Lord Home.

 That first day saw Somerset prove his tactical genius. He signalled for the fleet standing out in the Forth to come to the mouth of the River Esk and start firing their cannons at the Scots in their formidable defensive position. Somerset knew he had to dislodge the Scottish army from its place on the far bank of the Esk and he calculated that firing his cannons from his ships would force the Scots to leave their defences.

 So it proved, with a major blunder by the Scots cavalry the first telling blow. It has often been speculated that the Borders horsemen lost the plot on that Saturday afternoon, but whatever the reason, there’s no doubt that they crossed the shallow River Esk and began to harry the English. Somerset then did a Stirling Bridge in reverse – like William Wallace 250 years previously almost to the day, he waited until the vast majority of the Scottish cavalry were on his side of the river and gave the order for a massive attack by his far superior cavalry. In a short time, the Scottish horsed forces were scattered and they suffered the indignity of seeing their commander, Lord Home, captured and displayed as a prisoner.

Both sides settled down for the night but the advantage was now very much with the English and on the morning of Sunday, September 10th – a date that should feature much more in the history of Scottish infamy – Somerset wasted no time in ordering the advance.

His land and sea artillery began to pound the Scottish army and seeing that he was caught in a pincer movement that would destroy his force, Arran gave the order to charge. Argyll and his fierce clansmen were first across the bridge followed by the bulk of the Scottish troops, mostly armed with pikes. These long spears were deadly weapons, usually, but it required troops to be able to close on their enemy where they could be lethal even to cavalry.

Too late the Scots realised their danger. The more that crossed the Esk, the tighter their ranks became, presenting an easy target to the cannons offshore and on land, and the musketeers able to shoot with impunity at a distance. All they had to do was fire at the Scottish mass and they would hit a target.

The Scottish bodies began to pile up, making it even more difficult to advance, and then Somerset played his ace card. With no Scottish cavalry to repulse them, the English mounted troops were able to charge unhindered at the left and right flanks of the army that was now trapped on the east bank of the Esk, forcing the Scots to huddle even closer together.

With many Scots crushed underfoot by their own colleagues, the advance halted and while at first they performed heroics in the face of attacks by a better army, the Scottish forces knew they were facing overwhelming odds. Leaving thousands – some historians say 6000 to 10,000, others even more – dead on the field, the Scottish army turned and fled towards Edinburgh. It is said that the Earls of Arran and Angus did not stop galloping until they were inside the walls of Edinburgh Castle itself.

With the battle won for Somerset he occupied and conquered southern Scotland. For he did not bother to besiege Edinburgh Castle but sacked Holyrood Abbey and other churches before attacking and occupying towns as far apart as Dundee and Dumfries. South-east Scotland was now effectively an English colony.

Still  the Scots refused to surrender and now the Auld Alliance came into play. Marie de Guise sent for French help and a strong force arrived in June 1548, by which time another English invasion had taken place, the occupying army now based at Haddington in East Lothian.  With French support that included professional mercenaries from across Europe, Haddington was besieged, and even a fresh boost of troops from England could not stop the inevitable as the town and other English strongholds were abandoned over the following months.

Queen Mary had been moved to Dumbarton Castle and under the 1548 Treaty of Haddington, her marriage to the Dauphin was arranged. The five-year-old queen and her attendants left for France on August 7, 1548. With Somerset having virtually bankrupted England with his war on Scotland, the English ended the Rough Wooing and Scotland’s independence was secured by a peace treaty signed in June 1551, seven months before Somerset was executed on trumped up charges of treason, karma eh! 

In Mary’s absence in France, the Reformers gained the upper hand and by the time she returned in 1561, the former galley slave John Knox had led Scotland into Protestantism.

  Clan Carruthers has a very good article about the battle here https://clancarrutherssociety.org/2019/10/11/clan-carruthers-the-battle-of-pinkie-cleugh/

[petersasteria]

The Forces of Nature || Ch.4

Pairing: Peter Parker x Superhero!Reader

Summary: “There’s this kid out there that can control the wind or something. I think she’s a great addition to the team. Let’s recruit her.”

SERIES MASTERLIST  ||  PP MASTERLIST

Click the pictures for better quality and I still can’t believe I actually did this chapter with maximum effort lmao bc I actually studied so yeah have fun learning

Today was the day of Y/N and Peter's presentation about Queen Elizabeth I and Y/N wasn't nervous at all. She was confident about their presentation. Plus, their slide designs looked really cute and refreshing to look at. Y/N's outfit that day was a modernized version of a dress from the Elizabethan era. She designed it herself and she was proud of the outcome and that she got it done in time. Eunice helped, of course.

The sleeves were short and slightly puffed. The skirt went until her knees and it had layers underneath to make it puffy as well. The body of her dress was tight fitted because of the corset. The dress had a boat neckline and her only accessory was a pastel choker. In fact, her whole dress was pastel colored and her hair was styled in loose curls.

When Peter entered the room, Y/N was reading her book in her seat. Peter sat next to her and sensing his presence, Y/N turned to him and smiled, "Good morning, Peter."

"G'morning, Y/N." Peter gave her a tight-smile as he set his bag down. Y/N continued reading and without looking up from her book, she said, "C'mon say something about my outfit. I feel like you have something to say about it. You always do."

"How did you know that?" Peter asked. Y/N looked at him and smiled, "I can tell. Just say it. No hard feelings."

Peter cleared his throat and took a good look at her. He didn't have anything insulting to say. However, he said, "You look like you came out of a Melanie Martinez music video."

"She was part of the inspiration for this design." Y/N chuckled. "She's amazing."

Peter didn't get to say anything because Mrs. Johnson walked in the room causing Y/N to place a bookmark on the page she was reading and putting it in her bag.

"Who will present today?" Mrs. Johnson asked. Peter and Y/N raised their hands and Mrs. Johnson smiled, "Ahh, the geniuses. I expect a great presentation. The floor is yours."

Y/N took the flash drive from her pocket and handed it to Peter which was a subtle way of telling him to set it up. Mrs. Johnson walked to the back of the classroom and sat on the chair where observers usually sit. Y/N patiently waited as Peter sets up the whole thing. When it was ready, Y/N mouthed a small 'thank you' to Peter who just smiled and nodded.

"Hi everyone! Peter and I will be talking about Queen Elizabeth I's early life until she became queen. We were told not to tackle her reign as queen because someone else will be presenting that." Y/N introduced and explained.

"Yes, please proceed." Mrs. Johnson smiled.

Peter clicked the next slide.

Peter cleared his throat and racked his brains for what he remembered. He and Y/N agreed that he'd explain the basic ones and would pipe in if he could remember some parts of her life.

"Queen Elizabeth I was born on September 7, 1533. She was the only child of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. If you don't know who Anne Boleyn is, she's Henry's second wife and she got executed for treason." Peter said. "Anyway, since Anne Boleyn got executed before Elizabeth's third birthday, Elizabeth was left discarded and removed from succession of the throne."

"It was kind of complicated because Elizabeth and her sister, Mary, were due a certain level of care and they'd be in and out of favor depending on King Henry VIII's mood and marital status. I mean, what kind of father would do that?" Peter said with so many emotions. Y/N was in shock that he actually read everything, but she was also proud that he did so.

"Eventually, they realized that Elizabeth was a 'highly prized potential wife'." Peter said in air quotes. "I air quoted 'highly prized potential wife' because spoiler alert to those who don't know: SHE DIDN'T GET MARRIED. She's not called The Virgin Queen for nothing, guys."

"And because she was a 'highly prized potential wife', she was well educated and her education was first rate. She excelled in languages! She was intelligent, articulate, and open-minded. In short, she was ahead of her time. I mean, that's my opinion, of course." Peter said.

"Why do you think she was ahead of her time, Mr. Parker?" Mrs. Johnson asked.

"Because she was open-minded before anyone else. All of us have already evolved and we all keep evolving and growing as a society and yet there are people who are still so close-minded about things. If Elizabeth was open-minded since the 1530's, why aren't we all open-minded now?" Peter answered which made Y/N smile. It made Mrs. Johnson smile too and nodded for Peter to continue.

"And because she was well educated and stuff, she grew up quickly. It was great that she matured so fast but it suddenly didn't feel great when her brother, Edward VI, became King of England in 1547." Peter started. "Henry's widow, Catherine Parr, married soon after Henry's death. She married Thomas Seymour."

"It was reinstated under the terms of Henry's will that Elizabeth would be Edward VI's successor. She was under the care of Catherine Parr and living in her household. At the age of 14, Elizabeth first attracted male attention." Peter said.

"Not much is to be known about Thomas Seymour except for the fact that he was power hungry and in my opinion, a pedophile. I based that opinion from the fact that Thomas Seymour, in his late 30's might I add, engaged in appropriate behavior with Elizabeth. When Catherine discovered that, Thomas assured her that it was all innocent. One day, Catherine found Thomas and Elizabeth alone together in an embrace and because of that, Elizabeth was sent away in May 1548."

A classmate named Cindy raised her hand. Peter looked at her and said, "Yes?"

"Was Elizabeth okay after that?" Cindy asked. Peter grinned, "Good question."

"Yes, she was okay. Being sent away made it easy for her to move on from all of it, but only for a short time." Peter answered. "It was only a short time because when Catherine Parr died in... October, was it?" He looked at Y/N for help.

Y/N continued where Peter left off, "When Catherine Parr died in September 1548, Thomas Seymour tried to renew his relationship with Elizabeth. Of course, he failed. So, he manipulated Edward VI."

"Why did he do all those things?" Flash asked.

"Well, he was power hungry and he wanted to secure his authority that's why he did what he did. Thomas was arrested in 1549 for his inappropriate behavior towards Elizabeth and plots to overthrow his brother who was the Lord Protector of England. That same year, he was executed." Y/N shrugged as Flash nodded. Peter clicked the next slide.

"Being Edward VI's sister, she caused little trouble compared to her sister, Mary, who went against the King's orders. When Edward VI fell ill in 1553, he went against Henry VIII's wishes and disinherited his sisters. Although his main issue was with Mary because of her very Catholic beliefs, disinheriting her would mean that he'd have to disinherit Elizabeth as well." Y/N reported.

"Well, that sucks." Flash commented.

"Indeed." Y/N said in agreement. "Anyway, when Edward died, Lady Jane Grey became queen... only for 9 days, though."

"A queen for 9 days? Why only 9 days? Did she die too?" Austin asked.

Y/N shook her head, "Nope."

"Who is she, anyway? She came out of nowhere!" Nadine exclaimed. "It's like she came there unannounced or something."

Y/N went to the board and grabbed a chalk and drew a chart of the Tudors for their classmates to understand. Peter stared at her in awe. "This girl knows her shit." Peter muttered under his breath as he crossed his arms out of habit.

Y/N turned to face everyone and started explaining, "Okay so let's start at the beginning. Henry VII and Elizabeth York are married and they had four children, namely: Arthur, Henry, Margaret, and Mary Tudor. Henry VIII and Jane Seymour had a son; Edward VI. Unfortunately, Jane Seymour died during childbirth."

"Anyway, Henry VIII's sister, Mary Tudor, married Charles Brandon the First Duke of Suffolk. They had a daughter, Frances Grey which makes her and Edward VI cousins. She married Henry Grey and they had a daughter who we all know as Jane Grey, the nine-day queen. In short, Jane Grey is Edward VI's niece." Y/N explained. "I hope that answers your question, Nadine."

"It did, thanks." Nadine said.

"I think it's weird that she's his niece." Allison mumbled.

"Now to answer Austin's question," Y/N said as she put down the chalk and rubbed her hands together to remove the chalk dust. Peter offered her a hand sanitizer which she gladly took and put some on her hands before giving it back to Peter and rubbing it on both of her hands.

"When Edward VI was dying, he disinherited both of his sisters and made Jane Grey his successor. So when he actually died in 1553, Jane Grey became queen. She was only queen for 9 days because the public basically didn't want her, they wanted Mary, Henry VIII's eldest and Edward VI's sister, to be queen instead. When Mary became queen, she wanted Jane Grey to be executed but she was spared upon the wish of the ones in the Holy Roman Empire. She was still a prisoner in the Tower, of course. Then she actually got executed when she refused to convert." Y/N explained. Austin nodded and took notes, "Thanks, Y/N."

"Okay so, now we all know that Mary became queen because the public wanted it. Elizabeth's life changed once again when her sister became queen and she now lived with her sister at court. Mary decided to reinstate the Catholic faith and of course it caused an uproar and such. Then this man named Thomas Wyatt started a revolt against Mary and it all just went downhill from there. In stark comparison to her irrational sister, Mary, Elizabeth became a figure of reason and enlightenment."

"Elizabeth was removed from the throne once more and after the rebellion was quashed, Elizabeth was interrogated because Mary suspected that Elizabeth took part in the said rebellion. There was no proof that Elizabeth had taken part in the rebellion, but she was taken to the Tower of London where she stayed for two months. In there, she was repeatedly interrogated and questioned. She never wavered from the protestations of her innocence and her love for her sister. Then Elizabeth left her prison for Woodstock and she was in house arrest there for nearly a year and the public was beginning to side with Elizabeth because Mary was getting crazy and out of hand. Elizabeth remained under house arrest until Mary came up with something to remove the threat."

"What was the threat?" Angelica asked.

"Elizabeth's ever-growing popularity was the threat." Y/N answered. "That's why she was sent to Woodstock."

"As Mary was thinking of a way to get rid of Elizabeth, she fell pregnant or she was already pregnant. If Mary had a healthy child, Elizabeth wouldn't become queen. But being pregnant is not easy so, this meant that Mary had to find Elizabeth a place for succession if she were to die in childbirth."

"She ended up not giving birth because her pregnancy was just a figment of her damaged imagination. In short, it was just a phantom pregnancy. Mary's health declined and she died on November 17, 1558."

"If Mary didn't bring her back in line for succession, how did Elizabeth become queen, then?" Brad questioned.

Y/N smiled, "Elizabeth became queen under the terms of Henry VIII's will. Now that she's queen, she already knew what to do and what not to do based from her family members. She learned from them and used it as stepping stones to be a great queen."

"Thank you for listening!" Peter and Y/N in sync. Mrs. Johnson and the rest of the class clapped for them. Peter took the flash drive and gave it to Y/N as they went back to their seats. Mrs. Johnson got up from her seat and went to the front of the class, "Thank you, Mr. Parker and Ms. Y/L/N. That was an astounding presentation! Both of you really did you research and I'm proud of both of you. You guys didn't disappoint."

Peter and Y/N smiled at each other and gave each other a high five. The bell rang signalling that class was over. The students put their things away as they prepared to leave the room.

"To the ones presenting tomorrow, my expectations are high!" Mrs. Johnson called out. "Bye class!"

Everyone left the classroom and Y/N left ahead with Peter running after her. "Hey, Y/N!" Peter shouted as he caught up with her. Y/N stopped walking and looked at him. Peter reached her and said, "Thanks for backing me up in there. I have to admit, we were amazing."

"Yeah, we were." Y/N smiled. "We make a great team, huh? I'll see you in the next class. I have to go to the library."

Peter nodded as he watched her walk away. What they did in class was great; they were great as a team. Perhaps it wasn't so bad to include her in the team after all.

After the last class, he went to the compound to report to the rest of the Avengers. When he arrived in the meeting room, everyone was already there and he was late.

"There you are, Peter! Sit." Tony said. Peter didn't hesitate to sit down at the only empty seat. Everyone looked at Peter expectantly.

"So, how's recruiting going?" Steve asked as he looked at Peter intently.

"It's alright. We did a report together and we were great. I have a feeling we'll get a high grade on it." Peter smiled.

"Does this mean that you finally agree to adding her to the team?" Scott asked with a giddy voice.

Peter shrugged, "It doesn't hurt to add one more person with powers, right?"

* * * *

:)))) I hope y'all are proud of my fucking research

𝐏𝐄𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐊𝐄𝐑 𝐓𝐀𝐆𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐓: @myblueleatherbag @harryismysunflower @buckys-little-hoe @justanothermarvelmaniac @itstaskeen @sandystoriess

𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐋 𝐓𝐀𝐆𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐓: @marvelousell @justasmisunderstoodasloki @rubberducky-jrr @petersholland @osterfieldnholland @miraclesoflove @god-knows-what-am-i-doing @perspectiveparker @hollands-weasley @itstaskeen @call-me-baby-gir1​ @the-panwitch​ @iamaunicorn4704​ @chloecreatesfictions​ @holland-styles​ @halfblood-princess-505​ @spidey-reids-2003​

[maximumphilosopheranchor]

To think about it... Almost all of my favourite historical figures either were born or have died in September!

Elizabeth I - born on 7 September 1533

Philip II of Spain - died on 13 September 1598

Robert Dudley - died on 4 September 1588

Catherine Parr - died on 5 September 1548

[meddlewithmycase]

Catherine Parr alternatively spelled Katherine, Katheryn, Kateryn, or Katharine (1512 – 5 September 1548), was queen consort of England and Ireland (1543–47) as the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII, and the final queen consort of the House of Tudor. She married him on 12 July 1543 and outlived him by a year and eight months. With four husbands, she is the most-married English queen.

Catherine enjoyed a close relationship with Henry's three children and was personally involved in the education of Elizabeth I and Edward VI. She was influential in Henry's passing of the Third Succession Act in 1543 that restored both his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, to the line of succession to the throne.

Catherine was appointed regent from July to September 1544 while Henry was on a military campaign in France and in case he lost his life, she was to rule as regent until Edward came of age. However, he did not give her any function in government in his will. In 1543, she published her first book, Psalms or Prayers, anonymously. On account of Catherine's Protestant sympathies, she provoked the enmity of anti-Protestant officials, who sought to turn the King against her; a warrant for her arrest was drawn up in 1545. However, she and the King soon reconciled. Her book Prayers or Meditations became the first book published by an English queen under her own name. She assumed the role of Elizabeth's guardian following the King's death, and published a second book, The Lamentation of a Sinner.

Henry died on 28 January 1547. After the king's death, Catherine was allowed to keep the queen's jewels and dresses as queen dowager. About six months after Henry's death, she married her fourth and final husband, Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley. The marriage was short-lived, as she died on Wednesday, 5 September 1548 due to complications of childbirth. Parr's funeral was held on 7 September 1548. Parr's funeral was the first Protestant funeral in England, Scotland or Ireland to be held in English.

[reallifesultanas]

Death and funerals/Halál és temetés

Death was also a very important part of the life of Ottoman Empire, especially because violent death was extremely common among male members of the dynasty. We are all familiar with the law of fratricide, which has led to the death of hundreds of princes (in many cases infants, children) by being strangled with a silk string. In my post today, however, I would rather talk about those for whom the cause and time of death are not so clear. I brought you some interesting, possibly suspicious deaths, and tried to gather everything about the causes of death of each sultan, prince, and sultana; and I also brought a brief history of the funerals: who was buried where, when there were unusual changes in funeral habits…

In general, very little is known about the deaths of the sultans of the early period. In many cases, we are left with guesses about the cause of death. However, the death of Murad I. (r. 1362-1389) is, for example, a refreshing exception, as several descriptions of his death have been made. He was killed by a Serbian nobleman during or before the Battle of Rigómező (1389). “… Absolutely unexpectedly, Milos Obilic who, out of cunning and intrigue, said he had adopted Islam, asked us to (…) kiss the shining lord’s foot, but instead of doing so, he inevitably stabbed a poisoned knife hidden in his dress into the glorious body of the lord, and seriously wounded him, and drank him with the serbet of the martyrs.” Of course, it is not certain that everything happened as described, but it is certain that he was victim of murder by the hands of Milos Obilic.

The death of Bayezid I (r. 1389-1402) himself is also interesting. Some believe that he committed suicide in the captivity of Timur Lenk (r. 1370-1405) after Timur humiliated his wife, Maria before his eyes. Others say he was poisoned during captivity.

Either way, the deaths of the sultans always marked the beginning of something new. If the sultan died, there was no time to mourn. For their wives, concorts, and chief pashas had a different matter after death: to immediately notify the crown prince, or the prince whom they themselves wanted to see on the throne. The sultan became the one who reach the capital first and ascended the throne. In the early days, sultans often died during a campaign away from their home - the imperial capital - so it was their pashas who informed the princes about the situation. The princes did everything they could to get to the capital first. In many cases, they also received help from the pashas who supported them. For example, Bayezid II (r. 1481-1512), who had previously married his daughters to influential pashas. His sons-in-laws did everything they could to slow down Bayezid’s biggest rival, one of his brothers, on the road to Istanbul. They succeeded and Bayezid ascended the throne, so the pashas received their reward for it.

Unlike Bayezid II, at the death of Sultan Süleyman I (r. 1520-1566), there was no longer a competitor to his son, Selim II (r. 1566-1574). Yet Süleyman still died at a very bad moment - right in the middle of a battle - caused by the health problems by his gout. To avoid rebellion and loss of soldier's motivation, the grand vezir, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha concealed the sultan's death. He clothed servants in the sultan's robes, he dictated commands written by similarly handwritten scribes on behalf of the sultan until Selim II finally arrived to the camp and became a sultan.

In later periods, after his death the sultan's consorts played the main role, not his pashas, as the sultans died more and more often in the capital. One particularly interesting example of this is Selim II's death, which he suffered after slipping in the bath and which his wife, Nurbanu Sutan (⁓1525-1583), shared only with the Grand Vizier, and secretly sent a message to Nurbanu's son Murad (r. 1574-1595) to come to the capital. This was necessary because Murad's younger brothers were in the capital at the time of Selim's death.

The sultans were always buried in the current imperial capital. Bursa, as a former capital, played an important role even after the conquest of Constantinapole, as the princes who had been executed or died by natural causes were buried there. Of course, there were exceptions, during the reign of Süleyman I (r. 1520-1566) there was two. His favorite son, Mehmed (1521-1543), died of illness in Manisa, but breaking with customs, Süleyman not only buried him in the capital instead of Bursa, but had made a mosque to him, which vied with the mosques of the sultans. His other son, the rebellious Bayezid (1525-1562) was less fortunate. Because he was executed near the Iranian border, Süleyman even refused him the Bursa funeral so he was buried with his sons near to the Iranian border. His youngest son, who was an infant and could not flee to Iran with his him, was buried in Bursa among other princes of similar destiny.

Before we scrutinize the sultanas, here is a brief summary of the period of the “Sultanate of women” and the period immediately preceding it, about the causes of death of the sultans and princes, without claiming completeness*:

Bayezid II (b. 1447): 24 April 1512, most probably poisoning or natural causes

Selim I (d. 1470): 22 September 1520, most probably tumor or anthrax but plague is also an option

Süleyman I (b. 1494): 7 September 1566, gout but some sources suggest stroke also beside the gout

Şehzade Mahmud (b. 1512): 29 October 1521, smallpox or plague

Şehzade Musztafa (b. 1515): 6 october 1553, strangled

Şehzade Mehmed (b. 1546): 10 october1553, strangled

Şehzade Ahmed (b. ?): 1552, illness

Şehzade Murad (b. 1519): 12 October 1521, smallpox or plague

Şehzade Mehmed (b. 1521): 6 November 1543, smallpox or plague

Şehzade Abdullah (b. ⁓1525): c. 1527, maybe smallpox or plague

Şehzade Bayezid (b. ⁓1525 ): 23 July 1562, strangled

Şehzade Orhan (b. ⁓1543): 23 July 1562, strangled

Şehzade Osman (b. ⁓1545): 23 July 1562, strangled

Şehzade Abdullah (b. ⁓1548): 23 July 1562, strangled

Şehzade Mehmed (b. ⁓1544): 23 July 1562, strangled

Şehzade Murad (b. ⁓1556): 23 July 1562, strangled

Şehzade ? (b. ⁓1560/1): July 1562, strangled

Şehzade Cihangir (b. 1531): 27 November 1553, chronical illness and some kind of acut desease

Selim II: 12/15 December 1574, head injury after slipping

Şehzade Mehmed (b. ⁓1570): 1573/74, illness

Şehzade Szulejmán (b. ⁓1570): 22 December 1574, strangled

Şehzade Abdullah (b. ⁓1570): 22 December 1574, strangled

Şehzade Ali  (b. ⁓1572): 1572, soon after his death

Şehzade Oszmán (b. ⁓1573/4): 22 December 1574, strangled

Şehzade Cihangir (b. ⁓1573/4): 22 December 1574, strangled

Murad III (b. 1546): 16 January 1595, natural causes

Şehzade Selim (b. 1567): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Mahmud (b. 1568): c. 1581, illness

Şehzade Süleyman, Cihangir, Ahmed died after their birth

Şehzade Abdullah (b. 1585): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Mustafa (b. 1585): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Bayezid (b. 1586): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Cihangir (b. 1587): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Abdurrahman (b. ?): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Alemşah (b. ?): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Aleaddin Davud (b. ?): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Ali (b. ?): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Hasan (b. ?): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Hüseyin (b. ?): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Ishak (b. ?): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Murad (b. ?): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Oszmán (b. ?): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Ömer (b. ?): 28 January 1595, strangled

Şehzade Yusuf (b. ?): 28 January 1595, strangled

Mehmed III (b. 1566): 21 December 1603, natural causes but some suggest he died because of health problems caused by his overweight

Şehzade Selim (b. 1585): 1597, illness

Şehzade Mahmud (b. 1587): summer of 1603, strangled

Şehzade Süleyman (b. ?): 1597, illness

Şehzade Cihangir (b. ?): 1602, illness

Ahmed I (b. 1590): 22 November 1617, typhus or gastric bleeding

Şehzade Mehmed (b. 1605): 12 January 1621, strangled

Şehzade Bayezid (b. 1612): 27 July 1635, strangled

Şehzade Kasim (b. 1614): 17 February 1638, strangled

Şehzade Süleyman (b. 1615): 27 July 1635, strangled

Şehzade Hasan, Orhan, Selim, Hüseyin, Cihangir and possibly others also died an infants or young children

Mustafa I (b. ⁓1600): 1639, natural causes most probably, but epilepsy os also an option

Osman II (b. 1604): murder

Şehzade Ömer (b. 1621): 1622, there are more than one options: accident, shock, murder, illness

Murad IV (b. 1612): 8 February 1640, cirrhosis and other chronical illnesses

He had lot of sons, but all of them died as infants. Evliya Celebi suggest that all of them were born with a bad health and they died soon. This suggests an extreme situation, poisoning or genetical desease are also options.  

Ibrahim I (b. 1615): 18 August 1648, strangled

Şehzade Murad, Osman, Bayezid, Cihangir died as infants caused by illness

Şehzade Selim (b. 1644): 1669, most probably by illness

Mehmed IV (b. 1642): / November 1693, natural causes

Süleyman II (b. 1642): 22 June, 1691, his body got swollen then he fall into coma and later died.

Ahmed II (b. 1643): 6 February 1695, natural causes or stress-caused stroke/heart-attack

It is especially rare when the exact cause and date are both available for the sultanas. We know their lives primarily from registers that list their possessions and salaries. Thus, in many cases, we can only conclude that when they disappeared from the registers, they may have died. However, these registers are often incomplete, sometimes missing for several years, decades, and they can even be fragmentary. In addition, the cause of death was recorded even less frequently. To this we can usually deduce from if there was a child born, or there was a fresh marriage immediately before the time of death, or  possibly was there a huge epidemic at the time of death? About the influential sultanas, the historians and ambassadors have occasionally recorded the supposed cause of death. However, this is quite rare, as will become clear from reading the list at the bottom of the chapter.

The burial of sultans has always evoked double feelings in the people, because on the day of the funeral, the ascension of the new sultan was celebrated and meanwhile the new sultan's brothers were executed by the new sultan so the people moruned them. In contrast, the mourning and funeral customs of the sultanas were much calmer, receiving more attention in this sense. At the time of their death, the needy were often given alms and food for the sake of the sultana's soul. For example, the burial of Handan Valide Sultan (⁓1570-1605) after her death on November 9, 1605, the Venetian ambassador recorded the vast amount of alms distributed among the people. In addition, the death and burial of a valide sultan was always associated with a public mourning, as the people could express their sympathy for the sultan, who had lost his mother at that time. After the death of Ayşe Hafsa (⁓1475-1534), the mother of Süleyman I, for example, the city mourned for several days. Süleyman’s mother Hafsa Sultan had been an honored member of the royal family. In describing her funeral, the royal chancellor and historian Celalzade Mustafa honored her with a long series of formulas of praise, among which are the most exalted that can be applied to a Muslim woman, likening her to the Prophet Muhammad’s first wife Khadija, his daughter Fatima, and his third and favorite wife ‘A’isha: “[S]he was a woman of great ascetism and a lady of righteous thought, queen of the realm of chastity and the Khadija of the capital of purity, builder of charitable foundations and doer of pious deeds, the Fatima of the era and the ‘A’isha of the age.”

In the case of sultanas, instead of violent death, childbirth was the leading death-cause. Many died in labour and childbirth... Although the palace’s doctors and midwives were the bests in the world, childbirth was a dangerous activity in those days. The fact is, however, that far fewer women from the dynasty of the Ottoman Empire died of childbirth compared to the western empires. The most famous birth-related death belongs to Esmehan Kaya. Kaya Sultan (1633-1658) was the daughter of Murad IV (r. 1623-1640), and she inherited the nature of her father, this is why she was considered by many to be Murad’s most worthy child. Legend has it that Esmehan Kaya was predicted that she would die in childbirth, which is why she did not allowed her husband close to her for years. However, over time true love developed between her and her husband, which of course was fulfilled physically. Esmehan Kaya gave birth to two children, so perhaps he had already forgotten the prophecy and breathed a sigh of relief. However, there were complications at the birth of her third child. The placenta did not detached, even though the midwives tried various tortures, so a few days after giving birth, she died by sepsis after horrible sufferings. Her little daughter didn't live too long either. One of Kaya’s sisters, Safiye (⁓1540-1580), also died during childbirth.

However, not Kaya and her sister were the only ones who died during childbirth, Two daughters of Selim II (r. 1566-1574) died in a similar way: Fatma Sultan (1558-1580), who died along her daughter after giving birth, at a fairly young age; and Esmehan Sultan (⁓1545-1585) who died of complications after the birth of his fourth child. Her son survived her just with a month. In her case, the complications may also have been related to the fact that she gave birth in a relatively old age compared to the customs of the period, at about forty years of age. It is interesting, by the way, that Selim's other daughter, Şah (1544-1580), also died at a relatively young age due to illness, so of Selim's daughters, only Gevherhan (⁓1545-1622?) was the one who died in old age and presumably by natural causes.

According to legends, Murad III's (r. 1574-1595) favourite consort, Safiye Sultan(⁓1550-1620?), also almost died in one of her miscarriages, but as we know she eventually survived and was able to rule for many, many more years. The less fortunate Mahfiruze Hatun (⁓1590-1608 / 12?), concubine of Ahmed I, and the mother of his eldest son, presumably also died in childbirth, although in her case several alternatives arose as to the cause of death, including epidemic also.

Interestingly, among the sultan’s favorites, we know even fewer cases where a concubine died during childbirth. However, the reason for this is presumably not that this has not happened ever… The reason is that when the concubine died in childbirth she was simply forgotten. After all, the average concubine did not give birth to a large number of children, especially as long as the one-concubine-one-son rule was followed. Thus, in all likelihood, when they died during childbirth, they either had no other children or only daughters, so they were less important persons, their names were recorded less, and then they disappeared from the public consciousness.

From the period of the “Sultanate of women” I also collected the causes and dates of the death of the most famous sultanas, without claiming completeness, as many sultanas were left out of the list because neither the year nor the reason of their death is known and in many cases not even their names *:

Ayşe Hafsa Sultan (b. ⁓1475): 19 March 1534, illness, most probably stroke or cancer since she suffered for months

Beyhan Sultan (b. ⁓1492): c. 1559, most probably natural causes

Hatice Sultan (b. ⁓1491): ?

Fatma Sultan (b. ⁓1493): 1557, most probably natural causes or illness

daughters of Selim I

Hafsa Sultan (b. ⁓1495/1500): 10 July 1538, most probably illness

Şah-i Huban Sultan (sz. ⁓1500): 1572, natural causes

Hürrem Sultan (b. ⁓1503): 15 April 1558, most probably cancer and maybe malaria also

Mihrimah Sultan (b. 1522): 25 January 1578, most probably natural causes or illness

Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan (b. 1541): 1594, natural causes or illness

Şehzade Mehmed’s daughter

Hümaşah Sultan (b. 1543): 1582, natural causes or illness

Fatma Hanimsultan (b. 1567): 29 July 1588, illness or complications during childbirth

Raziye Sultan (b. ⁓1515): October 1521, smallpox or plague

Mahidevran Hatun (b. ⁓1500): 3 February 1581, natural causes

Mahidevran Hatun’s granddaughters:

Fatma Sultan (b. ⁓1545): 1577, illness or childbirth

Nergiz-Şah Sultan (b. ⁓1536): c. 1592, natural causes or illness

Gülfem Hatun (b. ⁓1495): 1562, natiral causes or execution

Nurbanu Sultan (b. ⁓1525): 7 December 1583, most probably a sudden illness, or stroke/heart-attack, but poisoning is also an options

Esmehan Sultan (b. ⁓1545): 8 August 1585, complications after childbirth

Şah Sultan (b. 1544): September 1580, illness

Gevherhan Sultan (b. ⁓1545): after 1604, maybe in 1622, natural causes

Selim II’s daughter, Fatma Sultan (b. 1558): September 1580, after childbirth (maybe complications after a still-birth)

Safiye Sultan (b. ⁓1550): c. 1520, natural causes

Ayşe Sultan (b. ⁓1565): 15 May 1605, most probably illness

Hümaşah Sultan (b. ⁓1565): after 1580, illness or childbirth

Fatma Sultan (b. ⁓1565): c. 1620, natural causes

Murad III’s daughters:

Fahriye Sultan (b. ⁓1588): after 1641, natural causes

Rukiye Sultan (b. ⁓1593): c. 1623, most probably illness or childbirth

Handan Sultan (b. ⁓1570): 9 November 1605, gastric problems

Halime Sultan (b. ⁓1570): after 1623, ?

Kösem Sultan (b. ⁓1590): 2 September 1651, strangled

Hanzade Sultan (b. ⁓1609): 23 September 1650, illness or natural causes

Ayşe Sultan (b. ⁓1605/7): c. 1657, most probably natural causes

Fatma Sultan (b. ⁓1606): c. 1670, most probably natural causes

I. Ahmed’s daughters

Gevherhan Sultan (b. ⁓1605): 1660, natural causes

Abide Sultan (b. 1618): c. 1648, most probably illness (or she lived longer just retired and became forgotten)

Atike Sultan (b. ⁓1614): c. 1670, most probably natural causes

Ayşe Sultan (b. ⁓1610): c. 1680, natural causes

Esmehan Kaya Sultan (b. 1633): 1658, complications after giving birth

IV. Murad’s daughters:

Safiye Sultan (b. 1635):1680, complications after giving birth

Rukiye Sultan (b. ⁓1640): 1696, most probably natural causes

Hanzade Sultan (b. 1631): 1675, most probably natural causes

Turhan Hatice Sultan (b. ⁓1627): 1683, natural causes by some chronical illness.

Fatma Sultan (b. 1642): 1657, illness

Ibrahim I’s daughters:

Gevherhan Sultan (b. 1642): 21 September 1694, long illness

Beyhan Sultan (b. 1645): 5 March 1701, natural causes

Hatice Muazzez Sultan (b. ⁓1627): 12 September 1687, heart attack or stroke

Saliha Dilaşub Sultan (b. ⁓1627): 4 December 1689, long illness maybe cancer

Telli Hümaşah Sultan (b. ⁓1630): c. 1672, most probably illness

Emetullah Rabia Gülnüs Sultan (b. ⁓1642): 6 November 1715, illness

 A short discussion about the history and customs of funerals

For a long time, the sultans were the only "inhabitants" of their tomb. In this Murad III made a change, burying his executed siblings next to his father, Selim II. But over time, Murad broke another tradition when he buried his mother, Nurbanu, next to his father in his tomb. For in the past centuries the wifes and consorts of the sultans had not been placed in a tomb with their master, and for a long time not even in their mosque. An early exception to this was Süleyman I's mother Ayşe Hafsa, who was buried in Süleyman I's father's mosque. Over time, Süleyman buried his only wife, Hürrem, in his own mosque in a separate tomb. And later Nurbanu was the first woman to rest right next to her husband in the same tomb. Importantly, however, Murad had already done a similar thing before Nurbanu. When Mihrimah Sultan passed away, knowing how close she was to his father, Murad buried her in Süleyman’s tomb, right next to her father. This is particularly interesting because Mihrimah’s husband Rüstem also had a mosque where Mihrimah could have been buried, but the mosque of Mihrimah’s brothers, the Şehzade Mosque, would also have been suitable for her. All indicate that Murad buried Mihrimah next to his father with a reason, as he later did with his mother and father.  

Back to Nurbanu, in her case, another tradition was broken. It was not only in life but in death as well that Nurbanu Sultan enjoyed extraordinary honors. Contrary to the custom whereby the sultan remained in the palace during a funeral, Murad accompanied his mother’s coffin on foot, weeping as he walked, to the mosque of Mehmed the Conqueror, where funeral prayers were said. The choice of the Conqueror’s mosque, the most distant of the sultanic mosques from the imperial palace, ensured both a maximum number of bystanders’ prayers for Nurbanu’s soul and maximum appreciation by the capital’s residents of this display of royal piety and respect for the valide sultan. According to the historian Selaniki, the “whole world” crowded into the mosque for the funeral prayers. For forty days high-ranking statesmen and religious officials were required to pay their respects at the valide sultan’s tomb, while the Qur’an was read continuously. The extraordinary nature of this funeral is suggested by the fact that in the extensive collection of the Topkapı Palace Library, the only miniature that depicts an event in the life of a female member of the dynasty is one illustrating the emergence of Nurbanu Sultan’s funeral cortège from the imperial palace.

 *PS: The dates in the lists are not always widely accepted. There are dates of birth and death that historians are still debating to this day. In these cases, I have mentioned the dates I consider most plausible.

 Used sources: Leslie Peirce – The imperial harem, Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire; Leslie Peirce – Empress of the east; Colin Imber – The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650; Günhan Börekçi – Factions and Favorites at the courts of Sultan Ahmed (r. 1603-17) and his immediate predecessors; Douglas A. Howard – A History of the Ottoman Empire.

*     *     *

A halál is nagyon komoly részét képezte az Oszmán Birodalomnak, különösen mert rendkívül gyakori volt az erőszakos halál a dinasztia férfitagjai között. Mindannyian ismerjük a testvérgyilkosság törvényét, mely okán több száz herceget (sok esetben csecsemőket, gyermekeket) fojtottak meg a selyemzsineggel. Mai posztomban azonban inkább azokról szeretnék szólni, akik esetében nem ennyire egyértelmű a halál oka, ideje. Néhány érdekes, esetleg gyanús halálesetet hoztam el számotokra, illetve megpróbáltam összeszedni mindent az egyes szultánok, hercegek és szultánák halálának okairól; valamint a temetkezés rövid történetét is elhoztam: kiket hová temettek, mikor álltak be rendhagyó változások a temetkezési szokásokban…

Az általánosságban elmondható, hogy a korai periódus szultánjainak haláláról igen keveset tudunk. Nagyon sok esetben csak találgatások maradtak ránk a halál okáról. I. Murad (u. 1362-1389) halála azonban például egy üdítő kivétel, esetében ugyanis több leírás is készült haláláról. Egy szerb nemes gyilkolta meg tőrrel a Rigómezei csata (1389) alatt vagy előtt. „… teljesen váratlanul egy bizonyos Milos Obilic, aki ravaszságból és cselszövésből azt mondta, hogy felvette az iszlámot, arra kért bennünket, hogy (…)megcsókolja a fénylő nagyúr lábát, ahelyett, hogy ezt tette volna, elháríthatatlanul ruhájába elrejtett mérgezett kést szúrt a fénylő nagyúr dicső testébe, s súlyosan megsebezvén megitatta őt a mártírok serbetjével.” Természetesen nem bizonyos, hogy minden a leírtak szerint történt, az azonban biztos, hogy gyilkosság áldozata lett Milos Obilic keze által.

I. Bayezid (u. 1389-1402) halála maga szintén érdekes, egyesek úgy vélik, hogy öngyilkos lett Timur Lenk (u. 1370-1405) fogságában, miután az, szeme láttára alázta meg feleségét Mariát. Mások szerint megmérgezték a fogság idején. Akárhogyan is, a szultánok halála mindig valami új kezdetét jelentette. Ha a szultán meghalt, nem volt idő gyászolni. Asszonyaiknak, feleségeiknek és a főbb vezíreinek ugyanis más dolga volt a halál beállta után: azonnal értesíteni a koronaherceget, vagy azt a herceget, akit ők maguk a trónon akartak látni. A szultán ugyanis az lett, aki először ért a fővárosba és foglalta el a trónt. A korai időszakban a szultánok gyakran az otthonuktól – a birodalmi fővárostól – távol, hadjárat során hunytak el, így vezíreik voltak azok, akik értesítették a hercegeket a helyzetről. A hercegek pedig mindent megtettek, hogy egymás előbb érhessenek a fővárosba. Ebben pedig sok esetben segítséget is kaptak az őket támogató pasáktól. Így kerülhetett például trónra II. Bayezid (u. 1481-1512) is. Lányait korábban befolyásos pasákhoz adta nőül, vejei pedig mindent megtettek, hogy Bayezid legnagyobb vetélytársát, egyik testvérét lelassíthassák az Isztambulba vezető úton. Sikerrel jártak és Bayezid elfoglalta a trónt, ők pedig megkapták érte jutalmukat.

II. Bayeziddel ellentétben, I. Szulejmán szultán (u. 1520-1566) halálakor nem volt már vetélytársa fiának, II. Szelimnek (u. 1566-1574). Azonban Szulejmán mégis nagyon rossz pillanatban – épp egy csata kellős közepén – hunyt el a köszvénye okozta egészségügyi problémákban. Hogy elkerülje a lázadást és a katonák motivációjának elvesztését, a fővezír a szultán halálát eltitkolta. Szolgálókat öltöztetett be a szultán ruháiba, hasonló kézírású írnokokkal íratott parancsokat a szultán nevében, amíg II. Szelim megérkezett végre a táborba és szultánná lett.

A későbbi periódusokban már a szultán asszonyaié volt a főszerep, hiszen a szultánok egyre gyakrabban hunytak el a fővárosban. Erre egyik különösen érdekes példa II. Szelim halála, mely egy fürdőben történő elcsúszás után érte, és amit felesége Nurbanu szultána (⁓1525-1583) csak a nagyvezírrel osztott meg, és titokban üzentek Nurbanu fiának Muradnak (u. 1574-1595), hogy igyekezzen a fővárosba. Erre azért volt szükség, mert Murad gyermeköccsei a fővárosban tartózkodtak II. Szelim halálakor.

A szultánokat mindig az éppen aktuális birodalmi fővárosban helyezték örök nyugalomra. Bursa, mint korábbi főváros egyébként Isztambul elfoglalása után is fontos szerepet őrzött, ugyanis a kivégzett vagy természetes módon elhunyt hercegeket itt helyezték örök nyugalomra. Természetesen ebben is akadt kivétel, I. Szulejmán (u. 1520-1566) uralkodása alatt rögtön kettő is. Kedvenc fia, Mehmed (1521-1543) betegségben halt meg Manisában, ám a szokásokkal szakítva Szulejmán nem csak, hogy a fővárosban temette el Bursa helyett, de egyenesen szultánokéval vetekedő mecsetet építtetett fia számára. Másik fia, a lázadó Bayezid (1525-1562) kevéssé volt szerencsés. Mivel az iráni határ mellett végezték ki, Szulejmán még a Bursai temetést is megtagadta tőle, és az iráni határ mellett lelt örök nyugalomra fiai mellett. Legkisebb fia, aki csecsemő volt és nem tudott apjával együtt Iránba menekülni, kivégzése után Bursába lett eltemetve a többi hasonló sorsú herceg között.

Mielőtt tovasuhannánk és a szultánákat vennénk górcső alá, itt egy kis összefoglaló a „Nők szultánátusának” időszakából és az azt közvetlenül megelőző időszakból, a szultánok és hercegek halálának okairól, a teljesség igénye nélkül*:

II. Bayezid (sz. 1447): 1512. április 24, feltehetőleg mérgezés, de a természetes halál is felmerül

I. Szelim (sz. 1470): 1520. szeptember 22, feltehetőleg daganatos betegség vagy lépfene, de a mérgezés és pestis is opció

I. Szulejmán (sz. 1494): 1566. szeptember 7, köszvény, de ráadásnak az agyvérzés is felmerült

Şehzade Mahmud (sz. 1512): 1521. október 29, himlő vagy pestis

Şehzade Musztafa (sz. 1515): 1553. október 6, megfojtás

Şehzade Mehmed (sz. 1546): 1553. október 10, megfojtás

Şehzade Ahmed (sz. ?): 1552, betegség

Şehzade Murad (sz. 1519): 1521. október 12, himlő vagy pestis

Şehzade Mehmed (sz. 1521): 1543. november 6, feltehetőleg himlő

Şehzade Abdullah (sz. ⁓1525): c. 1527, talán himlő vagy pestis

Şehzade Bayezid (sz. ⁓1525 ): 1562. július 23, megfojtás

Şehzade Orhan (sz. ⁓1543): 1562. július 23, megfojtás

Şehzade Osman (sz. ⁓1545): 1562. július 23, megfojtás

Şehzade Abdullah (sz. ⁓1548): 1562. július 23, megfojtás

Şehzade Mehmed (sz. ⁓1544): 1562. július 23, megfojtás

Şehzade Murad (sz. ⁓1556): 1562. július 23, megfojtás

Şehzade ? (sz. ⁓1560/1), 1562. július ?, megfojtás

Şehzade Cihangir (sz. 1531): 1553. november 27, krónikus betegségek és valamilyen fertőzés

II. Szelim: 1574. december 12/15, elesést követő fejsérülés

Şehzade Mehmed (sz. ⁓1570): 1573/74, betegség

Şehzade Szulejmán (sz. ⁓1570): 1574. december 22, megfojtás

Şehzade Abdullah (sz. ⁓1570): 1574. december 22, megfojtás

Şehzade Ali  (sz. ⁓1572): 1572, születése után

Şehzade Oszmán (sz. ⁓1573/4): 1574. december 22, megfojtás

Şehzade Cihangir (sz. ⁓1573/4): 1574. december 22, megfojtás

III. Murad (sz. 1546): 1595. január 16, természetes okok

Şehzade Szelim (sz. 1567): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Mahmud (sz. 1568): c. 1581, betegség

Şehzade Szulejmán, Cihangir, Ahmed és feltehetőleg más hercegek is: születésük után egyből

Şehzade Abdullah (sz. 1585): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Musztafa (sz. 1585): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Bayezid (sz. 1586): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Cihangir (sz. 1587): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Abdurrahman (sz. ?): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Alemşah (sz. ?): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Aleaddin Davud (sz. ?): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Ali (sz. ?): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Hasan (sz. ?): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Hüseyin (sz. ?): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Ishak (sz. ?): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Murad (sz. ?): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Oszmán (sz. ?): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Ömer (sz. ?): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

Şehzade Yusuf (sz. ?): 1595. január 28, megfojtás

III. Mehmed (sz. 1566): 1603. december 21, természetes okok (egyesek szerint túlsúlyhoz köthető egészségügyi problémák)

Şehzade Szelim (sz. 1585): 1597, betegség

Şehzade Mahmud (sz. 1587): 1603, megfojtás

Şehzade Szulejmán (sz. ?): 1597, betegség

Şehzade Cihangir (sz. ?): 1602, betegség

I. Ahmed (sz. 1590): 1617. november 22, feltehetőleg tífusz vagy gyomorvérzés

Şehzade Mehmed (sz. 1605): 1621. január 12, megfojtás

Şehzade Bayezid (sz. 1612): 1635. július 27, megfojtás

Şehzade Kasim (sz. 1614): 1638. február 17, megfojtás

Şehzade Szulejmán (sz. 1615): 1635. július 27, megfojtás

Şehzade Hasan, Orhan, Selim, Hüseyin, Cihangir és feltehetőleg más hercegek is csecsemőként agy gyermekként

I. Musztafa (sz. ⁓1600): 1639, természetes okok (de az epilepszia is felmerül)

II. Oszmán (sz. 1604): brutális gyilkosság

Şehzade Ömer (sz. 1621): 1622, több opció is létezik: baleset, gyilkosság, betegség, sokk

IV. Murad (sz. 1612): 1640. február 8, májzsugor és feltehetőleg egyéb krónikus betegségek

Rengeteg fia született, ám Evliya Celebi szerint mindannyian gyenge egészséggel születtek, majd haltak meg nem sokkal később. A háttérben egyesek mérgezést sejtenek, de lehetett genetikai betegség is, amely a fiúkat érintette.

I. Ibrahim (sz. 1615): 1648. augusztus 18, megfojtás

Şehzade Murad, Osman, Bayezid, Cihangir gyermekként elhunytak betegség következtében

Şehzade Selim (sz. 1644): 1669, feltehetőleg betegség

IV. Mehmed (sz. 1642): 1693. november 6, természetes okok

II. Szulejmán (sz. 1642): 1691. június 22, teste felduzzadt, kómába esett majd meghalt valamilyen betegségtől

II. Ahmed (sz. 1643): 1695. február 6, természetes okok, de a stressz okozta szívroham/agyvérzés is opció

Különösen ritka, mikor a pontos ok és időpont is rendelkezésünkre áll a szultánák esetében. Az ő életüket elsősorban feljegyzésekből ismerjük, melyek a tulajdonaikat és fizetéseiket listázzák. Így sok esetben csak következtetni tudunk rá, hogy amikor eltűntek a feljegyzésekből, akkor hunyhattak el. Azonban ezek a feljegyzések gyakran hiányosak, előfordul, hogy több évre, évtizedre sincsenek meg, esetleg töredékesek. Emellett a halál okát még ritkábban jegyezték fel. Erre általában onnan tudunk következtetni, hogy született e gyermek, volt e friss házasság a halál idejét közvetlenül megelőzően, volt e esetleg hatalmas járvány a halál ideje alatt? Valamint a befolyásosabb szultánák esetében a történetírók, követek előfordult, hogy feljegyezték a halál feltételezett okát. Ez azonban meglehetősen ritka, ahogy a fejezet alján található listát olvasva is egyértelművé válik.

A szultánok temetése mindig kettős érzéseket váltott ki az emberekből. Egyrészt a temetés napján új szultán trónra lépését ünnepelték, és az új szultán kivégzett testvéröccseit gyászolták. Ezzel szemben a szultánák gyászszertartásai és temetési szokásai sokkal nyugodtabbak voltak, nagyobb figyelmet kaptak ilyen értelemben. Halálukkor a nincsteleneknek gyakran osztottak lelki üdvükért alamizsnát, ételt. Erre például Handan valide szutána (⁓1570-1605) 1605. november 9-i halálát követően temetése remek példa. A velencei követ feljegyezte, hogy milyen hatalmas mennyiségű alamizsnát osztottak szét az emberek között. Emellett egy valide szultána halála és temetése mindig nyilvános gyászszertartáshoz volt köthető, hiszen a nép így ki tudta fejezni együttérzését a szultánnal, aki édesanyját veszítette el ekkor. Ayşe Hafsa (⁓1475-1534), I. Szulejmán édesanyjának halála után például a város több napra gyászba borult. Mindemellett a temetését leíró Celalzade Mustafa serint nagyon hosszú imákkal búcsúztatták, amelyben a legtiszteltebb muszlim asszonyokhoz tették őt hasonlatossá, mint például Mohamed próféta első felesége Hatice, leánya Fatma és harmadik, egyben kedvenc felesége Ayşe: „Nagyon vallásos asszony volt, az igazlelkű cselekedetek asszonya, a tisztaság királynője, korának Haticéje; jótékony intézetek alapítója, korának Fatmája és Ayşéje.”

A szultánák esetében az erőszakos halál helyett a gyermekszülés volt vezető halálok. Sokan a szülésbe haltak bele, mert bár a palota orvosai és bábái a világ legjobbjai voltak, a szülés veszélyes tevékenység volt azokban az időkben. Tény azonban, hogy a nyugati birodalmakhoz képest jóval kevesebb asszony halt bele a szülésbe vagy gyermekágyi lázba az Oszmán Birodalom dinasztiájából. A leghíresebb szüléshez kapcsolódó halál Esmehan Kayáé. Kaya szultána (1633-1658) IV. Murad (u. 1623-1640) leánya volt, aki örökölte apja természetét, sokan őt tartották Murad legméltóbb gyermekének. Legendák szerint Esmehan Kayának megjövendölték még fiatal korában, hogy a szülésbe fog belehalni, emiatt évekig nem engedte közel magához a férjét. Férjével azonban idővel igazi szerelem alakult ki, mely természetesen testileg is beteljesült. Esmehan Kaya két gyermeknek is életet adott, így talán már el is felejtette a jövendölést és fellélegzett. Harmadik gyermeke születésekor azonban komplikációk léptek fel. A placenta nem akart leválni, hiába próbálkoztak különféle tortúrákkal a bábák, így a szülést követően néhány nappal vérmérgezésben elhunyt, borzalmas szenvedések után. Kislánya sem élte túl sokkal. Kaya egyik testvére, Safiye (⁓1540-1580) szintén gyermekszülésbe halt bele.

Azonban nem Kaya és húga volt az egyetlen, hasonló módon halt meg II. Szelim (u. 1566-1574) két leánya is: Fatma szultána (1558-1580), aki kislánya születésébe halt bele a gyermekkel együtt, meglehetősen fiatalon; Esmehan szultána (⁓1545-1585) pedig negyedik gyermeke szülése után fellépő komplikációkba halt bele, fia alig egy hónappal élte túl csupán. Esetében a komplikációknak köze lehetett ahhoz is, hogy a kor szokásaihoz képest viszonylag későn, nagyjából negyven évesen szült. Érdekes egyébként, hogy Szelim másik leánya, Şah (1544-1580) is viszonylag fiatalon hunyt el betegség következtében, így Szelim leányai közül egyedül Gevherhan (⁓1545-1622?) volt az, aki megérte az időskort és feltehetőleg természetes okoktól hunyt el.

Legendák szerint egyébként III. Murad (u. 1574-1595) kedvese, Safiye szultána (⁓1550-1620?) is majdnem belehalt egyik vetélésébe, ám mint tudjuk ő végül túlélte és még sok-sok évig uralkodhatott. Kevésbé volt szerencsés Mahfiruze Hatun (��1590-1608/12?), I. Ahmed ágyasa, és legidősebb fiának anyja, aki feltehetőleg szintén a szülésbe halt bele, igaz esetében több alternatíva is felmerült halálának okával kapcsolatban, így többek között a járvány is egy opció esetében.

Érdekes, hogy a szultán kedvencei között még ennél is kevesebb esetet ismerünk, amikor egy ágyas halt bele a szülésbe. Ennek oka azonban feltehetőleg nem az, hogy ilyen nem történt… Hanem az, hogy ha az ágyas belehalt a szülésébe egyszerűen feledésbe merült. Hiszen az átlag ágyasok nem adtak életet nagyszámú gyermeknek, különösen, amíg az egy ágyas – egy herceg szabályt betartották. Így nagy eséllyel, ha belehaltak a szülésbe, akkor vagy nem volt más gyermekük vagy csak leányuk, így kevésbé voltak fontos személyek, kevesebb feljegyzésbe került bele a nevük, majd eltűntek a köztudatból.

„Nők szultánátusának” időszakából szintén összegyűjtöttem a legismertebb szultánák halálának okait és idejét, a teljesség igénye nélkül, hiszen sok szultána kimaradt a listából, mert esetükben sem az évszám, sem az ok nem ismert, sőt sok esetben még neveik sem*:

Ayşe Hafsa szultána (sz. ⁓1475): 1534. március 19, betegség, feltehetőleg agyvérzés vagy daganatos betegség

Beyhan szultána (sz. ⁓1492): c. 1559, valószínűleg természetes okok

Hatice szultána (sz. ⁓1491): ?

Fatma szultána (sz. ⁓1493): 1557, természetes okok vagy betegség

I. Szelim leányai

Hafsa szultána (sz. ⁓1495/1500): 1538. július 10, feltehetőleg betegség

Şah-i Huban szultána (sz. ⁓1500): 1572, természetes okok

Hürrem szultána (sz. ⁓1503): 1558. április 15, feltehetőleg daganatos betegség, maláriával nehezítve

Mihrimah szultána (sz. 1522): 1578. január 25, természetes okok vagy hasonló betegség, mint édesanyjánál

Ayşe Hümaşah (sz. 1541): 1594, természetes okok

Şehzade Mehmed leánya

Hümaşah szultána (sz. 1543): 1582, természetes okok vagy betegség

Fatma Hanimsultan (sz. 1567): 1588. július 29, betegség vagy szülés során fellépő komplikációk

I. Szulejmán kislánya, Raziye szultána (sz. ⁓1515): 1521 októbere, himlő vagy pestis

Mahidevran Hatun  (sz. ⁓1500): 1581. február 3, természetes okok

Mahidevran Hatun unokái:

Fatma szultána (sz. ⁓1545): 1577, szülés vagy betegség következtében

Nergiz-şah szultána (sz. ⁓1536): c. 1592, természetes okok vagy betegség

Gülfem Hatun (sz. ⁓1495): 1562, természetes okok vagy gyilkosság

Nurbanu szultána (sz. ⁓1525): 1583. december 7, mérgezés vagy valamilyen hirtelen természetes ok (talán agyvérzés, szívroham)

Esmehan szultána (sz. ⁓1545): 1585. augusztus 8, gyermekszülést követő komplikációk

Şah szultána (sz. 1544): 1580. szeptember, betegség

Gevherhan szultána (sz. ⁓1545): 1604 után, lehetséges, hogy 1622, természetes okok

II. Szelim leánya:

Fatma szultána (sz. 1558): 1580. szeptember, gyermekszülés (valószínűleg komplikációs koraszülés)

Safiye szultána  (sz. ⁓1550): c. 1520, természetes okok

Ayşe szultána (sz. ⁓1565): 1605. május 15, feltehetőleg betegség

Hümaşah szultána (sz. ⁓1565): 1580 után, feltehetőleg betegség vagy szülés

Fatma szultána (sz. ⁓1565): c. 1620, természetes okok

III. Murad leánya:

Fahriye szultána (sz. ⁓1588): 1641 után, természetes okok

Rukiye szultána  (sz. ⁓1593): c. 1623, feltehetőleg betegség vagy gyermekszülés

Handan szultána (sz. ⁓1570): 1605. november 9, emésztőrendszeri problémák

Halime szultána (sz. ⁓1570): 1623 után, ?

Kösem szultána (sz. ⁓1590): 1651. szeptember 2, megfojtás

Hanzade szultána (sz. ⁓1609): 1650. szeptember 23., betegség vagy természetes okok

Ayşe szultána (sz. ⁓1605/7): c. 1657, feltehetőleg természetes okok

Fatma szultána (sz. ⁓1606): c. 1670, feltehetőleg természetes okok

I. Ahmed leányai

Gevherhan szultána (sz. ⁓1605): 1660, természetes okok

Abide szultána (sz. 1618): c. 1648, feltehetőleg betegség

Atike szultána (sz. ⁓1614): c. 1670, feltehetőleg természetes okok

Ayşe szultána (sz. ⁓1610): c. 1680, természetes okok

Esmehan Kaya szultána (sz. 1633): 1658, szülés után fellépő komplikációk

IV. Murad leányai

Safiye szultána (sz. 1635):1680, szülés után fellépő komplikációk

Rukiye szultána (sz. ⁓1640): 1696, valószínűleg természetes okok

Hanzade (sz. 1631): 1675, valószínűleg természetes okok

Turhan Hatice szultána (sz. ⁓1627): 1683, természetes okok, feltehetőleg betegség következtében

Fatma szultána (sz. 1642): 1657, betegség következtében

Ibrahim leányai:

Gevherhan szultána (sz. 1642): 1694. szeptember 21, hosszas betegség

Beyhan szultána (sz. 1645): 1701. március 5, természetes okok

Hatice Muazzez szultána (sz. ⁓1627): 1687. szeptember 12, feltehetőleg szívroham

Saliha Dilaşub szultána (sz. ⁓1627): 1689. december 4, betegség

Telli Hümaşah szultána (sz. ⁓1630): c. 1672, feltehetőleg betegség

Emetullah Rabia Gülnüs szultána (sz. ⁓1642): 1715. november 6, hosszas betegség után

A temetésekről néhány szó végezetül

A szultánok hosszú ideig türbéjük egyedüli lakó voltak. Ebben III. Murad hozott változást, aki kivégeztetett testvéreit is apja mellé temette. De idővel újabb tradíciót szegett meg Murad, amikor édesanyját, Nurbanut apja mellé temette annak türbéjébe. Korábban ugyanis a szultánok asszonyai nem kerültek a szultánjukkal közös türbébe, sőt sokáig még annak mecsetjében sem temethették el őket. Erre egy korai kivétel I. Szulejmán édesanyja Ayşe Hafsa volt, akit Szulejmán apja mecsetjébe temetett el. Idővel Szulejmán egyetlen feleségét, Hürremet is a saját mecsetjében helyezte örök nyugalomra egy különálló türbébe. Ezekután Nurbanu volt az első asszony, aki közvetlenül férje mellett nyugodhatott. Fontos azonban, hogy Murad már Nurbanu előtt is tett hasonlót. Amikor Mihrimah szultána elhunyt, tudva, hogy a szultána mennyire közel állt édesapjához, Szulejmán türbéjébe temette el, közvetlenül édesapja mellé. Ez különösen érdekes, mert Mihrimah férjének Rüsztemnek is volt mecsetje, ahová Mihrimaht temethették volna, de Mihrimah testvéreinek mecsetje a Şehzade mecset is alkalmas lett volna a szultána számára. Minden jel arra mutat, hogy Murad okkal temette apja mellé Mihrimaht.

Nurbanuhoz visszatérve, esetében még egy tradíció megszakadt. Nurbanu ugyanis nem csak életében viselhetett különleges jogokat, de halálakor is különleges tiszteletben részesült. Fiával való szoros kapcsolata jól ismert mindenki számára, ennek pedig tökéletes megnyilvánulása volt, amikor holtteste elhagyta a Topkapi Palotát. A hagyományok szerint a koporsót befolyásos pasák vitték és kísérték az imahelyre, a szultán pedig ez alatt a palotában maradt gyászolni. Murad azonban nem akarta édesanyját egyedül elengedni, ezért maga ment a koporsó előtt és zokogott. Nurbanu gyászszertartásának helye is érdekes volt, ugyanis Hódító Mehmed mecsetjét választották e célra, ami a legtávolabb feküdt a birodalmi palotától. Ennek célja az volt, hogy a legtöbb ember láthassa a temetést és imádkozhasson a valide szultána lelkiüdvéért. A történész Selaniki szerint az „egész világ” odacsoportosult a mecsetbe a temetési imára. Negyven napig olvastak érte fel a Koránból és negyven napig jártak magas rangú pasák a türbéjéhez. Érdekesség – és ez is jelzi Nurbanu befolyását –, hogy a Topkapi Palota könyvtárában megtalálható az egyelten olyan miniatúra, ami a dinasztia egy nőtagját ábrázolja, ez a miniatúra pedig Nurbanu temetéséről szól.

*UI: A listákban szereplő dátumok nem minden esetben egyezményesek. Vannak olyan születési és halálozási dátumok, melyek esetén a történészek is vitatkoznak mind a mai napig. Ezekben az esetekben az általam leghihetőbbnek vélt dátumot tüntettem fel.

Felhasznált források: Leslie Peirce – The imperial harem, Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire; Leslie Peirce – Empress of the east; Colin Imber – The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650; Günhan Börekçi – Factions and Favorites at the courts of Sultan Ahmed (r. 1603-17) and his immediate predecessors; Douglas A. Howard – A History of the Ottoman Empire.

[ahistorylover18]

Elizabeth 1

Early life :

Her father was King Henry VIII of England. He was married to Catherine of Aragon with whom he had several children, of which only Mary, born in 1516, reached adulthood. Desperate to have a male heir, Henry initiated divorce proceedings and approached Anne Boleyn. They married secretly on January 25, 1533 and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, declared the divorce of the royal couple on May 23.

Elisabeth Tudor was born in Greenwich Palace on September 7, 1533, and was named after her grandmothers Eizabeth of York and Elizabeth Howard. At birth, Elizabeth therefore became the heir apparent in place of her half-sister Mary, who had become illegitimate and bastard. She was baptized on September 10, and her godparents were Thomas Cranmer, Henry Courtenay, Elizabeth Howard, Duchess of Norfolk, and Marguerite Wotton, Marchioness of Dorset.

After several miscarriages, Anne Boleyn was repudiated by the king and executed on May 19 1536, when Elizabeth was less than three years old. After the execution of her mother, Elizabeth is declared illegitimate and, with her older half-sister Mary, excluded from the throne, Henry wishing a son to succeed him. Eleven days after Anne's death, Henry married Jane Seymour, but she died soon after giving birth to a son, Edward, in October 1537 ; the latter therefore became the crown prince. Elizabeth brought her own christening gown as a gift to her half-brother's baptism ceremony. Then Edward and his court joined Elizabeth and Mary in their residence at Hatfield Palace.

It was only under the influence of Henry's sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr, that Henry's two oldest daughters regained their place in the order of succession, and this by a parliamentary resolution of 1544. The preceptors Elizabeth, Richard Cox, John Cheke, William Grindal and Roger Ascham gave her a strict and complete education. Even at a young age, she was fluent in Italian and French and was also able to communicate in Spanish.

In the fall of 1537, Elizabeth was entrusted to Blanche Herbert who remained her tutor until 1546. Catherine Champernowne, better known by her marriage name of Ashley, was appointed governess in 1537, and she remained friend of Elizabeth until her death in 1565 ; she taught her French, Flemish, Italian and Spanish. In addition to her own curriculum, she benefited from the tutors and the education given to the future king, like the Liberal Arts which include among others, geometry, rhetoric, astronomy ... so many new subjects suitable for satisfying her curiosity. When William Grindal became her tutor in 1544, Elizabeth could write in English, Latin and Italian and, under her teaching, she progressed in French and Greek. After Grindal's death in 1548, Elizabeth was educated by Roger Ascham and, at the end of her apprenticeship in 1550, she was one of the most cultivated women of her generation. At the end of her life, she also spoke Welsh, Cornish, Scottish and Irish in addition to English. The Venetian ambassador argued in 1603 that she "mastered these languages, so perfectly that each of them seemed to be her native language".

Thomas Seymour :

Elizabeth is at Enfield mansion with her half-brother when they learn from Edward Seymour, the death of Henry VIII, their father, on January 28, 1547. His son Edward VI became king at the age of nine. The widow of the late sovereign, Catherine Parr, quickly remarried to Thomas Seymour, Edward VI's uncle and the brother of Lord Protector Edward Seymour. The couple obtained custody of Elizabeth who moved into their Chelsea home. Some historians consider that she faced an emotional crisis there which affected her until the end of her life. Seymour, who was approaching his forties but retained his charm, launched into many jokes with Elizabeth, then 14 years old. On one occasion, he entered her room in a dressing gown to tickle her and hit her on the buttocks. Certain theory say that Catherine Parr did not oppose these inappropriate activities and participated in them several times ; immobilizing Elizabeth while Seymour tore her black dress "in thousands of pieces". Catherine's participation has never been really proven. It all ended when she dismissed Elizabeth in May 1548.

Thomas Seymour continued, however, to plot to control the royal family and try to be appointed governor of the sovereign. When Catherine died in childbirth on September 5, 1548, he again became interested in Elizabeth and intended to marry her. Details of her previous behavior with her were revealed, and this was too much for her brother and the Council of Regency. In January 1549 he was arrested and accused of wanting to marry Elizabeth and overthrow the king. Elizabeth, who was at Hatfield Palace, was interrogated but said nothing, and her interrogator, Robert Tyrwhitt, reported "I can see on her face that she is guilty". Seymour was beheaded on March 20, 1549.

[pilfered-words]

Disorderly Knights reread

Liveblogging DK here, as per my QP post. I remember the second half of this book substantially better than the first, so we’ll... see how this goes.

We start off with Will. Hi Will, I missed you! 

The narration says Lymond is “the only man in Scotland Will Scott had ever obeyed without arguing” - and LBR, my first reaction was “uh, when did Will ever obey Lymond without arguing.”

Yep, this sure is the Gabriel book. Page 17, first mention. Richard says the Prior “seemed at times to be confusing him with the Pope.”  ...man, what an obnoxious nickname that is.

“You are applying mundane standards. You cannot do that to either Graham Malett or his sister.” HOW ABOUT WE DO ANYWAY. Seriously, that’s half the problem right there.

“In the spring of next year, when the Culter family were beginning to find their younger son's presence a little wearing...” [unholy snorting noise] yes, Lymond with not enough to do would be rather tiresome to have around the house. (unless he’s up to something already. we can never rule that out.)

“Here the Dowager Lady Culter broke off and, rubbing her neck absently with a slender palm, said, “But you must be seated instantly. Such an advantage of height must be very useful, M. de Villegagnon““ Sybilla

“the Chevalier de Villegagnon had absolutely no use for common sense himself, but respected it in the laity” I love these books so much

...I remembered nothing about the Hough Isa episode, and this is excellent

I notice people are actually calling Lymond Francis now. His brother does, of course, but so do Will and Tom Erskine. It warms my cold heart, it does. ~friendship~

“I am a great respecter of comfort,” said Lymond, and at the edge on his voice the Chevalier began to be satisfied. “I meant merely,” he said, speaking always softly, “that having none of the duties of an older brother, I saw a noble future before you at the Queen Dowager’s side.”  “... And men of religion are not,” stated Lymond, as if he had not spoken. “Furthermore, at each of the Queen Dowager’s many sides, she already has a brother de Guise.”

- once again, Lymond knows something he’s not supposed to. And uses it to turn the conversation from defense to attack.

...yeah, ok, Lymond knows something about Gabriel and his sister already. Or is he only guessing?

I need to pay attention to time. GoK takes place August 1547- August 1548. QP is September 1550 - June 1551. Will’s wedding was in October of ‘48, a few months after GoK ends; the Hough Isa episode and the meeting with De Villegagnon is 7 months later, in May 1549. Now we’re jumping to... May 1551, when Richard is leaving France, about three quarters of the way through QP (by pages).

[statespoll]

Trump vs Warren Presidential Election 2020 Electoral College Map 2020 Forecast Map(Prediction Map). Sept~Oct, 2019.

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My Final prediction of Presidential Election 2016

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November 7, 2016.

Trump 315 EV / Hillary 223 EV

US Presidential Election 2020: Trump vs Warren

September~October, 2019

Post will be keeping updated(latest Polls/Voter registration % and etc.)

Last updated: October 11, 2019.

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Presidential Election 2020: TRUMP vs Warren

* My analysis is neutral, not biased.

Based on 2012/2016/2018 Exit Polls + Voter registration +Trends + Party ID %.

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Based on

1) Midterm Election 2018 Fox New Voter Analysis

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis

2) Exit Poll 2012/2016

http://www.cnn.com/election/2012/results/race/president/

https://www.cnn.com/election/2016/results/exit-polls

Despite of D +9% year,

Party ID % was still DEM 37% / REP 33%. D+4% in 2018

https://www.cnn.com/election/2018/exit-polls

(2016 it was DEM 36% / REP 33%. D +3%.)

3) Evangelical % statistics by State

http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/party-affiliation/

4) Demographic Trends

5) TRUMP approval rating≠TRUMP’s % in the  election. Significant ‘Somewhat Disapprove’ voters voted for Rep candidates. much higher than Somewhat approve voters voted for dem.(Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis)

So in my opinion ‘Disapprove Strongly’ voters are true ANTI TRUMP Voter(Based on Fox News Voter Analysis 2018, even 5% among this group might vote for Republican candidate.)

My Analsysis Post: http://statespoll.com/post/181283664795

6) Latest Poll(adjustment)

7) Voter registration statistics

Latest Nationwide Polls

(1) Nationwide: Presidential Election 2020. Trump vs Warren

IBD/TIPP, 9/26-10/3. 900 adults.

My Analysis Post: https://statespoll.com/post/188289856090

Warren 48.04% / Trump 46.36%. Biden 50.71% / Trump 44.4%

Notable results:

1) Midwest(IA/IL/IN/MI/MO/MN/PA/WI): Trump 52% / Warren 42%.

(2) Nationwide: Presidential Election 2020. Trump vs Warren

Ipsos/Reuters 9/27-9/30. 1917 RV

My Analysis Post: https://statespoll.com/post/188063294620

Adjusted %: Warren 40.6% / Trump 40.0%

(3) Nationwide: Presidential Election 2020. Trump vs Warren.

Civiqs 9/21-9/24. 1548 RV

My Analysis Post: https://statespoll.com/post/187984352965

Adjusted %: Warren 46.73% / Trump 45.14%

I. Rust Belt (MI/OH/PA/WI) + MN

1. Wisconsin

1) Voter Registration Statistics

Trump’s weakest age group 18-34 in Wisconsin are decreased during Nov, 2016 -> April, 2019            

https://elections.wi.gov/node/6486

Age 18-34: 24.59% share(Nov 2016) -> 22.41% share(September, 2019)

(1) September 3, 2019: Total 3,312,227

https://elections.wi.gov/sites/electionsuat.wi.gov/files/2019-04/RegisteredVotersByAgeGroup_04-01-2019.xlsx

Age 18-34: 742,251(22.41%)

(2) November 1, 2016: Total 3,548,740

https://elections.wi.gov/sites/electionsuat.wi.gov/files/2019-04/RegisteredVotersByAgeGroup_04-01-2019.xlsx

Age 18-34: 872,502(24.59%)

2) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Wisconsin Governor Race 2018.  4,683 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=WI&type=G

(1) Party ID%, Wisconsin with leaner, WI Gov 2018

REP 45%   Evers 95% / Walker 4%

DEM 43% Evers 6%   / Walker 93%

IND  13%   Evers 51% / Walker 42%

you should consider White Evangelical’s vote share was 12% lower than Presidential Year. 

3) Latest Poll

(1) Wisconsin: TRUMP vs Biden/Warren. Fox News, 9/29-10/2. 1,512 Voters.

My Analysis Post: https://statespoll.com/post/188169354625

Summary

1) Poll results:  Warren 45% / Trump 41%

2) Adjusted %(by statespoll): Trump 43.9% / Warren 42.9%

* This poll excluded Libertarian and Green.

(2) Wisconsin Poll: Marquette 8/25-8/29,  800 RV.

My Analysis Post: statespoll.com/post/187516951000

Summary

1) Poll results:

TRUMP 45% / Warren 45%  

2)  Adjusted %(Average of Party ID % + Race % )  

Trump 44.4% / Warren 43.2%      Trump +1.2%

* This poll excluded Libertarian and Green.

  4) Wisconsin 2020 Forecast

(1) Party ID % 2020

Based on Fox new voter analysis adjustment+Trends

Exclude leaners: REP 35.5% / DEM 32% / IND 32.5% with leaners: REP 45% / DEM 41% / IND 14%

(2) Realistic Race % 2020

White 86% / Black 6% / Latino 5% / Asian 1% / Other 2%

(3) Realistic White Evangelical % 2020 forecast

(FYI: 2018 Foxnews voter analysis 16% share)

White Evangelicals 25~27% / Other 73~75%

(4) Rate Wisconsin (September~October 2019)

Party ID %: Lean~Semi Likely REP

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Tilt Trump

White Evangelical factor.

Conclusion) WI: Lean Trump

* 2016 Results: TRUMP(REP) 47.22% / Hillary(DEM) 46.45%  R+0.77%

Mcmullin(write-in) got 0.4%. I guess many of them were Never TRUMP republicans.

2. Pennsylvania

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Pennsylvania Senate Race 2018. 3,925 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=PA&type=S

(1) Party ID%, Pennsylvania with leaner, PA Sen 2018

with leaner REP 45% / DEM 44% / IND 11%  

* White Evangelicals voter share 17%. about 3% lower than demographics. perhaps 20%ish in 2020.

(2) TRUMP Approval Rating.

Disapprove Strongly 44%. 2% lower than ME/MN.

2) Pennsylvania Party ID %  Statistics

(1) September 23, 2019: Total 8,497,292

https://www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/OtherServicesEvents/VotingElectionStatistics/Documents/currentvotestats.xls

Dem: 4,042,175 (47.57%) / Rep: 3,236,018 (38.08%). D +9.49%

(2) April 8, 2019: Total 8,484,744

https://www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/OtherServicesEvents/VotingElectionStatistics/Documents/currentvotestats.xls

Dem: 4,037,981 (47.59%) / Rep: 3,235,223 (38.13%). D +9.46%

 (3) November 8, 2016: Total 8,722,977

https://www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/OtherServicesEvents/VotingElectionStatistics/Documents/2016%20Election%20VR%20Stats.pdf

Dem: 4,217,456 (48.35%) / Rep: 3,301,182 (37.84%). D +10.51%

3) Latest Poll

(1) Pennsylvania: Emerson, 3/26-3/28. 808 RV

My Analysis Post: http://statespoll.com/post/183786541990

Poll Results:TRUMP 48% / Warren 52%.  

Adjusted %:TRUMP 50.5% / Warren 49.5%.      

* This poll excluded Libertarian and Green.

4) Pennsylvania 2020 Forecast

(1) Party ID % 2020

Based on Voter registration Trends+Fox new voter analysis adjustment.

with leaner: DEM 44.7% / REP 44.3% / IND 11%

exclude Leaner: DEM 40% / REP 39.5% / IND 20.5%

(2) Realistic Race % 2020 forecast

White 81% / Black 10% / Latino 6% / Asian 1% / Other 2%

(3) Rate Pennsylvania. September~October 2019.

Party ID %: Toss up

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Tilt Trump

Conclusion) PA: Tilt Trump

* 2016 Results: TRUMP(REP) 48.18% / Hillary(DEM) 47.46%  R+0.72%

3. Michigan.  

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Michigan Senate Race 2018.  3,909 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=MI&type=S

(1) Party ID%, Michigan with leaner, MI Sen 2018

DEM 42%   Stabenow 96% / James 3% REP  43%   Stabenow 9%   /  James 90% IND  15%   Stabenow 52% / James  39%

(2) Race

White(82%):   Stabenow 47% / James 3%

Black(12%):     Stabenow 88% / James 3%

Hispanic(1%): Stabenow   % / James   %

Other(3%): Stabenow 56% / James 38%

White Evangelicals(19% Share): Stabenow 30% / James 69%

Other(81% share): Stabenow 60% / James 38%

FYI White Evangelicals in Michigan, 2016 Voter share: 27%

White Evan(2016) 27% : TRUMP 81% / Hillary 14%

if White evangelicals turnout&support were similar as 2016 level (likely in 2020) It could be done something like

White Evangelical(27% share): Stabenow 15% / James 80%

Non-White Evangelical(73% share) Stabenow 60% / James 38%

James 49.34% > Stabenow : 47.85%.   James +1.49%

(3) TRUMP Approval Rating.

Disapprove Strongly 43%. 3% lower than MN/ME. And you should consider White Evangelicals turnout was lower than Presidential year.

2) Latest Poll

(1) Michigan: Epic-MRA, 8/17-8/21. 600 Voters

https://www.woodtv.com/news/elections/mi-poll-dems-top-trump-but-undecideds-could-tip-scale/

My Analysis Post: https://statespoll.com/post/187516578720

Poll Results: Trump 43% / Warren 49% 

Adjusted %:  Trump 45% / Warren 47%  

3) Michigan 2020 Forecast

(1) Party ID % 2020 forecast  

Based on Voter registration+Fox new voter analysis adjustment+Trends

with leaner: REP 43% / DEM 41.5% / IND 15.5%  

Exclude Leaner: DEM 36% / REP 34.5% / IND 29.5%

(2) Realistic Race % 2020 forecast

White 77% / Black 12% / Latino 5% / Asian 2% / Other 3%

(3) Rate Michigan. September~October, 2019

Party ID %: Tilt REP

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Tilt Warren

Conclusion) MI: Toss up

* 2016 Results: TRUMP(REP) 47.5% / Hillary(DEM) 47.27%  R+0.23%

4. Minnesota

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Minnesota Special Senate Race 2018.  4,201 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=MN&type=S2

(1) Party ID%, Minnesota with leaner, MN Special Sen 2018

with leaner: DEM 46% / REP 40% / IND 14%

(2) TRUMP Approval: Disapprove Strongly 47%

* White Evangelical’s share was 19%. about 4% lower than Election 2016 Exit Poll.

2) Latest Poll

Presidential Election 2020. Minnesota Poll: TRUMP vs Generic Dem Nominee and Trump approval rating in MN

PPP, 10/4-10/6. 1,175 MN Voters.

My Analysis Post: https://statespoll.com/post/188239369470

Summary

2020 MN GE: Trump vs Generic Dem Nominee

1) Poll results: Generic Dem Nominee 52% / Trump 42%

2) Adjusted %(by statespoll): Generic Dem Nominee 49.4% / Trump 45.4%

* This poll excluded Libertarian and Green.

3) Minnesota 2020 Forecast

(1) Party ID %

Voter registration+Fox new voter analysis adjustment+Trends

With Leaner: DEM 44% / REP 41% /IND 15%    

Exclude Leaner: DEM 37% / REP 35% / IND  28%

(2) Rate Minnesota

Party ID %: Tilt DEM~Lean DEM

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Lean Dem

Conclusion: Tilt Warren

* 2016 Results: Hillary(DEM) 46.44% / TRUMP(REP) 44.92%. D +1.52%

Mcmullin got 1.8% (many of them were never-TRUMP Republican I guess.)

5. Ohio

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Ohio Governor Race 2018. 3,819 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=OH&type=G

Despite of White-Evangelical’s Low turnout (Presidential election 2016 Exit Poll 33% vote share, 2018: 24% share. 11% lower than 2016)

Party ID with leaner: REP 48% / DEM 41% / IND 12%

2) Latest Poll

(1) Ohio: Emerson, 9/29-10/2. 837 RV

http://emersonpolling.com/2019/10/03/statistical-dead-heat-with-biden-sanders-and-warren-voters-support-impeachment/

My Analysis Post: https://statespoll.com/post/188108637915

Poll Results: Warren 52% / Trump 48%

Adjusted %: Trump 52.2% / Warren 47.8%

3) Ohio 2020 Forecast

Considering White-Evangelical’s turnout might be higher in Ohio

(1) Party ID%

Based on Voter registration+Fox new voter analysis adjustment+Trends

in 2020 it might be something like

exclude leaner: REP 39% / DEM 31% / IND 30%

with leaners: REP 49.3% / DEM 39% / IND 11.7%

(2) Rate Ohio (October 3rd, 2019)

Party ID %: Solid REP

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Lean~Likely Trump

Conclusion: Solid Trump -> Likely Trump(changed on October 3 )

* 2016 Results: TRUMP(REP) 51.69% / Hillary(DEM) 43.56%. R +8.13%

II. Other Swing States

6. Arizona

1) Arizona Party ID %  Statistics

(1) July 1, 2019: Total 3,821,039

https://azsos.gov/elections/voter-registration-historical-election-data

Rep 1,329,409(34.79%) Dem 1,185,612(31.03%)   R +3.76%  

(2) Nov 1, 2018: Total 3,716,161

https://azsos.gov/elections/voter-registration-historical-election-data

Rep 1,288,332(34.67%) Dem 1,151,745(30.99%)   R +3.68%  

(3) Oct 28, 2016:  Active 3,588,466 + Inactive 499,570= Total 4.088,036

https://apps.azsos.gov/election/voterreg/2016-11-08.pdf

Rep: 1) Active 1,239,614 + 2) Inactive 128,302= 1,367,916

Dem:1) Active 1,091,313 + 2) Inactive 131,539= 1,222,852

Rep 1,367,916(33.46%) / Dem 1,222,852(29.91%) R +3.55%

2) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Arizona Senate 2018.  3,717 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=AZ&type=S

Despite of White-Evangelical’s Low turnout (Presidential election 2012 Exit Poll 21% vote share, 2018: 13% share. 8% lower than 2012)

Party ID with leaner:

REP 47%   Sinema 10% / McSally 89%

DEM 41%   Sinema 95% / McSally 4%

IND 12%     Sinema 54% / McSally 37%

3) Latest Poll

(1) Arizona: Bendixen & Amandi International. 520 RV

https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000016d-410e-d547-a36f-67df39db0001

Poll Results: Trump 42% / Warren 42% 

Adjusted %: Trump 43.2% / Warren 40.4%

Bendixen & Amandi’s model: REP 35% / DEM 33% / IND 32%

considered realistic Arizona Party ID % Based on Exit Poll 2016/2018 + Trends. exclude leaners,

My model: REP 34.5% / DEM 29% / IND 36.5%  

roughly,

Trump 43.2% / Warren 40.4%      Trump +2.8%

(2) Arizona: Change Polls/Crooked media 9/27-28.  856 RV

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pZhyn8uJIaj2lIDQ25bEHdoP8LXkXOWfq-5CHqjaV3k/edit

My Analysis Post: https://statespoll.com/post/188123244550

Poll Results: Generic Dem 47% / Trump 46%

Adjusted %: Trump 50% / Generic Dem 43%

4) Arizona 2020 Forecast

Considering White-Evangelical’s turnout might be higher in preisdential year

(1) Party ID%

Based on Voter registration Trends+Fox new voter analysis adjustment.

With Leaner: REP 48.5% / DEM 40% / IND 11.5%

Exclude Leaner: REP 34.5% / DEM 29% / IND 36.5%

in 2020 it might be something like:

With Leaner (Voter registration statistics + Trends) REP     48.5%   DEM 7%  / TRUMP 90% DEM    40%   DEM 92.5% / TRUMP  5% IND     11.5%   DEM 48% / TRUMP 47% TRUMP: 51.055% / DEM: 45.915%

Plus, White IND Voter favors the oppostion party, but it might be different in Presidential Year. FYI TRUMP won 47% among IND in 2016.

I don’t think so it gonna be D +17% Among IND in 2020.

https://www.cnn.com/election/2016/results/exit-polls/arizona/president

(2) Rate Arizona

Party ID %: Likely REP

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Lean TRUMP

Conclusion: Lean Trump~Likely Trump

* 2016 Results: TRUMP(REP) 49.03% / Hillary(DEM) 45.46%. R +3.57%

7. Florida

1) Florida Party ID %  Statistics

(1) August 31, 2019: Total 13,457,266          

https://dos.myflorida.com/elections/data-statistics/voter-registration-statistics/voter-registration-monthly-reports/voter-registration-by-county-and-party/

Dem: 4,969,590(36.93%) / Rep: 4,727,674(35.13%).   D +1.8%

(2) End of 2016:  Total 12,959,185

https://dos.myflorida.com/elections/data-statistics/voter-registration-statistics/voter-registration-monthly-reports/voter-registration-by-party-affiliation/by-party-affiliation-archive/

Dem: 4,905,705 (37.86%) / Rep: 4,575,277 (35.31%).  D +2.55%

2) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Florida Senate Race 2018.  3,717 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=FL&type=S

Party ID with leaner: REP 46% / DEM 42% / IND 14%

Party ID ignore leaner: REP 37% / DEM 33% / IND 30%

3) Latest Poll

Florida: FAU, 9/12~9/15/2019. 934 RV.

https://business.fau.edu/departments/economics/business-economics-polling/bepi-polls/bepi-polls-2019/warren-cutting-into-bidens-lead-in-florida.php

Poll Results: Trump 50.1% / Warren 49.9% 

Adjusted %: Trump 51.45% / Warren 48.55%

FAU’s model: 2016 voter model

CNN 2016 FL Exit Poll: Rep 33% / Dem 32% / IND 34%

considered realistic Florida Party ID % Based on Exit Poll 2016/2018 + Trends. exclude leaners,

My model: Rep 38% / DEM 34% / IND 28%

roughly,

Trump 51.45% / Warren 48.55%      Trump +2.9%

4) Florida 2020 Forecast

(1) 2020 Party ID %

Based on Voter registration Trends+Fox new voter analysis adjustment.

without leaners: REP 38% / DEM 34% / IND 28% exclude leaners: REP 45.5% / DEM 42% / IND 12.5%

Considering Republican party won both Sen/Gov Races in D +9% year.

(Especially which year white ind favors the oppostion party.)

considered of ex-felons with voting rights factor

https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2018/11/2/18049510/felon-voting-rights-amendment-4-florida

(2) Rate Florida.  September~October 2019.

Party ID %: Lean REP~Semi Likely REP

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Lean Trump

Conclusion: Lean Trump~Semi Likely Trump

* 2016 Results: TRUMP(REP) 49.02% / Hillary(DEM) 47.82%. R +1.2%

8. Nevada

1) Nevada Party ID % Statistics(Active Registered Voters)

https://www.nvsos.gov/sos/elections/voters/voter-registration-statistics

(1) October 1, 2019: Total 1,548,865

Dem 589,478(38.06%)  Rep 519,499(33.54%) D+4.517%

(2) Jan 3, 2019: Total 1.582 Million

Dem 607.4k(38.39%)  Rep 528.7k(33.42%) D+4.97%

(3) Nov 1, 2017: Total 1.638 Million

Dem 636.9k(38.68%)  Rep 537.5k(32.8%)  D+5.88%  

(4) Oct 18, 2016: Total 1.679 Million

Dem 666.2k(39.68%)  Rep 547.4k(32.6%)   D+7.08%

2) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Nevada Senate Race 2018.  3,400 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=NV&type=S

Party ID with leaner:

Dem 44%  Rosen 95% /  Heller 3% / Other 2%

Rep 42%   Rosen 6%  /  Heller 92% / Other 2%

IND  14%   Rosen 44% /  Heller 39% / Other 17%

FYI TRUMP won 50% among IND in 2016

https://www.cnn.com/election/2016/results/exit-polls/nevada/president

if IND was something like Rosen 40% / Heller 50%

(Becasue for the 2020 prediction, IND voters might be less favor the Opposition party in presidential year.)

it could be done something like: Rosen 49.85% / Heller 46.92%

White Evangelical vote share was 12% in 2018. Which looks normal.

3) Latest Poll

(1) Nevada: Gravis, 8/14-8/16. 926 RV

http://orlando-politics.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Nevada-General-and-Democratic-Caucus-August-16-2019.pdf

Poll Results: Trump 47% / Warren 46% 

Adjusted %: Trump 47.2% / Warren 45.1%

Gravis’s model: DEM 39% / REP 34% / IND 27%

considered realistic Nevada Party ID % Based on Exit Poll 2016/2018 + Trends. with leaners

My model: DEM 34% / REP 30% / IND 36%

roughly,

Trump 47.2% / Warren 45.1%      Trump +2.1%

* This poll excluded Libertarian and Green.

4) Nevada 2020 Forecast

(1) 2020 Party ID %

Based on Voter registration Trends+Fox new voter analysis adjustment.

exclude leaners: DEM 34% / REP 30% / IND 36% with leaners: DEM 44% / REP 41% / IND 15%

(2) Rate Nevada

Party ID %: Lean DEM

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Lean Trump

Conclusion: Tilt Trump

* 2016 Results: Hillary(DEM) 47.92% / TRUMP(REP) 45.5% / D+2.42%

at that time Jill Stein(Green) wasn’t on the ballot. I guess if Green make it(on the ballot). It might be Tilt REP~Lean REP.

9. Texas  

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Texas Senate Race 2018. 3,747 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=TX&type=S

Final Results: Cruz(Rep) 50.9% / O’rourke(Dem) 48.3%

Party ID with leaner:

REP 49%   O’rourke 7% / Cruz 93%

Dem 41%   O’rourke 98% / Cruz 2%

IND  10%   O’rourke 52% / Cruz 44%

2) Latest Poll

(1) Texas: University of Texas at Tyler. 9/13-9/15.  1,199 RV

https://www.uttyler.edu/politicalscience/files/pollingcenter/UT-Tyler-Poll-Sept19-Toplines-RV-in-Texas.pdf

Poll Results: Trump 40% / Warren 37%  

Adjusted %: Trump 39.77% / Warren 34.36%. 

Tyler’s model: REP 40.2% / DEM 40% / IND 19.8%

considered realistic Texas Party ID % Based on Exit Poll 2016/2018 + Trends. exclude leaners

My model: REP 38% / DEM 34% / IND 28%

Adjusted %:

Trump: Rep(38%)x82.9%+Dem(34%)x3%+Ind(28%)x25.9%= 39.77%

Warren: Rep(38%)x7.8%+Dem(34%)x69.2%+Ind(28%)x28.1%= 34.36%

* This poll excluded Libertarian and Green.

3) Texas 2020 Forecast

(1) Party ID

Based on Fox voter analysis 2018 Adjustment.

White Evangelical vote share was 24% in 2018. Which is much lower than Exit Poll 2016(28%) and pew reserach(31%)

exclude leaners: REP 38% / DEM 34% / IND 28% with leaners: REP 50.1% / DEM 40% / IND 9.9%

(2) Rate Texas

Party ID %: Solid REP

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Likely Trump

Conclusion: Likely~Solid Trump

* 2016 Results: TRUMP(REP) 52.23% / Hillary(DEM) 43.24%  R +8.99%

10. New Hampshire

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

New Hampshire Governor Race 2018.  2,734 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=NH&type=G

Final Results: Sununu(Rep) 52.8% / Molly(Dem) 45.8%.

Party ID with leaner:

Dem 42%  Molly 89% / Sununu 10%

Rep 42%   Molly  6% / Sununu  93%

IND  15%   Molly 35% / Sununu 59%

FYI TRUMP won 45% among IND in 2016

https://www.cnn.com/election/2016/results/exit-polls/new-hampshire/president

TRUMP Approval: Disapprove Strongly 50%.

2) NH Party ID % Statistics(Active Registered Voters)

http://sos.nh.gov/NamesHistory.aspx

December 17, 2018: Total 1,009,004

Rep 307,360 (30.46%) / Dem 284,174(28.16%)   R +2.3%

November 8, 2016: Total 1,007,402

Rep 308,808(30.65%) / Dem 288,808(28.67%)   R +1.98%

3) Latest Poll

New Hampshire:  Emerson, 9/6-9/9. 1,041 RV

https://emersonpolling.reportablenews.com/pr/new-hampshire-2020-sanders-slips-in-new-hampshire-biden-warren-take-lead

https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/5YfRngk1T8qBsix81rWd

My Analysis Post: https://statespoll.com/post/187633605465

Poll Results: Trump 50.9% / Warren 49.1% 

Adjusted %:  Trump 50.1% / Warren 49.9%

4) New Hampshire 2020 Forecast

(1) Party ID

Based on Voter registration Trends+Fox new voter analysis adjustment.

exclude leaners: REP 28% / DEM 27% / IND 45%

with leaners: REP 42% / DEM 41% / IND 17%

(2) Rate New Hampshire. September~October 2019.

Party ID %: Tilt REP

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Toss up

Conclusion: Toss up

* 2016 Results: Hillary(DEM) 47.62% / TRUMP(REP) 47.25%  D +0.37%

11. Maine

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Maine Governor Race 2018.  2,734 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=ME&type=G

Final Results: Mills(Dem) 50.89% / Moody(Rep) 43.19%.

Party ID with leaner:

Dem 41%  Mills 90% / Moody 4%

Rep 41%   Mills  9% / Moody 88%

IND  18%   Mills 56% / Moody 29%

FYI TRUMP won 41% among IND in 2016

https://www.cnn.com/election/2016/results/exit-polls/maine/president

White Evangelical vote share was 20% in 2018. Which looks higher than normal.

(2) TRUMP Approval: Disapprove Strongly 46%. which is lower than NH’s 50%.

2) Latest Poll

Maine: Gravis, 6/24. 767 RV

http://orlando-politics.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Maine-Jun-26-2019.pdf

Poll Results: Warren 52% / Trump 48%

Adjusted %: Warren 52% / Trump 48%

3) Maine 2020 Forecast

(1) Party ID%

Based on Voter registration Trends+Fox new voter analysis adjustment.

exclude leaners: DEM 31% / REP 31% / IND 38%

with leaners: DEM 42% / REP 40% / IND 18%

(2) Rate Maine. September~October 2019.

Party ID %: Tilt Dem~Lean Dem

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Lean Warren

Conclusion: Lean Warren

* 2016 Results: Hillary(DEM) 47.83% / TRUMP(REP) 44.87%  D +2.96%

Congressional district

ME CD1  Hillary(DEM) 54% / TRUMP(REP) 39%  D +15%

ME CD2  TRUMP(REP) 51% / Hillary(DEM) 41% R +10%

12.  North Carolina

1) Party Statistics Trends %

2016 Results: TRUMP 49.83% / Hillary 46.17%

Party registration statistics Trends.

2016->2019 Dem’s margins reduced -2.04%

(1) September, 28th 2019: Total 6,748,199

https://vt.ncsbe.gov/RegStat/Results/?date=09%2F28%2F2019

Dem 2,486,264(36.84%) / Rep 2,026,567(30.03%).  D +6.81%

(2) April, 6th 2019: Total 6,608,630

https://vt.ncsbe.gov/RegStat/Results/?date=04%2F06%2F2019

Dem 2,464,058(37.285%) / Rep 1,992,578(30.151%).  D +7.134%

 (3) December, 12th 2018: Total 7,129,017

https://vt.ncsbe.gov/RegStat/Results/?date=12%2F08%2F2018

Dem 2,696,715(37.82%) / Rep 2,124,202 (29.8%).  D +8.02%

(4) November, 8th 2016: Total 6,918,150

https://vt.ncsbe.gov/RegStat/Results/?date=11%2F08%2F2016

Dem 2,733,188(39.51%) / Rep 2,086,942(30.17%).  D +9.34%

2) Latest Poll

(1) North Carolina:  PPP(D), 10/4-10/6. 963 Voters.

My Analysis Post: https://statespoll.com/post/188239609355

Poll results: Warren 49% / Trump 46%

Adjusted %(by statespoll): Trump 48.5% / Warren 46.4%

(2) North Carolina: Harper/Civitas, 8/1~8/4. 500 LV

https://gallery.mailchimp.com/259a50ef0a1608ab2bc2cf891/files/9afe301f-b5c3-498d-bab2-85360625c950/19.08_Civitas_NC_Statewide_Toplines.pdf

Poll Results: Trump 46% / Warren 43%

Adjusted %: Trump 48.4% / Warren 40.5%

Harper/Civitas’s model: DEM 36% / REP 30% / Others 34%

considered realistic NC Party ID % Based on Exit Poll 2016/2018 + Trends. Exclude leaners

My model: REP 32% / DEM 32% / IND 36%  

roughly,

Trump 48.4% / Warren 40.5%

3) North Carolina Forecast

(1) Party ID

Based on Voter registration Trends

exclude leaners: DEM 32% / REP 31.5% / IND 36.5%

with leaners: no information.

(2) Rate NC

Party ID %: Lean REP~Likley REP(considered of Lean-Rep IND Voters.)

https://edition.cnn.com/election/2016/results/exit-polls/north-carolina/president

IND(33% share): TRUMP 53% / Hillary 37% / Johnson 8% / Other 2%

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Likely Trump

Party ID % Trends: Favor REP(16: D +9.34% -> 19: D +7.15%)

Conclusion: Likely Trump

* 2016 Results: TRUMP(REP) 49.83% / Hillary(DEM) 46.17%  R +3.66%

13.  Georgia

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Georgia Governor Race 2018. 3,955 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=GA&type=G

Despite of White-Evangelical’s Low turnout (Presidential election 2016 Exit Poll 34% vote share, 2018: 26% share. 8% lower than 2016)

Final results: Brian Kemp(Rep) 50.2% / Stacey Abrams(Dem) 48.8%

Party ID with leaner:

REP 48%   Abrams  5%  Kemp 94%

DEM 41%   Abrams 97%  Kemp 2%

IND 11%     Abrams 57%  Kemp 36%

2) Georgia 2020 Forecast

Considering White-Evangelical’s turnout might be higher in preisdential year.

(1) Party ID %

Based on foxnews voter analysis adjustment.

exclude leaners: REP 38% / DEM 33% / IND 29%

with leaners: REP 50% / DEM 39% / IND 11%

(2) Rate Georgia

Party ID %: Solid REP

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): not yet

Conclusion: Likely Trump~Solid Trump

* 2016 Results: TRUMP(REP) 50.4% / Hillary(DEM) 45.3%  R +5.1%

14.  Iowa

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Iowa Governor Race 2018. 3,955 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=GA&type=G

Despite of White-Evangelical’s Low turnout (Presidential election 2016 Exit Poll 34% vote share, 2018: 23% share. 11% lower than 2016)

Final results: Kim Reynolds(Rep) 50.3% / Fred Hubbell(Dem) 47.5%

Party ID with leaner:

REP 47%   Hubbell 11%   Reynolds 87%

DEM 36%   Hubbell 94%  Reynolds 5%

IND 17%   

2) Latest Poll

Iowa: Presidential Election 2020. TRUMP vs Biden/Sanders/Harris/Warren/Booker Emerson, 3/21-3/24. 707 RV

My Analysis Post: http://statespoll.com/post/183688111160 …

Poll Results:

TRUMP 47% / Biden 53%. TRUMP 49% / Sanders 51%.

TRUMP 51% / Warren 49%. TRUMP 54% / Harris 46%.

TRUMP 52% / Booker 48%

Adjusted %:

TRUMP 49.1% / Biden 50.9%. TRUMP 51.3% / Sanders 48.7%.

TRUMP 53.4% / Warren 46.7%. TRUMP 55.7% / Harris 44.3%.

TRUMP 54% / Booker 46%

* This poll excluded Libertarian and Green.

3) Iowa 2020 Forecast

Considering White-Evangelical’s turnout might be higher in preisdential year.

(1) Party ID

Based on Voter registration Trends+Fox new voter analysis adjustment.

exclude leaners: REP 34% / DEM 31% / IND 35% with leaners: REP 49.5% / DEM 36% / IND 14.5%

(2) Rate Iowa

Party ID %: Solid REP

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Likely Trump

Conclusion: Likely~Semi Solid Trump

* 2016 Results: TRUMP(REP) 51.15 / Hillary(DEM) 41.74%  R +9.41%

III. CO&VA&NM (Semi Blue States)

15. Virginia

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Virginia Senate Race 2018.  4,031 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=VA&type=S

Final Results: Kaine(Dem) 57% / Stewart(Rep) 41%

Party ID with leaner:

Dem 47%  Kaine 98% / Stewart 2%

Rep 42%   Kaine 11% / Stewart 86%

IND  11%   Kaine 58% / Stewart 33%

Race %

White 73%    Kaine 49% / Stewart 49%

Black  17%    Kaine 90% / Sterwart 9%

Hispanic 4%  Kaine 63% / Stewart 33%

Other 5%       Kaine 54% / Stewart 42%

Pretty interesting Corey Stewart(Rep) did well among Hispanic and Asian(most of the ‘Other’ Category.)

FYI VA in 2016(Presidential Election Exit Poll)

White 67%    Hillary 35% / TRUMP 59%

Black  21%    Hillary 88% / TRUMP 9%

Hispanic 6%  Hillary 65% / TRUMP 30%

FYI TRUMP won 48% among IND in 2016

https://www.cnn.com/election/2016/results/exit-polls/virginia/president

White Evangelical vote share was 22% in 2018. Which looks a bit lower than Presidential Year(About 24-25%)

Disapprove TRUMP Strongly, 49%. which is 3% higher than ME/MN.

2) Latest Poll

TRUMP Approval Rating in Virginia.

(1) Reuters 3/3/2018 - 4/2/2019.  453 RV

Approve 45.2% / Disapprove 52.6%

http://polling.reuters.com/#!response/CP3_2/type/week/filters/PD1:1,DQSTATE:47/dates/20190303-20190402/collapsed/true

3) Virginia 2020 Forecast

Considering White-Evangelical’s turnout might be higher in preisdential year

(1) 2020 Party ID %

Based on Fox news voter analysis 2018 adjustment

exclude leaners: DEM 38% / REP 31% / IND 2%

with leaners: DEM 47% / REP 41% / IND 12%

(2) Rate Virginia

Party ID %: Likely DEM

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green):

Conclusion: Likely Warren

* 2016 Results: Hillary(DEM) 49.73% / TRUMP(REP) 44.41%   D +5.28%

16. Colorado

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Colorado Governor Race 2018.  845 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=CO&type=G

Final Results: Polis(Dem) 53.4% / Stapleton(Rep) 42.8%

Party ID with leaner:

DEM 44%   Polis 96%  / Stapleton  2%

REP  40%   Polis 11%  / Stapleton 88%

IND  16%    Polis about 45% / Stapleton about 38%

* IND % : calculated by elimination.

FYI TRUMP won 45% among IND in 2016

https://www.cnn.com/election/2016/results/exit-polls/colorado/president

Disapprove TRUMP Strongly, 46%. which is 3% lower than Virginia.

2) Colorado  Party ID %  Statistics

https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/VoterRegNumbers/VoterRegNumbers.html

(1) October 1, 2019. Total 3,494,282 (Active voters)

https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/VoterRegNumbers/2019/September/VotersByPartyStatus.pdf

DEM 1,053,176(30.14%) / REP 997,374(28.54%)   DEM +1.6%

(2) November 1, 2016. Total 3,273,112 (Active voters)

https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/VoterRegNumbers/2016/October/VotersByPartyStatus.pdf

DEM 1,040,948(31.8%) / REP 1,031,512(31.51%)  DEM +0.29%

3) Latest Poll

Colorado: Emerson, 8/16~8/19. 1,000 RV

http://emersonpolling.com/2019/08/20/colorado-2020-sanders-biden-and-warren-lead-democratic-field-democrats-look-to-gain-senate-seat/

Poll Results: Warren 53.5% / Trump 46.5%

 4) Colorado 2020 Forecast

(1) 2020 Party ID %

Based on Fox News voter analysis adustment + Trends

exclude leaners: DEM 30% / REP 25% / IND 45%

with leaners: DEM 44% / REP 40% / IND 16%

(2) Rate Colorado

Party ID %: Lean DEM~Semi likely DEM

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green): Likely Warren

Conclusion: Likely Warren

* 2016 Results: Hillary(DEM) 48.16% / TRUMP(REP) 43.25%   D +4.91%

17. New Mexico

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

New Mexico Governor Race 2018.  874 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=NM&type=G

Final Results: Grisham(Dem) 57.2% / Pearce(Rep) 42.8%

Party ID with leaner:

Dem 50%   Grisham 93% / Pearce 3%

Rep 39%   Grisham  5% / Perace 95%

IND  11%    

TRUMP Approval: Disapprove Strongly 49%

2) New Mexico Party ID %  Statistics

https://www.sos.state.nm.us/voting-and-elections/data-and-maps/voter-registration-statistics/2019-voter-registration-statistics/

(1) August 29, 2019. Total 1,257,367

DEM 573,906(45.6%) / REP 379,935(30.2%)   DEM +15.4%

(2) October 31, 2018. Total 1,261,532

http://www.sos.state.nm.us/uploads/FileLinks/c785f44b017b423b97cb8fe41dffa5d4/Statewide_10_31_2018.pdf

DEM 578,321(45.8%) / REP 382,924(30.4%)  DEM +15.4%

(3) October 31, 2016. Total 1,289,019

http://www.sos.state.nm.us/uploads/FileLinks/c2426e22e02d478ca940282b232f0647/STATEWIDE_10_31_16.PDF

DEM 599,681 (46.52%) / REP 399,867(31.02%)  DEM +16.5%

(4) October 31, 2012. Total 1,255,273

http://www.sos.state.nm.us/uploads/FileLinks/2966cef424224c59b1abaf5b30a91116/STATEWIDEOCT312012.PDF

DEM 596,209 (47.5%) / REP 395,992(31.55%)  DEM +15.95%

* CNN NM 2012 Exit Poll

http://www.cnn.com/election/2012/results/state/NM/president/

DEM 42% / REP 30% / IND 28%

3) New Mexico 2020 Forecast

(1) 2020 Party ID %

Based on Voter registration Trends+Fox new voter analysis adjustment.

exclude leaners: DEM 40% / REP 29% / IND 31% with leaners: DEM 50% / REP 40.2% / IND 9.8%

2016 NM Exit Poll

https://edition.cnn.com/election/2016/results/exit-polls/new-mexico/president

DEM  Hillary 85% / TRUMP 8%

REP  Hillary 6% / TRUMP 86%

IND   Hillary 37% / TRUMP 42%

2020 Forecast(with leaners)

DEM(50%): DEM 91% / TRUMP 8%

REP(40.2%): DEM  6% / TRUMP 92.5%

IND(9.8%): DEM 42% / TRUMP 46%

DEM 52.0% / TRUMP 45.7%.  D +6.3%

(2) Rate New Mexico

Party ID %: Likely DEM~Semi Solid DEM

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green):

Conclusion: Likely Warren~Semi Solid Warren

* FYI Larry Sabato(Crystal Ball) rated NM as Likely DEM

http://crystalball.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/2020-president/

* 2016 Results: Hillary(DEM) 48.26% / TRUMP(REP) 40.04%   D +8.22%

IV. Blue States

18. Connecticut

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Connecticut Governor Race 2018. 829 Respondents(Voters) https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=CT&type=G

Final results: Lamont(DEM) 49.37% / Stefanowski(REP) 46.21%

1) Party ID % With Leaners DEM 47%   Lamont 89%     / Stefanowski 7% REP  40%    Lamont  8%     / Stefanowski 90% IND  13%   Lamont  33.4% / Stefanowski 53.2%

* IND % : calculated by elimination.

Lamont: 49.37% - D(47%)x89% - R(40%)x8% = 4.34/13= IND 33.4%

Stefanowski: 46.21% - D(47%)x7 - R(40%)x90% = 6.92/13= IND 53.2%

(2) TRUMP Approval: Disapprove Strongly 47%

2) Connecticut 2020 Forecast

(1) 2020 Party ID %

Based on Voter registration Trends+Fox new voter analysis adjustment.

exclude leaners: DEM 40% / REP 29% / IND 31% with leaners: DEM 47% / REP 40% / IND 13%

(2) Rate Connecticut

Party ID %: Likely DEM

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green):

Conclusion: Solid Warren

* 2016 Results: Hillary(DEM) 54.57% / TRUMP(REP) 40.93%   D +13.64%

* 2018 CT Gov Race results: Lamont(DEM) 49.37% / Stefanowski 46.21%

D +3.16%.

 19. Oregon

1) Election 2018 Fox News Voter Analysis

Oregon Governor Race 2018.  874 Respondents(Voters)

https://www.foxnews.com/midterms-2018/voter-analysis?filter=OR&type=G

Final Results: Brown(Dem) 50.1% / Buehler(Rep) 43.7%

Party ID with leaner:

Dem 50%  Brown 89% / Buehler 8%

Rep 34%   Brown 6% / Buehler 90%

IND  16%    

TRUMP Approval: Disapprove Strongly 50%

(1) Dem’s vote share is shrinking in Oregon

2012: 39.6% -> 2014: 37.85% -> 2016: 38.36% -> 2018: 35.38%

My analysis post: http://statespoll.com/post/179995607120

2) Oregon Party ID %  Statistics

https://sos.oregon.gov/elections/pages/electionsstatistics.aspx

(1) January 10, 2019. Total 2,755,950

https://sos.oregon.gov/elections/Documents/registration/dec2018.pdf

DEM 976,409 (35.43%) / REP 706,744 (25.64%) / Other 38.93%.  DEM +9.79%

(2) September 2018. Total 2,731,048

https://sos.oregon.gov/elections/Documents/registration/september-2018.pdf

DEM 966,397 (35.38%) / REP 703,825 (25.77%) / Other 38.85%.  DEM +9.61%

(3) October 2016. Total 2,577,717

https://sos.oregon.gov/elections/Documents/registration/Oct16.pdf

DEM 988,848(38.36%) / REP 716,953(27.81%) / Other 33.83%. DEM +10.55%

(4) October 2014. Total 2,197,409

https://sos.oregon.gov/elections/Documents/registration/oct14.pdf

DEM 831,756(37.85%) / REP 657,170(29.9%) / Other 32.25%. DEM +10.55%

(5) October 2012. Total 2,219,357

https://sos.oregon.gov/elections/Documents/registration/oct12.pdf

DEM 878,460(39.58%) / REP 688,504(31.02%)/ Other 29.4%.  DEM +9.56%

DEM/REP are losing vote share % in oregon.(DEM lost more)

Other(IND+Minor parties)‘s vote share surge( just in 2 years, +5%!)

3) Oregon 2020 Forecast

White Evangelical vote share was 14% in 2018. Which is much lower than pew research(29%)

(1) Realistic Party ID % (considering realistic White evangelical vote share in presidential year.)

Based on Voter registration Trends+Fox new voter analysis adjustment.

exclude leaners: DEM 28% / REP 21% / IND 51% with leaners: DEM 48% / REP 37% / IND 15%

(2) Rate Oregon

Party ID %: Solid DEM

Poll % (adjusted %+ cosindered Libertarian&Green):

Conclusion: Solid Warren

* 2016 Results: Hillary(DEM) 50.07% / TRUMP(REP) 39.09%   D +10.98%

[katzuyas]

it’s that time of the year again when I make a full list of fics I posted in the previous 12 months, so get some good tea and a snack bc there’s a crapton of fics for you to enjoy!

total number of fics published: 75

word count: around 410k

last year I had about 175k words in 95 fics, so holy fucking sheet was I on crack this year or what??? that’s over double the word count o.O I have definitely chilled down on the number of fics but I didn’t do that on the wordcount, did I? // cold sweats HOW AM I GOING TO BEAT THAT YTDCJHYVUB

if you’re curious as to what all I wrote this past year, take a peek below!

the list below follows a pattern like this:

title[*]

fandom: pairing: words: summary:

tumblr | ao3

the asterisk [*] after the title means it’s one of my personal fav fics, so if you haven’t read those, pls do!

J A N U A R Y

2018

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 1065 summary:

"To 2018," Mila says, raising her glass. "May it be even gayer than 2017!"

...Yuuri and Victor, as always, do not disappoint.

tumblr | ao3

learn it by heart

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 1129 summary:

"But, really." Yuuri turns to Victor, handing him a bag of potatoes. "Do I look like a girl?"

tumblr | ao3

a year can make a big difference

fandom: ace of diamond pairing:  miyusawa words: 2334 summary:

"Allow this Sawamura Eijun to bestow his invaluable experiences onto you." How can Kazuya say no?

tumblr | ao3

lisitsa

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 2696 summary:

#WorldFigure #figureskating #worldchampion #goldenboy #coachsoproud #fiancesoproud #isnthejustbeautiful #canwegetmarriednowpls

tumblr | ao3

when I’m next to you I’m home

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 7850

oneshots written for @domesticvictuuriweek

day 1: mischief | tumblr | ao3

day 2: cooking | tumblr | ao3

day 3: alone time | ao3

day 4: cuddles | tumblr | ao3

day 5: rain | tumblr | ao3

day 6: closeness | tumblr | ao3

day 7: free | tumblr | ao3

F E B R U A R Y

to get back to you (I’ll live a thousand lives)[*]

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 17545 summary:

What starts as an innocent journey to find inspiration becomes a fight for love that lasts through the centuries, but in the end there is nothing that can stop Victor from coming back to Yuuri. Not even the curse of eternal rebirth.

written for @victuuri-week and @yoimythologyweek

day 1: historical | tumblr | ao3

day 2: promises | tumblr | ao3

day 3: inspiration | tumblr | ao3

day 4: free | tumblr | ao3

day 5: fantasy & icarus | tumblr | ao3

day 6: sci-fi & norse mythology | tumblr | ao3

day 7: journeys & reincarnation | tumblr | ao3

day 8: soulmates & free | tumblr | ao3

day 9: star-crossed lovers | tumblr | ao3

day 10: magical creatures | tumblr | ao3

day 11: eros and psyche | tumblr | ao3

the end | tumblr | ao3

carry on, darling, we were built to last

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 1251 summary:

Valentine's Day can only be celebrated in style.

tumblr | ao3

a black heart of gold[*]

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 67471 summary:

Victor Nikiforov, aka Grand Prix, knows that he's Yakov's most skilled hitman. That's just a fact and he isn't in the habit of arguing with facts. He also knows that he's the only one Yakov trusts, period. In this case though, he's the only one Yakov can rely on to take care of the elusive sniper Eros, who kills Yakov's henchmen left and right. What Victor doesn't know, however, is that Eros' little vendetta is not a matter of coincidence, but pure premeditation, and thus... he falls into a trap that a rookie like Little Fairy could see from a mile away. He falls in lust. And then in love. The fool.

tumblr | ao3

M A R C H

lighter, better, fuller

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 1789 summary:

St. Petersburg might not be what Yuuri imagined, but anywhere he goes is a good place as long as Victor's by his side.

written for the @heartbeatszine

tumblr | ao3

Everlasting

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 3668 summary:

When his mother falls ill and only a special flower can save her, Yuuri takes it onto himself to travel to the Garden of Everlasting to find it. What he finds, though, is more than just the flower.

ao3

dazzle me with gold[*]

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 146465 summary:

Everyone knows who Victor Nikiforov is.

Even shepherds and beggars, even children of such.

So when Yuuri’s hunting trip takes him almost to the other side of the forest and he’s caught by men with the flaming sun insignia embossed in the gold of their breastplates, Yuuri knows who he is being dragged to meet. He just doesn’t know why.

tumblr fic tag | ao3

M A Y

what living feels like

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 1741 summary:

"What do you say, Makka?" Victor asks, stroking one of Makkachin's ears. "Think you can share?" 

written for kamome: @softviktorzine

tumblr | ao3

J U L Y

together, we’re golden[*]

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 1548 summary:

"You did it, Yuuri," Victor says and squeezes Yuuri's now limp hand. His cheeks hurt from how hard he grins.

written for the born to shine @yuurizine

tumblr | ao3

@wewritevictuuri‘s autoteles week

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 5306

day 1: relationships | tumblr

day 2: nature | tumblr

day 3: missing moments | tumblr

day 4: the arts | tumblr

day 6: fantasy | tumblr

A U G U S T

on your sweet temples (a crown of love)

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 10946 summary:

When Victor and Ivan's father dies, he leaves Victor to a life of pain with only one thing to bring a semblance of happiness to his dreary days – a charmed pot of pinks that, unknown to anyone else, is much more than it seems to be at first glance.

written together with the amazing @saniika

tumblr | ao3

S E P T E M B E R

pulchritudinous

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 1868 summary:

adj used of persons only; having great physical beauty “pulchritudinous movie stars”

Synonyms: beautiful delighting the senses or exciting intellectual or emotional admiration

tumblr | ao3

O C T O B E R

thread your needle through my heart (and stitch us into one)

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 8258 summary:

"I don't do fashion. I am fashion." —Coco Chanel

oneshots from the modus vivendi au written for @yurionrunway

day 1: fashion stylists | tumblr | ao3

day 2: costumes | tumblr | ao3

day 3: footwear | tumblr | ao3

day 4: subcultures of fashion | tumblr | ao3

day 5: past fashion | tumblr | ao3

day 6: gender role subversion | tumblr | ao3

day 7: creativity | tumblr | ao3

N O V E M B E R

draped in your love, I breathe[*]

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 92856 summary:

When Phichit Chulanont, the best friend, main model, and face of Yuuri's brand of designer fashion wear decides to branch out a little, Yuuri is more than supportive. It is purely on accident that the man whom Yuuri admires (more like crushes on to the max but will die if you tease him about it), the famous Victor Nikiforov, is holding a casting for his next runway show, and since Yuuri is a good friend, he can't let Phichit go alone, now can he? Little do they both know that they're going into a meeting that will change all of their lives. For better or for worse.

ao3

D E C E M B E R

drabbles written for @vityaweek​

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 5383

day 1: confessions | tumblr

day 2: favourite au | tumblr

day 4: hairstyle | tumblr

day 5: mythology au | tumblr

day 6: his grace, royalty au | tumblr

day 7: home | tumblr

red, for love triumphant[*]

fandom: yuri on ice pairing:  victuuri words: 12088 summary:

Everything happens as we know it. Everything stays the same. Except one little detail: ever since the Junior Worlds, every time he wins, Victor gets a single rose in his fanmail.

tumblr | ao3

miscellaneous random writes: 19893

june 30

july 2

july 9

july 12

july 14

july 14

july 15

july 29

july 29

july 31

august 2

august 5

august 9

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august 28

september 2

september 5

september 12

september 14

september 16

september 19

october 4

october 5

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october 7

october 9

november 14

november 29 (wish for @yuuriweek2018)

december 7

[thisdayreservedfor]

Portrait of Katherine Parr, Queen Consort of England and Ireland Public Domain, Wikipedia. 

Born 1512, Blackfriars, London, England Parents: Sir Thomas Parr, Maud Green. Died September 7, 1548, age 35-36, Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire, England Sixth wife of Henry VIII. Wed Henry at age 31 on July 12, 1543. This marriage lasted for 3 years and 6 months, until Henry’s death on January 28, 1547. She married again and died just over a year later from “child fever,” or complications of childbirth. 

Katherine had been married and widowed twice before marrying Henry VIII. She was interested in education, not domestic skills, and was fluent in French, Latin, Italian, and had begun to learn Spanish upon her marriage to Henry VIII. She was a vocal Protestant and published books of Prayer. She was close to Henry’s three children and her previous husband’s children but died soon after giving birth to her only child, Mary Seymour, on August 30, 1548.

Source: Wikipedia

[katesficnotes]

Starcrossed Timeline

1920 (c. 1450)

1927

january 28 - birth of henry vii

1930 (c. 1460)

1936 

february 11 - birth of elizabeth of york

1940 (c. 1470)

1950 (c. 1480)

1953

april 9 - death of edward iv

july 6 - coronation of richard iii

1954

???? - birth of charles brandon

1955

august 22 - death of richard iii

october 30 - coronation of henry vii

december 16 - birth of catherine of aragon

1956

january 18 - henry vii marries elizabeth of york

september 20 - birth of arthur tudor

1959

november 28 - birth of margaret tudor

1960 (c. 1490)

1961

june 28 - birth of henry viii

1966

march 18 - birth of mary rose tudor

1970 (c. 1500)

the age of majority is legally reduced from 21 to 18

1971

november 14 - arthur and ————— marry

???? - birth of mary boleyn

1973

february 11 - death of elizabeth of york

august 8 - margaret marries james iv

1974

???? - birth of george boleyn

1977

????? - birth of anne boleyn

1979

????? - birth of jane seymour

april 21 - death of henry vii

june 11 - henry viii and catherine marry

june 23 - coronation of arthur ii

1980 (c. 1510)

august ?? - birth of katharine parr

1980 (c. 1510)

1982

april 10 - birth of james v

1983

september 9 - death of james iv

1984

august 6 - margaret marries archibald douglas

1985

september 22 - birth of anne of cleves

october 8 - birth of margaret douglas

1986

february 18 - brith of mary i

1988

margaret tudor’s third marriage

1990 (c. 1520)

1992

??????? - henry meets anne boleyn

??????? - birth of katherine howard

1998

march 3 - margaret marries henry stuart

2000 (c. 1530)

2002

june 24 - birth of robert dudley

november 14 - h8 divorces coa

2003

january 25 - h8 marries anne

september 7 - birth of elizabeth i

2006

may 19 - h8 divorces anne

may 30 - h8 marries jane

2007

october 12 - birth of edward vi

2010 (approx 1540)

2014

july 6 - margaret douglas marries matthew stuart

2015

december 7 - birth of henry stuart darnley

2018: current year (approx 1548)

[minervacasterly]

A Tribute to Queen Kathryn Parr: Useful in all that she did

On the 5th of September 1548, Queen Dowager and Baroness of Sudeley, Kathryn Parr died at Sudeley Castle days after giving birth to a daughter she named Mary after her royal stepdaughter. Following this, she became feverish and in her delirium she claimed: “Those that are about me care not for me” referring to her husband, Thomas Seymour, Baron of Sudeley, who was by her side, comforting her the entire time. Jane Grey and other ladies were also with her, reading her the scriptures.

Historian, Amy Licence, author of In Bed With the Tudors, theorizes she could have been infected after the birth by the midwives’ unclean hands which would have made possible the passage of bacteria to her body. (The lack of hygiene during childbirth was not uncommon. If she had lived through the same ordeal now she would have been treated right away and saved but as it was, the only medicine then was based on plants and folklore beliefs that Katherine, given her extensive knowledge of the former would have known very well. It is not known if he midwives or she used any of these methods. In any case it was too late, the fever spread rapidly and claimed her on the morning of September fifth). Her husband was grief-stricken, unable to believe that she was gone that he later said: “I was so amazed that I had small regard to either myself or to my doings”. Katherine was buried days later with full pomp and ceremony. Jane Grey acted as her chief mourner, walking behind her coffin with Lady Elizabeth Tilney carrying the long train. Katherine Parr was the first Royal to have a Protestant Funeral. Miles Coverdale headed the funeral which was in English and concluded it with the following eulogy:

“A beautous daughter blessed her arms, An infant copy of her parents’ charms. When now seven days this tender flower had bloomed Heaven in its wrath the mother’s soul resumed Our loyal breast with rising sighs are torn, With saints she triumphs, we with mortals mourn.”

Her husband and daughter did not survive her for long. Sudeley was arrested at his house while entertaining a guest, and sent to Tower under charges of treason. He was found guilty and beheaded on March 20 1549. Afterwards, their daughter was given over to Catherine Brandon nee Willoughby, Duchess Dowager of Suffolk in whose care she probably died as she disappears from the records a year after. Despite leaving everything to her husband, the Protectorate took her wealth and this made Sudeley angry, and he ended up conspiring with the Marquises of Dorset (Henry Grey) and Northampton (William Parr -Katherine's brother), against his brother. The Duchess Dowager of Suffolk begged the Council many times to help her with her charge's finances but they never took her pleas seriously until 1550 when Katherine Parr's wealth was given back to her daughter, but by then she was probably sick or dying because she is never mentioned again.

Some fun facts about Kathryn Parr: 1. She loved shoes so much that she had more pairs than every other wife before her! 2. While Anne Boleyn is credited to initiating the religious changes in England, it was Kathryn Parr who pushed the envelope even further AND as a consequence, she was the first royal consort to be given a Protestant funeral. 3. In spite of how she is portrayed on TV and film, even when she is portrayed favorably, she got along with many Catholics. One of her best friends was Mary Tudor who was closer to her in age. Kathryn Parr encouraged her to translate St. Paul's testament and some of Erasmus' writings in English which Mary did gladly. The imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, wrote that out of all of Henry's wives besides Katharine of Aragon, she was the one most deserving of her position. 4. While Kitty Howard tried to bring the family together, once again Kathryn Parr went one step further than another one of her predecessors, by convincing Henry to restoring his daughters to the line of succession after their brother. 5. She is the only other wife besides Katharine of Aragon to be appointed Regent while Henry VIII went away to fight in France (again). 6. Besides being close in age, her friendship with Mary Ttudor is also due to their mothers. Lady Maud Parr nee Green had served Queen Katharine and it is likely that she named her daughter in her honor. Following the same tradition, she encouraged her daughter's passion for learning. 7. Last but not least, Kathryn Parr was the first royal consort to publish her works in English. The two, 'Prayers and Meditations' and 'Lamentations of a Sinner' became instant best-sellers and influenced various other figures in her movement who later became its leading voices. Among them were her royal stepchildren, Edward VI and Elizabeth I and the ill-fated Jane Grey.

Had lady Mary Seymour lived, she would have probably followed in her mother's footsteps and seen as a leader by many Evangelicals or supported some of them who were part of Elizabeth I's inner circle in their efforts to stir the country toward the true faith. But that didn't come to pass. Mary Seymour died when she was an infant and in an article written by Linda Porter years ago, she states that an eulogy was made in honor of mother and daughter years after the events happen, where Mary is mentioned to have died young. And while this seems sad, the truth is that Kathryn Parr's legacy lives on with the books she penned, the people she befriended and most importantly, the Queen she mentored who learned a great deal through observing the way she conducted herself before her father's ministers and foreign dignitaries who had nothing but praises to give her. In this and in many other things, Kathryn Parr was as her motto, useful in all that she did. An exemplary queen and lady, and leading figure in the Protestant Reformation.

Sources: 1. In Bed with the Tudors by Amy Licence 2. Tudors vs Stewarts, Katherine the Queen by Linda Porter 3. The Wives of Henry VIII by Antonia Fraser 4. Elizabeth: The Struggle for the Throne, Six Wives, the Queens of Henry VIII by David Starkey 5. The Six Wives of Henry VIII by Alison Weir

[edinburghtattootickets-blog]

A colorful history of Edinburgh Castle

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Edinburgh Castle stands on a volcanic plug, a piece of hardened basalt that has withstood the ice caps of Europe. The flow of ice divided around it, braiding the edges and depositing debris in its wake. When the ice retreated, it left a flat area to the north with a rock (the castle rock) and a tail (today the "Royal Mile").

The top of Castle Rock is 130 meters (430 feet) above sea level, with rocky cliffs to the south, west, and north, rising to a height of 80 meters (260 feet) above the surrounding landscape. The only easily accessible route to the castle is to the east, where the ridge slopes more gently, but where any approach can be seen for miles and where a defense could be concentrated.

Climate and geology had combined to create a natural defensive position.

Archaeological investigation has not yet established when Castle Rock was first used for human habitation. There is no trace of Roman activity. The map of Ptolemy from the 2nd century AD shows a settlement on the Votadini territory called "Alauna", which means place of rock, which makes it perhaps the first known name of the castle.

It did not reappear in historical documents until around 600 AD, however, when the epic of the Welsh poem Y Gododdin referred to "Din Eidyn" (the stronghold of Eidyn).

The first documentary reference to a castle in Edinburgh is the disputed account of Jean de Fordun of the death of King Malcolm III. What is more widely accepted, however, is Malcolm's youngest son, King David I, who began to develop Edinburgh as the seat of royal power in the 1140s. In 1174, King William "the Lion" ( 1165-1214) was captured by the English during the Battle of Alnwick.

He was forced to sign the Cliff Treaty to obtain his release, in exchange for the handing over of the castles of Edinburgh, Berwick, Roxburgh, and Stirling, to the English king Henry II. The castle was occupied by the English for twelve years, until 1186, when it was returned to Guillaume as dowry from his English wife, Ermengarde de Beaumont.

The colorful history of Edinburgh Castle really started to take off in March 1296, when Edward I launched an invasion of Scotland, thus starting the First Scottish War of Independence. Edinburgh Castle was quickly bombed for three days and surrendered to British control.

Edward brought his master builders from the great Welsh castles to Scotland and Edinburgh was strengthened. However, after the death of Edward I in 1307, England's control over Scotland weakened. On March 14, 1314, a surprise night attack by the 1st Count of Moray took over the castle.

A group of thirty handpicked men was guided by a William Francis, a member of the garrison who knew a route along the north face of Castle Rock and a place where the wall could be climbed. Making the difficult climb, Randolph’s men climbed the wall, surprised the garrison, and took control.

Robert the Bruce immediately ordered the destruction of the castle's defenses to prevent its re-occupation by the English. Four months later, his army won the battle at Bannockburn. Tickets for the Edinburgh Tattoo are available online.

After Bruce's death in 1329, Edward III of England decided to renew Scotland's attempted subjugation. Edward attacked in 1333, marking the start of the Second Scottish War of Independence, and English forces reoccupied and re-fortified Edinburgh Castle in 1335, holding it back until 1341.

This time the Scottish physical attack was led by William Douglas, lord of Liddesdale. Douglas' group disguised themselves as Leith merchants bringing supplies to the garrison. Driving a cart into the entrance, they stopped him to prevent the doors from closing. A larger force hidden nearby rushed to join them and the castle was recaptured. The English garrison, 100 in number, was killed.

The Berwick Treaty of 1357 ended the wars of independence. David II took over his reign and began to rebuild Edinburgh Castle which became its main seat of government. The Tower of David was started around 1367 and was incomplete when David died at the castle in 1371.

It was completed in the 1370s by his inheritor, Robert II. At the beginning of the 15th century, another English invasion, this time under Henry IV, reached Edinburgh Castle and began a siege, but eventually withdrew in due to lack of supplies.

Edinburgh Castle from Prince's Street Gardens. The castle never really developed the traditional turrets and towers that we could associate with Wales.

From 1437 Sir William Crichton was the caretaker of Edinburgh Castle and soon became Chancellor of Scotland. In an attempt to win the regency of Scotland, Crichton sought to break the power of the Douglases, the principal noble family of the kingdom.

William Douglas, sixteen, Earl of Douglas, sixteen, and his younger brother David were summoned to Edinburgh Castle in November 1440. After the so-called "black dinner", the two boys were summarily executed on accusations fabricated in the presence of King James II, 10 years old.

Supporters of Douglas later besieged the castle, causing damage, but construction continued throughout this period, the area now known as Crown Square being vaulted in the 1430s.

Royal apartments were built, forming the nucleus of the last palace building, and a large hall existed in 1458. Edinburgh fans can buy Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo Tickets online.

In 1479, Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, was imprisoned in the Tower of David for plotting against his brother, King James III (r.1460-1488). He escaped by drinking his guards, then lowering himself from a window on a rope.

Albany fled to France, then to England, where he allied with King Edward IV. In 1482 Albany entered Scotland with Richard, the Duke of Gloucester (future King Richard III) and an English army. James III was trapped in the castle from July 22 to September 29, 1482, until he successfully negotiated a settlement.

In the 15th century, the castle was increasingly used as an arsenal and an armament factory. The first known purchase of firearms took place in 1384, and the “big bomb” Mons Meg was delivered to Edinburgh in 1457.

The first recorded mention of an arsenal for the manufacture of firearms took place in 1474 and, in 1498, master gunner Robert Borthwick threw bronze cannons at Edinburgh. In 1511 Edinburgh was the main foundry in Scotland, replacing Stirling Castle,

Mons Meg, the 13,000-pound (5.9-ton) gun rests on a reconstructed cart. Some of Meg's rifle stones, weighing around 150 kg, are on display next to her. On July 3, 1558, she was dismissed to celebrate the marriage of Marie, Queen of Scotland, with the French dolphin François II. Soldiers recovered one of his stones near the Forth River, 2 miles from the castle

On September 9, 1513, the Scots were routed at the Battle of Flodden. James IV was killed. Waiting for the English to take advantage of their advantage, the Scots hastily built a wall around Edinburgh and raised the defenses of the castle.

Three years later, King James V (r. 1513-1542), was brought to the castle for safety. When he died 25 years later, the crown was passed on to his week-old daughter, Queen of Scotland, Mary. The English invasions followed as King Henry VIII attempted to force a dynastic marriage in Scotland, "The Rough Wooing" from 1543 - 1551.

The city of Edinburgh did badly in 1544 and was razed to the ground. Those who sought refuge in Edinburgh Castle remained largely unchanged. The fortress held under cannon fire was spilled on the Royal Mile.

In June 1548, however, Musselburgh and Dunbar were razed and it was deemed necessary to evacuate Mary to a safe place, where she was engaged to the Dauphin of France in August 1548. Edin Tattoo Tickets can buy online from our trusted online market.

Edinburgh Castle at night - (Just on a complete tangent, during her exile in France, Mary continued to play golf. She was a natural target for English assassins and was assigned to a bodyguard of the cadet body from the nearby naval academy. She quickly discovered that her cadet bodyguard could be used to carry her batons.

The French word for a cadet is, of course, pronounced Cad-Day. Therefore, his club bearer became his junior. When she returned to Scotland, she had adopted the idea of ​​a club carrier. You have probably already guessed where the word caddy comes from?)

Be that as it may, with the military and financial aid of France, the Scots were able to maintain the resistance. Hostilities ended with Scotland with the Treaty of Boulogne in March 1550, which was mainly between France and England.

James V's widow, Marie de Guise, acted as regent from 1554 until her death at the chateau in 1560, over which the Catholic Marie, Queen of Scotland, returned from France to begin her reign, which was marred of crises and quarrels among the powerful Protestant Scottish nobility.

In 1565 the Queen made an unpopular marriage to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and the following year, in a small room in the palace of Edinburgh Castle, she gave birth to their son James, who would later become King of Scotland and England. The reign of Mary was however condemned and ended abruptly.

Three months after the murder of Darnley at Kirk o ’Field in 1567, she married James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, one of the main murder suspects. Much of the nobility rebelled, eventually leading to imprisonment and forced abdication.

She escaped and fled to England. Edinburgh Castle was originally handed over by its captain, James Balfour, to Regent Moray, who had forced Mary's abdication and now held power in the name of the infant King James VI. Tattoo lovers can get Military Tattoo Tickets 2020 online.

Shortly after the Battle of Langside, in May 1568, Moray appointed Sir William Kirkcaldy of Grange Keeper of the Castle. Grange was a trusted lieutenant of the regent, but after Moray's murder in January 1570, his allegiance to the king's cause began to falter.

Under the inspiration of William Maitland of Lethington, Mary’s secretary, Grange changed sides, occupying the city and Edinburgh Castle for Queen Mary and against the new regent, the Earl of Lennox.

The ensuing impasse was not resolved until two years later and became known as the "Lang Siege". Hostilities began in May, with a month-long siege in the city and a second short-lived siege in October.

Blockages and skirmishes continued while Grange continued to re-fortify the castle. The King's party appealed to Elizabeth I of England for help as they lacked the artillery and money to reduce the castle and feared that Grange would receive help from France.

A truce expires on January 1, 1573, and Grange begins to bomb the city. However, its reserves of powder and shot were low and, despite the availability of 40 guns, there were only seven gunners in the garrison. However, the king's forces, now led by the Earl of Morton as regent, were advancing.

Ditches were plowed to surround the castle and St Margaret’s Well was poisoned. In February, all the other supporters of Queen Mary had surrendered to the regent, but Grange had resolved to resist despite the water shortages in the castle. The garrison continued to bomb the city.

In April, a force of approximately 1,000 English soldiers arrived in Edinburgh. They were followed by 27 cannons from Berwick-upon-Tweed. The English troops built an artillery site on Castle Hill, immediately opposite the east walls of the castle, and five others in the north, west, and south. By mid-May, these batteries were ready and bombing began.

Over the next 12 days, the gunners fired about 3,000 shots at the castle. On May 22, the south wall of the Tower of David collapsed and the following day, the constable's tower also fell. Debris blocked the entrance to the castle, as well as the Fore Well, although it has already dried up. People can enjoy the live moments by getting the 2020 Tattoo Tickets online.

On May 26, the English attacked and captured the castle's external fortification. The next day, Grange emerged, calling for a ceasefire. However, having obtained no conditions, he decided to continue the resistance, but the garrison threatened to mutiny. Therefore, he arranged for Drury and his men to enter the castle on May 28, preferring to surrender to the English rather than the Regent Morton.

Edinburgh Castle was given to George Douglas of Parkhead, the regent's brother, and the garrison was authorized to liberate. Much of the castle was now to be rebuilt. The task falls to Regent Morton. The spur, the new Half Moonbattery and the Portcullis gate have been added.

James’s successor, King Charles I, visited Edinburgh Castle only once, hosting a party in the Great Hall. It was the last time that a reigning monarch resided in the castle. In 1639, in response to Charles’s attempts to impose the episcopate on the Scottish Church, a civil war broke out between the king’s forces and the Presbyterian Pacts.

The Covenanters, led by Alexander Leslie, captured Edinburgh Castle after a brief siege, although it was returned to Charles after the Peace of Berwick in June of the same year. The peace was short-lived. The following year, the Covenanters took over the castle, this time after a three-month siege, during which the garrison ran out of supplies.

In May 1650, the Covenanters signed the Treaty of Breda, joining forces with Charles II in exile against English parliamentarians, who had executed his father the year before.

In response to Charles King's Scottish proclamation, Oliver Cromwell launched an invasion of Scotland, defeating the Covenant army at Dunbar in September. Edinburgh Castle was taken after a three-month restriction, which caused further damage.

The next wave of turbulence did not take long to arrive in 1688 when James VII was deposed and exiled by the Glorious Revolution which installed William of Orange as King of England. Tattoo Edinburgh Tickets can buy online from all over the world.

Shortly after, in early 1689, Scotland officially accepted William as their new king and demanded that the Duke of Gordon surrender Edinburgh Castle. Gordon, who had been appointed by James VII as a Catholic confrere, refused.

In March 1689, the castle was blocked by 7,000 men against a garrison of 160 men. Viscount Dundee, determined to spark a rebellion in the Highlands, climbed the west side of Castle Rock to urge Gordon to hold the castle against the new king. Gordon agreed. Despite his first victory at Killiecrankie, Dundee was fatally injured. Without its leadership, the rebellion lost its leadership.

The battle of Dunkeld resulted in an inconclusive result. Some rebels began to abandon the cause and returned to the Highland valleys. Returning to Edinburgh, Gordon began to realize that he was not going to be relieved and would surrender on June 14 due to reduced supplies and the loss of 70 men during the three-month siege.

The castle was almost taken during the first Jacobite lever in support of James Stuart, the "old suitor", in 1715. On September 8, just two days after the start of the lever, a group of about 100 Jacobite Highlanders, led by Lord Drummond, tried to climb the walls with the help of members of the garrison.

However, the rope ladder lowered by the castle sentries was too short and the alarm went off after a watch change. The Jacobites fled, while the deserters from the castle were hanged or flogged. The last military action at the castle took place during the second Jacobite uprising in 1745.

Under Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie"), The Jacobite army captured Edinburgh without a fight in September 1745, but the castle remained in the hands of his aging, General George Preston, who refused to surrender. After their victory over the government army at Prestonpans on September 21, the Jacobites attempted to block the castle.

Preston's response was to bombard Jacobite positions in the city. After the demolition of several buildings and the death of four people, Charles lifted the blockade. Fans can know Edinburgh Tattoo Tickets prices online.

The Jacobites themselves did not have heavy weapons with which to respond, and in November they entered England, leaving Edinburgh to be the garrison of the castle. The uprising would eventually perish on the Culloden field in April of the following year

During the following century, the vaults of the castle were used to hold prisoners of war during several conflicts, notably the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) and the wars Napoleonic (1803-1815). After a massive escape of prisoners in 1811, it ceased to be used as such from 1814

The Edinburgh Castle regularly originated to assume a different role as a national monument. The palace began to be open to visitors in the 1830s. The Sainte-Marguerite chapel was "rediscovered" in 1845, having served as a store for many years.

Works in the 1880s, saw the Argyle tower built above the Portcullis Gate and the great hall restored after years of use as a barracks. A new Gatehouse was built in 1888. The permanent garrison moved in 1923, although the castle was briefly used again as a prison during the Second World War, for captured pilots from the Luftwaffe.

The castle was entrusted to "historic Scotland" when the agency was created in 1991 and was designated a historic monument registered in 1993. Today, it fulfills a function of ceremonial, tourism and administration, soldiers still present.

He is probably best known today for the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo which takes place on the Esplanade every year in August. The basis of each performance is a parade of massive pipes and drums from Scottish regiments, and since its creation in 1950, the tattoo has developed a complex format that includes a variety of guest performers from around the world, albeit always with a purpose military.

The highlight of the evening is the solitary bagpiper on the ramparts of the castle, playing a pibroch in memory of the comrades-in-arms, followed by massive groups joining a mix of traditional Scottish melodies. The tattoo attracts an annual audience of around 217,000 people and is broadcast in around thirty countries to an estimated television audience of 100 million.

Another tradition that visitors can observe is the discharge of the One O’Clock Gun, a time signal, fired every day at 1 p.m., except Sunday, Good Friday and Christmas Day.

The "Time Gun" was created in 1861 as a signal for ships in the port of Leith and the Firth of Forth, 3 km away. The original gun was an 18-pound muzzle-loading cannon, which needed four men to charge, and was fired from the Half Moonbattery. On Sunday, April 2, 1916, the One O’Clock Gun was fired in vain at a German Zeppelin during an air raid, the only known use of the pistol in wartime.

Edinburgh Castle remains Scotland's most popular tourist attraction, with more than 1.4 million visitors in 2013. Historic Scotland has a number of facilities within the castle, including two cafes/restaurants, several shops and numerous historical exhibitions.

An educational center in the Queen Anne Building organizes events for schools and educational groups and employs reenactors in costume and with vintage weapons.

Tattoo fans can get Edinburgh Tattoo Tickets through our steadfast online ticketing market place. www.edinburghtattotickets.com is the most unfaltering source of The Edinburgh Tattoo Tickets.

[topworldhistory]

The monarch’s chaotic love life led to an unstable succession, foreign policy changes and a break with Rome.

King Henry VIII ruled England for 36 years (1509-1547), presiding over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and Protestant Reformation. But it's the monarch's tumultuous romantic life, rather than his politics, that have kept him in the spotlight. 

Henry VIII is best known for his six wives, and several mistresses he kept on the side. The monarch’s desperate quest for political unification and a healthy male heir drove him to annul two marriages and have two wives beheaded. His chaotic love life caused an unstable succession, foreign policy implications and even led to the break with Rome.

Here’s a look at the lives and, in several instances, the untimely demise of Henry VIII’s wives along with the impact this real-life melodrama had on England.

Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536): Demoted for Bearing No Son

Catherine of Aragon

Henry took the throne in 1509, at age 17. Six weeks later, he married Catherine of Aragon, daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain and the widow of his elder brother, Arthur. From the moment young Henry took his nuptials, he obsessed over continuing the Tudor line. Of multiple pregnancies and several births, the only child to survive was Henry and Catherine’s daughter, Mary, born in February 1516.

Catherine remained at Henry’s side for 23 years and is even thought to be the only woman the king ever truly loved. “Henry viewed her as a model wife in every respect bar one… her failure to give him a son,” says Tudor historian Tracy Borman. Frustrated at the lack of a male heir, Henry’s eyes wandered.

He had a brief extra-marital affair with Elizabeth “Bessie” Blount, one of Catherine’s ladies-in-waiting. In 1519, Bessie was taken in secret to the Essex countryside where she gave birth to Henry Fitzroy, Henry’s only acknowledged illegitimate child.

By the 1520s, Henry had developed a fondness for Anne Boleyn, another lady-in-waiting to the queen, and eventually sought the Pope’s approval for an annulment. “He argued that his marriage to Catherine was invalid because her marriage to his brother Arthur had been consummated, but she always contested this,” Borman explains. When the Pope refused Henry’s request, the king divorced Catherine against the will of the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England—ushering in the Reformation.

Catherine died at Kimbolton Castle, as a princess not a queen, on January 7, 1536.

Anne Boleyn (c. 1501-1536): The Union That Sparked Reformation, Beheaded

Anne Boleyn

Anne and her sister, Mary, spent part of their childhood in the France court. Mary returned to England sometime around 1520 and had a brief affair with Henry. Henry then became smitten with Anne, but she refused the king’s advances. She had no interest in being a mistress, which is thought to have prompted Henry’s annulment with Catherine.

Henry and Anne wed in January of 1533, and Anne gave birth to their first child, Elizabeth, in September the same year. Henry remained hopeful Anne would give him a son, but after a series of stillborn births, Henry lost interest in his wife. When he took a mistress, Anne became enraged. “On one occasion, her sister-in-law, Lady Rochford, was banished from court when she and Anne had plotted to remove an unnamed mistress from court,” says Tudor historian Elizabeth Norton. Desperate to end the relationship, Henry accused her of adultery and treason and had the marriage annulled.

On May 19, 1536, Anne was beheaded for her alleged crimes. She is by far the most studied of Henry VIII's wives, but much of her life remains a mystery including the terms of her execution. “Although we know that Henry annulled his marriage to Anne two days before her execution, we do not even know the specific legal pretext. It was either the king's earlier relationship with Mary Boleyn, which ironically placed him and Anne within the same degree of consanguinity as he and Catherine, or on the basis that Anne had contracted a pre-contract or binding engagement to Henry Percy,” says Norton.

Many historians believe Henry fabricated the charges against Anne.

Jane Seymour (1508-1537): Died After Giving Birth to Male Heir

Jane Seymour

Days after Anne’s execution, Henry married his third wife, Jane Seymour. Jane had served as a lady-in-waiting to both Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. Anne Boleyn’s and Jane Seymour's mothers were first cousins, who shared the same grandmother, and were raised together for a time. “Anne did not stand meekly aside when Henry's interest in Jane became apparent. We know from sources that the pair came to blows on more than one occasion at court,” says Norton. On October 12, 1537, Jane gave birth to Edward VI and died from complications of the birth several weeks later. At the wishes of the king, Jane is buried at St. John’s Chapel alongside him.

Anne of Cleves (1515-1557): Strategic, Six-Month Marriage

Anne of Cleves

Henry stayed a bachelor for two years, until his chief minister suggested that he seek a European alliance and marry one of the sisters (Anne and Amelia) of Germany’s Duke of Cleves. Henry requested the women’s portraits and found Anne to be the more flattering of the two. When Anne arrived in England on January 1, 1540, Henry was shocked that she looked nothing like the painting. He tried to halt the wedding, but because the arrangement had progressed so far, they married on January 6, 1540. Anne, the so-called “ugly wife,” accepted a divorce and generous settlement six months later and lived in peace as the “King’s Sister” until her death in July 1557.

Catherine Howard (1523-1542): Treasured, Then Executed

Catherine Howard

Henry married 19-year-old Catherine Howard—a lady-in waiting to Anne of Cleves—in July 1540. By this time, he had become overweight and unable to walk. Said to be delighted with his rambunctious new bride, Henry showered Catherine with gifts and called her his “rose without a thorn.” But less than a year into their marriage, rumors of infidelity surfaced. With enough evidence that she had been at least promiscuous, Catherine was executed for adultery and treason at the Tower Green on February 13, 1542.

Catherine Parr (1512-1548): Peacemaker Who Outlived Henry

Catherine Parr

Henry married his sixth wife, Catherine Parr, in July 1543. A spirited and educated widower, when Catherine showed an interest in Protestantism, Henry had her arrested. She managed to avoid the fate of her predecessors, bringing stability and peace to the court, while serving as a kind and caring stepmother to Henry’s children. 

Of all Henry’s wives, Borman says Catherine Parr had the most influence upon the widest variety of areas including court culture, religion, the role of women and the education of Henry’s children. “She also persuaded Henry to restore his daughters Mary and Elizabeth to the order of succession and acted as Regent when Henry went to war with France,” Borman explains.

Catherine died in 1548, a year after Henry’s passing.

from Stories - HISTORY https://ift.tt/2Gwb2sI January 29, 2020 at 12:22AM