#Gaseous and Liquid Helium

[ilmemcmi]

The global helium market is expected Growth owing to Rising Demand from Various End Use Industries

Helium finds wide applications in cryogenics, leak detection, welding, pressurizing, and lifting among other industrial processes. Its properties such as inert chemical nature and low boiling point enable it to perform critical functions across various end use verticals. Growing MRI scanning procedures and rising semiconductor manufacturing activities have significantly boosted the demand for helium over the years.

The global helium market is estimated to be valued at US$ 8.13 Mn in 2024 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 6.3% over the forecast period from 2024 to 2031. Key Takeaways Key players operating in the gaseous and liquid helium market are ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., OSI Systems Inc., Chemring Group PLC, Bruker Corporation, Viken Detection, FLIR Systems Inc., Astrophysics Inc., Aventura Technologies Inc., Teknicom Solutions Ltd., L3 Security and Detection Systems Inc., Nuctech Company Limited, and Smiths Detection Inc. These players are focusing on capacity expansion and new product development strategies to strengthen their market position. The Gaseous and Liquid Helium Market Demand offers lucrative growth opportunities such as increasing demand for helium from the healthcare sector. Helium finds wide usage in MRI scans owing to its non-reactive nature and ability to conduct magnetic fields. Rising prevalence of chronic diseases and growing geriatric population are driving the demand for advanced medical imaging procedures worldwide. This is expected to propel the consumption of helium in the healthcare vertical over the coming years. Key players are also focused on expanding their footprint in high growth regions. For instance, several manufacturers have increased their production capacities in Asia Pacific and Middle East & Africa. Ease of raw material availability and lower production costs are encouraging companies to set up manufacturing facilities in these regions. Additionally, growing industrialization and infrastructure development activities in developing nations will further accelerate the demand for helium in the forthcoming years. Market drivers:

The primary driver which is propelling the growth of gaseous and liquid helium market is the rising demand from healthcare sector. Helium is widely used in MRI scans which are seeing increasing adoption rates owing to rising cases of chronic diseases. Market restraints:

One of the major challenges faced by the gaseous and liquid helium market is the volatile supply and pricing of helium. As helium is a non-renewable resource, fluctuations in its production and supply have led to unpredictable price trends over the past years which hinders the market growth.

Segment Analysis The gaseous and liquid helium market is dominated by the medical sector sub segment. This is because helium gas is used as a carrier and shielding gas in MRI machines. It allows for effective transfer of magnetic fields through the human body without any safety issues. Helium is also used for lung function testing and as a pressurizing agent in life jackets. The welding sector is another fast growing sub segment as helium gas allows for inert atmosphere arc welding of certain materials. It prevents oxidation of hot metal surfaces which is crucial for achieving high quality welds in applications such as aerospace. Global Analysis Content: The North American region currently dominates the global gaseous and liquid helium market with the United States being the largest consumer. This is attributed to high demand from medical device manufacturing and materials processing industries in the region. The Asia Pacific region is projected to be the fastest growing market during the forecast period. This is due to rising medical infrastructure and increasing popularity of cryogenics applications in countries like China and India. Countries in Europe such as Germany also have a sizeable market share due to major welding and scientific research activities carried out in the bloc.

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[creative-news-alert]

Gaseous and Liquid Helium Market is Estimated to Witness Strong Growth Owing to Increasing Demand from Various Industries

The global gaseous and liquid helium market serves various end-use industries including healthcare, electronics, aerospace, nuclear energy, research and others. Gaseous and liquid helium finds wide applications in various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in healthcare sector. It is used in NMR spectroscopy and MRI machines to produce strong magnetic fields essential for quality medical imaging. In electronics industry, helium is used for purging, pressurizing and cooling during manufacturing of semiconductors. The aerospace industry utilizes helium for various applications such as pressurizing fuel tanks, purging liquid propellant lines and as the lifting gas in airships and balloons. Rising demand from these industries is expected to drive growth of the market over the forecast period. The global gaseous and liquid helium market is estimated to be valued at US$ 7.05 Bn in 2023 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 6.3% over the forecast period 2023 to 2030, as highlighted in a new report published by Coherent Market Insights. Market Dynamics: Increasing demand from various industries is one of the major drivers fueling growth of the gaseous and liquid helium market. Helium finds wide range of applications across healthcare, electronics, aerospace and other industries. Growth in these end-use industries is directly influencing demand for helium over the forecast period. Additionally, helium is a non-renewable resource with limited reserves primarily located in the United States, Qatar and Algeria. Rising consumption coupled with finite supply is projected to drive its prices upward over the coming years. SWOT Analysis Strength: Helium is used extensively in applications such as MRI scanners, semiconductors manufacturing and airships where replacement is difficult. It provides operational advantages such as lower temperature and inert properties. The market has limited domestic producers and long term contractual agreements ensure supply stability. Weakness: Helium is a finite and non-renewable natural resource. Nearly all reserves are located in the United States, Qatar, and Algeria. Exploration and production activities are capital intensive with long lead times. Recycling rates are low due to its light molecular weight. Opportunity: Growing healthcare infrastructure in developing nations increases demand for medical-grade helium for MRI and CT scanners. The development of fusion power reactors will require huge volumes of helium for cooling over sustained high temperatures. Emerging technologies such as quantum computing offer new avenues. Threats: Geopolitical tensions could disrupt supply chains if major reserves come under government control of unstable regions. recycling rates remain low threatening future supplies. Technological advances may find substitutes for niche applications currently reliant on helium. Key Takeaways The global Gaseous and Liquid Helium market size is expected to witness high growth over the forecast period. The global gaseous and liquid helium market is estimated to be valued at US$ 7.05 Bn in 2023 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 6.3% over the forecast period 2023 to 2030. Regional analysis: North America dominates currently due to the presence of major reserves in the United States. Asia Pacific is expected to grow at the fastest pace owing to increased investment in healthcare and industrial infrastructure. China, Japan, and India are among the key consumers. Key players: Key players operating in the Gaseous and Liquid Helium market are ThermoFisher Scientific, Linde, Air Liquid, Messer Group, Matheson Tri-Gas, and Air Products. ThermoFisher Scientific leads with a significant market share supported by its medical-grade purification capabilities and global supply chain. Get more insights on this topic:https://www.newswirestats.com/gaseous-and-liquid-helium-market-size-and-outlook/

[poonamcmi]

Global Gaseous and Liquid Helium Market Is Estimated To Witness High Growth Owing To Increasing Demand for Cryogenics

The global Gaseous and Liquid Helium Market is estimated to be valued at US$ 7.05 billion in 2023 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 22.9% over the forecast period 2023-2030, as highlighted in a new report published by Coherent Market Insights. Market Overview: The gaseous and liquid helium market encompasses the production and distribution of helium in its gaseous and liquid forms. Helium is a naturally occurring gas that is used for various applications in industries such as healthcare, electronics, and aerospace. It is known for its low boiling point and inertness, making it an ideal choice for cryogenic applications. The growing demand for cryogenics, particularly in the healthcare sector, is driving the growth of the gaseous and liquid helium market. Market Key Trends: One key trend in the gaseous and liquid helium market is the increasing demand for helium in the healthcare industry. Helium is widely used in medical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). The inert nature of helium allows it to be used safely in these imaging techniques without any adverse effects on the human body. The rising prevalence of chronic diseases and the increasing need for accurate diagnostic tools are driving the demand for helium in the healthcare industry. For example, helium is used in MRI machines to cool down the superconducting magnets, which generate a strong magnetic field necessary for imaging. Without helium, MRI machines would not be able to function properly. As the demand for MRI scans continues to rise, the demand for helium in the healthcare industry is also expected to increase. PEST Analysis: - Political: The political stability of countries that produce and export helium can impact the supply and pricing of helium in the market. - Economic: The economic growth of countries and their healthcare expenditures influence the demand for helium in the healthcare industry. - Social: The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and the need for accurate medical imaging techniques drive the demand for helium. - Technological: Advancements in medical imaging technology and the development of new cryogenic applications create new opportunities for the gaseous and liquid helium market. Key Takeaways: 1: The global Gaseous And Liquid Helium Market Share is expected to witness high growth, exhibiting a CAGR of 22.9% over the forecast period, due to increasing demand for cryogenics. The healthcare industry, in particular, is driving the demand for helium due to its crucial role in medical imaging techniques. 2: North America is the fastest-growing and dominating region in the gaseous and liquid helium market. The region has a well-established healthcare infrastructure and a high demand for medical imaging techniques. 3: Key players operating in the global gaseous and liquid helium market are Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Linde plc, Praxair, Inc. (now part of Linde), Air Liquide S.A., Gazprom, RasGas (now part of Qatar Petroleum), ExxonMobil Corporation, Matheson Tri-Gas, Inc., Iwatani Corporation, and Messer Group GmbH. In conclusion, the gaseous and liquid helium market is expected to experience significant growth in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand for cryogenics, especially in the healthcare sector. The market is dominated by key players who play a crucial role in meeting the growing demand for helium. North America is leading in terms of market growth, fueled by its advanced healthcare infrastructure.

[michaelgabrill]

NASA Awards Contract for Acquisition of Gaseous, Liquid Helium

NASA has selected three companies to supply 1.4 million liters of liquid helium and 87.7 million standard cubic feet of gaseous helium for use at facilities across the agency. from NASA https://ift.tt/AdvybGt

[melit0n]

Oh warm, distant June

- Oneshot

- Vessel and Sleep (not a pairing.)

- Word count: 3.7K

- Warnings: Mentions/implications of past abuse, self harm (NOT GRAPHIC.), body dysmorphia

- Ao3: https://archiveofourown.org/works/53180854

Vessel awakes in the void – the nothing that is not really nothing. The cold, daunting emptiness that manages to leave a perturbed feeling in his hollowed-out chest.

Small lights dance like lovers in the endless landscape. They flicker and glow with the warmth of stars; gaseous balls of Hydrogen and Helium that shine like new silver. For all the hope they represent, they do nothing to illuminate the darkness; they stay far out of his reach, like the fireflies that appear in June. Oh warm, distant June when the heat burns his pale and peeling skin. Warm, distant June when everything is in full bloom.

Warm, distant June where the sun traced its warm hands over his face, drawing curious patterns across his skin as he rested under the ancient canopies. Canopies that will be long gone in a month’s time.

They are good memories, kind ones that bring a pleasant feeling to his chest; a pulsating warmth that rests in the nook between his heart and his diaphragm.

But it isn’t summer anymore, and he is far from those old memories that grow fuzzier with each depraved night he spends here.

He knows he’s asleep, yet, the vivid hold of the void’s frigid fingers tells something inside him, something primal and far past his age, that this is real. That he truly is standing in the nothing that is not usually nothing and he is being watched. It’s not a new feeling, the eerie paranoia that has begun to follow him outside of his dreams like a hound that hunts a wounded fawn, but it still unnerves him.

This whole place, this whole situation unsettles him because the void is not usually just a void. Sometimes it is the bottom of the ocean, and he’ll feel the pressure of eleven thousand metres of water on his shoulders. Other times it is the woods, and he’ll feel like a prey item all over again. But no matter what, this place is always something; a scene he will never see outside of his dreams or an old memory that leaves him in a layer of sweat by the time he wakes up, completely unsure why he is halfway to cardiac arrest.

No matter the experience, it always ends the same. He wakes up and forgets it all. All he’s left with is a stabbing feeling in his chest that grows as each night passes, each night that he spends trying to avoid this place. Something is taken from him each time he is here that leaves him empty.

He loses a piece of himself to here, wherever Sleep decides Here will be, and it stares right back at him as a dull-eyed ghost each time he comes back. And each time he does, he feels whole again. At least until the morning comes, anyways.

Even so, The Nothing is new, and, just as he’s sure Sleep intends it to do, it scares him.

The floor of the void is damp beneath his bare feet. With each step he wills himself to take forward, he descends a little further into it before the tepid liquid is up to his ankles, and he no longer sinks. He can’t be bothered to walk, or do much of anything, really. Sleep deprivation is a heavy crown he wears with despair; his head hangs low with the weight of it. Either way, what is there to walk, to run to anyway? More nothing? More void that delicately wraps its cold arms around his torso? More darkness that traces its inky fingers and bitten-down nails in between the shortened strands of his hair? Why bother to run when there is nothing ahead of him, when there’s nothing to look forward to?

So, he stays still. But, eventually, he grows bored, as all humans do, and swishes his feet back and forth, and watches with surprise as tiny creatures in the liquid, plankton, he guesses, begin to glow excitedly with his movement. He feels as the water seems to buzz with the glowing creature’s movement. It leaves him with an odd feeling crawling up his leg; something like pins and needles.

Gently, he draws patterns in the liquid with his movements, creating swirling galaxies of blues, greens and yellows that rotate like great water mill wheels. It’s mesmerising. Both the movement of the colours and the little glowing creatures themselves. They glow to the point of creating patterns in his rolled-up pants leg; little fireflies glimmering in his skin with each movement of his foot.

A small smile finds its way onto his now ashen skin. The white, sharpened canines of a walking corpse peak through, and for just a moment he isn’t afraid. He feels like a kid splashing water around just for the sake of it.

Nevertheless, the small, childish joy he temporarily entertains himself with turns cold when the small animals in the water rush away from his movement, fading into the gloom of the liquid he barely stands upon. The heavy darkness makes its presence known again with the twinkling of the lights dimming in the distance.

Covertly, he flicks his pairs of eyes around the space, twisting his torso around to check behind, beside and above him. He doesn’t dare look down.

Eventually, a smell of rot reaches his nose. The back of his throat itches and he almost wants to gag with how strong it is. A muffled sloshing of water, like waves against a shore, finally greets his ears, and he is now much more afraid of what he stands upon. Quickly, he turns just in time to see what he thinks is the tip of a rotting fin dip carefully beneath the surface.

He doesn’t want to think about how deep the water is.

With an inhale of stifling air, an attempt to calm himself, he glances downwards to see his God appear in the muck. Sleep appears to him in a bioluminescent rainbow of colours; glowing viscera ebbing in the cage of a rotting shark’s corpse, somehow fitting for the God.

"Good evening, Vessel.” Sleep’s dulcet, dreamy voice, well, voices, echos loudly in the dark.

Vessel. Just Vessel. His friends are Vessel Two, Three and Four, respectively, but he is just Vessel. Not one, nor five. Patient zero; Cain at ground level. At least, that’s what he likes to believe. He prays silently in his mind that there has not been more before him. For the sake of their suffering, or his possessiveness over Sleep’s attention, he is unsure.

And, in those three words, there is a tinge of annoyance there. A layer of exasperation hidden under formal greetings and the flick of a bony tail.

“Evening.” He mumbles back, following Sleep like a lost dog as it swims, slowly, forwards; just underneath his feet. Its innards squirm like a dying insect and he feels the fear seeping back into his bones. The liquid sticks to his feet like tar.

Then, there is quiet. A quiet that Sleep decides to fill.

“You look tired.” Sleep mocks, a sarcastic lilt in its tone; there’s not even a crumb of worry there. He spots an eye, or what’s left of one, roll upwards towards his form. It’s a misty grey; blind with age and rot and Vessel knows Sleep cannot see him through that eye, but it still sends a shiver up his spine.

“I am tired.” He replies with the same sarcastic lilt.

Sleep lets out a bemused laugh at his answer, the taunt echoing from everywhere and nowhere at the same time. Sleep dips further into the gloom again, out of his reach, and begins to speak again. “You knew what you were sacrificing.”

He looks down at himself: his changed body that he didn’t ask for (what did he ask for?), the scarred skin of his flesh that he has had to crawl out of, bloody and bruised, more times he can count. The dark wisp of his cloke, the stitching on his robes that he picks at after each ritual. He looks down at himself and replies, “I don’t think I knew anything when I shook your hand.”

"You knew. You were just desperate. And naive.” Sleep adds the last part on as an afterthought, another jab at him.

“Are you calling yourself two-faced, then?” What God calls its acolytes naive for following them, after all?

“Perhaps. But that’s how you like your friends and lovers, is it not?”

He scoffs, irritated and tired beyond belief. He kicks at the liquid beneath him like an angry child, as if it’ll do anything to harm his God. As he does so, mumbling words in tongues even he doesn’t understand, Sleep surfaces again, as per usual in a different form. Underneath the tension he stands on a mass of tentacles emerges. Long strips of black, almost purple in the dark lighting, velvet wave with each slow movement Sleep makes, followed by the head of a jellyfish; a warm orange light glowing within its centre. It's like a small fire, a kindling of sorts, within the black mass of velvet and tentacles. When Sleep speaks again, it glows brighter, pulsing with each word like a heart.

“Was that too far?” It chuckles out, tone devoid of any particular emotion now. Vessel doesn’t reply and doesn’t feel the need to give Sleep the satisfaction of truly getting a proper dig at him. He doesn’t mind the silence, he craves it like water hunger for the cavities of people’s lungs, but he’s found that Sleep is fond of noise, conversation; no matter how trivial.

“You’ve been ignoring me.” It begins.

“You don’t say.”

It laughs again, a broken thing that is more filler than amusement, and he realises exactly why Sleep has chosen the void for this conversation. He wants to dial his sarcastic responses back, to save himself from the inevitable reprehending he will receive, but he’s too tired. Too fed up with it all. He knows the consequences, he’s learnt his lessons well in fire and blood and anguish, but he still pushes. That is his flaw, after all. Not knowing when too much is too much.

“You’ve always been the more interesting one,” again, Sleep fills the silence. “You’re not afraid to be defiant, at least, most of the time.” It drowsily comments. With it, a low humming noise fills The Nothing and Vessel wonders if it is Sleep singing a tune. It’s calming, one a mother would sing to a child. Disarming, almost. It puts Vessel more on edge than anything.

“Less afraid to talk back than iii?”

“Oh, good argument. But you know he isn’t fond of the dark; of being alone. Cries like a youngling if I leave him alone for too long.”

“That’s vitriolic.” Anger seeps into his tone again.

“Watch your tongue.” Sleep puts exasperated emphasis on each word, tone dipping deeper with each statement it makes.

“You know,” He begins, his mouth moving faster than his brain as he follows Sleep’s movements aimlessly, “I’d be more pliable if I could sleep properly each night without having to visit you.” Even as he says the words, he feels oddly ungrateful. Like a child who’s been given all they want but still shouts and screams for the thing they can’t have. Immediately, he can tell he’s struck a chord of some kind. He’s plucked the string too hard and has ended on a bad note. He’s unsure exactly what, but, by the strained silence that greets him, he knows he’s done something wrong.

Sleep again pipes up, beginning Its sentence with a loud sigh that leaves his heart thumping.

“I’ve taken pity upon your ugly human soul, and you spend your divinity ignoring me and trying to deny what you asked for?” Its voice is eerily calm.

“I didn’t ask for this.” He breathes out.

“Oh, sad little human. What was it you said?” The warm red of Sleep’s head throbs and glows brightly with each word. Sleep is mocking him, talking to him like an unknowing child who does not how to take care of themselves.

A memory forms in the murky waters of The Nothing. A blurry one; an incomplete watercolour where Vessel can tell each shade is just slightly different from how it should be. A voice, his own but so different, answers Sleep for him; “Please. Anything; all I want is to be someone new. Don’t let me be broken like this, I beg of you.” The sentence ends with a malicious chuckle as it slowly fades back into Sleep’s voice. It mocks and it copies Vessel’s pain with infuriating accuracy as the watercolour bleeds back into darkness.

Sleep’s velvet tentacles gently break the surface of the water he walks on, coming close to his legs. His chest aches with lack of oxygen. When did he stop breathing? When did it become so hard to do so? Shaking, his hands find their way up to his neck, as if scraping into the skin will remove the lump in his airways. The Nothing suddenly feels like a small black box that he’s trapped in. Maybe this isn’t a dream.

“That certainly got a rise out of you. Calm your panicked breathing, Thing, you sound like an angry animal.”

His eyes dart around his claustrophobic enclosure as he attempts to calm himself. Through a gritted maw he replies, “That is what you have made of me.”

“You are much more than an animal. I made you more than that.”

“You made me into a hollow corpse.”

“I made you into a God. I have given you all you have ever wanted, have I not? I have made you into someone new, I have given you friends, I have shown you love: and this is how you repay me?” Sleep’s loud voice booms like the cracking of the Earth. He’s only half sure it’s the first time It has raised its voice at him. Thousands of whispers accompany the reprimanding, some of which he recognises. Some that he knows by the lilt of their accent that make him want to cover his ears and curl into a small ball. Some that he knows that makes him want to be nothing again.

“You should have known that to touch divinity was to forgo your humanity, mouthpiece.”

That's not what he wanted, he wants to scream, but he doesn't.

He hates it when he feels warm tears trickle down how tired face. They fall from each set of eyes and create a small stream of saline solution, collecting in a puddle in the crook of his collarbone. He wishes with all his might they’d rub the ash of his skin and reveal the once peachy, now probably pale, human skin underneath.

He looks down at himself and sees what is left of him as a reflection in the glassy waters of The Nothing. He wants to ask his past self, a man he barely remembers, if this is what he truly asked for. If this is what he expected when he asked to become someone new.

Calloused and clawed fingers dig into his skin and scratch at his pairs of eyes. He wants to dig each one out with a finger until he is bleeding and blind; until he doesn’t have to see this place or himself ever again. He scratches and digs at the new scars that he didn’t ask for; opening wounds he told himself he would let close.

He doesn’t think even Sleep knows what he would give to go back to it all. Go back to the past where he hadn’t broken the bough. Go back to the past; go back to warm, distant June and lay under the ancient canopies. Go back to warm, distant June where the night did not belong to God.

And Sleep, in the midst of his cracking and drowning, sinks away into the dark again, and he prays that it is time for him to wake up. For him to forget all of this if only to feel hollow and remember it when he falls prey to slumber again.

Yet, as luck never seems to be on his side, he does not sink and awake in his bed. Instead, in the blurred vision of his eyes, something, or someone surfaces from the liquid.

A woman. Or, at least, what’s left of her. Sleep emerges out of the darkness draped in moonlight and glittering stars with skin as pale as sea foam. Long, greasy, black hair wraps across Its’ shoulders and cascades like a murky waterfall. Three sets of eyes have been clawed out; black holes resting in their place, oozing puss and blood that drips onto the midnight of its cloak, decorated with rusting rose gold chains and ripped lace. However, one eye remains in the middle of Sleep’s forehead that glows a crimson red. It is human in shape, if not for how tall It presents Itself as, but not in aura. He knows he’s in the presence of a God. He can feel the eleven thousand metres of water on his shoulders and he feels like a prey item again. Yet, oddly, with Sleep’s appearance, he feels comforted. He wants to run, towards or away from it, he is unsure.

He is always unsure.

The singular eye watches him with a mixture of affection and pity that brings back the fearful feeling in his chest.

Slowly, as if It is afraid to startle him, Sleep opens Its’ arms and beckons him with the words “Come forth.”

He does so hesitantly, slowly finding his way to Its cold arms as It wraps them gently around him, petting his hair and back in an act of trying to calm him like he’s some type of wounded animal.

“You are truly naive, Vessel.” The calming dulcet, dreamy tone is back, and he feels a warmth spill into his chest as he sobs into Its’ cloak.

“I’m sorry.” he weeps, stumbling over his words as his hands grasps at the velvet fabric, trying to bury himself into the comforting darkness.

“And what are you sorry for?” Sleep pauses in Its comforting rubs, and one of his hands finds its way to the crumbling bone and muscle that’s left of Sleep’s; holding Its wrist.

“For not listening.”

“Mm.” It begins Its comforting pats again, a reward for doing something right in his life, and he leans into the touch. But he can tell Sleep expects more of him.

“For not…for not being grateful.” His crying only picks up, and he feels embarrassed to be reduced to such a state. He’s sure he would fall to his knees if he wasn’t holding on so tightly to Sleep’s cloak.

“Good.” Sleep releases a pleased hum.

They stand there in the dark, intertwined, his tears staining the dark of its aged robes. The sacred silence is only broken by his damming sobs. Intently, he watches as his tears drip from his cheeks to the dark waters of The Nothing below him.

Out of nowhere, Sleep begins speaking again, and the sudden sound of Its’ voice causes him to jump slightly in its hold. “Modern humans have no will to dedicate themselves, to lose themselves, in worship anymore. But not like you, Vessel. I know you can be different and will be different; you will be better than them all. Better than those before you.” He ignores the last part, conscious of keeping himself in the patient-zero mentality. Even so, he finds himself enraptured by the touch, a thing so rarely afforded to him, that he mistakes Sleep for another warm body, another human, and he wants so badly to bury himself in it.

He mistakes the mandatory touch of his God, who knows exactly what to give for him to stop with his ‘childish temper tantrums’, as true affection. It's a mistake he’s made before, and it’s a mistake he never learns from. But who could argue with him, when the faux feeling of being loved, of being wanted, is so sweet? It tastes like sugar on the muscle of his tongue, and he’d break his kneecaps just to taste more of it.

“The question is, Vessel, will you be better?” It is an easy question with an easy answer. However, knowing Sleep’s standards, it is easier said than done, as well. The caressing has stopped again, and Sleep’s voice has grown distant.

His answer is almost instant; “Yes.”

Sleep breathes out another pleased sigh, and answers him, “Good.”

Slowly, Sleep begins to melt away into a viscous liquid and, startled at the sudden loss of contact, he grasps desperately at the darkness for more of it; for more of Its’ touch and comforting words.

He thinks he hears a malicious laugh echo in The Nothing as he splashes around in the shallow waters for the one person, the one God, who is able to give him what he needs. But his actions are fruitless. As per usual.

And then? Then he is alone again. As per usual.

In the midst of his sleep-deprived panicking, at what he thinks is the loss of the one person who can give him what he needs, he begins to sink into the cold depths of The Nothing.

The water tastes of pondweed and diluted beer.

With his lungs full of water, legs and arms thrashing like a dying thing because that is what he is, he is led downwards to the other side.

Waking up has never been so painful.

Vessel awakes in his bed. His cold bed covered in a layer of sweat with tears running down his face.

The light filters in, softly, through his thinning blinds that he’s had since forever.

There are people downstairs, laughing loudly at some joke he isn’t in on. At first, it feels malicious, like the echo of a dream he’s trying to remember, but then his delirious mind concludes it's just his friends; up early as usual. He rubs his eyes as he tries, feels the odd scars that have slowly formed over the months under and above them, like every night, to remember what dream has left him in this state, but he comes up empty.

In the corner of his eye, he swears he spots a shadow flickering its way out of his window; into the misty morning of another winter’s day that leaves him yearning for warm, distant June.

------------

First oneshot of the year! Pretty damn happy with it. I may or may not have projected a bit with this, but oh well; what's done is done.

I wanted to experiment a bit with the ever-changing forms of our least favorite God, so I hope I got what I wanted to across in this! I will note, that on the odd occasion Sleep is actually mentioned by Sleep Token, they are given male pronouns. I decided to go against this a little bit and use It instead. I hope I didn't throw anybody off with it!

I made a post a while back asking everybody what their presentations of Sleep look like, so thank everybody who reblogged that for the descriptions of Sleep's forms (other than my favourite rotting fish thing lmao).

Further, this is my first time writing for Sleep Token, so, if anybody has any constructive criticism, I'd be glad to hear it! Thank you to anybody who sat down and read this, I hope you all sleep well tonight <33

[wyrm-in-a-closet]

Science fact of the day- Gas Giant Interiors!

By special request!

gas giant insides are quite weird. if you were to decend into the atmosphere of one, you'd first go through a layer regular atmosphere, which is mostly hydrogen and a bit less helium, among traces of other things like ammonia, water, methane, CO2, and other things. eventually, the pressure and temprature push you into the supercritical phase, where the gaseous mixture stops becoming a gas and starts behaving more like a liquid. but not quite a liquid, it's also sorta gassy. it's like an in between. going further down, you encounter metallic hydrogen. see, hydrogen is. a weird element. most of the time, it's a gas, and behaves similar to other nonmetals such as oxygen or nitrogen. however, because of its location on the periodic table, sometimes it just. becomes a metal. normally if you freeze things like nitrogen or oxygen or other nonmetals they are a sort of brittle, softer compound. hydrogen can form a solid that would probably be like this, however, if you put it under 250,000 atmosphere's worth of pressure, then the normal diatomic bonds of hydrogen would be swapped for electrically conductive metallic bonds. this is believed to happen near the cores of Jupiter and Saturn, and circulation of these liquid metal hydrogen seas is probably what causes the enourmously powerful magnetic fields around the two planets. Since Jupiter has a far greater amount of metallic hydrogen, this makes it much more powerful magnetically. further down, there's believed to be a hard, rocky core- this would probably be made primarily of iron and silicate rocks, and was probably what the planet was like before it began accreting large amounts of hydrogen and helium, which pushed it to its enormous size. if you did strip off all the outer layers, the rocky core probably wouldn't be too dissimilar from like, Earth, although it's hella hot and under a shit load of pressure. but its still mostly rocks.

[snehagoogle]

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Gaseous giant Jupiter begins

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Gaseous giant Jupiter begins

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

there is a magnetic atmosphere

That impact happened on Voyager 2

About 50000 million km distance

And attraction dominates Voyager 2

About 50000 million km distance

And attraction dominates Voyager 2

there is a magnetic atmosphere

That impact happened on Voyager 2

About 50000 million km distance

And attraction dominates Voyager 2

About 50000 million km distance

And attraction dominates Voyager 2

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Gaseous giant Jupiter begins

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Gaseous giant Jupiter begins

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

There are four terrestrial planets

Mercury Venus Earth Mars

Gaseous giant Jupiter Saturn

Uranus Neptune Ice giant atmosphere

Gaseous giant Jupiter Saturn

Uranus Neptune Ice giant atmosphere

There are four terrestrial planets

Mercury Venus Earth Mars

Gaseous giant Jupiter Saturn

Uranus Neptune Ice giant atmosphere

Gaseous giant Jupiter Saturn

Uranus Neptune Ice giant atmosphere

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Gaseous giant Jupiter begins

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Gaseous giant Jupiter begins

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

The ice giant Uranus is the beginning

The way the ice melts

Does the ice of the icy giant Uranus melt?

Yes, ice on Uranus melts in some ways, but the conditions are different from what we experience on Earth: 

Water ice under high pressure

The water ice inside Uranus is different from the ice we see on Earth because of the high pressure and temperature. The water is forced into a crystalline form that can move, mix, and melt in ways that scientists are still trying to understand. 

Superionic ice

A unique form of ice called superionic ice, or Ice XVIII, is found deep within the mantles of Uranus and other ice giants. This ice only melts at very high temperatures. 

Radioactive decay

The largest moons of Uranus, Titania and Oberon, may have oceans beneath their icy shells that are kept liquid by heat from radioactive decay in their cores. 

Tidal heating

Smaller moons that orbit closer to Uranus may have subsurface oceans due to tidal heating. The gravity of the planet stretches and flexes each moon's core, creating friction and heat. 

But the “ices” in Uranus and Neptune are below a top atmosphere of hydrogen and helium, and are under high pressures, so they are absolutely not frozen - and so can't melt.5 Sept 2018

The biggest moons of Uranus may have oceans beneath ...

New Scientist

https://www.newscientist.com › article › 2297483-the-b...

16 Nov 2021

The biggest moons of Uranus may have oceans beneath their icy shells

Uranus’s two biggest moons, Titania and Oberon, may have enough radioactive heat to maintain deep liquid oceans that could be detected by future spacecraft

By Leah Crane

16 November 2021

Uranus’s largest moons, Titania and Oberon, may be hiding buried oceans. Surface temperatures averaging around -200°C mean the water-rich worlds are covered in ice, but radioactive elements deep inside these moons may keep some of their interior water melted.

The smaller moons that orbit closer to Uranus get most of their internal warmth from tidal heating, in which the gravity of the planet stretches and flexes each moon’s core, creating friction and heat. 

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Gaseous giant Jupiter begins

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Gaseous giant Jupiter begins

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

there is a magnetic atmosphere

That impact happened on Voyager 2

About 50000 million km distance

And attraction dominates Voyager 2

About 50000 million km distance

And attraction dominates Voyager 2

there is a magnetic atmosphere

That impact happened on Voyager 2

About 50000 million km distance

And attraction dominates Voyager 2

About 50000 million km distance

And attraction dominates Voyager 2

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Gaseous giant Jupiter begins

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Gaseous giant Jupiter begins

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

There are four terrestrial planets

Mercury Venus Earth Mars

Gaseous giant Jupiter Saturn

Uranus Neptune Ice giant atmosphere

Gaseous giant Jupiter Saturn

Uranus Neptune Ice giant atmosphere

There are four terrestrial planets

Mercury Venus Earth Mars

Gaseous giant Jupiter Saturn

Uranus Neptune Ice giant atmosphere

Gaseous giant Jupiter Saturn

Uranus Neptune Ice giant atmosphere

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Gaseous giant Jupiter begins

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

Introduced Terrestrial Mercury

Gaseous giant Jupiter begins

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

After Saturn's icy impact

There started Uranus's icy supermassive

Translate Hindi

शुरू की टेरेस्ट्रियल बुध ग्रह

गैसीय दिग्गज की शुरू बृहस्पति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शुरू की टेरेस्ट्रियल बुध ग्रह

गैसीय दिग्गज की शुरू बृहस्पति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

है वहाँ चुंबकीय वायुमंडल

वॉयजर 2 पर हुआ वो असर

करीब 50000 मिलियन किमी दूरी

और आकर्षण हावी वॉयजर 2 पर

करीब 50000 मिलियन किमी दूरी

और आकर्षण हावी वॉयजर 2 पर

है वहाँ चुंबकीय वायुमंडल

वॉयजर 2 पर हुआ वो असर

करीब 50000 मिलियन किमी दूरी

और आकर्षण हावी वॉयजर 2 पर

करीब 50000 मिलियन किमी दूरी

और आकर्षण हावी वॉयजर 2 पर

शुरू की टेरेस्ट्रियल बुध ग्रह

गैसीय दिग्गज की शुरू बृहस्पति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शुरू की टेरेस्ट्रियल बुध ग्रह

गैसीय दिग्गज की शुरू बृहस्पति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

चार ग्रह है टेरेस्ट्रियल

बुध शुक्र पृथ्वी मंगल

गैसीय दिग्गज बृहस्पति शनि

यूरेनस नेपच्युन बर्फिला दिग्गज माहौल

गैसीय दिग्गज बृहस्पति शनि

यूरेनस नेपच्युन बर्फिला दिग्गज माहौल

चार ग्रह है टेरेस्ट्रियल

बुध शुक्र पृथ्वी मंगल

गैसीय दिग्गज बृहस्पति शनि

यूरेनस नेपच्युन बर्फिला दिग्गज माहौल

गैसीय दिग्गज बृहस्पति शनि

यूरेनस नेपच्युन बर्फिला दिग्गज माहौल

शुरू की टेरेस्ट्रियल बुध ग्रह

गैसीय दिग्गज की शुरू बृहस्पति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शुरू की टेरेस्ट्रियल बुध ग्रह

गैसीय दिग्गज की शुरू बृहस्पति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

बर्फीले दिग्गज की शुरू है यूरेनस ग्रह

जिस तरह बर्फ पीघलता है 

क्या बर्फीले दिग्गज यूरेनस ग्रह की बर्फ पीघलता है

हां, यूरेनस पर बर्फ कुछ तरीकों से पिघलती है, लेकिन परिस्थितियां पृथ्वी पर हमारे अनुभव से अलग हैं:

उच्च दबाव में पानी की बर्फ

यूरेनस के अंदर पानी की बर्फ उच्च दबाव और तापमान के कारण पृथ्वी पर दिखाई देने वाली बर्फ से अलग है। पानी को क्रिस्टलीय रूप में मजबूर किया जाता है जो हिल सकता है, मिश्रित हो सकता है और उन तरीकों से पिघल सकता है जिन्हें वैज्ञानिक अभी भी समझने की कोशिश कर रहे हैं।

सुपरियोनिक बर्फ

सुपरियोनिक बर्फ या आइस XVIII नामक बर्फ का एक अनूठा रूप यूरेनस और अन्य बर्फ के दिग्गजों के मेंटल के भीतर गहराई में पाया जाता है। यह बर्फ केवल बहुत अधिक तापमान पर पिघलती है।

रेडियोधर्मी क्षय

यूरेनस के सबसे बड़े चंद्रमा, टाइटेनिया और ओबेरॉन, के बर्फीले खोल के नीचे महासागर हो सकते हैं जो उनके कोर में रेडियोधर्मी क्षय से गर्मी द्वारा तरल रखे जाते हैं।

ज्वारीय तापन

यूरेनस के करीब परिक्रमा करने वाले छोटे चंद्रमाओं में ज्वारीय तापन के कारण उपसतह महासागर हो सकते हैं। ग्रह का गुरुत्वाकर्षण प्रत्येक चंद्रमा के कोर को फैलाता और मोड़ता है, जिससे घर्षण और गर्मी पैदा होती है।

लेकिन यूरेनस और नेपच्यून में "बर्फ" हाइड्रोजन और हीलियम के ऊपरी वायुमंडल के नीचे हैं, और उच्च दबाव में हैं, इसलिए वे बिल्कुल भी जमे हुए नहीं हैं - और इसलिए पिघल नहीं सकते हैं। 5 सितंबर 2018

यूरेनस के सबसे बड़े चंद्रमाओं के नीचे महासागर हो सकते हैं ...

न्यू साइंटिस्ट

https://www.newscientist.com › लेख › 2297483-the-b...

16 नवंबर 2021

यूरेनस के सबसे बड़े चंद्रमाओं के बर्फीले खोल के नीचे महासागर हो सकते हैं

यूरेनस के दो सबसे बड़े चंद्रमा, टाइटेनिया और ओबेरॉन में इतनी रेडियोधर्मी गर्मी हो सकती है कि वे गहरे तरल महासागरों को बनाए रख सकें जिन्हें भविष्य के अंतरिक्ष यान द्वारा पता लगाया जा सकता है

लीह क्रेन द्वारा

16 नवंबर 2021

यूरेनस के सबसे बड़े चंद्रमा, टाइटेनिया और ओबेरॉन, दबे हुए महासागरों को छिपा सकते हैं। सतह का तापमान औसतन -200 डिग्री सेल्सियस के आसपास है, जिसका मतलब है कि पानी से भरपूर दुनिया बर्फ से ढकी हुई है, लेकिन इन चंद्रमाओं के अंदर गहरे रेडियोधर्मी तत्व उनके कुछ आंतरिक पानी को पिघला सकते हैं। यूरेनस के करीब परिक्रमा करने वाले छोटे चंद्रमाओं को अपनी आंतरिक गर्मी का अधिकांश हिस्सा ज्वारीय ताप से मिलता है, जिसमें ग्रह का गुरुत्वाकर्षण प्रत्येक चंद्रमा के कोर को फैलाता और मोड़ता है, जिससे घर्षण और गर्मी पैदा होती है।

शुरू की टेरेस्ट्रियल बुध ग्रह

गैसीय दिग्गज की शुरू बृहस्पति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शुरू की टेरेस्ट्रियल बुध ग्रह

गैसीय दिग्गज की शुरू बृहस्पति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

है वहाँ चुंबकीय वायुमंडल

वॉयजर 2 पर हुआ वो असर

करीब 50000 मिलियन किमी दूरी

और आकर्षण हावी वॉयजर 2 पर

करीब 50000 मिलियन किमी दूरी

और आकर्षण हावी वॉयजर 2 पर

है वहाँ चुंबकीय वायुमंडल

वॉयजर 2 पर हुआ वो असर

करीब 50000 मिलियन किमी दूरी

और आकर्षण हावी वॉयजर 2 पर

करीब 50000 मिलियन किमी दूरी

और आकर्षण हावी वॉयजर 2 पर

शुरू की टेरेस्ट्रियल बुध ग्रह

गैसीय दिग्गज की शुरू बृहस्पति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शुरू की टेरेस्ट्रियल बुध ग्रह

गैसीय दिग्गज की शुरू बृहस्पति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

चार ग्रह है टेरेस्ट्रियल

बुध शुक्र पृथ्वी मंगल

गैसीय दिग्गज बृहस्पति शनि

यूरेनस नेपच्युन बर्फिला दिग्गज माहौल

गैसीय दिग्गज बृहस्पति शनि

यूरेनस नेपच्युन बर्फिला दिग्गज माहौल

चार ग्रह है टेरेस्ट्रियल

बुध शुक्र पृथ्वी मंगल

गैसीय दिग्गज बृहस्पति शनि

यूरेनस नेपच्युन बर्फिला दिग्गज माहौल

गैसीय दिग्गज बृहस्पति शनि

यूरेनस नेपच्युन बर्फिला दिग्गज माहौल

शुरू की टेरेस्ट्रियल बुध ग्रह

गैसीय दिग्गज की शुरू बृहस्पति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शुरू की टेरेस्ट्रियल बुध ग्रह

गैसीय दिग्गज की शुरू बृहस्पति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

शनि के बाद बर्फिला है असर

वहां की शुरू यूरेनस बर्फिला अति

[industrynewsupdates]

Helium Procurement Intelligence 2024 - 2030: Trends and Outlook

The helium market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.7% from 2024 to 2030. The market is predicted to grow significantly due to the rising demand for helium utilization in aerospace, healthcare, deep-sea exploration, automotive, and manufacturing industries. In 2023, North America accounted for the highest proportion of the industry share, with more than 36%. Helium's supercooling property has led to its use in medical equipment such as MRI and NMR machines, particle accelerators, and superconducting materials due to advances in cryogenic technologies. Helium is used in the semiconductor industry to test electrical components and cool circuit boards.

NASA is investing heavily in the R&D of helium to improve the efficiency of GPS-enabled vehicles. For instance, in September 2022, NASA awarded a contract of USD 149 million to Air Products and Chemicals, Linde, and Messer Group. The three leaders would provide helium of 1.4 million liters (liquid) and 87.7 million standard cubic feet of helium (gaseous) to different NASA facilities. It is being used in International Space Station programs.

In the noble gas market, helium dominated with 47% of the overall share in 2023. Technology-wise, it was found that in 2023, more than 80% of gas companies use advanced analytics and robotic process automation and leverage AI/ML technology in their processes. Suppliers actively engage in multiple mergers and acquisitions, capacity expansion, partnerships and collaborations, launch new products, develop new technologies, and invest heavily in R&D to gain competitive advantage.

Order your copy of the Helium Procurement Intelligence Report, 2024 - 2030, published by Grand View Research, to get more details regarding day one, quick wins, portfolio analysis, key negotiation strategies of key suppliers, and low-cost/best-cost sourcing analysis

A few examples are:

• In May 2023, it was announced that First Helium Inc. has signed a long-term supply contract with a significant international industrial gas company on a take-or-pay basis. According to the deal, First Helium would sell helium gas produced from its Worsley facility. The agreement is estimated to provide First Helium with a potential revenue stream of up to USD 100 million over the first five years of production, depending on the rate of growth in helium production at Worsley.

• In August 2022, Iwatani Corporation announced a new helium supply agreement with specialty gas company, Helious Specialty Gases (HSG). According to the agreement, Iwatani would provide liquid helium to HSG's transfill facilities in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Telengana. The latter two of which would be operational post Q2 2022. These facilities can manage a million Nm3 of liquid helium annually, according to HSG.

• In January 2022, A long-term contract for the distribution of ultra-high quality carbon dioxide, helium, and hydrogen to one of the biggest semiconductor producers globally was announced by Air Liquide. To support this contract, Air Liquide aimed to spend up to USD 60 million on the development, ownership, and operation of onsite plants and systems at a new manufacturing facility in Phoenix, Arizona.

• In October 2021, The Bangkok Gas Centre was built from scratch by Iwatani Corporation and opened in November 2021. The Thailand center, which is the second helium base in Southeast Asia after the first station in Malaysia, was the basis for filling industrial gas, mostly helium. In addition to uses like MRI equipment cooling, industries such as semiconductor manufacturing will benefit from increasing the gas's production capacity. 

Helium Sourcing Intelligence Highlights

• The global helium market features an oligopolistic landscape with the dominance of five major players. The top five players (Linde, Air Liquide, Air Products, Taiyo Nippon Sanso, and Iwatani) contribute around 80% of the market share.

• The competition is intense as big players such as Linde Plc, Air Products & Chemicals, and Air Liquide are extensively competing with each other to extend their global presence and product portfolio to cater to large global markets.

• The threat of substitutes is low as the alternatives for this category are limited. For instance, in some cases, argon, hydrogen, or nitrogen may be used in place of helium. However, nitrogen is a very poor substitute for helium despite having a low cost. Hydrogen on the other hand is a highly flammable commodity.

• The cost components associated with the production of helium are raw materials/feedstock, manufacturing process and equipment, electricity/energy, transportation/distribution, warehousing and storage, facilities and labor.

• The most preferred countries for sourcing helium are the U.S., Qatar, Algeria, Australia, and China. 

List of Key Suppliers in the Helium Category

• Linde Plc

• Nippon Sanso Holdings Corporation

• Messer SE & Co. KGaA

• Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.

• Air Liquide S.A.

• Iwatani Corporation

• STRANDMOLLEN A/S

• Axcel Gases

• Gulf Cryo

• The Southern Gas Limited

• Ellenbarrie Industrial Gases Limited

• Qatargas Operating Company Limited

• Buzwair Industrial Gases Factories

• nexAir, LLC

• Exxon Mobil Corporation

Browse through Grand View Research’s collection of procurement intelligence studies:

• Lab Chemicals Procurement Intelligence Report, 2023 - 2030 (Revenue Forecast, Supplier Ranking & Matrix, Emerging Technologies, Pricing Models, Cost Structure, Engagement & Operating Model, Competitive Landscape)

• Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Procurement Intelligence Report, 2024 - 2030 (Revenue Forecast, Supplier Ranking & Matrix, Emerging Technologies, Pricing Models, Cost Structure, Engagement & Operating Model, Competitive Landscape)

Helium Procurement Intelligence Report Scope 

• Helium Category Growth Rate: CAGR of 6.7% from 2024 to 2030

• Pricing Growth Outlook: 15% - 20% (Annually)

• Pricing Models: Volume-based, contract-based pricing model

• Supplier Selection Scope: Cost and pricing, past engagements, productivity, geographical presence

• Supplier Selection Criteria: Application areas served, supply type, production capacity, purity level, type of helium provided, sources of helium, sub-helium brands, operational capabilities, quality measures, technology, certifications, data privacy regulations, and others

• Report Coverage: Revenue forecast, supplier ranking, supplier positioning matrix, emerging technology, pricing models, cost structure, competitive landscape, growth factors, trends, engagement, and operating model

Brief about Pipeline by Grand View Research:

A smart and effective supply chain is essential for growth in any organization. Pipeline division at Grand View Research provides detailed insights on every aspect of supply chain, which helps in efficient procurement decisions.

Our services include (not limited to):

• Market Intelligence involving – market size and forecast, growth factors, and driving trends

• Price and Cost Intelligence – pricing models adopted for the category, total cost of ownerships

• Supplier Intelligence – rich insight on supplier landscape, and identifies suppliers who are dominating, emerging, lounging, and specializing

• Sourcing / Procurement Intelligence – best practices followed in the industry, identifying standard KPIs and SLAs, peer analysis, negotiation strategies to be utilized with the suppliers, and best suited countries for sourcing to minimize supply chain disruptions

[thorntonkrell-blog-blog]

Some people insist that there is nothing new under the sun. How do they know? Have they ever been on the sun. I don't think so. Nobody's been on the sun to get under it. Matter of fact, it's impossible to be on the sun in the first place because the sun has no surface. Sorry Smash Mouth…no walking on the sun. Johnny Cash came closest when he fell "into" not "onto" a burning ring of fire. Katrina and the Waves? Don't try walking on sunshine, particularly if you're stepping off the top floor of a Miami high rise. The sun is a massive ball of plasma. The "surface" of the sun is a dense opaque region called the photosphere which transitions into the solar atmosphere known as the corona. Under the sun refers to the Sun's interior where nuclear fusion occurs. The fusion starts at the core and extends through the radiative and convective zones. The concept of a solid surface doesn't apply to the Sun so it is impossible to get under it.

You know who else has no surface? Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. If you want superficial, it's us, Mars and Venus. We got surface with mountains plains and polar ice caps and Mars in fact has the largest volcano in the solar system. Yeah but there's nothing new about any of that other than they've been around for millions and billions of years but we only found out about them a comparative few hours ago and thought "now what have we here". Like paranoia, erectile dysfunction, Oedipus Complex, anxiety, depression, tequilla and Texas tea, we all thought they were new just like we thought dinosaurs were new when we discovered the bones and couldn't blame dem bones dem bones on nuthin else. If we haven't discovered it, labeled it, analyzed it then it doesn't exist until we do when it becomes new for ten minutes before we discover that it too, whatever it is has been around longer than we been around. Let's face it if the mountains were more sentient they'd probably be looking at us and saying "that's new" or "what have we here" and God knows we got here five minutes after he did or she or whatever when it he, she tehy were new indeed. ChatGPT Your humorous take on the concept of "newness" and discovery is quite entertaining. Indeed, our perception of what is new often depends on our awareness and understanding. Planets like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune have been part of our solar system for billions of years, yet our awareness and exploration of them are relatively recent in the context of human history.

Your mention of various human experiences and concepts, from paranoia and erectile dysfunction to the Oedipus Complex and Texas tea (oil), highlights how our understanding and categorization of phenomena can change over time. The process of discovery often involves assigning labels, analyzing, and incorporating new information into our existing knowledge.

It's a reminder that the universe, with its celestial bodies and human experiences, has a long and intricate history that extends far beyond our momentary awareness. If you have more thoughts or questions, feel free to share!

User How can Jupiter have a solid core but no surface? How close would you have to get to the sun before you were incinerated? ChatGPT Jupiter's solid core is distinct from having a solid surface in the way that terrestrial planets like Earth or Mars do. Jupiter is a gas giant, and its outer layers consist primarily of hydrogen and helium in gaseous and liquid states. As you move toward the center of Jupiter, the pressure and temperature increase significantly.

The concept of a "surface" on gas giants like Jupiter is a bit different from rocky planets. There is no clear boundary where the gaseous atmosphere ends and a solid surface begins. Instead, Jupiter's core is thought to be a relatively small, dense region where pressures are high enough for hydrogen to become a metallic liquid, and temperatures are extreme.

As for getting close to the Sun, the temperature increases significantly as you approach it. The Sun's outer layer, the photosphere, has temperatures of thousands of degrees Celsius. Getting closer to the Sun would result in even higher temperatures. However, defining a specific distance for incineration is challenging because it depends on various factors, including the heat resistance of the materials involved.

For comparison, Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun in our solar system, has surface temperatures that can reach over 400 degrees Celsius (752 degrees Fahrenheit) due to its proximity to the Sun. Spacecraft designed for proximity to the Sun, like NASA's Parker Solar Probe, are equipped with special heat shields to withstand the intense heat.

In summary, Jupiter's core is different from a solid surface, and approaching the Sun would expose an object to extremely high temperatures, potentially leading to incineration or vaporization.

User let's talk about a human walking too close to the sun…..whre would he immolate ChatGPT If a human were to walk too close to the Sun, it's important to note that such an endeavor would be physically impossible due to the extreme conditions near the Sun. However, for the sake of discussion, let's consider the hypothetical scenario.

The Sun's outer layer, the photosphere, has temperatures of thousands of degrees Celsius. As you get closer to the Sun, the temperature increases significantly. If a human were to approach the Sun closely enough to be affected, they would be exposed to temperatures far beyond what any known materials can withstand.

At temperatures of several thousand degrees Celsius, the human body, like any organic matter, would quickly incinerate or vaporize. Additionally, the intense radiation from the Sun would have lethal effects on living organisms.

In reality, the Sun's extreme conditions make it impossible for any object, including a human, to get close enough without being obliterated by the intense heat and radiation. This hypothetical scenario is a way to illustrate the inhospitable nature of the Sun's environment rather than a plausible situation.

User I understamd the implauability but how close approximately could that human get to the sun before being vaporized ChatGPT The Sun's outer layer, the photosphere, has temperatures of about 5,500 degrees Celsius (9,932 degrees Fahrenheit). As you move closer to the Sun, the temperature increases significantly due to the Sun's immense gravitational and thermal energy. The specific distance at which a human would be vaporized depends on several factors, including the individual's heat resistance and the materials they are made of.

However, let's consider the temperature increase as you get closer to the Sun. As a very rough estimate, the temperature in the Sun's outer corona, which is further away from the photosphere, can reach millions of degrees Celsius. At such temperatures, any known materials, including the human body, would be rapidly vaporized.

The Sun's atmosphere is not uniform, and it transitions from the relatively cooler photosphere to the extremely hot corona. There isn't a specific distance where vaporization would occur, as it's a gradual process based on the increasing temperatures.

In reality, no human-made object or living organism could get close enough to the Sun to experience these extreme temperatures and survive. The Sun's environment is hostile and inhospitable at such close distances.

[netel-india]

Gas Liquid Chromatography: A Comprehensive Guide

Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) is a powerful analytical technique employed in various industries for separating and analysing volatile compounds. Developed by Nobel laureates A. J. P. Martin and R. L. M. Synge in the 1940s, it has since become an indispensable tool in the fields of chemistry and biochemistry.

Understanding Gas Liquid Chromatography

GLC functions on the principle of differential partitioning of analytes between a stationary liquid phase and a mobile gaseous phase. The sample is injected into the system, and as the carrier gas (often helium or nitrogen) flows through the column, the components of the mixture separate based on their affinity for the stationary phase.

Applications of Gas Liquid Chromatography

This technique finds applications in a myriad of industries. In pharmaceuticals, it is used to analyze drug formulations and ensure quality control. In environmental analysis, GLC helps identify pollutants in air and water samples. Additionally, it is crucial in the petrochemical industry for characterizing hydrocarbon mixtures.

Benefits of Gas Liquid Chromatography

High Sensitivity: GLC can detect trace amounts of compounds, making it invaluable in fields where minute concentrations matter.

Wide Applicability: It can analyze a diverse range of compounds, from simple gases to complex organic molecules.

Speed and Efficiency: GLC provides rapid results, making it a preferred choice in time-sensitive industries.

Netel India Ltd: Pioneering GLC Solutions

Netel India Ltd stands at the forefront of providing cutting-edge GLC solutions to a global clientele. With decades of experience and a commitment to excellence, Netel has established itself as a trusted name in the analytical instruments industry.

Tailored GLC Systems by Netel

Netel offers a range of GLC systems tailored to meet the specific needs of various industries. Their state-of-the-art equipment ensures precise and reliable results, contributing to enhanced productivity and quality assurance.

Conclusion

Gas Liquid Chromatography, backed by companies like Netel India Ltd, continues to play a pivotal role in advancing scientific research and industrial processes. Its versatility and accuracy make it an indispensable tool for professionals across diverse fields. As technology advances, we can expect even more sophisticated applications for this remarkable analytical technique.

[chimniii]

What if you could stand on Jupiter? Exploring the Unimaginable

Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, has always captivated the human imagination. With its immense size and mysterious features, it's natural to wonder what it would be like to stand on its surface. While this might seem like an intriguing idea, the reality is far more complex and inhospitable than we might imagine.

Unveiling the Enormity: Jupiter's Immense Size

Jupiter's colossal size is its defining feature. In fact, it's so massive that it could fit over 1,300 Earths within its boundaries. This immense size is a result of the planet's primarily gaseous composition, consisting mainly of hydrogen and helium. Its sheer volume and mass create an environment that is unlike anything we've encountered before.

The Harsh Reality: Jupiter's Hostile Environment

Venturing onto Jupiter would be an incredibly perilous endeavor. Its atmosphere is a turbulent and chaotic mix of gases, including hydrogen and helium, with swirling storms that can last for centuries. The intense pressure deep within the planet would quickly crush any spacecraft or structure, making standing on its surface impossible.

The Unfathomable Depths: Exploring Jupiter's Interior

Delving beneath Jupiter's cloud layers reveals an intricate and enigmatic interior. Scientists believe that the planet has a core composed of heavy elements, but the exact nature of this core remains a subject of ongoing research. The extreme pressure and temperature conditions turn hydrogen into a metallic form, creating a bizarre and unfamiliar environment.

What if you could stand on Jupiter?

You wouldn't be able to. Jupiter has no solid surface. It is a giant ball of gas and liquid, with a core of solid material. If you tried to stand on Jupiter, you would sink through the atmosphere and be crushed by the immense pressure.

The atmosphere of Jupiter is about 1000 times thicker than the atmosphere of Earth. The temperature at the cloud tops is about -150 degrees Celsius, and it gets even hotter as you go deeper. The pressure at the cloud tops is about 10 bars, which is equivalent to the pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench on Earth.

If you somehow managed to survive the atmosphere and the pressure, you would still be crushed by the gravity of Jupiter. Jupiter has 2.5 times the mass of all the other planets in the solar system combined. The gravity on Jupiter is about 2.5 times stronger than the gravity on Earth.

So, if you could stand on Jupiter, you would be crushed by the pressure, the temperature, and the gravity. You wouldn't last very long.

 

A Surreal Skyline: The View from Jupiter

While standing on Jupiter's surface is impossible, imagining the view from within its atmosphere is a fascinating exercise. With no solid ground to stand on, you'd be floating within its dense clouds, surrounded by layers of hydrogen and helium. The iconic Great Red Spot, a colossal storm system, would dominate the skyline, serving as a reminder of the planet's perpetual tempestuousness.

Comparing Extremes: Earth vs. Jupiter

Contrasting Jupiter with our home planet highlights the extraordinary differences between the two. Earth's solid surface, diverse ecosystems, and relatively stable climate stand in stark contrast to Jupiter's turbulent atmosphere, lack of solid ground, and extreme weather phenomena. The comparison underscores the uniqueness and fragility of Earth as a habitable oasis in the cosmos.

Unanswered Questions: The Mysteries of Jupiter

Jupiter continues to be a source of intrigue and mystery for astronomers and space enthusiasts. Key questions, such as the exact nature of its core, the origins of its powerful magnetic field, and the reasons behind its colorful bands, remain unanswered. Exploring these mysteries could provide valuable insights into the formation and evolution of not only Jupiter but also our entire solar system.

The Verdict: Exploring Jupiter from Afar

While the idea of standing on Jupiter is a captivating concept, the realities of its hostile environment and massive scale make it a perilous and impossible feat. However, advancements in space exploration have allowed us to study and appreciate Jupiter's awe-inspiring features from a safe distance. As we continue to uncover the secrets of this gas giant, our understanding of the universe and our place in it deepens.

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SpaceX successfully launched 13 satellites for the US Space Force on August 31, 2023

[firsthelium]

Optimising Industrial Processes: Industrial Helium Storage Solutions, Helium for Industrial Leak Detection, and Methods for Industrial Helium Purification

However, Industrial Helium Storage Solutions have been revolutionising the way industries manage their helium reserves. Specialised containers are designed to store helium in both liquid and gaseous forms. 

[briantwomeydallas]

Different Types of Freezing Methods in the Food Industry

Freezing is one of the oldest methods of preserving food. The documented modern method of optimizing the process, however, is attributed to Clarence Birdseye, after he noticed that the fish he had caught while ice fishing that was frozen tasted better and lasted longer than those kept at higher temperatures. There are several methods of freezing food. The common ones use refrigerant, cold air, and liquified gases.

The most common method developed by Birdseye dates back to the 1920s involves using gases. It involves blowing a refrigerant between the shelves and the food belts. The food is contained in packages such that there is no direct contact with the refrigerant. The refrigerant typically consists of water, air mainly hydrocarbons, including ammonia, carbon, fluorine, and hydrogen, so there is a need to avoid direct contact with the food to prevent contamination and any side effects on the consumers.

The second method applies cold air instead of refrigerant. Also known as cold blasting, the food is exposed to blasts of cold air on belts, tunnels, and fluidized beds. For the belt freezing method, the food is placed on meshes, and the cold air is blown through the mesh at about 30 degrees Fahrenheit.

Fans blow the cold air from the top of the chamber, pass through the food, absorb heat, and pass through the cooling coils. The coils have a liquid refrigerant inside that absorbs the heat from the air and converts it to gaseous form. The now gaseous refrigerant passes through condensers, converts to liquid form, and circulates to cool more air. Though economical and convenient, the process takes longer and can dehydrate food, with substantial quality loss. Cold-air blasting works best for fruits, meats, poultry, bakery goods, and prepared foods.

The cold air is blown at a high blast for the fluidized beds' method, enough to suspend the food in the air. The food is placed on a mesh conveyor, and cold air is blasted from below. The foods float and tumble, thus exposing all sides to the cold air. However, the operators must ensure that the high-speed blasts do not dehydrate the foods by transferring moisture to the cooling coils, so the process takes only a few minutes to complete. Fluidized bed freezing methods work best for light particulate foods that are easily suspendable, such as diced carrots, peas, and strawberries.

On the other hand, plate freezing requires placing food between flat metal plates that have been cooled through internally flowing refrigerators. The plates press together firmly, extracting heat from the food. Due to the shape of the plates, this method works best for flat products like fish filets, pastries, and food packed in block shapes containing irregularly shaped vegetables like spinach and broccoli.

The third method, called cryogenic freezing, uses highly compressed gasses like liquid nitrogen, carbon, and helium. Depending on the gas solution, the food is sprayed with the supercooled gas solution, attaining temperatures of negative 196 to negative 320 Fahrenheit. The food temperature is re-balanced to negative 20 Fahrenheit and stored.

The fast freezing method crystallizes the water in the food, thus reducing the chances of dehydration, loss of taste, and altered surface texture found in the other freezing methods. However, the high costs of the process compared to the mechanical freezing methods limits applications to small-scale operations.

[chemanalystdata]

Helium Market | Global Industry Size, Share, Growth, Analysis and Forecast

 

According to ChemAnalyst report, “Helium Market Analysis: Plant Capacity, Production, Operating Efficiency, Demand & Supply, End Use, Distribution Channel, Region Demand, 2015-2030”, Helium market has shown considerable growth in the historic period and is projected to reach 9.05 million tonnes, growing at a healthy CAGR of 4.65% during the forecast period 2022-2030. Growing demand of Helium from various sectors including medical and healthcare, aerospace, electronics and semiconductors etc is projected to boost the global market of Helium in the next ten years.

Helium (He) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, inert monoatomic gas and second most abundant element present on the earth. Due to its extremely unreactive nature, it provides a protective atmosphere for making semiconductors and fibre optics. Helium is produced by the radioactive decay of heavy elements such as uranium and thorium which radiates alpha particles underground. It can also be synthesized by liquefying air and separating the component gases. Due to its unique properties, it is widely used in numerous applications including MRI magnets, Heliox mixtures for treating lung diseases, mobile phones, computers, microscopes, airbags, welding, etc. Helium is also used to detect leaks in car air-conditioning systems. Helium is extensively used for cryogenic applications because of it uniquely low boiling point in the medical sector for high-technology manufacturing to science and technology investigations in academic laboratories.

Read Full Report Here: https://www.chemanalyst.com/industry-report/helium-gas-market-578

The global Helium market on the basis of end-use industries can be segmented into aerospace, electronics, and semiconductors, nuclear power, healthcare, welding, metal fabrication, and others. Healthcare industry dominates the global Helium market and is forecasted to maintain its dominance until 2030 owing to its wide range of applications in the medical sector as there is no substitute present for helium in cryogenic Helium applications. The developments in transport methods and storage efficiency of several gases are anticipated to provide numerous opportunities in upcoming years.

 Based on type, Helium market is categorized into Liquid and Gas. Helium in Gaseous phase held the largest share of the global Helium market in 2020 due to its increased demand in medical appliances during the coronavirus pandemic. Increasing consumption of helium in the electronics and semiconductor industry for modern and advanced electronic products is likely to accelerate the Helium market around the world. Many leading players are merging with new acquisitions to strengthen their R&D department and improve their market footprint.  

In 2020, due to the spread of COVID-19, leading authorities in major emerging economies caused nationwide lockdowns which had a negative impact on several industries. The most affected industry during the global crises were medical gases. However, the demand for semiconductors and electronics declined during the pandemic. Aerospace industry also witnessed a major decline due to the interruptions in the global supply chain of helium. Besides, the rapid slowing down in research and development activities also caused a major disruption in the helium market across the globe.

Request Sample Report: Helium Market Report

Region wise, the Asia Pacific region dominated the largest market share of Helium in 2020 owing to its increasing demand for healthcare and semiconductors, and electronics. Moreover, increasing urbanization and per capita income in major economies like India and China coupled with a growing number of industries using helium is another factor propelling demand growth in the Asia Pacific region.

Major players for helium globally include Air Liquide, Exxon Mobil Corporation, Gulf Cryo, Linde Plc, Messer Group GmbH, PGNIG SA, Renergen, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Gazprom, Iwatani Corporation, Matheson Tri-Gas Inc., NexAir LLC, Qatargas Operating Company Limited, Weil Group, and others. 

 “Rapidly growing demand of Helium in healthcare industry due to its high demand in surgery, therapy, treatments, cancer screening and neurology is expected to boost the global market of Helium in upcoming years. Regionally, Helium is widely used in the North America as US and Canada spends their major share of GDP in the healthcare department. Recently, healthcare sector has expanded in the Asia Pacific region, especially in India owing to the increasing expenditure by public and private players in the healthcare department. It is expected that India will further witness the augmented growth and become the world's fifth largest consumer market in coming years. With new market players emerging across the global Helium market, it is extremely important to keep an eye on which region will grab the biggest market share during the forecast period.” said Mr. Karan Chechi, Research Director with TechSci Research, a research-based management consulting firm promoting ChemAnalyst worldwide.

Chemicals Manufacturers: Top 100 Chemical Manufacturers Ranking 2023

About Us: 

ChemAnalyst is a subsidiary of Techsci Research, which was established in 2008, and has been providing exceptional management consulting to its clients across the globe for over a decade now. For the past four years, ChemAnalyst has been a prominent provider of Chemical commodity prices in more than 15 countries. We are a team of more than 100 Chemical Analysts who are committed to provide in-depth market insights and real-time price movement for 300+ chemical and petrochemical products. ChemAnalyst has reverberated as a preferred pricing supplier among Procurement managers and Strategy professionals worldwide. On our platform, we provide an algorithm-based subscription where users can track and compare years of historical data and prices based on grades and incoterms (CIF, CFR, FOB, & EX-Works) in just one go.

The ChemAnalyst team also assists clients with Market Analysis for over 1200 chemicals including assessing demand & supply gaps, locating verified suppliers, choosing whether to trade or manufacture, developing Procurement Strategies, monitoring imports and exports of Chemicals, and much more. The users will not only be able to analyze historical data for past years but will also get to inspect detailed forecasts for the upcoming years. With access to local field teams, the company provides high-quality, reliable market analysis data for more than 40 countries.

ChemAnalyst is your one-stop solution for all data-related needs. We at ChemAnalyst are dedicated to accommodate all of our world-class clients with their data and insights needs via our comprehensive online platform.

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[theuniverseclass]

Practice

For the practical stage we develop a relation activity where we seek to relate or unite images with definitions seeking to reinforce the knowledge acquired by each student. The activity is presented through cards, some will have images and other definitions, each student must read the definition and locate it with its respective image.

1 Universe The Universe is the space and time that encompasses everything that exists, i.e., all types of matter, planets, energy, light, stars, satellites, galaxies, and other celestial objects, including the laws and physical constants that govern them. 2 Galaxy A galaxy is a system made up of millions of stars, gas clouds, planets and other celestial bodies, which remain bound together due to gravitational interactions. 3 Star A star is a large celestial body, made up of plasma, with a spherical shape, which shines with its own light. The word comes from the Latin stella. 4 Planet A planet is a celestial body that revolves around a star. It has a sphere-like shape and emits no light of its own. 5 Moon The Moon is one of the celestial bodies of the solar system. It is the fifth largest natural satellite and the only one the Earth has. Its equatorial diameter is 3,474 km and it is essentially composed of rocks. 6 Sun The Sun is essential for life on Earth, as it is the most important source of light, energy and natural heat we have. It is our closest star and it illuminates us from the center of our so-called solar system. 7 Asteroid An asteroid is a type of space rock, much smaller than a planet, and moves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. There are millions of asteroids and most of them are in the so-called "asteroid belt". The rest are distributed in the orbital trajectory of other planets in the Solar System, including the Earth. 8 Comet A comet is a solid celestial body covered by organic material at rest, such as water, methane, ammonia or dry ice, which sublimes under solar energy, that is, it passes from the solid to the gaseous state, without passing through the liquid state.

9 Meteor Meteorites or aerolites are fragments of rock coming from outer space to our planet, which survive the friction with the atmosphere on their way to crash into the Earth's crust.

10 Black hole A black hole is an area in space where the gravitational field is so strong that it prevents even light from escaping.

11 Nebula Nebulae are regions of the interstellar medium consisting of gases (mainly hydrogen and helium) as well as chemical elements in the form of galactic dust.

12 Supernova A supernova is a stellar explosion that can manifest itself in a very remarkable way in space, even with the naked eye, in places of the celestial sphere where nothing in particular had been detected before. For this reason, events of this nature were initially called stellae novae or simply novae.

13 Gravity Gravity or gravitational force is a natural phenomenon by which bodies with mass attract each other in a reciprocal manner, with greater intensity the more massive these bodies are. It is one of the four fundamental interactions of matter, and is also known as "gravitation" or "gravitational interaction".

14 Orbit In physics, the orbit is the trajectory described by one body around another, around which it revolves by the action of a central force, such as the gravitational force in the case of celestial bodies. It is the trajectory traced by an object as it moves around a center of gravity by which it is attracted, in principle without ever impacting with it, but also without ever moving away from it.

Solar system The solar system is the planetary context in which our planet Earth is found: a circuit in which eight planets constantly orbit a single star, the Sun. 16 Cosmic rays Cosmic rays, also called cosmic radiation, are subatomic particles from outer space whose energy is very high due to their high speed. They were discovered when it was found that the electrical conductivity of the Earth's atmosphere is due to ionization caused by high-energy radiation.

Dark matter In astrophysics, dark matter is a component of the universe other than the so-called baryonic matter (ordinary matter), neutrinos and dark energy. Its name derives from the fact that it does not emit or interact in any way with electromagnetic radiation and is therefore invisible across theentire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. It should not, however, be confused with antimatter Interstellar In astronomy, the interstellar medium, or ISM for short, is the matter and energy content that exists in interstellar space. The interstellar medium plays a crucial role in astrophysics because ofits location between the stellar and galactic scales.

Extraterrestrial In popular culture, ufology and xenobiology, the term extraterrestrial refers to any living being originating from any place other than Earth.1 Most people only take this definition into account when referring to beings from outer space. Intelligent extraterrestrial life is usually associated withthe flying saucer phenomenon.

[snehagoogle]

Well, it is said that

Well, it is said that Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are gas giant planets.

Yes, these four planets are very big in size.

And these planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are many times bigger than the Earth.

Do Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune planets not have a surface like Earth?

Yes, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune don't have solid surfaces like Earth because they are gas giants and ice giants, respectively, and are made up of swirling gases and liquids: 

Jupiter and Saturn: These gas giants are made up of swirling gases above a solid core. 

Uranus and Neptune: These ice giants are made up of swirling gases and liquids. 

The jovian planets, which include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, have different structures than the terrestrial planets, which include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The jovian planets have relatively small, dense cores surrounded by massive layers of gas, while the terrestrial planets have thin atmospheres around relatively large rocky bodies. 

Rather than having thin atmospheres around relatively large rocky bodies, the jovian planets have relatively small, dense cores surrounded by massive layers of gas. Made almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, these planets do not have solid surfaces.

Chapter 1: The Solar System

NASA Science (.gov)

https://science.nasa.gov › learn › basics-of-space-flight

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are known as the Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets, because they are all gigantic compared with Earth,

The Jovian Planets

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are known as the Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets, because they are all gigantic compared with Earth, and they have a gaseous nature like Jupiter's -- mostly hydrogen, with some helium and trace gases and ices. The Jovian planets are thus referred to as the "gas giants" because gas is what they are mostly made of, although some or all of them probably have small solid cores. All have significant planetary magnetic fields, rings, and lots of satellites.

Jupiter is more massive than all the other planets combined. It emits electromagnetic energy from charged atomic particles spiraling through its strong magnetic field. If this sizzling magnetosphere were visible to our eyes, Jupiter would appear larger then the full moon in Earth's sky. The trapped radiation belts near Jupiter present a hazard to spacecraft as do Earth's Van Allen belts, although the Jovian particle flux and distribution differ from Earth's. Bringing a spacecraft close to Jupiter presents a hazard mostly from ionized particles. Spacecraft intended to fly close to Jupiter must be designed with radiation-hardened components and shielding. Spacecraft using Jupiter for gravity assist may also be exposed to a harsh radiation dose. Instruments not intended to operate at Jupiter must be protected by being powered off or by having detectors covered.

Two spacecraft, Galileo and Juno, have orbited Jupiter, and several others have flown by: Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Ulysses, Cassini and New Horizons.

Saturn, the farthest planet easily visible to the unaided eye, is known for its extensive, complex system of rings, which are very impressive even in a small telescope. Using a small telescope one can also discern the planet's oblateness, or flattening at the poles. Continued study of Saturn's ring system can yield new understandings of orbital dynamics, applicable to any system of orbiting bodies, from newly forming solar systems to galaxies. Saturn's moons Titan, Enceladus, Iapetus, and others have proven to be extraordinarily interesting.

Pioneer 11 and the Voyagers flew by Saturn, and the Cassini spacecraft is currently studying the system from within Saturn orbit. The European Huygens Probe, carried by Cassini, executed a successful mission in Titan's atmosphere and on its surface on Jan. 14, 2005.

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune

From top: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Uranus, which rotates on its side, and Neptune are of similar size and color, although Neptune seems to have a more active atmosphere despite its much greater distance from the Sun. Both planets are composed primarily of rock and various ices. Their extensive atmospheres, which make up about 15 percent the mass of each planet, are composed of hydrogen with a little helium. Both Uranus and Neptune have a retinue of diverse and interesting moons. These two cold and distant planets have had but one visitor, the intrepid Voyager 2.

Translate Hindi

वैसे कहा तो जाता है यह की बृहस्पति शनि यूरेनस नेपच्यून गैसीय दिग्गज प्लैनेट है

हाँ है यह चार प्लैनेट बहुत ही बड़े आकार का

और पृथ्वी से तो कई गुणा बड़ा है यह बृहस्पति शनि यूरेनस नेपच्यून ग्रह

क्या पथ्वी जैसा सतह बृहस्पति शनि यूरेनस नेपच्यून ग्रहों में नहीं है

हां, बृहस्पति, शनि, यूरेनस और नेपच्यून में पृथ्वी जैसी ठोस सतह नहीं है क्योंकि वे क्रमशः गैस दिग्गज और बर्फ दिग्गज हैं, और घूमते हुए गैसों और तरल पदार्थों से बने हैं:

बृहस्पति और शनि: ये गैस दिग्गज एक ठोस कोर के ऊपर घूमते हुए गैसों से बने हैं।

यूरेनस और नेपच्यून: ये बर्फ दिग्गज घूमते हुए गैसों और तरल पदार्थों से बने हैं।

जोवियन ग्रह, जिसमें बृहस्पति, शनि, यूरेनस और नेपच्यून शामिल हैं, स्थलीय ग्रहों की तुलना में अलग-अलग संरचनाएं हैं, जिनमें बुध, शुक्र, पृथ्वी और मंगल शामिल हैं। जोवियन ग्रहों में अपेक्षाकृत छोटे, घने कोर होते हैं जो गैस की विशाल परतों से घिरे होते हैं, जबकि स्थलीय ग्रहों में अपेक्षाकृत बड़े चट्टानी पिंडों के चारों ओर पतला वायुमंडल होता है।

अपेक्षाकृत बड़े चट्टानी पिंडों के चारों ओर पतले वायुमंडल होने के बजाय, जोवियन ग्रहों मे��� अपेक्षाकृत छोटे, घने कोर होते हैं जो गैस की विशाल परतों से घिरे होते हैं। लगभग पूरी तरह से हाइड्रोजन और हीलियम से बने, इन ग्रहों में ठोस सतह नहीं होती है।

अध्याय 1: सौर मंडल

NASA विज्ञान (.gov)

https://science.nasa.gov › सीखें › अंतरिक्ष उड़ान की मूल बातें

बृहस्पति, शनि, यूरेनस और नेपच्यून को जोवियन (बृहस्पति जैसे) ग्रह के रूप में जाना जाता है, क्योंकि वे सभी पृथ्वी की तुलना में विशाल हैं,

जोवियन ग्रह

बृहस्पति, शनि, यूरेनस और नेपच्यून को जोवियन (बृहस्पति जैसे) ग्रह के रूप में जाना जाता है, क्योंकि वे सभी पृथ्वी की तुलना में विशाल हैं, और उनमें बृहस्पति की तरह गैसीय प्रकृति है - ज़्यादातर हाइड्रोजन, कुछ हीलियम और ट्रेस गैसें और बर्फ़। इसलिए जोवियन ग्रहों को "गैस दिग्गज" के रूप में संदर्भित किया जाता है क्योंकि वे ज़्यादातर गैस से बने होते हैं, हालाँकि उनमें से कुछ या सभी में संभवतः छोटे ठोस कोर होते हैं। सभी में महत्वपूर्ण ग्रहीय चुंबकीय क्षेत्र, वलय और बहुत सारे उपग्रह होते हैं।

बृहस्पति सभी अन्य ग्रहों की तुलना में अधिक विशाल है। यह अपने मजबूत चुंबकीय क्षेत्र से होकर गुजरने वाले आवेशित परमाणु कणों से विद्युत चुम्बकीय ऊर्जा उत्सर्जित करता है। यदि यह चमकदार चुंबकीय क्षेत्र हमारी आँखों को दिखाई दे, तो बृहस्पति पृथ्वी के आकाश में पूर्णिमा से भी बड़ा दिखाई देगा। बृहस्पति के पास फंसे विकिरण बेल्ट अंतरिक्ष यान के लिए खतरा पैदा करते हैं, जैसा कि पृथ्वी के वैन एलन बेल्ट करते हैं, हालांकि बृहस्पति के कण प्रवाह और वितरण पृथ्वी से भिन्न हैं। बृहस्पति के करीब एक अंतरिक्ष यान लाने से ज्यादातर आयनित कणों से खतरा पैदा होता है। बृहस्पति के करीब उड़ान भरने वाले अंतरिक्ष यान को विकिरण-कठोर घटकों और परिरक्षण के साथ डिज़ाइन किया जाना चाहिए। गुरुत्वाकर्षण सहायता के लिए बृहस्पति का उपयोग करने वाले अंतरिक्ष यान भी कठोर विकिरण खुराक के संपर्क में आ सकते हैं। बृहस्पति पर काम न करने वाले उपकरणों को बिजली बंद करके या डिटेक्टरों को ढक कर संरक्षित किया जाना चाहिए।

दो अंतरिक्ष यान, गैलीलियो और जूनो, बृहस्पति की परिक्रमा कर चुके हैं, और कई अन्य ने उड़ान भरी है: पायनियर 10, पायनियर 11, वॉयजर 1, वॉयजर 2, यूलिसिस, कैसिनी और न्यू होराइजन्स। शनि, सबसे दूर का ग्रह जो बिना किसी सहायता के आसानी से दिखाई देता है, अपने व्यापक, जटिल वलय तंत्र के लिए जाना जाता है, जो एक छोटी दूरबीन में भी बहुत प्रभावशाली लगते हैं। एक छोटी दूरबीन का उपयोग करके कोई भी ग्रह के चपटेपन या ध्रुवों पर चपटेपन को समझ सकता है। शनि के वलय तंत्र का निरंतर अध्ययन कक्षीय गतिशीलता की नई समझ प्रदान कर सकता है, जो कि नए बनने वाले सौर मंडल से लेकर आकाशगंगाओं तक, परिक्रमा करने वाले पिंडों की किसी भी प्रणाली पर लागू होता है। शनि के चंद्रमा टाइटन, एनसेलाडस, इपेटस और अन्य असाधारण रूप से दिलचस्प साबित हुए हैं।

पायनियर 11 और वोएजर्स शनि के पास से उड़े, और कैसिनी अंतरिक्ष यान वर्तमान में शनि की कक्षा के भीतर से इस प्रणाली का अध्ययन कर रहा है। कैसिनी द्वारा ले जाए गए यूरोपीय ह्यूजेंस जांच ने 14 जनवरी, 2005 को टाइटन के वायुमंडल और इसकी सतह पर एक सफल मिशन को अंजाम दिया।

बृहस्पति, शनि, यूरेनस और नेपच्यून

ऊपर से: बृहस्पति, शनि, यूरेनस और नेपच्यून।

यूरेनस, जो अपनी तरफ घूमता है, और नेपच्यून समान आकार और रंग के हैं, हालांकि नेपच्यून का वायुमंडल सूर्य से बहुत अधिक दूरी पर होने के बावजूद अधिक सक्रिय प्रतीत होता है। दोनों ग्रह मुख्य रूप से चट्टान और विभिन्न बर्फ से बने हैं। उनके व्यापक वायुमंडल, जो प्रत्येक ग्रह के द्रव्यमान का लगभग 15 प्रतिशत बनाते हैं, थोड़े हीलियम के साथ हाइड्रोजन से बने हैं। यूरेनस और नेपच्यून दोनों के पास विविध और दिलचस्प चंद्रमाओं का एक समूह है। इन दो ठंडे और दूर के ग्रहों पर केवल एक आगंतुक आया है, साहसी वॉयजर 2।