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brookstonalmanac · 3 years

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Events 4.4

503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. 1147 – Moscow is mentioned for the first time in the historical record, when it is named as a meeting place for two princes. 1268 – A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. 1423 – Death of the Venetian Doge Tommaso Mocenigo, under whose rule victories were achieved against the Kingdom of Hungary and against the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Gallipoli (1416). 1460 – Basel University is founded. 1581 – Francis Drake is knighted for completing a circumnavigation of the world. 1609 – Moriscos are expelled from the Kingdom of Valencia. 1660 – Declaration of Breda by King Charles II of Great Britain promises, among other things, a general pardon to all royalists for crimes committed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum. 1721 – Sir Robert Walpole becomes the first British prime minister. 1768 – In London, Philip Astley stages the first modern circus. 1796 – Georges Cuvier delivers the first paleontological lecture. 1814 – Napoleon abdicates for the first time and names his son Napoleon II as Emperor of the French. 1818 – The United States Congress, affirming the Second Continental Congress, adopts the flag of the United States with 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (20 at that time). 1841 – William Henry Harrison dies of pneumonia, becoming the first President of the United States to die in office, and setting the record for the briefest administration. Vice President John Tyler succeeds Harrison as President. 1850 – A large part of the English village of Cottenham burns to the ground in suspicious circumstances. 1850 – Los Angeles is incorporated as a city. 1859 – Bryant's Minstrels debut "Dixie" in New York City in the finale of a blackface minstrel show. 1865 – American Civil War: A day after Union forces capture Richmond, Virginia, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln visits the Confederate capital. 1866 – Alexander II of Russia narrowly escapes an assassination attempt by Dmitry Karakozov in the city of Saint Petersburg. 1873 – The Kennel Club is founded, the oldest and first official registry of purebred dogs in the world. 1875 – Vltava, composed by Czech composer Bedřich Smetana and also known by its German name Die Moldau, premiered in Prague. 1887 – Argonia, Kansas elects Susanna M. Salter as the first female mayor in the United States. 1905 – In India, an earthquake hits the Kangra Valley, killing 20,000, and destroying most buildings in Kangra, McLeod Ganj and Dharamshala. 1913 – First Balkan War: Greek aviator Emmanouil Argyropoulos becomes the first pilot to die in the Hellenic Air Force when his plane crashes. 1925 – The Schutzstaffel (SS) is founded under Adolf Hitler's Nazi party in Germany. 1933 – U.S. Navy airship USS Akron is wrecked off the New Jersey coast due to severe weather. 1939 – Faisal II becomes King of Iraq. 1944 – World War II: First bombardment of oil refineries in Bucharest by Anglo-American forces kills 3000 civilians. 1945 – World War II: American troops liberate Ohrdruf forced labor camp in Germany. 1945 – World War II: American troops capture Kassel. 1945 – World War II: Soviet troops liberate Hungary from German occupation and occupy the country themselves. 1949 – Cold War: Twelve nations sign the North Atlantic Treaty creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1958 – The CND peace symbol is displayed in public for the first time in London. 1960 – France agrees to grant independence to the Mali Federation, a union of Senegal and French Sudan. 1964 – The Beatles occupy the top five positions on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart. 1965 – The first model of the new Saab Viggen fighter aircraft is unveiled. 1967 – Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence" speech in New York City's Riverside Church. 1968 – Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated by James Earl Ray at a motel in Memphis, Tennessee. 1968 – Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 6. 1968 – A.E.K. Athens B.C. becomes the first Greek team to win the European Basketball Cup. 1969 – Dr. Denton Cooley implants the first temporary artificial heart. 1973 – The Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City are officially dedicated. 1973 – A Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, dubbed the Hanoi Taxi, makes the last flight of Operation Homecoming. 1975 – Microsoft is founded as a partnership between Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1975 – Vietnam War: A United States Air Force Lockheed C-5A Galaxy transporting orphans, crashes near Saigon, South Vietnam shortly after takeoff, killing 172 people. 1979 – Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan is executed. 1981 – Iran–Iraq War: The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force mounts an attack on H-3 Airbase and destroys about 50 Iraqi aircraft. 1983 – Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Challenger makes its maiden voyage into space. 1984 – President Ronald Reagan calls for an international ban on chemical weapons. 1988 – Governor Evan Mecham of Arizona is convicted in his impeachment trial and removed from office. 1990 – The current flag of Hong Kong is adopted for post-colonial Hong Kong during the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress. 1991 – Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania and six others are killed when a helicopter collides with their airplane over an elementary school in Merion, Pennsylvania. 1994 – Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark found Netscape Communications Corporation under the name Mosaic Communications Corporation. 1996 – Comet Hyakutake is imaged by the USA Asteroid Orbiter Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous. 2002 – The Angolan government and UNITA rebels sign a peace treaty ending the Angolan Civil War. 2009 – France announces its return to full participation of its military forces within NATO. 2013 – More than 70 people are killed in a building collapse in Thane, India. 2020 – China holds a National day of mourning for martyrs who died in the fight against the novel coronavirus disease outbreak.

#Events

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dolphingirlfriend · 5 years

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women, music, culture: an introduction, julie c. dunbar

intro to pt. 2 - visual images in an aural world

gaze- the sexual objectification of a body by an empowered viewer

ch 7 begins before the dawn of electricity- before records, radios or playback devices - popular music relied on live performers. women’s roles in the American parlor song tradition, circuses, theatre, etc.

ch 8 - gospel and blues, women were sometimes exploited by marketers who used visual images to sell musical products - women used their fame to spread messages of cultural and spiritual importance

ch 9- post 1950 period - opportunities and challenges for women in rock and popular music, and the visual marketing strategies. girl group phenomenon of the late 1950s and early 1960s (me: k-pop - use ideas in discussion), explores the roots of the music video- concludes with internet and interactive advertising media

ch 7 american popular music 1895-1945

int- musical memory - music reminds people of places and things - can also reflect gender beliefs of a time

troubling labels

‘the relationship between art and popular genres is best understood as a continuum that is impacted by era, performer, audience, setting, and musical creator’

16th century madrigals were popular music in their day, orchestral music of johan strauss ii has been art/or popular

orchestral and band performance has been historically segregated by gender, with professional groups limited to men

women’s groups have been ‘entertainers’ even if their instrumentation/rep was similar of men

songs produced by women in Victorian parlor were published as popular music - even though they were structurally similar to art-music composed by men.

musicologists don’t necessarily consider dance art, which further erases women

racism in art and popular music - art music has an ‘elite’ status and if something was created in a minority community, especially the black community (and it’s dance connection) it was ignored by scholars

popular music before electricity

most music was heard live - people traveled by foot or horse to access musical entertainment - city parks, local theatres

minstrel shows, vaudeville acts, circuses - all featured performers who traveled from town to town via train - using tents to shelter the audience and have a performance venue - these were not everyday events. americans performed most music for themselves - a song was a backbone of pop music - ukeleles, mandolins, keyboards - piano, parlor organ - often played by women and girls to accompany singing. women who had money were given music lessons (young girls).

keyboard performers who could read music found it in women’s journals - godey’s ladies book - presented fashion and etiquette advice and also had sheet music, the etude was a magazine that had sheet music and pedagogical advice

breaking into the string world

violin became an acceptable instrument for a woman by the turn of the twentieth century

women were excluded from professional groups, and turned to amateur ensembles - 1870s all women groups from Europe toured America

ladies’ orchestras - excellent musicality, people also wanted to see women play as much as they wanted to hear them

women performed at parties, fairs, park pavilions

in cities, music clubs provided opportunities for women to perform for each other and for small audiences

wind ensembles

brass bands and concert bands were popular in 1895 and 1925 - the bands only allowed white men.

sousa’s band had a travelling group - had a female singer - estelle liebling - trained as an opera singer- the singers were famous - similar to jazz and rock groups to follow

amateur groups formed around the country - college groups, and most of them did not include women or black people

black women were involved in music before - but nobody (apparently) knew until d. antoinette handy published research on black women in bands. black women provided the functional music under the circus tent, and white women’s roles were sometimes quite different (what does this mean?)

women of the tin pan alley

greatest amount of music-making was accompanied song

tin pan alley was a sheet music industry that put a lot of popular styles and genres on paper, and eventually had recordings with their sheet music sales - also came to signify a popular music style

named for geographical location in nyc

song demonstrators were hired to promote sales, performing on the city streets

some of the music was about baseball - most popular tune in 1908 - ‘take me out to the ballgame’ - an example of tin pan alley musical style

carrie jacobs bond and the parlor song

women were involved in popular song, but men dominated tin pan alley composition and printing

carrie jacobs bond built a publishing company known worldwide

parlor song - simple popular song performed by amateurs to the accompaniment of piano, parlor organ or small stringed instrument

parlor song dates back to late 1700s in the united states - mostly things to do with love - intended to be sung in the parlor

‘classical’ european songs were often reprinted as parlor songs in america

she was a gifted pianist, born in wisconsin. she married and had a son, divorced- her second marriage, was good but her husband died accidentally

she needed money - her publisher told her she should write children’s songs. she wrote more anyway and started her own business - established c.j bond and son, the first music publishing firm in the us run by a woman

she even did the artwork for her sheet music covers

strophic form - each poetic verse is set to the same music

women on stage: opportunity and exploitation

blackface - theatrical makeup used in vaudeville and minstrel shows that portrayed racist stereotypes of black Americans

coon song - late nineteenth century popular song that presented a stereotyped view of black Americans; often performed by white singers in blackface

1890s there was burlesque, vaudeville, minstrel shows - traveling entertainment, musical acts with animal tricks, comedy, magic shows

minstrel shows had roots in south were performed in 1820s by slaves for plantation owners, but by the 1890s they were performed by white people who used blackface and made fun of the genre - ‘coon songs’ were a racist genre sold great numbers in the sheet music industry

review- in staged musical production, a variety show with music, but no plot - in pre-Harlem new york - 1915.

black performers sang and danced in segregated houses, with black and white audiences. aida overton walker - (1880-1914) was a star worldwide who performed ragtime, cakewalk - she could sing, act, dance

hyers sisters was a vaudeville act - entertainers, addressed discrimination

marie lucas’ orchestra performed in harlem’s lafayette theatre, one of the first theatres to desegregate

best known theatre ensemble of this era - Fadettes - from boston. their conductor was caroline nichols

white theatrical shows such as ziegfield follies from 1907-1931, placed women ias singers and dancers, rather than instrumentalists. follies had scenes but not really a plot. they had a line of chorus girls who wore revealing costumes and performed and danced. men in the show were fully dressed in pinstripe pants and top hats - the women’s costumes displayed sexuality - bare shouldered dresses

musical - a theatrical production that includes singing and dancing, utilizes a plot

broadway - new york theatre district associated with musical productions, also used in reference to the productions themselves

musicals provided opportunities to perform, but most behind the scenes stuff was still men

tin pan alley between the world wars

tin pan alley popular songs were still known between the two world wars - irving berlin, george gershwin - associated with tin pan alley

200 women during the height of the industry joined ascap (american society of composers, authors and publishers). dorothy fields, dana suesse, kay swift - had limited press, but their songs were well known - wrote “you ought to be in pictures” “the way you look tonight” “i’m in the mood for love”

kay swift was a classical musician and composer, george gershwin encouraged her to write popular music. she wrote ‘can’t we be friends?’

ballad - in the blues and popular music tradition of the twentieth century, a smooth, lyrical song often about love - in the folk tradition a song that tells a story of every day life

billie holiday, sarah vaughan, ella fitzgerald - heard on records and radio

ethel waters, hazel scott - crossed over into hollywood - they were frequently objectified

girl group - a small ensemble of female vocalists who sing popular music, boswell sisters, andrews sisters - boogie woogie bugle boy ; cantels and the supremes - vocal sound and visual image

the dance hall

popular music is tied to dance

dancing was popular throughout early twentieth century

1910s was the ballroom decade

eventually - turkey trot, bunny hug, grizzly bear, snake - controversial/exciting to white audiences- maybe disturbing to people accustomed to Victorian-style dances

several black dance forms were “revised” by white dances who changed the style for white Americans - vern and irene castle were an iconic couple teaching the ‘castle house’ - they had a manual called modern dancing

country music roots

rhythm and blues of chicago and detroit/ white hillbilly music of the rural south - r & b and country combined to make rock n roll - tin pan alley music wasn’t popular around the 1940s

autoharp, guitar - accompanied folk songs, ballads, gospel and blues

carter family singers - maybelle and sara carter composed lyrics and did arrangements for the carter group. women wrote about women’s ‘lot’ in life, and aside from blues lyrics the carters’ depiction of women was not common in popular music

both women raised kids, did chores, wrote, arranged music, traveled and recorded

maybelle carter used her thumb to play melodic lines on the bass strings and strummed chords with her fingers on top known as the ‘carter scratch’ - made the guitar a lead instrument rather than only accompaniment

summary

women found success /notoriety in popular music before 1945 - but were still oppressed. they performed often for nothing. they became famous but were sexually objectified.

(look at thinking/discussion/research qs later)

#women in popular music #summer 2019

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chocolateheal · 5 years

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Seven Ways On How To Get The Most From This American Artist Magazine | american artist magazine

MIAMI — Winslow Homer admired fishing for tarpon in the Florida Keys and forth the Gulf Coast. John Singer Sargent alone into Ormond Bank to acrylic a account of John D. Rockefeller and appointment accompany in Miami. Louis Comfort Tiffany, of stained-glass fame, went to St. Augustine for his wife’s bloom and afterwards lived and corrective in the winters in Miami.

Long afore Art Basel Miami Bank brought baking cultural allure to South Florida, some of America’s best-known artists — and some not as able-bodied accepted — were laying bottomward an all-embracing aisle of art in a accompaniment best accepted for its beaches, absolute sunshine and end-of-the-beyond characters.

The artists and such acclaimed photographers as Henri Cartier-Bresson, Walker Evans and Dorothea Lange created a cogent anatomy of Florida appointment that has agilely accumulated and rarely been exhibited.

Now, during Art Basel Miami Beach, an art architecture about an hour’s drive up the bank from Miami is assuming array of paintings and photographs that accommodate glimpses of Florida as it morphed from agrarian borderland to vacationland and, eventually, to one of the best crawling states. Best of the appointment in the appearance at the Boca Raton Architecture of Art, “Imagining Florida: History and Myth in the Sunshine State,” is from the backward 1800s and the aboriginal bisected of the 20th century. But one block of a magnolia is from 1754.

The show, which runs through March 24, is a montage of seascapes and landscapes, portraits of affected people, alive people, sunsets and beaches and swamps, logging and alley building, alligators, Native Americans, alternation gangs and scenes from Eatonville, a already and consistently baby boondocks abreast Orlando in the average of the state, one of the aboriginal atramentous communities to adhere in America afterwards emancipation.

The Florida appointment lacks the accumulation stylistic accoutrement and deliberateness of, say, the Hudson River Valley School or Texas Regionalism. Yet it reflects the uncharted, broken way that Florida came to be Florida.

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“This is an important adventure to be told,” said Irvin M. Lippman, the controlling administrator of the museum. “It’s a assorted story, an all-embracing story, a amaranthine story.”

Mr. Lippman said he advised souvenirs from the decades of pre-Disney roadside attractions and allowance shops in Florida as noteworthy. And he is announcement a blimp alligator, a hand-painted photograph from the Parrot Jungle and added alluring and, these days, seldom-seen mementos.

“Why not extend the conversation?” he asked. Like the painters and the photographers, he said, the gift makers “were additionally creating memories.”

Some artists and photographers went to Florida on appointment as illustrators for magazines and newspapers. Some were arrive by foundations and affluent patrons. Some were fatigued by ancestors connections. Others were amid the tens of bags of Americans beatific to Florida for aggressive training in World War II. A few were home grown.

Florida was a break abode for Homer for about 20 years alpha in the mid-1880s. Afterwards alive with Rockefeller, Sargent, on his one cruise to Florida in 1917, corrective portraits in Miami and scenes at James Deering’s Villa Vizcaya.

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Tiffany congenital a winter home in Miami in the aboriginal 1920s, and in 1925 he corrective a bank arena that is in the show.

Henry Flagler, the Florida developer and a founder, with Rockefeller, of Standard Oil, set up artists’ studios in his Auberge Ponce de León in St. Augustine. “It was one his strategies for alluring tourists,” said Jennifer Hardin, the babysitter of the paintings, watercolors and engravings.

Frederick Carl Frieseke, an Impressionist, lived as a adolescent with an uncle in Jacksonville. He corrective the show’s “Hunting Alligators, Pink Sea” and “Fishing, Jacksonville,” from memory, decades afterwards in Giverny, the apple abreast Paris that Claude Monet fabricated famous.

Frederic Remington chock-full over in Tampa on appointment for The New York Journal to allegorize the Spanish-American War in Cuba.

Ms. Hardin, the arch babysitter at the Architecture of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, Fla., until 2015, begin some of the paintings unframed in the files of a New York arcade and in accumulator at the Smithsonian American Art Architecture in Washington.

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Gary Monroe, a photographer, biographer and ancient babysitter who grew up in Miami Beach, wrangled the photos and the roadside allure art. He knew that Cartier-Bresson, one of the antecedents of photojournalism, had been on appointment in Miami for Activity magazine. And he got the Fondation Cartier-Bresson in Paris to address six of those photographs to Boca Raton.

He set out, he said, “to ascertain appointment that had not been seen, or not been apparent often.” Amid the things he came up with are shots of accustomed activity by abrupt bartering photographers in Miami and Jacksonville, a baptize ballet at a Miami Bank auberge pond basin and a publicity attempt of a man in a sailor clothing casting a angle to a leaping dolphin at a day-tripper attraction.

Two of the paintings are by associates of a brief Florida accumulation of African-American artists accepted as the Highwaymen. They were young, ambitious, attractive to accomplish money and, experts say, some anticipation of themselves added as entrepreneurs than as artists. They corrective bold, basal landscapes, generally on 3-foot-by-2-foot panels, mainly in the 1960s and ’70s. They corrective bound — sometimes bristles or six works a day — and awash quickly, sometimes afore the acrylic was alike dry.

“They awash them for $25 apiece,” said Mr. Monroe, who wrote a book on the Highwaymen. “People anticipation of the paintings as behemothic postcards. But one afresh awash at bargain for $46,000.”

The delicate pink-painted Boca Raton Architecture of Art sits at one end of a long, attenuated esplanade with fountains and approach trees. On the flanks, boutiques and chichi restaurants blink out from black promenades.

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The exhibition coincides with the 17th abundance of Art Basel Miami Beach. “Art Basel is a anniversary of abreast art,” Mr. Lippman said one afternoon in Boca Raton.

“We’re adulatory the beheld history of Florida,” he said. “It’s important to apprehend that there’s been a continuum of art and artists advancing to Florida for centuries.”

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terrastravels · 7 years

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Germany

SB - my abbreviation for it was on Samantha Brown’s Passport to Europe show

May through September

Deutsche Bahn (German Railways) most relaxing and fastest way to get around

Air Berlin and Germanwings offer low airfares on inter-German routes

Dining Basics:

Tageskarte - menu of the day

Saisonkarten - seasonal menus (Ex. White Asparagus)

Restaurants don’t automatically serve water, you will be served bottled water

Don’t wait to be seated, you can seat yourself

Most expect cash

Pay waiter full charge plus tip, don’t leave it on table

Best exchange rate at a Geldautomat (ATM)

Sprechen Sie Englisch? -Do you speak English?

Kann ich bitte (insert noun) haben - Can I have

Idea: Cruise the Danube River starting in Amsterdam (www.vikingrivercruises.com)

U-Bahn = underground train

S-Bahn = elevated train

Did you know? The tradition of slamming beers together (cheer’s) to where they spill over each other was one of the ways people back in the day knew that their drink wasn’t poisoned b/c everyones gets mixed together. Also, after clicking the tradition of putting it on the table first before drinking came b/c the king could not hold his beer up that long. Crazy, right?

Munich

From the Airport (17 miles from city center) take the S-1 or S-8 train (S-Bahn trains) lines, cheapest way, buy a day card (Tageskarte) for the Gesamtnetz, $10.8 Euro till 6am next day. To Hauptbahnhof (Central Station in City Center.

Mike’s Bike Tours - oldest bike tour operation, can rent bikes as well separately, 4-7 hour tours, same company offers day trips by bus to Neuschwanstein Castle (Sleeping Beauty castle) $49 Euro, in city center, www.mikesbiketours.com

Places to See/Things to Do:

Viktualienmarkt - farmers market style shopping with a beer garden, in City Center. SB

Deutsches Museum - Technological museum, aircraft, vehicles, robots, to arrange a 2 hour tour in English, call 6 weeks in advance, 47,000 square meters. In City Center.

Marienplatz - this square named after the gilded statue of Virgin Mary, (when they took it down for cleaning in 1960 they found a small casket with a splinter of wood said to have been from the Cross) On the fifth floor of a building facing the Neues Rathaus is Cafe Glockenspiel. Go there to look over entire square. Entrance around the back. On the other side a view of St. Peter’s Church. In City Center, SB

Neues Rathaus - New city/town hall, SB, in Marienplatz, go up tower, city and alps view, in city center, Old City Hall right across the street and actually looks newer,

*Peterskirche - St. Peter’s Church, 12th century, oldest church, Gothic, baroque, and rococo. Go up the tower for the panoramic views of the Alps. In City Center. SB

Hauptbahnhof - Central Train Station in City Center.

Haus der Kunst - one of Munich’s most famous museums. Museum of Art. In Royal Munich

Residenz - Royal Palace, 1363, has the Antiquarium hall which has the biggest and most elaborate Renaissance interior north of the Alps. One of the most impressive Renaissance creations outside of Italy. In Royal Munich. Was home of the Wittelsbach family for 400 years, SB

Cuvillies-Theater - Bavarian state opera, reopened 2008, in Royal Munich. SB

Nationaltheater - Bavaria’s original National theater, one of Europe’s largest opera houses, one of the world’s outstanding opera houses. In Royal Munich. SB

Neue Pinakothek - art museum, Van Gogh, Cezanne, and Monet. In Maxvorstadt area. See all 3 Pinakothek museum’s in same location, SB

*Oktoberfest Grounds at Theresienwiese - home of Oktoberfest, 10 minute walk from the Hauptbahnhof, or one stop on the subway (u-4 or u-5). Outside the center.

*Bavaria Statue - overlooking the Theresienwiese, go in and all the way to the top. Outside the center.

*Olympia Park - home of the 1976 Olympics, take a train tour (Disney like), festivals, take elevator up to the 955 foot Olympiaturn (Olympic Tower) for the best view of the whole city and the Alps. While you are up there go to Restaurant 181 on same level. Outside the center.

*Schloss Nymphenburg - only the Deutsches Museum is more popular. baroque and rococo palace, largest of its kind in Germany, Take tram no.17 or Bus No. 51 from the city center to the Schloss Nymphenburg stop. Outside the center.

Marstallmuseum & Porzellan Manufaktur Nymphenburg - Museum of Royal Carriages & Porcelain Manufacturer. Outside the center.

*Bavaria Filmstadt - Munich’s own Hollywood, in Grunwald district outside city center (Geiselgasteig), The Never-ending Story was made here. In 1925 Alfred Hitchcock shot his first film. Tours and shows. www.filmstadt.de

BMW Museum - great place to stop if in OlympiaPark, museum of old and new BMW’s, outside city center

BMW Welt - opened in 2007, tours of building, BMW Factory adjacent has tours too, reserve 2 weeks in advance, in BMW Museum, outside city center.

Theatinerkirche (St. Kajetan) - Theatine Church - yellow church, in city center in Odeonsplatz, SB, The monument next to church with the 2 lions that Hitler in 1923 first clashed with police and put in prison

Englischer Garten - English Garden, bigger then NY’s Central Park, can enter by city center, clothing and surfing option, SB

Munich’s Beer Gardens

Augustiner Keller Biergarten - most popular, and one of the largest, www.augustinerkeller.de

Hofbraukeller Am Wiener Platz - 15 min walk over the Isar River to Wiener Platz, the food here is better than most, www.hofbraeukeller.de

Koniglicher Hirschgarten - seating for 8,000, biggest, rent a bike and cycle here, with a small deer park

Park Cafe - traditional beer garden, set in Munich’s old botanical garden, DJ’s and other musical events, good selection of cakes, and a hip indoor bar. celebrities

Seehaus Im Englischen Garten - beer garden next to a boating lake,

Hofbrauhaus - the chain but this is the original, brass band, tourists, in Royal Munich. SB

Restaurants

Terms:

Tellerfleisch - boiled beef with horseradish & boiled potatoes

Sauerbraten - Beef, with dumplings and sauerkraut

Schweinebraten - roast pork, with dumplings and sauerkraut

Hax’n - (ham hocks) roasted till crisp, with sauerkraut and potato puree.

Dampfnudel - fluffy leavened-dough dumpling with vanilla sauce

Leberkas - meat loaf baked to a crust and served in pink slabs

Leberkas Semmel - Leberkai with bread and spicy mustard, fav Munich on the go snack

Tambosi - A quick bite in Royal Munich, longest running cafe, since 1775, by the Theatinerkirche and Hogarten. Has a beer garden. www.tambosi.de

Restaurant 181 - in OlympiaPark top floor of tower, great views

*Bier und Oktoberfest Museum - You can visit the Mureumsstuberl restaurant without paying the museum’s admission fee and try beer from one of Munich’s oldest breweries, in city center. www.bier-und-oktoberfestmuseum.de Avg. $8 Euro

Jodlerwirt - has accordion and yodelers! brewery, fills up fast traditional german, Alpine-lodge style restaurant, make fun of guests, old world tavern, Kasespatzle: German Mac&Cheese, in city center, no lunch, no credit cards. www.jodlerwirt-muenchen.net Avg. $12 Euro.

Mark’s - 3 levels, in the Hotel Mandarin Oriental, roof terrace with 360 degree views of city, in city center

Limoni - architecture, fine Italian, chocolate cake, reserve a table in good weather so you can sit on the charming patio in the back, warm food served only 630-11pm. www.limoni-ristorante.com In Maxvorstadt area Average $24 Euro

Tantris - Jacket and tie, www.tantris.de, reservations essential, European, look out for the Tantris Standl, a small outlet at the city center Schrannenhalle, restaurant in Schwabing, few restaurants in Germany can match, $100 Euro.

Halali - 100 years of history, the place to try traditional dishes of venison, pheasant, partridge, and other game. Save room for Creme Brûlée. Avg $25 Euro. In city center. www.restaurant-halali.de. reservations essential, Jacket and tie. closed Sundays. No lunch.

Oktoberfest

Third weekend of September-First weekend of October. 10am-1130pm everyday.

The Theresienwiese U-Bahn subway stop is right outside Oktoberfest.

Events:

Ceremonial Arrival of the Brewers and Landlords, 1050am on first day of festival.

Tapping of the First Barrel - At noon first day, performed by the mayor “O’zapft is!” which means, “It’s tapped.”

Costume and Rifleman’s Procession - the next day after first, first Sunday of the Festival, Europe’s biggest folk parade, begins at 9/10 and follows a four mile route to the Oktoberfest grounds.

Place to stay (so crowded at that time) cheaper city center options look at www.Jaegershotel.de and/or www.easypalace.de.

Make reservations under tents 6MONTHS IN ADVANCE. All tents can be found on www.Oktoberfest.de and tickets can be mailed to you.

Guide to Major Tents:

Schottenhamel: center of Oktoberfest, mayor opens here, family there since 1867, just one kind of beer specially brewed for just Oktoberfest, SB

Hippodrom: Ringling Brothers style facade, host to Oktoberfest’s media circus, champagne bar, has hosted celebrities, one of the smallest big beer tents.

Hofbrau-Festzelt: official presence of the Hofbrauhaus.

Lowenbrau-Festzelt: dad went to this one, soccer club, closest the Oktoberfest comes to a real working class Munich feel.

Hacker-Festzelt: Bavarian heaven, painted clouds ceiling, oscar winning designer, rotating bandstand and retractable roof for sunny days, fills up really early b/c most attractive, one of the best beers is Hacker-Pschorr found here.

Nightlife/Bars and the Arts

www.muenchen.de

Schumann’s - Munich’s most famous bar, in city center, right by the opera house, www.schumanns.de

Trader Vic’s - exotic cocktails, cellar bar in the Hotel Bayerische Hof, till 3am, www.bayerischerhof.de/en/ bars, in city center

Alter Simpl - media types, more than 100 years old, German food till 2am, www.eggerlokale.de, in Schwabing,

Schelling Salon - in Schwabing, pool tables, ping pong, inexpensive, closed Tues/Wed. www.schelling-salon.de

Optimolwerke - Dance Club, largest late night party scene, at least 8 clubs, in Haidhausen, www.optimolwerke.de

Shopping

Central Shopping area (1 mile) is Fussgangerzone (pedestrian zone) from the train station to Marienplatz and then north to Odeonsplatz. Two main streets are Neuhauser Strasse and Kaufingerstrasse

Nov-Dec go to the Christkindlmarkt on Marienplatz for Christmas Ornaments

2 other Christmas markets are those in Schwabing (Munchner-Freitheit Square) and at the Chinese Tower in the middle of the Englischer Garten, City Center

Where to Stay

www.hrs.com - Hotel Reservation Service, shows cheaper deals in Munich than normal

Hotel Kraft - Avg.$100 Euro, conveniently located between City Center and Oktoberfest grounds, really quiet though. Breakfast included, www.hotel-kraft.com

Motel One Munchen-Sendlinger Tor - location between Marienplatz and Sendlingertor is in city center, no room service or restaurant, free wi-fi, Avg $84 Euro. Breakfast cost extra. www.motel-one.com/de

Hotel Pension Am Siegestor - in Maxvorstadt, 3 floors, great price, $74 Euro, don't use elevator, no restaurant or bar, not far to walk to English Garden, www.Siegestor.com

Brack - In Ludwigvorstadt, south of the city center, close to that and Oktoberfest grounds, late breakfast and free use of bikes, $99 Euro, www.hotel-brack.de

Hotel Marinade - Munich’s first postwar nightclub called the Femina is on the ground floor, bohemian, no elevator, $70 Euro, breakfast, www.hotelmariandl.com, In Ludwigvorstadt

Hotel-Pension Schmellergarten - good location and price, free wifi, no elevator, $64 Euro, breakfast, in Ludwigborstadt, www.schmellergarten.de

Hotel Uhland - villa, In Ludwigvorstadt, landmark building, free wifi, no restaurant or bar, $95 Euro, www.hotel-uhland.de, breakfast

Cortina Hotel - where Samantha Brown stayed, in the Altstadt area, $186 Euros a night or $200, free breakfast, in city center Marienplatz, www.cortiina.com,

Other

Go on the Romantic Road by car towards Augsburg from Munich to see more castles of King Ludwig 11, including Schloss Neuschwanstein, Schloss Linderhoff, and Schloss Herrenchiemsee.

Go to Heidelberg and see the Heidelberg castle, and then maybe Castle Road

Day cruises on the Rhine river in Rhineland

Go to Koln and see the Dom (Cathedral) 1248, In the last chapel on the left there is the Gero Cross, a monumental oak crucifix dating from 971. www.koelner-dom.de $6 Euro.

Take the Fairy Tale Road, best way by car and see the Dornroschenschloss (Sleeping Beauty’s Castle), the real life one, now a hotel www.sababurg.de

Go to Dresden and see the Frauenkirche (Church of the Lady)

Camping in trees (Pinterest) - in Pfronten, Bulvaria in Germany

Frankfurt

Places to See/Things to Do:

Sachsenhausen - Frankfurt’s South Bank with upscale restaurants, fast food, bars with live music, and traditional Apfelwein (apple wine) pubs - one big outdoor party in the summer, across the river from downtown, museum riverbank with 7 museums

Senckenberg National History Museum (Naturkundemuseum Senckenberg) - extinct animals and plants

Eiserner Steg - Iron Bridge, the first suspension bridge in Europe, pedestrian bridge

Eschenheimer Turn - Eschenheim Tower, City Center, great ex of first 42 towers, contains bar

Deutsches Filmmuseum - German film museum, in Sachsenhausen, www.deutschesfilmmuseum.de

Restaurants

Metropol - Cafe, breakfast main attraction, in Altstadt area, cakes pastries salads pastas and traditional German dishes, www.metropolcafe.de, no credit cards, closed Mondays

Frankfurter Botschaft - in city center by river with river view, beach area and folding chairs too, international food mainly organic, Sunday Brunch, prizewinning dinnerware, upscale neighborhood, Closed Sunday, www.frankfurter-botschaft.de,

Erno’s Bistro - French, in Westend, one French critic said it was the best in Germany, fish and wine, www.ernosbistro.de, $40 Euro, Jacket required,

M Steakhouse - best steak in Germany, be sure to make reservations and ask for a table on the patio in nice weather, in Westend, $30 Euro

Adolf Wgner - touristy and traditional, German dishes, try the schnitzel or the Tafelspitz met Frankfurter Gruner Sosse (stewed beef with a sauce of green herbs), Friday fish, Cider served in large quantities, no beer, $12 Euro, www.apfelwein-wagner.com, in Sachsenhausen,

Zum Gemalten Haus - Apfelwein Locale, not many left, in Sachsenhausen, $7 Euro, it’s the same as it was at the end of the 19th century, walls covered with giant paintings darkened with age, giant stoneware pitchers called Bembels, closed Mondays, www.zumgemaltenhaus.de

Nightlife/Bars and the Arts

Odeon - a “27 and up” night on Fridays, housed in a white building that looks like a museum, in city center, www.theodeon.de,

Tigerpalast - international variety theater, cabaret performers, looks like an American bar from the 1920s, book tickets far in advance, www.tigerpalast.de, city center, closed Mondays

King Kamehameha Club - one of Frankfurts biggest clubs, concert area for DJ’s, get there early if you want free buffet from 6-8pm, admission free Mon-Wed, www.king-kamehameha.de, in Ostend

Jimmy’s bar - classy and expensive, have to ring the doorbell to get in but regulars have keys, live piano music mostly jazz, in Messe area, www.hessischer-hof.de/en/hotel-bar-frankfurt, 8pm-4am

Berlin

Best time to visit May - Early September

20 times the size of Manhattan, 9 times the size of Paris

Use buses, trams or U-bahn/S-Bahn, can get a Berlin Welcome Card which pays for 3-5 days of travel plus 25-50% discounts to museums and theaters, or City tour Card, get at visitor center or Berlin’s larger transportation offices (BVG), www.vistiberlin.de, $21 Euros for 3 days plus the coupon book

A free audio guide is included at all state museums.

Tours, bus, boat and bike, check out Berlins Underworlds, (Berliner Unterwelten) which takes you to Berlins best preserved WW11 bunkers underground and eerie, www.berliner-unterwelten.de, or www.fattirebiketoursberlin.com

Go to the Visitors Center

International Film Festival is in February

Has more than 1700 Bridges, take a River Cruise! SB

Velo-taxi’s $20 an hour, tours of the city, SB

Currywurst - the snack to have in Berlin, SB did not like it, sausage with curry and ketchup curry sauce

One of the least capital cities to stay in

Places to See/Things to Do:

The Reichstag’s Cupola - democracy symbol building, houses Parliament seat of the Unified Germany, SB, same as Parliament Building below??? (yes)

Parliament Building - complete in 1894, reserve a place in a guided tour, a reservation at the pricey rooftop Kafer restaurant will also get you in, in Mitte area, www.bundestag.de, same as The Reichstag’s Cupola???? (yes) SB

Berlin Wall Walk - came down more than 20 years ago, go to Gedenkstatte Berliner Mauer (Berlin Wall Memorial Site) to see remains

Brandenburger Tor - one of the gates you used to have to go through when there was the wall, 1788 but destroyed in war, faces most historic squares, Pariser Platz, in Mitte area, SB

East Side Gallery - 1/2 mile stretch of concrete went from guarded border to open air gallery wishing three months, restoration in 2010, just past the bridge there is a man made beach with bar/ restaurant and club called the Strandgut, in Friedrichshain area,

DDR Museum - half museum and half theme park, www.ddr-museum.de, in Mitte area

Berliner Dom - Berlin Cathedral, www.berlinerdom.de, in Mitte area, SB

Sony Center - inside the atrium is pretty cool, in Potsdamer Platz,

Denkmal fur die Ermordeten Juden Europas (memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe) - www.stiftung-denkmal.de, in Mitte area,

Museumsinsel - museum Island, on the site of Berlin’s 2 original settlements, complex of 5 state imuseums, UNESCO World Heritage site, www.smb.museum, in Mitte area, $12 Euros for a 3 day pass into all of them, Pergamon Museum have to see, SB

Kulturforun - Cultural forum, center of 7 museums, in Potsdamer Platz

Unter Den Linden - under the linen trees, a street you walk on (central park-ish), SB

Neue Wache - (New Guardhouse) by Unter den Linden, memorial for WW11 victims and all victims worldwide, in Mitte, SB

Alexanderplatz - used to be socialist square, vendors for food, center of commerce, SB

New Synagogue - place of worship before WW11, used to be the center of the Jewish community, in Mitte, www.zentrumjudaicum.de, English audio guides, $3 Euro, SB

Judischer Friedhof Weissensee - Jewish Cemetery - in Prenzlauer Berg, SB

Neptune Fountain - surrounded by four women statues that represent the rivers, SB

Restaurants

Restaurant Reinstoff - German, relaxed service and great atmosphere, 5, 6, or 8 course menu, $50 Euro, in Mitte, www.reinstoff.eu, German and Spanish wines,

Weinbar Rutz - roe deer, nettle puree, monkfish, goose liver, Wagyu beef, menus of 6, 8, or 10 course, starts at $115 Euro, closed Sunday and Monday, www.weinbar-rutz.de

Zur Letzten Instanz - Berlins oldest restaurant, $11 Euro, Napoleon, and French president, www.zurletzteninstanz.de,

Cafe Einstein Stammhaus - Berlin landmark, one of the leading coffeehouses, great cakes (strawberry), Austrian fare, up one flight of stairs is the cocktail bar Lebensstern, $18 Euro, www.cafeeinstein.com, in Schoneberg area

Nightlife/Bars and the Arts

Clarchen’s Ballhaus - opened in 1913, in Mitte, www.ballhaus.de

Havana Club - in Schoneberg, Salsa and Merengue nights Wed/Fri/Sat, come an hour early for a lesson, Fri/Sat are ‘ladies free’ nights until 11, www.havanna-berlin.de,

Where to Stay

Hotel Velvet - Central Berlin, in Mitte, where SB stayed, breakfast buffet included, $130 Euros a night, $165 US dollars,

Shopping

Kurfurstendamm - (Kudamm) street with shops, international shops, SB

Ka Da We - largest department store in all of Europe with largest food hall in Europe (bigger than London’s Harrods), SB

Bavaria/The Bavarian Alps

Best way to visit is by car from Munich 59 miles south

Places to See/Things to Do:

Spessart Mountain - See the Magic like in the mountains (Pinterest)

Zugspitze - highest mountain in Germany, beautiful and can take a train/cable car all the way to the top, though the Austrian side is more scenic and cheaper, 100 M from the Garmisch train station, in the Garmisch Patenkirchen part of town one of the most popular towns

Kloster Ettal - in Ettal, great Monestary with Monks,

The town of Mittenwald - SB, most beautiful town in the Bavarian Alps, go to the main street of Obermarkt,

The Geigenbaumuseum - history of violin making, SB, they will demo how to make one, in Mittenwald, www.geigenbaumuseum-mittenwald.de,

St. Peter and St Paul Church - in Mittenwald, SB, look at ceiling angels playing violins,

Karwendelbahn Mountain - go up in the cable car, SB, in Mittenwald, $20 Euros, both in Germany and Austria

Oberammergau the town - go here, where Samantha Brown went, one theater does one passion play once every ten year that started in 1634, next one is in 2020, GO! take tour of theater, it’s called Oberammergau Passionsspielhaus, www.oberammergaumuseum.de, www.passionstheater.de,

Oberammergau Museum - collection of Christmas creches from 18th century, in Oberammergau

The Alpamare, in Bad Tolz, attractive spa,

Go on the Romantic Road by car towards Augsburg from Munich to see more castles of King Ludwig 11, including Schloss Neuschwanstein, Schloss Linderhoff, and Schloss Herrenchiemsee.

Neuschwanstein - from parking lot, 1/5 mile climb, one of most visited in Europe, Disney World’s Model, www.neuschwanstein.de, SB

Schloss Hohenschwangau, one of King Ludwig 11’s castles like Neushcwanstein, www.hohenschwangau.de, $12 Euro with guided tour,

Schloss Linderhof - One of King Ludwig 11, check out the hall of mirrors, www.schlosslinderhof.de, in Ettal-Linderhof,

Schloss Herrenchiemsee - one of King Ludwig 11, check out the other hall of mirrors haha! www.herrenchiemsee.de, in Herrenchiemsee????

Nightlife/Bars and the Arts

Bayernhalle - summer entertainment, Bavarian singing and dancing, www.vtv-garmisch.de/baternhalle, in Garmisch Patenkirchen

Gasthof Fraundorfer - Wed-Mon the restaurant hosts yodeling and folk dancing, www.gasthof-fraundorfer.de, in Garmisch Patenkirchen

Platzl - where SB went to dinner, yodeling, in Mittenwald

Where to Stay

Alpenrose - where Samantha Brown stayed, $76 Euro, German decor, breakfast, www.hotel-alpenrose-mittenwald.de, in Mittenwald, has own bathroom

Alte Post - Where Samantha Brown stayed in Oberammergau, 2 story studio apartments and hotel rooms, own bathroom, breakfast included,

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brookstonalmanac · 2 years

Text

Events 4.4

503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. 1268 – A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. 1423 – Death of the Venetian Doge Tommaso Mocenigo, under whose rule victories were achieved against the Kingdom of Hungary and against the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Gallipoli (1416). 1581 – Francis Drake is knighted by Queen Elizabeth I for completing a circumnavigation of the world. 1601–1900 1609 – Moriscos are expelled from the Kingdom of Valencia. 1660 – Declaration of Breda by King Charles II of Great Britain promises, among other things, a general pardon to all royalists and opponents of the monarchy for crimes committed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum. 1796 – Georges Cuvier delivers the first paleontological lecture. 1814 – Napoleon abdicates for the first time and names his son Napoleon II as Emperor of the French. 1818 – The United States Congress, affirming the Second Continental Congress, adopts the flag of the United States with 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (20 at that time). 1841 – William Henry Harrison dies of pneumonia, becoming the first President of the United States to die in office, and setting the record for the briefest administration. Vice President John Tyler succeeds Harrison as President. 1865 – American Civil War: A day after Union forces capture Richmond, Virginia, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln visits the Confederate capital. 1866 – Alexander II of Russia narrowly escapes an assassination attempt by Dmitry Karakozov in the city of Saint Petersburg. 1887 – Argonia, Kansas elects Susanna M. Salter as the first female mayor in the United States. 1905 – In India, an earthquake hits the Kangra Valley, killing 20,000, and destroying most buildings in Kangra, McLeod Ganj and Dharamshala. 1913 – First Balkan War: Greek aviator Emmanouil Argyropoulos becomes the first pilot to die in the Hellenic Air Force when his plane crashes. 1925 – The Schutzstaffel (SS) is founded under Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party in Germany. 1933 – U.S. Navy airship USS Akron is wrecked off the New Jersey coast due to severe weather. 1944 – World War II: First bombardment of oil refineries in Bucharest by Anglo-American forces kills 3000 civilians. 1945 – World War II: United States Army troops liberate Ohrdruf forced labor camp in Germany. 1945 – World War II: United States Army troops capture Kassel. 1945 – World War II: Soviet Red Army troops liberate Hungary from German occupation and occupy the country themselves. 1949 – Cold War: Twelve nations sign the North Atlantic Treaty creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1958 – The CND peace symbol is displayed in public for the first time in London. 1960 – France agrees to grant independence to the Mali Federation, a union of Senegal and French Sudan. 1964 – The Beatles occupy the top five positions on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart. 1967 – Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence" speech in New York City's Riverside Church. 1968 – Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated by James Earl Ray at a motel in Memphis, Tennessee. 1968 – Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 6. 1969 – Dr. Denton Cooley implants the first temporary artificial heart. 1973 – The Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City are officially dedicated. 1973 – A Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, dubbed the Hanoi Taxi, makes the last flight of Operation Homecoming. 1975 – Microsoft is founded as a partnership between Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1975 – Vietnam War: A United States Air Force Lockheed C-5A Galaxy transporting orphans, crashes near Saigon, South Vietnam shortly after takeoff, killing 172 people. 1977 – Southern Airways Flight 242 crashes in New Hope, Paulding County, Georgia, killing 72. 1979 – Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan is executed. 1981 – Iran–Iraq War: The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force mounts an attack on H-3 Airbase and destroys about 50 Iraqi aircraft. 1983 – Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Challenger makes its maiden voyage into space. 1984 – President Ronald Reagan calls for an international ban on chemical weapons. 1988 – Governor Evan Mecham of Arizona is convicted in his impeachment trial and removed from office. 1990 – The current flag of Hong Kong is adopted for post-colonial Hong Kong during the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress. 1991 – Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania and six others are killed when a helicopter collides with their airplane over an elementary school in Merion, Pennsylvania. 1991 – Forty-one people are taken hostage inside a Good Guys! Electronics store in Sacramento, California. 3 of the hostage takers and 3 hostages are killed 1994 – Three people are killed when KLM Cityhopper Flight 433 crashes at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. 1996 – Comet Hyakutake is imaged by the USA Asteroid Orbiter Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous. 2002 – The MPLA government of Angola and UNITA rebels sign a peace treaty ending the Angolan Civil War. 2009 – France announces its return to full participation of its military forces within NATO. 2010 – A magnitude 7.2 earthquake hits south of the Mexico-USA border, killing two and damaging buildings across the two countries. 2013 – More than 70 people are killed in a building collapse in Thane, India. 2017 – Syria conducts an air strike on Khan Shaykhun using chemical weapons, killing 89 civilians. 2020 – China holds a national day of mourning for martyrs who died in the fight against the novel coronavirus disease outbreak.

#Events

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brookstonalmanac · 4 years

Text

Events 4.4

503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. 1147 – Moscow is mentioned for the first time in the historical record, when it is named as a meeting place for two princes. 1268 – A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. 1460 – Basel University is founded. 1581 – Francis Drake is knighted for completing a circumnavigation of the world. 1609 – Moriscos are expelled from the Kingdom of Valencia. 1660 – Declaration of Breda by King Charles II of Great Britain promises, among other things, a general pardon to all royalists for crimes committed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum. 1721 – Sir Robert Walpole becomes the first British prime minister. 1768 – In London, Philip Astley stages the first modern circus. 1796 – Georges Cuvier delivers the first paleontological lecture. 1814 – Napoleon abdicates for the first time and names his son Napoleon II as Emperor of the French. 1818 – The United States Congress, affirming the Second Continental Congress, adopts the flag of the United States with 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (20 at that time). 1841 – William Henry Harrison dies of pneumonia, becoming the first President of the United States to die in office, and setting the record for the briefest administration. Vice President John Tyler succeeds Harrison as President. 1850 – A large part of the English village of Cottenham burns to the ground in suspicious circumstances. 1850 – Los Angeles is incorporated as a city. 1859 – Bryant's Minstrels debut "Dixie" in New York City in the finale of a blackface minstrel show. 1865 – American Civil War: A day after Union forces capture Richmond, Virginia, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln visits the Confederate capital. 1866 – Alexander II of Russia narrowly escapes an assassination attempt by Dmitry Karakozov in the city of Saint Petersburg. 1873 – The Kennel Club is founded, the oldest and first official registry of purebred dogs in the world. 1875 – Vltava, composed by Czech composer Bedřich Smetana and also known by its German name Die Moldau, premiered in Prague. 1887 – Argonia, Kansas elects Susanna M. Salter as the first female mayor in the United States. 1905 – In India, an earthquake hits the Kangra Valley, killing 20,000, and destroying most buildings in Kangra, McLeod Ganj and Dharamshala. 1913 – First Balkan War: Greek aviator Emmanouil Argyropoulos becomes the first pilot to die in the Hellenic Air Force when his plane crashes. 1925 – The Schutzstaffel (SS) is founded under Adolf Hitler's Nazi party in Germany. 1933 – U.S. Navy airship USS Akron is wrecked off the New Jersey coast due to severe weather. 1939 – Faisal II becomes King of Iraq. 1944 – World War II: First bombardment of oil refineries in Bucharest by Anglo-American forces kills 3000 civilians. 1945 – World War II: American troops liberate Ohrdruf forced labor camp in Germany. 1945 – World War II: American troops capture Kassel. 1945 – World War II: Soviet troops liberate Hungary from German occupation and occupy the country itself. 1949 – Cold War: Twelve nations sign the North Atlantic Treaty creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1958 – The CND peace symbol is displayed in public for the first time in London. 1960 – France agrees to grant independence to the Mali Federation, a union of Senegal and French Sudan. 1964 – The Beatles occupy the top five positions on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart. 1965 – The first model of the new Saab Viggen fighter aircraft is unveiled. 1967 – Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence" speech in New York City's Riverside Church. 1968 – Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated by James Earl Ray at a motel in Memphis, Tennessee. 1968 – Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 6. 1968 – A.E.K. Athens B.C. becomes the first Greek team to win the European Basketball Cup. 1969 – Dr. Denton Cooley implants the first temporary artificial heart. 1973 – The Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City are officially dedicated. 1973 – A Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, dubbed the Hanoi Taxi, makes the last flight of Operation Homecoming. 1975 – Microsoft is founded as a partnership between Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1975 – Vietnam War: A United States Air Force Lockheed C-5A Galaxy transporting orphans, crashes near Saigon, South Vietnam shortly after takeoff, killing 172 people. 1979 – Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan is executed. 1981 – Iran–Iraq War: The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force mounts an attack on H-3 Airbase and destroys about 50 Iraqi aircraft. 1983 – Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Challenger makes its maiden voyage into space. 1984 – President Ronald Reagan calls for an international ban on chemical weapons. 1988 – Governor Evan Mecham of Arizona is convicted in his impeachment trial and removed from office. 1990 – The current flag of Hong Kong is adopted for post-colonial Hong Kong during the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress. 1991 – Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania and six others are killed when a helicopter collides with their airplane over an elementary school in Merion, Pennsylvania. 1994 – Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark found Netscape Communications Corporation under the name Mosaic Communications Corporation. 1996 – Comet Hyakutake is imaged by the USA Asteroid Orbiter Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous. 2002 – The Angolan government and UNITA rebels sign a peace treaty ending the Angolan Civil War. 2009 – France announces its return to full participation of its military forces within NATO. 2013 – More than 70 people are killed in a building collapse in Thane, India. 2020 – China holds a national mourning day for martyrs who died in the fight against the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

#Events

0 notes