#Kanizsa triangle

[viragfold]

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MŰVEM / MIA OPERA / MY WORK: LINK

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[levysoft]

Vedi il quadrato bianco? 

È strano, perché in realtà non c'è un quadrato lì, solo quattro forme nere. Il nostro cervello tende a colmare le lacune e a permetterci di vedere cose che in realtà non esistono. 

Questa illusione ha altri effetti sottili. Poiché il nostro cervello ci dice che un quadrato bianco è sovrapposto a quattro cerchi neri, posizionare l'oggetto sopra il testo può avere un illusorio effetto "lente di ingrandimento". Poiché il quadrato bianco sembra essere sopra i cerchi, che si trovano sopra il testo sottostante, il testo all'interno del quadrato potrebbe sembrare più grande, anche se il quadrato è effettivamente trasparente e il testo ha le stesse dimensioni.

[...] Le illusioni di Kanizsa, inventate dallo psicologo italiano Gaetano Kanizsa, possono influenzare anche la nostra percezione di luminosità e profondità. Nel triangolo di Kanizsa in basso a sinistra, il triangolo bianco (che in realtà non è lì) può apparire più luminoso dello sfondo, sebbene siano entrambi dello stesso bianco. Più recentemente, i ricercatori hanno scoperto l’illusione ombreggiata sottostante, in cui una piramide potrebbe sembrare emergere da un angolo.

[abecedaryofimages]

Kanizsa Triangle

[Image source]

Negative line: the negation of a line by virtue of a line.

[obsession-beats-desolation]

1. Kanizsa's Triangle

These spatially separate fragments give the impression of a bright white triangle, defined by a sharp illusory contour, occluding three black circles and a black-outlined triangle.

Kanizsa figurers trigger the percept of an illusory contour by aligning Pac-Man-shaped inducers in the visual field such that the edges form a shape. Though not explicitly part of the image, Kanizsa figures evoke the percept of a shape, defined by a sharp illusory contour.

2. Neon color spreading: the cyan circle's contours are illusory.

3. The Ehrenstein illusion is of a bright disc.

4. A Kanizsa illusion in the lower arms.

[popfizzles]

You're art is so awesome Fizzles! All your drawings have so much personality in them! ^v^ How do you get your line art to stay so smooth?

I hate to break the illusion for you, but I sincerely dare you to zoom in on any of my commissions and sincerely analyze the lineart for a bit. It's not smooth!!

I literally use textured brushes for my lineart;

Using rough and textured lines when drawing can help sell fluidity in an art piece, your brain automatically fills in information and ignores little mistakes in the same way your brain reacts to optical illusions like the Kanizsa Triangle:

When you use untextured brushes, mistakes like stray lines and wobbles in curves are easier to see. I suggest trying out textured brushes if you're having some problems with your lineart.

Plus, keep in mind regular lineart tips! Like using dark colors instead of pure black #000000 to do lineart, using big continuous strokes instead of a lot of smaller strokes, etc.

Good luck!

[vf-makes-things-to-look-at]

Kanizsa Screen.

Abstract digital composition made “digitally by hand” in Procreate (tracked time 14h).

Prints here! https://www.curioos.com/product/print/kanizsa-screen

The Kanizsa triangle and square are examples of optical illusions in which the visual system “fills in” information that does not appear in the stimulus.

[f-nodragonart]

I dont mean to rain on the aquatic theory parade but I heard a while ago that toothless and hiccup will part ways in the third movie because they are both getting older and get mates. Maybe thats not a correct assumption but I personally believe that that white fury is just a female and nothing more that they find in a cave somewhere because of that rumor. Hope I'm wrong.

It’s an assumption people are drawing from years’ worth of children’s entertainment doubling down on tropes that are blatantly arbitrarily used because creators think they’ll bleed cash if they’re not used, among other reasons. Some more groanworthy than others.

I’m not too optimistic myself but it would be unrealistic to think someone hasn’t nudged their colleague to say “you know some of the biggest films this year aren’t following these, right?”

Until the film’s been out for a while, treat the in-depth theories guessing at stuff that needs more to go on from than a poster like the Kanizsa Triangle Illusion. You also may not know who could just be stirring up shit solely to frustrate you and others.

-Mod O

[divergent-esther]

Illusions

Fascinated by how we as humans are so drawn to illusions and things that play tricks on our eyes. There are 3 main types of illusions:

Literal Optical Illusion

Psychological Optical illusion

Cognitive Optical Illusion

A literal optical illusion is when a image is presented and our minds start to create another image which then both merges into 1 image.

A Psychological Optical illusion is when you spend a certain amount of time studying an image and it appears on a blank space when you look away. The result is called an AfterImage and it happens because of the retinal photoreceptor cells in our eyes, they are still giving neural impulses to our brain when we have looked away from the image. So this results in us still seeing the image afterwards.

The Cognitive type is the most complex. It’s all about the subconscious and what our mind perceives. And example of that is the Kanizsa Triangle. Here our minds make us see a white triangle in the middle pointing down the way when in fact it isn’t really there. The way the three pacman shapes are positioned give the illusion that there is a triangle on top of the one behind.

- Another cognitive illusion example

[philippbrady]

Don’t be stuck in the past

This is the Kanizsa triangle.

No doubt you can see a white triangle and three black dots in the image.

Our minds fill in the blanks to create these.

Yet the truth is, there is no complete shapes in this image.

Our mind’s imagination provides what we want to see by filling in the lines.

In a similar way, our perceptions and beliefs from the past can cause us to see certain things,…

[the-happy-puppy-collective]

Illusory contour optical illusion grid T-Shirt It looks like there are bright black circles overlapping a grid, but it's just an optical illusion, in reality, it's just crossed lines. This illusion is sometimes mistakenly referred to as "Ehrenstein", but it is one of the illusory contour figure illusions. The ends of the bright segments produce the illusion of circles. The apparent figures have the same color as the background, but appear brighter. A similar effect is obtained in the Kanizsa triangle (look for this design in our "Optical Illusions" collection). Instead of yellow lines, you may change the color to anyone you like; play around to find what best matches the background (fabric) color of your choice. You may also play around with the rotation of the design (we've set this one to 45 degrees). #zazzlemade #zazzle #HappyPuppy #tshirt #opticalillusion #illusion #ehrenstein #ehrensteinillusion #illusorycontours #squareandcirclesillusion #design #customized #customcolor https://www.instagram.com/p/B8PI7RlH6h3/?igshid=13k27lztcddp1

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[rooshaney]

The Self

The Illusion of the Self

Sam Woolfe says that we’re deluding our selves.

In our day-to-day lives, it always appears that there is an I who is thinking, perceiving, and interacting with the world. Even the language we use assumes that there is a self – a distinct conscious entity: when we talk to each other we say, ‘I think…’, ‘You are…’ etc. However, appearances can be deceptive. The cognitive scientist Bruce Hood defines an illusion as an experience of something that is not what it seems. He uses this definition in his book, The Self Illusion: How The Social Brain Creates Identity (2012), arguing that the self is an illusion – and he admits that everyone experiences a sense of self – a feeling that we have an identity, and that this identity does our thinking and perceiving – but he says that beyond the experience, there is nothing we can identify as the self.

In The Principles of Psychology (1890), William James said that we can think of there being two kinds of ‘self’. There is the self which is consciously aware of the present moment – we represent this self by using the pronoun ‘I’; then there’s also the self we recognise as being our personal identity – who we think we are – which we represent by using the term ‘me’. According to Hood, both of these selves are generated by our brain in order to make sense of our thoughts and the outside world: both ‘I’ and ‘me’ can be thought of as a narrative or a way to connect our experiences together so that we can behave in an biologically advantageous way in the world.

A helpful way to understand how the brain creates the illusion of the self is to think about perceptual illusions such as the Kanizsa triangle [see illustration]. In this illusion we see a triangle even though no triangle has been drawn, due to the surrounding lines and shapes giving the impression of there being a triangle. Our brain essentially ‘fills in the gaps’. Hood states that our sense of a self is similarly a hallucination created through the combination of parts. We perceive the self as a result of different regions in our brain trying to combine our experiences, thoughts, and behaviours into a narrative, and in this sense the self is artificial.

Hood’s argument is that our brain naturally create narratives in order to make sense of the world. Essentially, our brains are always thinking in terms of stories: what the main character is doing, who they are speaking to, and where the beginning, middle, and end is; and our self is a fabrication which emerges out of the story-telling powers of our brain.

This belief has been backed up by case studies in neurology. For example, in many of his books, neurologist Oliver Sacks describes patients who suffer some damage to a memory region of their brain, and they literally lose a part of themselves. In Dr Sacks’ best-known book, The Man Who Mistook His Wife For a Hat (1985), he describes a patient known as Jimmy G who has lost the ability to form new memories and constantly forgets what he is doing from one minute to the next. (In the film Memento, the protagonist suffers from the same condition.) Due to this condition, however, Jimmy has also almost lost his sense of self, since he cannot form a coherent narrative of his life. This loss of narrative is deeply troubling, and means Jimmy struggles to find meaning, satisfaction, and happiness. Cases like this show not only that the sense of self depends on a multitude of brain regions and processes, but that our happiness depends on the illusion of self.

Other evidence from neuroscience supports the claim that the brain is a narrative-creating machine. Dr Sacks reports many different patients who make up stories to explain their impairments. The neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran also recounts patients who are paralysed but who deny that they have a problem. The brain is determined to make up stories even in the face of obvious and compelling evidence (e.g. that an arm will not move).

This does not mean that the illusion of the self is pointless. It is the most powerful and consistent illusion we experience, so there must be some purpose to it. And in evolutionary terms, it is indeed useful to think of ourselves as distinct and personal. There is more of an incentive to survive and reproduce if it is for my survival, and my genes remain in the gene pool. After all, how can you be selfish without a sense of self? If we had no sense of self, and we perceived everything as ‘one’ or interconnected, what would be the point of competition? Perhaps then some important moral lessons can be drawn from the fact that the self is artificial, a construct.

The idea that the self is an illusion is not new. David Hume made a similar point, saying the self is merely a collection of experiences [see box in Chris Durante’s article]. And in early Buddhist texts the Buddha uses the term anatta, which means ‘not-self’ or the ‘illusion of the self’. Thus Buddhism contrasts to, for example, Cartesianism, which says that there is a conscious entity behind all of our thoughts. The Buddha taught his followers that things are perceived by the senses, but not by an ‘I’ or ‘me’. Things such as material wealth cannot belong to me if there is no ‘me’, therefore we should not cling to them or crave them.

© Sam Woolfe 2013

Sam Woolfe is a philosophy graduate from Durham University. He is a writer and editor at The Backbencher magazine and blogs at www.samwoolfe.com. He lives in London.

[soundeagle]

SoundEagle would like to invite all and sundry to contemplate the following queries:

👁‍ Is seeing always believing? ❇️ 👁‍🗨 Is viewing invariably perceiving? ✳️ 👀 How robust is the human vision? ❇️ 😵 How tricky is optical illusion? ✳️

Of all the illusions that accompany or plaque the human senses, optical illusions, also known as visual illusions, are the most common and best understood, given that any human possessing complete and healthful senses are visually oriented by nature. Illusionists have all along tricked audience into believing that their performances are the results of magical rendering rather than the adept manipulations of human perceptual habits and cognitive limits via the deployment of adroit staging, clever lightings, sleight of hands, masterful setups, ingenious contraptions and psychological controls. Yet, even in the complete absence of magic tricks, the human eye and perceptual device can colour, distort and deceive what we see anywhere and anytime, sometimes in astonishing degrees and unexpected fashions.

According to Wikipedia:

An optical illusion (also called a visual illusion) is an illusion caused by the visual system and characterized by visually perceived images that differ from objective reality. The information gathered by the eye is processed in the brain to give a percept that does not tally with a physical measurement of the stimulus source. There are three main types: literal optical illusions that create images that are different from the objects that make them, physiological illusions that are the effects of excessive stimulation of a specific type (brightness, color, size, position, tilt, movement), and cognitive illusions, the result of unconscious inferences. Pathological visual illusions arise from a pathological exaggeration in physiological visual perception mechanisms causing the aforementioned types of illusions.

The following educational videos and exemplary images demonstrate not only the idiosyncrasies of sight but also the wonders of optical illusion, which are inherent aspects of the visual apparatus and cognitive dimension of human beings throughout their lives. These examples convincingly reveal that the very fabric of seeing the world through the perceptions of colour, shape, edge, constancy, brightness, contrast, depth and motion can be readily altered, distorted or even compromised by certain interactions with assumptions about the world. They uncover numerous innate biases of the visual system, which are surprisingly robust and culture-invariant but predictably dependent on biological sensory structures within the human body, and on external conditions in the physical environment.

Click any image below to see gallery images displayed in a full-size carousel view and to comment on each photo.

The edges between the diamond-shaped areas are straight lines, but may appear otherwise. bit.ly/2y15OTk https://t.co/ZfnsJXDiKo

— Cliff Pickover (@pickover) September 24, 2017

One person sees 4 bars, but the other sees 3. https://t.co/vqHKC0AfNk

— Cliff Pickover (@pickover) September 24, 2017

Graph: Rabitness vs Duckness. https://t.co/q6Buxp0YH8

— Cliff Pickover (@pickover) September 23, 2017

Imagine the joy of walking on this carpet, which is actually flat. Source: bit.ly/2jQB4hP https://t.co/qSIEIbyicf

— Cliff Pickover (@pickover) September 22, 2017

One may begin to appreciate the diversity of optical illusions by studying the following table extracted from Wikipedia.

Name Example Notes Afterimage illusion An afterimage or ghost image is an optical illusion that refers to an image continuing to appear in one’s vision after the exposure to the original image has ceased. Afterimage on empty shape (also known as color dove illusion) This type of illusions is designed to exploit graphical similarities. Ambiguous image These are images that can form two separate pictures. For example, the image shown forms a rabbit and a duck. Ames room illusion An Ames room is a distorted room that is used to create an optical illusion. Ames trapezoid window illusion A window is formed in the shape of a trapezium. It is often hung and spun around to provide the illusion that the window rotates through less than 180 degrees. Autokinetic effect The autokinetic effect, or autokinesis, occurs when a stationary image appears to move. Autostereogram An autostereogram is a single-image stereogram (SIS), designed to create the visual illusion of a three-dimensional (3D) scene from a two-dimensional image in the human brain. An ASCII stereogram is an image that is formed using characters on a keyboard. Magic Eye is an autostereogram book series. Barberpole illusion The barber pole illusion is a visual illusion that reveals biases in the processing of visual motion in the human brain. Benham’s top When a disk that has lines or colours on it is spun, it can form arcs of colour appear. Beta movement Movement that appears to occur when fixed pictures turn on and off. Bezold Effect An apparent change of tone of a colour due to the alteration of the colour of the background. Blivet Also known as “poiuyt” or “devil’s fork”, this illusion is an impossible image because in reality the shape cannot exist. Café wall illusion This illusion is a pattern where different coloured squares on a wall appear to form horizontal curved lines. It is named such because this is the type of artwork often seen on café walls. Catoptric cistula A catoptric cistula is a box with insides made of mirrors so as to distort images of objects put into the box. Checker shadow illusion The checker shadow illusion shows that when a shadow is cast onto a checked board, the colours of squares A and B in the photos appear to be different, when in fact they are the same. Chubb illusion The Chubb illusion is an optical illusion or error in visual perception in which the apparent contrast of an object varies substantially to most viewers depending on its relative contrast to the field on which it is displayed. Color constancy Colour constancy is an example of subjective constancy and a feature of the human color perception system which ensures that the perceived color of objects remains relatively constant under varying illumination conditions. A green apple for instance looks green to us at midday, when the main illumination is white sunlight, and also at sunset, when the main illumination is red. Color phi phenomenon The color phi phenomenon is a perceptual illusion in which a disembodied perception of motion is produced by a succession of still images. Contingent perceptual aftereffect Convergence micropsia Cornsweet illusion An illusion where two colours can obviously be seen to be different when placed directly beside each other; however, when the two colours are separated by a thick black line, they appear to be of the same hue. Delboeuf illusion An optical illusion of relative size perception. The two black circles are exactly the same size; however, the one on the left seems larger. Disappearing Model A trompe-l’œil body painting by Joanne Gair. Ebbinghaus illusion The Ebbinghaus illusion, or Titchener circles, is an optical illusion of relative size perception. The two orange circles are exactly the same size; however, the one on the right appears larger. Ehrenstein illusion The Ehrenstein illusion is an optical illusion studied by the German psychologist Walter Ehrenstein in which the sides of a square placed inside a pattern of concentric circles take an apparent curved shape. Fechner color Figure-ground (perception) Filling-in Flash lag illusion Forced perspective Application used in film and architecture to create the illusion of larger, more distant objects. Fraser spiral illusion The Fraser spiral illusion, or false spiral, or the twisted cord illusion, was first described by the British psychologist Sir James Fraser in 1908. The overlapping black arc segments appear to form a spiral; however, the arcs are a series of concentric circles. Gravity hill Grid illusion Any kind of grid that deceives a person’s vision. The two most common types of grid illusions are the Hermann grid illusion (1870) and the scintillating grid illusion (1994). The first is characterized by “ghostlike” grey blobs perceived at the intersections of a white (or light-colored) grid on a black background. The grey blobs disappear when looking directly at an intersection. The second is constructed by superimposing white discs on the intersections of orthogonal gray bars on a black background. Dark dots seem to appear and disappear rapidly at random intersections, hence the label “scintillating”. When a person keeps his or her eyes directly on a single intersection, the dark dot does not appear. The dark dots disappear if one is too close to or too far from the image. Hering illusion The Hering illusion (1861): When two straight and parallel lines are presented in front of radial background (like the spokes of a bicycle), the lines appear as if they were bowed outwards. Hollow-Face illusion The Hollow-Face illusion is an optical illusion in which the perception of a concave mask of a face appears as a normal convex face. Hybrid image A Hybrid image is an optical illusion developed at MIT in which an image can be interpreted in one of two different ways depending on viewing distance. Illusory contours Illusory contours or subjective contours are a form of visual illusion where contours are perceived without a luminance or color change across the contour. Illusory motion Impossible object Irradiation illusion Isometric illusion An isometric illusion (also called an ambiguous figure or inside/outside illusion) is a type of optical illusion, specifically one due to multistable perception. Jastrow illusion The Jastrow illusion is an optical illusion discovered by the American psychologist Joseph Jastrow in 1889. Kanizsa triangle The Kanizsa triangle is an optical illusion first described by the Italian psychologist Gaetano Kanizsa in 1955. It is a triangle formed of illusory contours. Kinetic Depth Effect The Kinetic depth effect refers to the phenomenon whereby the three-dimensional structural form of a silhouette can be perceived when the object is moving. In the absence of other visual depth cues, this might be the only perception mechanism available to infer the object’s shape. Additionally the direction of motion can reverse due to the existence of multiple 3D visual solutions. Leaning tower illusion The Leaning tower illusion is an optical illusion that presents two identical images of the Leaning Tower of Pisa side by side. Lilac chaser Lilac chaser is a visual illusion, also known as the Pac-Man illusion. Liquid crystal shutter glasses Lunar terminator illusion Lunar terminator illusion is an optical illusion where the apparent source of sunlight illuminating the moon does not corresponding with the actual position of the sun. Mach bands Mach bands is an optical illusion named after the physicist Ernst Mach. McCollough effect The McCollough effect (1965) is a phenomenon of human visual perception in which colorless gratings appear colored contingent on the orientation of the gratings. It is an aftereffect requiring a period of induction to produce it. Missing square puzzle The missing square puzzle is an optical illusion used in mathematics classes to help students reason about geometrical figures. Moon illusion The Moon illusion is an optical illusion in which the Moon appears larger near the horizon than it does while higher up in the sky. Motion aftereffect

Play media

Motion illusion Müller-Lyer illusion The Müller-Lyer illusion is an optical illusion consisting of a stylized arrow. Multistability Musion Eyeliner Necker cube The Necker cube is an optical illusion first published in 1832 by Swiss crystallographer Louis Albert Necker. Numerosity adaptation effect Orbison illusion The Orbison illusion is an optical illusion that was first described by the psychologist William Orbison in 1939. Penrose stairs The Penrose stairs was created by Lionel Penrose and his son Roger Penrose.[1] A variation on the Penrose triangle, it is a two-dimensional depiction of a staircase in which the stairs make four 90-degree turns as they ascend or descend yet form a continuous loop, so that a person could climb them forever and never get any higher. Penrose triangle The Penrose triangle was first created by the Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd in 1934. The mathematician Roger Penrose independently devised and popularised it in the 1950s, describing it as “impossibility in its purest form”. Pepper’s ghost Perceived visual angle Peripheral drift illusion A motion illusion (1979/1999) generated by the presentation of a sawtooth luminance grating in the visual periphery. Phantogram Phantograms, also known as Phantaglyphs, Op-Ups, free-standing anaglyphs, levitated images, and book anaglyphs, are a form of optical illusion. Phi phenomenon Poggendorff illusion The Poggendorff illusion (1860) involves the misperception of the position of one segment of a transverse line that has been interrupted by the contour of an intervening structure (here a rectangle). Ponzo illusion In the Ponzo illusion (1911) two identical lines across a pair of converging lines, similar to railway tracks, are drawn. The upper line looks longer because we interpret the converging sides according to linear perspective as parallel lines receding into the distance. In this context, we interpret the upper line as though it were farther away, so we see it as longer – a farther object would have to be longer than a nearer one for both to produce retinal images of the same size. Rubin vase Rubin vase (1915): an ambiguous or bi-stable (i.e., reversing) two-dimensional form. Sander illusion In Sander’s parallelogram (1926) the diagonal line bisecting the larger, left-hand parallelogram appears to be considerably longer than the diagonal line bisecting the smaller, right-hand parallelogram, but is in fact the same length. Silencing Silencing is an illusion in which a set of objects that change in luminance, hue, size, or shape appears to stop changing when it moves. Size–weight illusion The size–weight illusion is also known as the Charpentier illusion (or Charpentier–Koseleff illusion). Stroboscopic effect Swept-plane display Ternus illusion The Ternus illusion (1926/1938) is based upon apparent motion. Thaumatrope A thaumatrope is a toy that was popular in Victorian times. Trompe-l’œil Troxler’s fading Troxler’s fading: When one fixates on a particular point for even a short period of time, an unchanging stimulus away from the fixation point will fade away and disappear. Vertical–horizontal illusion The Vertical-horizontal illusion is the tendency for observers to overestimate the length of a vertical line relative to a horizontal line of the same length. Visual tilt effects Wagon-wheel effect White’s illusion Wundt illusion The two red vertical lines are both straight, but they may look as if they are bowed inwards to some observers. The distortion is induced by the crooked lines on the background Zoetrope Zöllner illusion The Zöllner illusion is a classic optical illusion named after its discoverer, German astrophysicist Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner.

👁‍ Optical Illusions 👁‍🗨❇️😵✳️👀 SoundEagle would like to invite all and sundry to contemplate the following queries: 👁‍ Is seeing always believing?

[digital-arts-etc]

Ebbinghaus illusion: the orange circle on the left appears smaller than that on the right, but they are in fact the same size.

Simultaneous Contrast Illusion. The background is a color gradient and progresses from dark grey to light grey. The horizontal bar appears to progress from light grey to dark grey, but is in fact just one colour.

The vertical–horizontal illusion where the vertical line is thought to be longer than the horizontal

Kanizsa's Triangle -   Kanizsa's Triangle: These spatially separate fragments give the impression of a bright white triangle, defined by a sharp illusory contour, occluding three black circles and a black-outlined triangle.

Illusory contours or subjective contours are visual illusions that evoke the perception of an edge without a luminance or color change across that edge. Illusory brightness and depth ordering frequently accompany illusory contours. Friedrich Schumann is often credited with the discovery of illusory contours around the beginning of the twentieth century, however illusory contours are present in art dating to the Middle Ages.  Gaetano Kanizsa’s 1976 Scientific American paper marks the resurgence of interest in illusory contours for vision scientists.

[typelingus]

This effect creates a magnifying effect/illusion to the text in the center. http://puzzlewocky.com/optical-illusions/kanizsa-square-and-triangle-illusions/

[tshirtstaroalacarte-blog]

【カニッツァの三角形 Kanizsa Triangle】 実際は存在しない三角形の輪郭線が見える錯視図形 ”カニッツァの三角形”のTシャツです。 このような輪郭線を主観的輪郭と呼ぶそうで、美しくて好きな錯視の1つです。シリーズ展開したいですね。