#csma benefit

[worldwideanalysis]

Why Is WiGig Better than Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi 6?

We can hardly picture our life in the present without Wi-Fi access. Although our want for data has grown dramatically, you can vividly recall the summer you probably had a blast on a 2Mbps connection.

Higher throughput is required for many reasons than merely supporting 4K streaming and large file downloads. Our Wi-Fi encounters difficulties, which are caused by many client devices.

Therefore, WiGig demand will grow significantly in the coming years. This is owing to the growing need for fast internet, acceptance of the BYOD policy, and surging portable consumer devices sales.

Which is better, Wi-Fi 6 or WiGig?

After covering both of the new Wi-Fi network standards, let's examine what makes them unique from one another. These two technologies support our quest for wireless multi-gigabit speeds. Finally, we can experience flawless 4K streaming of video and quick downloads of large files.

The main distinction between both networks is that. In contrast, low-frequency waves may pass through walls and objects. WiGig travels comparatively shorter distances but attenuates more quickly when obstructed by them.

We can expect the usage of 802.11ay as the network backbone to substitute the fibre network installed outside the homes or for peer-to-peer communication, being aware of the benefits and drawbacks of each of these technologies. On the other hand, the Wi-Fi 6 or 802.11ax may be utilized for Wi-Fi transmission inside houses where the signal has to be given to numerous devices bypassing.

How WiGig Differ from Wi-Fi?

• More than One Access Techniques –

In today's Wi-Fi, a multiple access technique known as CSMA is prevalent. A gadget prepared to broadcast in CSMA first conducts channel detecting and switches off if it discovers that the channel is already occupied. By distributing channel access control across devices, CSMA prevents collisions.

When two devices broadcast to the exact same receiver at the same time, a collision occurs. But with WiGig, CSMA has a "deafness" issue since directed broadcast and receive beams are used.

• Coverage and Range –

WiGig is intended for 60 GHz frequency, whereas Wi-Fi operates on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The WiGig transmission attenuates 100 times more than the Wi-Fi at a given distance because radio-signal reduction is related to the square of the frequency.

WiGig uses focused signal beams on both the receive and transmit sides to combat attenuation. The range of WiGig is still approximately 30 feet even then.

• Interference –

The temptation may be significant to claim that WiGig is the quickest Wi-Fi. However, although WiGig can support a high data throughput of 7 Gbps, 11ax can provide a maximum data rate of 9.6 Gbps.

The actual data rates are frequently lower than the theoretical limit. More significantly, at 60 GHz, WiGig could see a cleaner RF environment. WiGig won't interfere in areas that are divided by walls.

• Multiple-Antenna Transmit –

For "spatial multiplexing," Wi-Fi currently employs a multiple-antenna technology called MIMO. Increasing bandwidth over the wireless network is the goal. Because of reflections from the environment, radio waves travel from the transmitter to the receiver through many pathways.

This is known as "multipath." By using signal processing to establish several wireless transmission streams between the receiver and transmitter, referred to as "spatial streams," MIMO takes advantage of multipath.

[jcmarchi]

A primer on MESH networks and MESH cyber security - CyberTalk

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/a-primer-on-mesh-networks-and-mesh-cyber-security-cybertalk/

A primer on MESH networks and MESH cyber security - CyberTalk

Gergana Kungalova is a Security Engineer for Check Point in Bulgaria. She started her journey in the Cyber Security field as Network Security Support Engineer, working with customers across the globe. In her current role, she is connecting people and processes with technology by matching the clients’ business needs with security solutions and services.

In this amazing expert interview, Gergana Kungalova explains why MESH networks can be more advantageous than traditional networks, she addresses common misperceptions around MESH, and then highlights MESH-specific cyber security measures. Don’t miss this!

What is the core idea behind MESH networks?

The MESH network provides ultimate connectivity between nodes like users, servers/applications, and network components. The main driver for this architecture is to provide reliable access that is not dependent on a single device or route.

Why might an organization choose to have a MESH network over traditional network architecture?

The traditional network architecture was suitable for organizations when they had well-defined perimeters and point-to-point connections. All services were hosted within the data centers and users were working strictly from the office. Nowadays, the demand for mobility and scalability has completely changed the picture. We have services that are hosted in the cloud and/or in the data center. At the same time, our users are roaming and should access these services from everywhere. The new connectivity requirements have increased the complexity of managing networks and security to an extreme degree. Many organizations are choosing the MESH networks as an enabler for flexible and scalable infrastructure.  It allows them to reduce the management overhead and cut costs.

What are some common misperceptions about MESH that we should debunk for readers, if any?

The most common misperception is that the MESH networks are more secure. They are more agile and resilient, but they introduce new dynamics in the monitoring and the maintenance which may pose risk of security breach. The nature of MESH networks may increase the amount of time required for identifying breaches, determining which nodes have been affected and what the business impact looks like. Also, the root cause analysis is more complex and time consuming.

It is critical to implement cyber security measures at every point of the infrastructure, in the early stages. The security must be multi-layered and part of the planning phase. A cyber security platform that is consolidated and focused on prevention is the best approach to ensure business continuity within organizations with MESH networks.

Examples of typical cyber security threats seen on MESH networks?

The cyber security threats seen on MESH networks are the same as the threats seen on the traditional networks – vulnerability exploits, phishing attacks, account takeover…etc. The only difference is how they are executed.

How does the decentralized nature of MESH networks impact the design and implementation of robust cyber security measures?

The dynamic nature of MESH networks requires multi-layered enforcement of cyber security. The best-of-breed method is bringing more complexity then benefits – multiple management consoles, no full visibility on security posture, lack of expertise…etc. To address these challenges, we should talk about the concept of Cyber Security Mesh Architecture (CSMA)*.

The CSMA approach focuses on platform security that is collaborative across all components in the customer’s environment and it’s built on the following pillars: Security Analytics and Intelligence, Distributed Identity Fabric, Consolidated Privacy and Posture Management, and Consolidated Dashboards. It means that all security components talk with each other, share intelligence and have one single pane of glass for management. The efficient implementation of CSMA has to be enforced based on user identity and zero trust principals, not on network-based access.

*“CSMA is a concept developed by Gartner to help companies move past siloed security to a more collaborative and flexible approach to security. CSMA is designed to make security more composable and scalable by modularizing security functions and enabling them to interoperate through a set of supportive layers. By making security more cohesive and collaborative, CSMA enables an organization to achieve better security with fewer resources.” — Quoted from Check Point’s What is Cybersecurity Mesh Architecture (CSMA)?

Given the potential for node compromise in MESH networks, what strategies can be employed to enhance the security posture of individual nodes, as to prevent cascading security issues across the network?

In case of compromise, the time spent for identification and mitigation is what really matters, as does determining how big the impact on the business will be. The prevention first methodology has to be incorporated into the cyber security strategy. From my experience, it does not matter as to how many security measures are in place – they have to be configured in prevention mode in order to block the attack. Of course, to cover all possible threat vectors, we should have in place strong encryption, zero-day prevention, anti-phishing, anti-ransomware, vulnerability, and patch management.

What other kinds of tools or technologies can cyber leaders use to monitor for suspicious activities within a MESH network?

Cyber leaders can benefit from integrated AI engines:

AI integrated within the prevention engines can reduce the time for mitigation, improve catch rate and discover attacks chains in next to no time.

AI integrated in the monitoring can improve behavior analysis and discover anomalies, provide sophisticated reports, and reduce the time for root cause analysis.

An example of a technology that combines both is MDR/MPR (Managed Detection/Prevention and Respond). It can provide a deeper overview of what is going on in the environment and help to further decrease the reaction time. Basically, it’s providing automation and optimization for how the SOC teams are working with data and dangerous threats.

Is there anything else that you would like to share with the Cyber Talk CxO audience?

Cyber security requires a continuous process of risk management and effectiveness optimization. Building robust architecture requires approach that is collaborative, redistributed within all parts of the environment and focused on prevention.

Stay (cyber) safe 🙂

[rudrjobdesk]

सरकारी कर्मचारियों के लिए खुशखबरी, हेल्‍थ स्‍कीम में देश के बाहर भी मिलेगा ये बड़ा फायदा

सरकारी कर्मचारियों के लिए खुशखबरी, हेल्‍थ स्‍कीम में देश के बाहर भी मिलेगा ये बड़ा फायदा

नई दिल्‍ली. देश में काम करने वाले सभी केंद्रीय कर्मचारियों के लिए अच्‍छी खबर है. अब इन्‍हें और इनके परिवार को देश के बाहर भी बड़ा फायदा मिलेगा. सरकारी कर्मचारियों को हेल्‍थ स्‍कीम के तहत विदेशों में भी इलाज की सुविधा होगी. इसको लेकर स्‍वास्‍थ्‍य एवं परिवार कल्‍याण विभाग की ओर से स्‍पष्‍टीकरण दिया गया है. हाल ही में स्‍वास्‍थ्‍य एवं परिवार कल्‍याण विभाग के अवर सचिव संदीप कुमार की ओर से चेन्‍नई के…

[dbgidehradun]

BTech College in Uttarakhand

Engineering College in Dehradun

If you are interested in a very BTech degree in Engineering You then will definitely like the features from Dehradun engineering higher education. The point out of Uttarakhand is well-known with the existence of globe course engineering colleges.

BTech College in Dehradun

The main characteristics of the engineering college in Uttarakhand are that it’s got point out-of-the-artwork labs and can provide the latest teaching courses. A lot of the engineering colleges in Uttarakhand are Outfitted with the latest program systems. These contain the engineering curriculum, co-curriculum, and labs and may be used to perform quite possibly the most cutting edge analysis courses on this planet nowadays.

BTech College in Uttarakhand

The vast majority of engineering colleges in Uttarakhand have in excess of 500 Intercontinental students on their own rolls. This helps them in offering training that is of Worldwide standards. In addition they use the latest techniques and use these for conducting their classes. These engineering colleges in Uttarakhand also give the coed a chance to perform in a lot of the well-known multinational organizations. This allows the students improve their job abilities and understanding about new technologies.

There are several BTech colleges in Uttarakhand, that happen to be offering an array of classes to their Global pupils. A large number of BTech colleges in Uttarakhand have their branches in towns like Bhopal, Barmer, Guwalior, and Jodhpur. Learners who want to acquire knowledge about Laptop applications and engineering can decide on a branch BTech College in Dehradun dependent on their own curiosity. Some branches of the engineering college or university are dedicated toward oil and fuel, civil and infrastructure designing, environmental, electrical, petroleum, mechanical, chemical, nuclear and allied engineering. Engineering Colleges in Uttarakhand also has independent departments for education in specific parts. These departments assistance the students to realize encounter for the people jobs obtainable within their industry of experience.

The students also can be a part of these engineering colleges as Trade learners. This allows them to achieve sensible abilities and expertise in a very international region. They can use these competencies and practical experience though they comprehensive their research in engineering school in Uttarakhand. Bachelors, masters and PhD could be obtained in these engineering colleges in Uttarakhand.

The main year Engineering Colleges in Uttarakhand predominantly concentrates on instructing learners the theoretical components of Engineering. After this, the emphasis is offered on simple teaching. Courses consist of AutoCAD, CAM, CSMA, FEA, GIS, CAD, Production Engineering, Structural Engineering, Civil Engineering, Application Engineering, WHM/WMS, Welding Engineering, Non-Woven Fabrics, nanotechnology, and even more. These engineering colleges in Uttarakhand also deliver internship courses in a lot of companies Situated throughout India.

Bachelors and masters degree in Engineering may be received In this particular Engineering University in Dehradun. The graduate learners can opt for State-of-the-art research in aerodynamics, bio-chemistry, aerospace, and Strength. The courses offered by these engineering colleges are taught within an revolutionary way. Many of the subjects are taught in a fast paced atmosphere, which makes them fulfilling and appealing. The scholars can pursue their topics on the internet and can get an Examination certification following graduating from this engineering higher education in Uttarakhand.

Another key stream of programs offered at this faculty is Structural Engineering. Right here students can choose carpentry, masonry, and beehive set up. The scholars also can acquire up courses related to civil engineering. Civil Engineering includes products science, civil and structural engineering, and building engineering. Civil engineers Enjoy a very important purpose in creating properties, bridges, tunnels, airports, sewers, and other constructions.

The subjects provided by this Engineering University in Dehradun also are relevant to IT and BPO. These colleges deliver a variety of prestigious internships to young professionals who possess expertise and need to progress in the field of Engineering. These learners be involved in hands on projects completed by faculty users and receive Specialist coaching. On finishing their internship, they have got the selection to carry on their scientific studies or search for greener pastures. The system curriculum of those Engineering Colleges in Dehradun is diverse and impressive and thus satisfies the requirements of assorted students with diverse interests.

The opposite prominent engineering college in India that gives the same curriculum towards the Engineering Faculty in Dehradun will be the Indian Institute of Know-how (IIT Delhi). This institute also offers a number of classes and has the benefit of using a big pool of students from different elements of the country and abroad. The curriculum on the Engineering Faculty in Delhi is focused on supplying quality schooling together with the co-curriculum method and that is an added benefit. Numerous Global college students choose this Engineering College in Dehradun for the perfect combination of academic excellence and lifetime expertise progress.

There are many other institutes which offer various classes linked to Engineering Faculty in Dehradun. But these colleges are known for delivering excellent education to its learners and thus are a well known possibility among all People aiming to pursue an engineering degree in India. Researching in on the list of engineering colleges in India will let you in Checking out the myriad of prospects accessible in the field of Engineering. So, never miss this amazing opportunity to take a look at the endless potentials of engineering colleges in India.

[eonlineexams]

Rajasthan Computer Teacher Syllabus 2021

RPSC Computer Teacher Syllabus 2021

Govt Computer Teacher Syllabus 2021- In Rajasthan, applications for computer teacher vacancy will be taken. With the release of the Rajasthan Computer Teacher Vacancy 2021 official notification, Rajasthan Computer Teacher Syllabus 2021 will also be given along with it.

कंप्यूटर शिक्षक सिलेबस 2021RPSC computer teacher syllabus 2021

Online application will be taken for 14601 posts of Computer Computer Teacher, out of which no posts have been fixed for first grade yet, 3616 posts for second class and 10985 posts for third class will be applied.

Computer Teacher Official Notification- Click Here

कंप्यूटर टीचर सिलेबस 2021

���ंप्यूटर शिक्षक के 14601 पदों पर ऑनलाइन आवेदन लिया जाएगा जिसमें से प्रथम ग्रेड की अभी कोई पद निर्धारित नहीं किए गए हैं द्वितीय श्रेणी के लिए 3616 पद व तृतीय श्रेणी के लिए 10985 पदों पर आवेदन दिए जाएंगे।

Join Whatsapp Group Daily Govt Jobs Updates, Govt Scheme, Current Affairs WhatsApp Group Join Click Here – 3 WhatsApp Group Join Click Here – 4 WhatsApp Group Join Click Here- 5 WhatsApp Group Join Click Here- 6

Analyst cum Programmer Syllabus 2021

Written Examination Analyst cum Programmer 2021

PAPER – I

Reasoning Test & Numerical Analysis & General Knowledge

Problem solving, Data Interpretation, Data Sufficiency, Logical Reasoning and Analytical Reasoning. General Knowledge and Current Affairs relating to India and Rajasthan.

Data Base Management Systems

ER Diagram, data models- Relational and Object Oriented databases.

Data Base Design : Conceptual data base design, Normalization Primitive and Composite data types, concept of physical and logical databases, data abstraction and data independence, data aggregation and Relational Algebra.

Application Development using SQL : Host Language interface, embedded SQL programming, Stored procedures and triggers and views, Constraints assertions.

Internal of RDBMS : Physical data organisation in sequential, indexed random and hashed files. Inverted and multilist structures, B trees, B+ trees, Query Optimisation, Join algorithm, Transaction Processing, concurrency control and recovery management. Transaction model properties and state serialisability. Lock base protocols, two phase locking.

Different server multi user, multiprocess operating systems and requirement for client interfaces in distributed application environments.

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Computer Network Architecture, Circuit switching, Packet And Massage Switching, Network Structure. Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Framing. Retransmission algorithms.

Analyst cum Programmer Syllabus 2021

TCP/IP Stack. IP Networks and Internet. DNS and Firewalls. Intrusion Detection and Prevention. Transport layer and TCP/IP. Network Management And Interoperability.

Multiple access and Aloha. CSMA/CD and Ethernet. High Speed LANs and topologies. Broadcast routing and spanning trees.

PAPER – II System Analysis and Design

Concept System : Definition and characteristics, elements and boundaries, types of system development lifecycle, recognition of needs, feasibility study, prototyping, role of system analyst. System planning and tools like DFD, data dictionary, decision trees, structured analysis and decision tables. IPO charts, structured walkthrough, input output form design, requirement and classification of forms, layout considerations form control, object oriented Design Concepts and methods. Software Life Cycle, Software Engineering paradigms.

Analysis System : Feasibility study requirement analysis, Cost benefit analysis, Planning systems, Analysis tools and techniques.

Design System : design fundamentals, Modular Design, Data and procedural design, object oriented design.

Computer Teacher Syllabus PDF Download

Syllabus Analyst-cum-Programmer-converted

Download

Software Maintenance : Maintenance Characteristics, Maintainability, Maintenance tasks and side effects.

Development System : Code documentation, Program design paradigms, Efficiency Consideration. Verification, Validation and Testing: testing methods, Formal Program Verification, Testing Strategies.

Software Project Management

Project Management Concept : The Management Spectrum, People, Product, Process & Project.

Process & Project Matrix : Software Measurement Size Oriented Matrices, Function Oriented Matrices.

Risk Analysis and Management : Risk Identification, Projection, Risk Refinement, Risk Monitoring And Management.

Project Planning : Objectives, Decomposition Techniques, Empirical Estimation Model.

Project Scheduling & Tracking, Software Quality Assurance, Software Configuration Management.

RPSC Computer Teacher Bharti Syllabus 2021

Before releasing the syllabus of Rajasthan Competition Vacancy 2021, their online applications are taken, along with the online application, their syllabus and qualification, pay scale etc. are determined, yet its official notification has not been received.

Computer shikshak bharti 2021 syllabus

राजस्थान कंप्यूटर शिक्षक भर्ती 2021 जो भी से आने की संभावना है वह इस प्रकार से है इनका कन्फर्मेशन ऑफिशियल नोटिफिकेशन आने के बाद में होगा ऑफिशियल नोटिफिकेशन में सिलेबस की घोषणा होने के बाद में आपको इसी पेज पर सूचित कर दिया जाएगा या आप ऑफिशियल वेबसाइट भी विजिट कर सकते हैं ।

Rajasthan Computer Teacher Official Notification 2021- CLick Here

Computer Teacher Bharti 2021 Syllabus देखने के लिए क्लिक करे

Rajasthan Computer Teacher Recruitment Rajasthan Computer Teacher Recruitment has come for the first time, so there is no confirmation of syllabus, after the official notification, you will get complete information of Rajasthan Computer Teacher Recruitment 2021 Syllabus.

Rajasthan Computer Teacher Vacancy 202

1कंप्यूटर शिक्षक भर्ती 2021 में आने वाले सब्जेक्ट

कंप्यूटर, जीके, हिंदी, अंग्रेजी, विज्ञान, गणित, रिजनिंग यह सब्जेक्ट आने की संभावना है। जिसमें कंप्यूटर का पार्ट 50% या 70% रहेगा फिलहाल यह कोई ऑफिशियल सूचना नहीं है। ऑफिशियल सूचना आने के बाद में आपको इसी पेज पर अपडेट कर दिया जाएगा ।

Computer Teacher Admit Card 202

1Rajasthan Computer Teacher Bharti Selection process

Rajasthan Computer Teacher Recruitment 2021 syllabus will be followed by an exam, merit list will be released on the basis of the same.

Download Rajasthan Computer Teacher Recruitment 2021 Syllabus PDF

Important Links

[practicallyapp]

Practically Wishes All Teachers a Happy Teachers’ Day

In 1967, a beloved teacher’s students and friends approached him and requested him to allow them to celebrate his birthday. He said, "instead of celebrating my birthday, it would be my proud privilege, if 5th September is observed as Teachers' day".

The birth anniversary of this great teacher - Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan has been observed as Teachers Day in India, to show our appreciation towards the contribution made by teachers to the society. He was a staunch believer of education and was a well-known diplomat, scholar, the President of India and above all, a teacher.

On the occasion of Teachers’ Day, let us recognize the value of teachers who have done a phenomenal job towards ensuring continued learning despite the lack of a comprehensive and robust tool to address the needs of principals, teachers, students, and parents, which is also cost-effective.

With blended learning here to stay, Practically School Solution serves as the best solution to empower teachers to closely monitor the progress of each student while using immersive learning tools to engage them better. It is the best free app for online teaching. The solution offers teaching material streamlined by topic and with course material online across STEM subjects for grades 6-12. Here are the key features of the Practically School Solution:

The Virtual Classroom Management System features make scheduling and conducting of classes, from anywhere, any time and on any device easier. Teachers can connect and collaborate with students in the same way as they would in a physical classroom. For virtual sessions, it also provides Zoom and Google Meet licenses to teachers. Teachers and students can refer to recordings if they have missed out on sessions or to revisit concepts. The exhaustive content library covers all major boards along with test preparation features and live classes. This helps students develop a holistic understanding of STEM concepts for enhanced learning outcomes and performance in competitive tests. The Practically School Solution additionally offers features like reports, polls, analytics, assigning homework, etc. which supports the teacher to closely monitor the progress of each student.

With the Practically School Solution, teachers can get free access to the Exhaustive Content Library and Course Material of 3,000+ videos and 1,000+ simulations & Augmented Reality (AR) covering a universal curriculum. Learning intertwined with immersive storytelling and real-life examples and by providing experiential learning, every student benefits from Practically with distraction-free classes that enable over 90% retention of concepts!

Exam prep is the most crucial part of any learning journey. Test preparation online can be a difficult task. Fortunately, our Test Prep And Reports give teachers the freedom to conduct tests chapter or subject-wise with automated test papers and report card generation to help keep track of each student’s performance. The Practically School Solution includes features such as reports, test-preps, polls, analytics, assigning homework, etc. it empowers the teacher to closely monitor the progress of each student.

The solution, with its Don’t Just Learn, Learn Practically approach, enhances student engagement in a physical classroom or online. Designed to Bring learning Alive, Practically is the only such app in the world that combines game engine, immersive learning assets, and AI-assisted study buddy in one compact cross-platform app.

Currently, over 400,000 students in 350+ schools with 18,000 teachers in India and the Middle East are using Practically School Solution to conduct online classes during the pandemic.

With the Practically School Solution, teachers are equipped with a new-age e-learning solution full of hi-tech, hi-touch features. Thanks to Practically School Solution, teachers have been able to overcome the challenges posed by the pandemic and teach in a more exciting and controlled manner.

Recently, Practically tied up with Almoe Digital Solutions Pvt Ltd India, a part of Dubai-based Almoe, to provide FREE access to Practically School Solution. Through this partnership, Almoe will assist Practically to offer immersive content and learning experiences through its innovative Practically School Solution to 3000 schools where 50,000 Promethean and Specktron Interactive Displays are already in use.

Practically has also tied up with TRSMA, CSMA and RUPSA (private school organisations across Telangana, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka) as the exclusive online learning partner to offer FREE access Practically School Solution and avoid education disruption during COVID. With high quality content - 3D videos, augmented reality modules, test preparation, and live simulations etc, the partnership will benefit 2.62 lac teachers, 35.2 lac students across 10,600 schools in the three states.

We thank all teachers for their dedication and commitment towards education this Teachers’ Day. If you are a teacher, we want to make your life better with the best and free online teaching app. Download the Practically app today and explore how to Bring Learning Alive for your students!

#PracticallyApp #PracticallySchoolSolution #LearnPractically #LearningApp #BringLearningAlive #VirtualLearning #VirtualClassrooms #ZoomClasses #ExperientialLearning #OnlineClasses #StudyMaterial #ExamPreparation #Teaching #Teachers #Teachersday#Teacherapp

[sanjoseca49-blog]

Drug Addiction Help in San Jose

Drug Rehab in San Jose CA

San Jose drug rehab for in-patient and out-patient drug detox and alcohol treatment. Addiction and chemical dependency http://query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch/?action=click&contentCollection&region=TopBar&WT.nav=searchWidget&module=SearchSubmit&pgtype=Homepage#/CSMA recovery program near San Jose MA. Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation techniques used in our Santa Clara rehab and detox centers near San Jose. Programs for drug and alcohol abuse that include inpatient and outpatient recovery for addiction are explained as well as the benefits and drawbacks of both. Many health insurance providers will pay for alcohol and drug rehab. Call us to find out what options are available for you. Find out more about San Jose drug rehab https://www.csmamercedcounty.org/san-jose-drug-rehab/alcoholism-treatment/

Mental Dependency - What Is Psychological Reliance?

The term psychology is normally meant to refer to behavioral procedures that associate with the feelings or the mind. The term mental dependency is usually suggested to describe the emotional and also mental procedures that are associated with the advancement of, and recovery from, a substance usage condition or drug addiction. There could be no complete splitting up of feeling as well as cognition from physiology. To imply that "psychological dependence" is not as severe as "physical reliance" represents a misconception; in truth, these two designations do not exist as mutually exclusive categories and for that reason can not be contrasted as if they exist independently from one another.

Compounds associated with Psychological Dependence

The general observation right here is that all substances of misuse are associated with both mental and physical elements of dependence; nevertheless, numerous resources divide the elements of the growth of a material use disorder and also the withdrawal process into materials that are associated with withdrawal signs and symptoms that are largely emotional in nature. Normally, these substances include:

A lot of stimulants, including drug and also Ritalin

The majority of hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD

Cannabis products (although there is placing proof that there could be a substantial physical process of withdrawal that occurs in chronic customers of marijuana items).

Numerous inhalant items.

Lots of psychotropic drugs, such as antidepressant medications.

Treat of psychological reliance

One very important difference that can be made regarding the distinction in between drugs that are considered to lead to physical versus psychological reliance is that the withdrawal process from several of the medicines that are taken into consideration to be strong prospects for physical dependence, such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates, could cause the development of potentially deadly seizures. However, this condition does not usually accompany withdrawal from opiate drugs, which are also taken into consideration to be incredibly literally addicting. The healing procedure for individuals that have actually developed compound usage disorders to these compounds need to be purely monitored by a physician or psychiatrist that concentrates on dependency medicine to identify any potential seizure task as well as promptly address it.

Options for Rehab in San Jose

Medicines

A number of medications have actually been discovered to be efficient in treating dependency to opioids, alcohol, or pure nicotine in grownups, although none of these drugs have actually been approved by the FDA to treat teenagers. Newer substances proceed to be researched for potentially treating material use conditions in grownups and teens, but none other compared to those provided below have shown definitive outcomes.

Keep in mind that there are presently no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to cannabis, cocaine, or methamphetamine in any age group.

Buprenorphine lowers or removes opioid withdrawal signs and symptoms, including medicine food cravings, without producing the "high" or unsafe negative effects of heroin as well as other opioids. It does this by both triggering and blocking opioid receptors in the mind (i.e., it is what is called a partial opioid agonist).

Methadone additionally protects against withdrawal symptoms as well as lowers food craving in opioid-addicted individuals by activating opioid receptors in the brain (i.e., a complete opioid agonist). It has a lengthy history of usage in treatment of opioid dependence in grownups and is available in particularly certified methadone treatment programs. In choose cases as well as in some States, opioid-dependent teenagers in between the ages of 16 and 18 might be eligible for methadone treatment.

Residential Drug Treatment in San Jose

A research study in the journal Addiction reveals that people who obtain aid with recovery from addiction are more probable to stay in recuperation for longer durations than those that do not obtain treatment. Sixty-two percent of those that had professional help in treating their dependency continued to be in recuperation for three years after therapy, compared with only 43 percent of those who didn't obtain therapy. Furthermore, 57 percent of those that made it three years were still free of the compound after a total of 16 years. This shows that obtaining professional treatment is crucial to reaching the most effective end result.

Residential San Jose drug particularly is typically extra practical because it calls for that the person stay in therapy for the quantity of time needed to impact modification.

In the NIDA short article it is mentioned that an essential component of drug addiction therapy is remaining in treatment enough time to finish the numerous components of the program, since this enables individuals to emerge with the highest degree of confidence in their recently learned skills and tools for remaining in healing. Due to this, each of the parts of a high-quality therapy program works best when it is created in order to help individuals make it through the entire therapy process.

Residential rehab provides 24-hour care in a setting where the focus is aiding individuals accomplish and preserve recuperation from drug addiction. Due to this, these programs are able to supply a breadth of services that are more probable to help clients establish capacities and also devices to remain in recuperation well after leaving the program. These consist of:

Medically supported detox and withdrawal, if required.

Clinically supported maintenance treatment, if required.

Individual therapies, such as Cognitive Behavior Modification.

Family members or couples counseling.

Building skills and tools that are required for life post treatment.

Follow-up care after the defined program ends.

Outpatient Treatment

Outpatient enables customers to live at home as well as take part in therapy at an outpatient center during the daytime. This kind of program manages people much more liberty in therapy, providing customers the capability to maintain a task as well as stay up to date with daily obligations in your home. Those simply starting outpatient treatment might need daily sessions with a specialist or clinical staff, while those further along in recuperation (or with less serious addictions) could achieve success with part-time sessions one or two times weekly.

Outpatient programs normally last anywhere from one to three months, as this is the home window of time where those in recovery are most susceptible to relapse. The size of time a customer spends in outpatient treatment depends upon their progress in recuperation, which considers their psychological security and also physical wellness.

An outpatient drug rehabilitation program supplies drug and alcohol treatment sessions that can be scheduled during numerous times throughout the week. This timetable permits clients to continue with their routine duties as well as proceed living at home, yet they are called for to look into treatment at their designated times for therapy as well as medication.

Healing

Healing is a goal of alcohol therapy, and recovery-oriented systems of treatment are being established to support that goal. People that are "in healing" know exactly what it indicates to them and also just how important it remains in their lives. They need no formal interpretation, however, for the general public and those who research, review, as well as establish plans about dependency, recuperation is a principle that could sometimes appear vague.

Essentially, recuperation is a complex as well as dynamic procedure including all the favorable benefits to physical, mental as well as social health and wellness that can take place when people with an addiction to alcohol or medications, or their family members, obtain the assistance they require.

Therapy

Counseling is a vital part of drug abuse treatment for lots of people. Cognitive behavior modification, household therapy, and also various other treatment techniques could assist individuals recovering from opioid addiction keep tidy.

Twelve-step Programs

The 12-Step approach spearheaded by Alcoholics Anonymous is used by about 74 percent of therapy. Many addiction treatment programs use alternatives to 12-Step approach for those that favor an even more secular foundation for therapy.

SMART Healing

SMART Recuperation is an abstinence-based, not-for-profit organization with a sensible self-help program for individuals having problems with drinking and also using. It includes lots of concepts and strategies to help you alter your life from one that is suicidal and miserable to one that is positive and also enjoyable. SMART Recovery is not a spin-off of Alcoholics Anonymous. No person will classify you an "alcoholic", an "addict" or "diseased" nor "powerless", as well as if you do not count on a religious beliefs or spirituality, that's fine, as well. We educate sound judgment self-help procedures made to empower you to stay away and also to create a more favorable lifestyle. When you succeed at following our method, you could graduate from the program, or you may stay around to help others.

Client-centered strategies

In client-centered drug abuse treatment, you could aid decided features of your medicine dependency therapy plan including:

The pace at which you progress.

The length of your stay.

The goals of your program.

Alongside expert staff the addict determines precisely what they wish to leave their remain. Weekly, you and also your individual therapist will evaluate your drug dependency treatment and also decide whether you are reaching your goals, failing or exceeding them and change your treatment plan as necessary. The partnering is really important below- your goals are your roadmap through therapy.

Psychoanalysis

The psychoanalysis sight recommends addiction is essentially a disorder of self-regulation. Addiction is described as a protective technique to stay clear of sensation of vulnerability or powerlessness. The dependency issue stops the user from comprehending about her distress, as well as the advancement of psychological ability to self-soothe.

Regression avoidance

A significant cognitive-behavioral strategy to dependency recovery as well as therapy has been Alan Marlatt's (1985) Regression Avoidance technique. Marlatt explains 4 psycho-social processes pertinent to the addiction as well as relapse processes: self-efficacy, result spans, acknowledgments of causality, and also decision-making procedures. Acknowledgments of causality refer to an individual's pattern of ideas that relapse to drug use is a result of interior, or instead outside, short-term reasons (e.g., enabling oneself to make exceptions when encountered with exactly what are judged to be unusual scenarios).

As a result of hefty traffic, a recouping alcoholic may determine one mid-day to exit the highway and travel on side roadways. If this person is able to employ effective coping methods, such as sidetracking himself from his yearnings by turning on his favored music, after that he will prevent the regression risk (COURSE 1) as well as heighten his efficiency for future abstaining. If, nevertheless, he does not have coping devices- for circumstances, he may begin pondering on his cravings (COURSE 2)- then his efficacy for abstaining will lower, his assumptions of positive results will increase, and he might experience a lapse- an isolated return to compound intoxication.

Dual Diagnosis Explained

When a client is diagnosed with both a substance abuse disorder and a mental wellness issue, after that it is called a Dual Medical diagnosis. Typical psychological wellness disorders that tend to happen along with addiction consist of:

Anxiety conditions.

Modest to severe anxiety.

Individuality problems.

Mood problems.

Schizophrenia.

In many cases, signs of the psychological health disorder appear initially. As they end up being a growing number of overwhelming, the client may attempt to "treat" those signs by using different drugs. For instance, a client that deals with anxiety could try to boost their mood by taking heroin or prescription medications. Clients that are dealing with anxiousness may aim to soothe themselves by smoking cannabis. Conversely, someone handling an eating problem may try to further their weight reduction attempts by abusing energizer drugs like drug or crystal meth.

In various other situations, the drug addiction comes first as well as because of persistent drug abuse, mental health and wellness problems can create later on due to the fact that drug use changes mind function gradually.

Sober Living House

Sober living houses are group homes for those recuperating from an addiction. A lot of these residences are privately possessed, although some group residences are had by companies and may even be possessed by charity organizations. Homes are generally found in quiet areas to assist ensure a relaxed setting for individuals in early recuperation.

These kinds of homes are various from rehabilitation facilities; rehab facilities generally supply a more intensive recuperation experience and give homeowners much less freedom. Citizens might additionally be subject to periodic drug testing to demonstrate continuous soberness.

[stanislausinfo-blog]

Drug Rehab in Modesto CA

Discovering the most effective Modesto CA drug or alcohol rehabilitation facility for you or your relative can be a difficult task to http://edition.cnn.com/search/?text=modesto drug rehab take on.

CSMA website checklists rehab facilities for alcohol and medication dependency such as outpatient clinics, withdrawal administration facilities, residential programs in the the county of Stanislaus.We can recommend a treatment center that is ideal for you.

The majority of people will search for rehab solutions when there is an emergency situation such as overdose, legal problem or physical trouble which originates from the lifestyle of the addict. Families are commonly pressured to choose when the addict finally voices the choice of changing his life, right. Addicts tend to alter their minds so being able to talk with a counselor immediately and getting the correct info is crucial.

Drug and alcohol dependency are advancing habits which go through predictable steps. It takes a certified therapist to make the proper analysis so they may refer you suitable treatment option. drug rehab A lot of elements have to be thought about to have the best opportunity of success.

In-patient Drug Rehab

A Modesto domestic medicine rehabilitation is a regulated living environment where the addict stays within a rehab facility during his whole therapy. It gives and also environment where the addict has the possibility to take out from his daily medication setting and enable time to uncover exactly how it really feels to live without alcohol and drugs and to obtain the abilities to live a medicine free life.

It likewise gives the family as well as family members some peace of mind that their loved one remains in a safe and also safe and secure environment. When you have any kind of doubts that the individual will relapse than a domestic alcohol and medicine rehabilitation program is the very best choice.

Long-term Medication Rehabilitation

Long term medication recovery provides programs where the individual will stay for a period of over three months. The primary benefit of a long term rehabilitation is that the person will be provided sufficient time to actually address his underlying problems, and also get even more security concerning them. It additionally provides the individual the opportunity to be supported by a therapist when he or she will certainly resolve underlying problems which have actually caused drug abuse.

Alcohol Rehab

Alcoholic abuse is the biggest dependency issue in United States. Alcohol is socially accepted, so it at some time makes it harder for the individual or the household to identify if it has come to be an addiction. There is not a problem for someone to consume socially. It comes to be an issue when people start to utilize it to "loosen up" or "to be able to communicate", and so on

. There are some really excellent Modesto CA therapies for alcohol that we can refer you to as well as will certainly solve your addiction when for all. We can likewise assist you with regulations on DUI for any states and also remedies to minimize the effects of actual DUI charges and also protect against future situations.

[thegloober]

Next-generation 802.11ax wi-fi: Dense, fast, delayed

The 21-year-old IEEE 802.11 wireless network family of standards, more widely known as ‘wi-fi’, has a new member: 802.11ax. In its two decades, wi-fi has gone from a curiosity to a major social force, having brought easy, fast, cheap internet access to home, office and public spaces.

Each new version of the standard has primarily promoted itself on faster speeds, and 802.11ax does promise up to 30 percent faster top speeds over its forebear 802.11ac. But that’s not its major selling point. Instead, 802.11ax uses a suite of new and extended technologies to solve some of wi-fi’s more enduring problems, including client density and latency. With four times as much data deliverable simultaneously to multiple clients and latency cut by 75 percent, the user experience of 802.11ax should be much improved. It also retains full backwards compatibility with older standards — an essential feature, but one that comes at a cost.

The new wi-fi standard has had a rocky road. The first two drafts of the standard were rejected, while the third was passed by the IEEE committee running the standard on July 1 2018. All this means that final approval won’t happen until late 2019.

SEE: IT pro’s guide to the evolution and impact of 5G technology (free PDF)

If the promises come true, the wait will be worth it. In particular, 802.11ax may solve one of technology’s greater ironies — that any large conference dedicated to wireless communication has unusable wi-fi. The same problem occurs at stadium events, busy concourses, and large events. An 802.11ax access point (AP) will not have much greater throughput than the 1Gbps or so that an 802.11ac device could manage, but it can split that total efficiently between many more simultaneous connections.

Key technologies

Radio

At the base of the 802.11ax innovation tree is the way it handles radio frequencies. It has to use the same spectrum allocations on 2.4GHz and 5GHz as before, with sets of 20MHz-wide channels that can be grouped together in blocks up to 160MHz wide. But within those 20MHz channels, 802.11ax subdivides the frequency space into 256 subchannels — four times more than the 64 subchannels previously used. This improves the resolution with which a link can cope with interference, frequency-dependent fading and so on.

The greater density of narrower subcarriers gives 802.11ax more flexibility to control each channel, equalising characteristics with more precision and allocating groups of subchannels to many clients simultaneously.

Image: Qorvo

A bigger change is in the way 802.11ax uses the subchannels. Before, all subchannels were used in parallel to talk to an individual device, which monopolised the channel until it was handed over to another device. 802.11ax allocates subchannels into resource units (RUs) that can be used to talk simultaneously with multiple 802.11ax clients — up to nine on one 20MHz channel, or 74 on a 160MHz channel group. This means much lower latency and fairer distribution of bandwidth between 802.11ax clients. The AP can send clients trigger frames that query what sort of service is required, while the clients reply with buffer status reports that the AP uses to allocate RUs.

By combining different sents of subchannels, 802.11ax makes much better use of the spectrum with a high density of clients. However, one non-802.11ax client in the mix can severely downgrade this capability.

Image: Aruba Networks

The old 64-subcarrier system was called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) — ‘orthogonal’ meaning the frequencies were related to each other so as to minimise interference between subcarriers. The new 802.11ax version is called Multi-User Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (MU-OFDMA). This may prove useful if you go to the wrong sort of pub quiz.

Colours

Another major cause of slow working in dense wi-fi environments is mutual interference between access points that share the same channel, or whose channel groupings overlap. Wi-fi copes with this co-channel interference by Carrier Sense with Multiple Access Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA): a radio wanting to transmit first listens on its frequency, and if it hears another transmission in process it waits a while before trying again.

Even if two access points are too far apart from them to detect each other’s transmissions directly, a client of either in between them can effectively trigger collision avoidance when one access point hears it talking to the other. However, it’s possible that the client is close enough to its access point that the other AP could reuse the frequency without causing interference. This is called ‘spatial reuse’.

With BSS Color, different links on the same frequency can decide to ignore each other and continue if they decide the risk of interference is low, instead of backing off and potentially not using available spectrum.

Image: Aruba Networks

To this end, 802.11ax has added a concept called BSS Color. BSS stands for Basic Service Set, which doesn’t matter: it’s the colour that’s important. This is a number between 0 and 7, and APs that are close together on the same channel should be configured to use different colours. When an AP or a client that wants to transmit picks up a signal on its channel, it can check the colour code and if it’s different and the signal strength is low enough to indicate a low chance of interference, go ahead with its transmission anyway. If the colour is the same, or if there’s no colour value because the conversation is taking place between pre-802.11ax radios, then the old rules apply.

MIMO

Multiple Input/Multiple Output (MIMO) technology has been around for a while, and refers to using multiple antennas to create simultaneous links on the same frequency but separated by a combination of the time each signal is transmitted and the space it occupies. Although this was part of the preceding 802.11ac standard, it hasn’t met with much success. The process of establishing MIMO links involves sending sounding frames to clients, which respond with the conditions they observe, and then building up a matrix of how to group and configure the clients to use MIMO.

In 802.11ac this was slow and the results tepid; 802.11ax incorporates a number of changes to address multiple clients simultaneously and to use other kinds of frames to help build MIMO groups. But other problems with MIMO — clients frequently don’t have multiple antennas, for example, and MIMO just doesn’t work well in dense situations — remain. Although 802.11ax’s MIMO will work better in some circumstances, don’t expect much of it. Some aspects, such as adding MIMO enhancements to the uplink from clients as opposed to just the link down from the AP, have been put off until the next version of the standard, 802.11ax Wave 2.

Minor arcana

A variety of smaller tweaks in 802.11ax address specific situations. One is 1024-QAM, for Quadrature Amplitude Modulation — the 1024 is the number of combinations of size and relative phase each individual chunk of radio energy can have. The previous highest number was 256-QAM; higher numbers mean higher data rates for a given radio bandwidth, but are more susceptible to interference and thus are only useful in high signal strength, low-noise situations. 1024-QAM will give a boost of around 20 percent over 256-QAM in ideal situations, thus giving its most significant benefit to marketing efforts.

Each dot represents a possible state of the radio signal. The more dots, the more information can be conveyed, but the more interference can mask the signal state. The receiver has to work out the probable message, and greater dot density needs more processing power to decode.

Image: Aerohive

TWT — Target Wake Time — is a negotiated agreement between an AP and a client for when the AP will next query the client for traffic. This allows clients to go into low-power modes between awakenings; it also lets the AP create efficient patterns of use to maximise the number of clients it can handle over time.

802.11ax: when and why

Some of 802.11ax’s new features have very specific use cases. TWT is a clear nod to IoT, where power management and reliability are more important than high bandwidth. IoT on previous generations of 802.11 is very inefficient, tying up lots of resources to deliver occasional small bursts of data. By contrast, 802.11ax will be able to devote a small slice of spectrum to multiple IoT devices, freeing up the rest of the channel for reuse.

You can buy an enterprise-grade 802.11ax access point such as Aerohive’s AP650X now, but no 802.11ax clients are available yet.

Image: Aerohive

But most of the benefits of 802.11ax won’t be realized for many years. Although you can buy ‘802.11ax-compliant’ access points from multiple vendors right now, there are no clients — and until something like 30 to 40 percent of clients are 802.11ax compliant, access points will have to fall back to older standards nearly all of the time, in order to service the older clients.

Naturally, 802.11ax access points will have the latest CPUs and highest RAM, so there’ll be a performance boost under some circumstances even with older clients. But the APs will also need more power — a problem if you’re using Power-over-Ethernet with its 15-watt limit — and faster wired backhaul via multiple 1Gbps or 5Gbps Ethernet connections.

There will also be stability issues with all the new code, and a lack of analytics, diagnostic and site-planning equipment, which will affect access points and, when they arrive, the clients. If you have to ask ‘should I buy 802.11ax now?’, you already know the answer. Unless your job or passion involves evaluating cutting-edge networking technologies, you should wait.

The first deployments will come in large stadiums, where the audiences can be expected to have the latest and greatest smartphones — Apple fans, in other words. They led the charge in 1999, with Apple’s adoption of wi-fi for its iBooks being the first mass-market consumer product to use the standard, and they’ll do it again.

RECENT AND RELATED CONTENT

D-Link, Asus tout 802.11ax Wi-Fi routers, but you’ll have to wait until later in 2018 At CES 2018, there’s acknowledgement that Wi-Fi networks need more speed and support for multiple devices. Get ready for the futuristic router with eight antennas.

Making mesh networks just got much easier with Wi-Fi Alliance’s EasyMesh Setting up a multi-vendor mesh network used to be impossible. It won’t be for much longer… we hope.

Why WPA3 matters, and how new Easy Connect feature will onboard IoT devices with a QR code (TechRepublic) Manufacturers can begin applying for WPA3 certification for Wi-Fi enabled devices, to safeguard against attacks.

4 ways to stop anyone from stealing your Wi-Fi (CNET) If your network is slow or acting weird, it’s possible someone is stealing your signal.

Source: https://bloghyped.com/next-generation-802-11ax-wi-fi-dense-fast-delayed/

[apparelourceinindochina]

Int’l textile-garment, footwear fairs slated for November VNA Wednesday, September 26, 2018 - 18:12:00 Print At an exhibition showcasing textile-garment materials and machines (Photo: VNA) HCM City (VNA) – A series of international trade fairs for the garments and textiles, as well as footwear sectors are scheduled to take place at the Saigon Exhibition and Convention Centre in Ho Chi Minh City on November 21-24. The events will be jointly held by the Vietnam National Trade Fair & Advertising Company (VINEXAD), the Yorkers Exhibition Service Vietnam, and the Guangdong Sewing Equipment Chamber of Commerce, among others, with the support of the Vietnam Cotton and Spinning Association (VCOSA), the HCM City Association of Garment and Textiles (AGTEK), and the China Sewing Machinery Association (CSMA). VINEXAD Director Pham Dang Khanh said the trade shows include the 18th edition of the Vietnam International Textile & Garment Industry Exhibition (VTG 2018) and the Vietnam International Textile and Apparel Accessories Exhibition (VitaTex). The Vietnam International Footwear Machinery & Material Industry Exhibition (VFM), and the eighth Asia International Dye, Pigments, and Textile Chemicals Exhibition (INTERDYE ASIA 2018) will also be held concurrently. The events are expected to feature over 600 booths of more than 400 businesses from 11 countries and territories, including China, Germany, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Malaysia. The trade shows offer a chance for Vietnamese firms to connect with international garment firms, which will in turn consolidate Vietnam’s increasing position and role in the global market.  Nguyen Van Khanh from the HCM City Leather and Footwear Association said that Vietnam’s garment-textile industry had one of the highest revenue and export value from around the world, ranking in the top five while raking in 16 billion USD in the first half of 2018, up 14 percent year-on-year. The free trade agreement between Vietnam and the European Union (EU) is hoped to create a positive influence for the country’s garment-textile. In addition, the country has signed a number of agreements, notably the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), which offer favourable conditions for the footwear sector. Vietnam is home to some 700 footwear makers with about 1.5 million labourers. The country’s footwear exports have enjoyed robust growth, reaching 13 billion USD in six years from 6.5 billion USD in 2011. The figure is projected to hit 20 billion USD this year. Vietnam’s garment-textile sector holds great potential thanks to positive signs in 2018 and benefits accessed through the recent trade agreements, said Nguyen Binh An, VCOSA Secretary General. The ASEAN Economic Community will also bring cooperation opportunities for Vietnam to seek suitable suppliers and establish a supply chain to raise the country’s competitiveness in major markets of the US, the EU, and Japan, he added.–VNA

Int’l textile-garment, footwear fairs slated for November | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)

[latestlead4pass-blog]

[High Quality] 100% Pass Cisco ICND1 100-105 Dumps Exam Training Resources Update Youtube Free Demo

Get the newest  Cisco ICND1 100-105 dumps pdf training resources and study guides from lead4pass download free try. "Cisco Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1 v3.0)" is the name of Cisco ICND1 https://www.lead4pass.com/100-105.html exam dumps which covers all the knowledge points of the real Cisco exam. High quality Cisco ICND1 100-105 dumps vce youtube demo update free shared. It is the best choice for you to pass Cisco 100-105 exam.

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100% Pass Cisco ICND1 100-105 Dumps Exam Questions And Answers (Q1-Q10)

QUESTION 1 Which feature allows a device to use a switch port that is configured for half-duplex to access the network? A. CSMA/CD B. IGMP C. port security D. split horizon Correct Answer: A

Explanation: Ethernet began as a local area network technology that provided a half-duplex shared channel for stations connected to coaxial cable segments linked with signal repeaters. In this appendix, we take a detailed look at the half-duplex sharedchannel mode of operation, and at the CSMA/CD mechanism that makes it work. In the original half-duplex mode, the CSMA/CD protocol allows a set of stations to compete for access to a shared Ethernet channel in a fair and equitable manner. The protocol's rules determine the behavior of Ethernet stations, including when they are allowed to transmit a frame onto a shared Ethernet channel, and what to do when a collision occurs. Today, virtually all devices are connected to Ethernet switch ports over full-duplex media, such as twisted-pair cables. On this type of connection, assuming that both devices can support the full-duplex mode of operation and that Auto-Negotiation (AN) is enabled, the AN protocol will automatically select the highest-performance mode of operation supported by the devices at each end of the link. That will result in full-duplex mode for the vast majority of Ethernet connections with modern interfaces that support full duplex and AN.

QUESTION 2 Which statement about the inside interface configuration in a NAT deployment is true? A. It is defined globally B. It identifies the location of source addresses for outgoing packets to be translated using access or route maps. C. It must be configured if static NAT is used D. It identifies the public IP address that traffic will use to reach the internet. Correct Answer: B

Explanation: This module describes how to configure Network Address Translation (NAT) for IP address conservation and how to configure inside and outside source addresses. This module also provides information about the benefits of configuring NAT for IP address conservation. NAT enables private IP internetworks that use nonregistered IP addresses to connect to the Internet. NAT operates on a device, usually connecting two networks, and translates the private (not globally unique) addresses in the internal network into legal addresses before packets are forwarded onto another network. NAT can be configured to advertise to the outside world only one address for the entire network. This ability provides additional security by effectively hiding the entire internal network behind that one address. NAT is also used at the enterprise edge to allow internal users access to the Internet and to allow Internet access to internal devices such as mail servers.

QUESTION 3 Which value is indicated by the next hop in a routing table? A. preference of the route source B. IP address of the remote router for forwarding the packets C. how the route was learned D. exit interface IP address for forwarding the packets Correct Answer: D

Explanation: The routing table contains network/next hop associations. These associations tell a router that a particular destination can be optimally reached by sending the packet to a specific router that represents the "next hop" on the way to the final destination. The next hop association can also be the outgoing or exit interface to the final destination.

QUESTION 4 Which route source code represents the routing protocol with a default administrative distance of 90 in the routing table? A. S B. E C. D D. R E. O Correct Answer: C

Explanation: SStatic EEGP DEIGRP RRIP OOSPF Default Administrative distance of EIGRP protocol is 90 then answer is C

Default Distance Value TableThis table lists the administrative distance default values of the protocols that Cisco supports: Route Source Default Distance Values Connected interface Static route Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) summary route External Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Internal EIGRP IGRP OSPF Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) On Demand Routing (ODR) External EIGRP Internal BGP Unknown*

QUESTION 5

Refer to the exhibit. Which feature is enabled by this configuration? A. static NAT translation B. a DHCP pool C. a dynamic NAT address pool D. PAT Correct Answer: C

QUESTION 6 Which statement about a router on a stick is true? A. Its date plane router traffic for a single VI AN over two or more switches. B. It uses multiple subinterfaces of a single interface to encapsulate traffic for different VLANs on the same subnet. C. It requires the native VLAN to be disabled. D. It uses multiple subinterfaces of a single interface to encapsulate traffic for different VLANs. Correct Answer: D

QUESTION 7 Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator must complete the connection between the RTA of the XYZ Company and the service provider. To accomplish this task, which two devices could be installed at the customer site to provide a connection through the local loop to the central office of the provider? (Choose two.)

A. WAN switch B. PVC C. ATM switch D. multiplexer E. CSU/DSU F. modem Correct Answer: EF

QUESTION 8 100-105 dumps Which adverse situation can occur if an Ethernet cable is too long? A. late collisions B. giants C. interface resets D. runts Correct Answer: A

QUESTION 9 Refer to the exhibit.

Which two of the output fields could help you determine if a broadcast storm has occurred? (Choose two.) A. giants B. no buffer C. collisions D. ignored E. dribble condition Correct Answer: BD

QUESTION 10 Configuration of which option is required on a Cisco switch for the Cisco IP phone to work? A. PortFast on the interface B. the interface as an access port to allow the voice VLAN ID C. a voice VLAN ID in interface and global configuration mode D. Cisco Discovery Protocol in global configuration mode Correct Answer: B

Explanation: When you connect an IP phone to a switch using a trunk link, it can cause high CPU utilization in the switches. As all the VLANs for a particular interface are trunked to the phone, it increases the number of STP instances the switch has to manage. This increases the CPU utilization. Trunking also causes unnecessary broadcast / multicast / unknown unicast traffic to hit the phone link. In order to avoid this, remove the trunk configuration and keep the voice and access VLAN configured along with Quality of Service (QoS). Technically, it is still a trunk, but it is called a Multi-VLAN Access Port (MVAP). Because voice and data traffic can travel through the same port, you should specify a different VLAN for each type of traffic. You can configure a switch port to forward voice and data traffic on different VLANs. Configure IP phone ports with a voice VLAN configuration. This configuration creates a pseudo trunk, but does not require you to manually prune the unnecessary VLANs. The voice VLAN feature enables access ports to carry IP voice traffic from an IP phone. You can configure a voice VLAN with the "switchport voice vlan ..." command under interface mode. The full configuration is shown below: Switch(config)#interface fastethernet0/1 Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10 Switch(config-if)#switchport voice vlan 20 Configure the Switch Port to Carry Both Voice and Data TrafficWhen you connect an IP phone to a switch using a trunk link, it can cause high CPU utilization in the switches. As all the VLANs for a particular interface are trunked to the phone, it increases the number of STP instances the switch has to manage. This increases the CPU utilization. Trunking also causes unnecessary broadcast / multicast / unknown unicast traffic to hit the phone link. In order to avoid this, remove the trunk configuration and keep the voice and access VLAN configured along with Quality of Service (QoS). Technically, it is still a trunk, but it is called a Multi-VLAN Access Port (MVAP). Because voice and data traffic can travel through the same port, you should specify a different VLAN for each type of traffic. You can configure a switch port to forward voice and data traffic on different VLANs. Configure IP phone ports with a voice VLAN configuration. This configuration creates a pseudo trunk, but does not require you to manually prune the unnecessary VLANs. The voice VLAN feature enables access ports to carry IP voice traffic from an IP phone. The voice VLAN feature is disabled by default. The Port Fast feature is automatically enabled when voice VLAN is configured. When you disable voice VLAN, the Port Fast feature is not automatically disabled.

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[davidddiep]

CBD Regulations for Six Top Sports Organizations

At the start of 2018, the removal of cannabidiol (CBD) from the World Anti-Doping Agency’s (WADA) banned substances list went into effect. This change prompted an inquiry about the rules regarding CBD in other sports organizations. While many cover the topic of marijuana in sports, we were curious as to how sports organizations handle CBD, if at all.

CBD, or cannabidiol, is a chemical compound found naturally in the cannabis plant. When sourced from hemp, CBD oil contains less than 0.3% THC, which is the compound that causes a euphoric high that cannabis is infamous for. CBD does not get you high; instead, it provides a myriad of possible health benefits such as anti-inflammation, anti-anxiety, and pain management. When sourced properly, hemp-derived CBD oil is legal in the United States.

The WADA is the first major sports organization to acknowledge CBD as a compound separate from marijuana. Some leagues look as if cannabis reform is in the future, while others cannot be budged. Here’s a look at six top sports organizations and their views on CBD.

WADA

In August 2016, UFC fighter Nate Diaz spoke candidly about vaping CBD at a UFC 202 post-fight press conference. In response, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) issued Diaz a public warning the use of a prohibited substance. Since January 1, 2018, however, athletes like Diaz can be as outspoken about CBD as they’d like.

WADA Removes CBD as a Prohibited Substance

“Cannabidiol is no longer prohibited.” This statement, released by WADA in September 2017, is the first of its kind in the history of competitive sports. With this decision, WADA has given thousands of athletes the opportunity to use CBD as a natural alternative without the fear of consequence.

Created by the International Olympic Committee, WADA unifies global anti-doping policies. Organizations that use the WADA policy include the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, all International Federations, and over 200 National Anti-Doping Organizations, including USADA. USADA has advocated for the adoption of WADA policy by collegiate and professional sports leagues, although this change has yet to be embraced.

The modified WADA document does caution athletes to be aware of the THC levels in the CBD products they are using. The document states, “Synthetic cannabidiol is not a cannabimimetic; however, cannabidiol extracted from cannabis plants may also contain varying concentrations of THC, which remains a prohibited substance” (source).

WADA’s threshold for THC is 150 nanograms (ng) per milliliter (ml), which was raised from 15ng/ml in 2013. This is the highest THC threshold compared to the collegiate and professional sports leagues discussed here. In terms of recreational substances, WADA has been progressive. Dr. Alan Vernec, the agency’s medical director, told the LA Times, “It’s a very active process that … is always open to debate and is discussed regularly.”

With its significant impact on the global sports community, it is our hope that WADA’s decision will prompt other sports organizations to follow its lead on CBD regulations.

NCAA

SOURCE: SPORTINGNEWS.COM.

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) regulates athletes across over 1,200 institutions, conferences, and organizations. This sports organization is known for having the strictest marijuana testing threshold in comparison not only to other sports organizations but to employers such as the Federal Aviation Administration and the U.S. military. The NCAA testing threshold for marijuana is 5 ng/ml and took effect on Aug. 1, 2013.

Cannabidiol is not listed on the NCAA 2017-18 Banned Drugs List. However, the list states, “Any substance that is chemically related to one of the above classes, even if it is not listed as an example, is also banned!” (The exclamation point is included.) It is under our assumption that CBD is considered “chemically related” to tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, and is, therefore, a banned substance.

NCAA’s Changing Approach

In 2014, the NCAA passed legislation that reduced the penalty for a positive marijuana test from a full season to half a season. This is less of a penalty than a positive test for performance-enhancing drugs such as steroids or human growth hormone (HGH).

Regarding this change in legislation, a representative for the NCAA stated, “Street drugs are not performance-enhancing in nature, and this change will encourage schools to provide student-athletes the necessary rehabilitation” (Source). This reflects the NCAA’s changing approach to recreational drugs such as marijuana and the shift in focus from punishment to drug education and rehabilitation.

NCAA and WADA Policy

During a meeting in December of 2017, the NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (CSMAS) voted on a recommendation that would modify the NCAA’s banned drug classes to reflect the prohibited list established by the WADA. Under this change, the cannabinoids class would only include marijuana; CBD would not be prohibited. This recommendation will need to see support from the NCAA governing members if it is to move forward.

Without the information to determine the permissibility of CBD, we are left to conclude that the use of CBD is banned in the NCAA. It appears, at this time, that the NCAA does not feel the pressure to acknowledge CBD as either a potential health supplement or a banned substance.

For students seeking more information regarding the use of CBD, the NCAA states, “Before consuming any nutritional/dietary supplement product, review the product with the appropriate or designated athletics department staff!”

NFL

JAKE PLUMMER. SOURCE: ROBERT BECK/SI.

National Football League (NFL) players experience an array of painful, oftentimes debilitating, injuries. For players both active and retired, opiates and anti-inflammatories are commonplace. In March 2017, 1,800 former NFL players sued the NFL for breaking federal drug laws in order to keep players on the field (source). The abuse of painkillers and other drugs by NFL teams is drawing public attention as an increasing number of athletes are stepping forward.

To avoid the nationwide epidemic of opioid addiction and seek a more natural solution, cannabis is becoming a more widely accepted alternative for the treatment of pain. There are many current and former NFL players who are not only proponents of marijuana but are pushing for the research of medicinal cannabis and, in particular, CBD.

In recent years, the prevalence of head injuries in football has been a major area of concern. The link between football and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative disease of the brain caused by repetitive trauma, was discovered by Dr. Bennet Omalu in 2002. The therapeutic properties of CBD suggest that this cannabinoid could potentially treat the retired professional football players that are suffering from CTE. The possibility of CBD as a treatment for a variety of ailments, including CTE, has heightened many player’s insistence that cannabis is removed as a banned substance.

Under the NFL Players Association’s (NFLPA) Policy and Program on Substances of Abuse, delta 9-THC-carboxylic acid, or marijuana, is banned at a threshold of 35 ng/ml, which was raised from 15 ng/ml in 2014. While not specifically listed under this policy, CBD is considered a product of cannabis and is also banned.

NFL’s Response to the Push for Cannabis

NFL commissioner Rodger Goodell opposes the use of recreational marijuana but says he is willing to listen to the league’s medical advisors on the potential benefit of medicinal cannabis.

The current NFL collective bargaining agreement, which is the agreement between the players’ union and management council, expires in 2020. Health and safety are key issues that are discussed during this negotiation and it is predicted that the issue of medicinal cannabis will be presented. This agreement presents the opportunity for both sides to either acknowledge CBD as a separate compound from THC or address the legality issue of cannabis as a whole.

Until then, we expect more players to speak out about the issue. Here’s what former players have to say:

“It’s time for the NFL to change its archaic standards to better protect its players. For too long, I’ve watched my teammates and good friends battle with opioid addiction and leave the game with a long road still ahead; it’s time to make a change.” – Eugene Monroe, former offensive tackle (source)

“I want to provide my old teammates and opponents with a possible remedy to their pain and struggles while helping current players possibly avoid what may lay ahead in their post-football careers.” – Jake Plummer, former quarterback (source)

“I think in due time, the NFL is going to realize that CBD is not a performance-enhancing drug. If anything, it helps with anxiety, helps with concentration, it helps with pain.” – Ebenezer Ekuban, former defensive end (source)

NBA

SOURCE: NEONBRAND ON UNSPLASH.

In an UNINTERRUPTED documentary, former National Basketball Association (NBA) commissioner David Stern, who tightened the league’s stance on marijuana during his time as commissioner from 1984-2014, made headlines when he stated that medical marijuana “probably should be removed from the banned substance list.”

In response to Stern’s statement, NBA executive vice president of communications Mike Bass stated, “While (current NBA) commissioner (Adam) Silver has said that we are interested in better understanding the safety and efficacy of medical marijuana, our position remains unchanged regarding the use by current NBA players of marijuana for recreational purposes” (source).

Bass was referring to comments made by Silver in August 2017, in which he stated that the league is “open” to the legalization of medical marijuana as long as the science supports its benefit.

Cannabis has been a banned substance in the NBA since 1999. Players are randomly tested four times throughout the year and must not exceed the THC threshold of 15ng/ml. If a player tests positive for marijuana, he must comply with treatment and subsequent testing. A second offense results in a $25,000 fine. Any following violations result in a five-game suspension (five games for a third offense, ten games for a fourth, etc.).

Influence of the NBA Players Association

The most recent NBA collective bargaining agreement, which is determined by the NBA and National Basketball Players Association (NBPA), was agreed upon in December 2016 and runs through the 2023-24 season. According to sources involved in the negotiation, marijuana was not a topic of discussion and remains a banned substance (source).

“I think we’ve got to change the collection bargaining agreement,” Stern said in the documentary, “and let you [the player] do what’s legal in your state.”

Al Harrington (former power forward) has been a strong proponent of the use of medical marijuana. Harrington has developed marijuana businesses in three states and hopes to show the NBA the medical benefits of marijuana. He has spoken to NBPA President Chris Paul about the possibility of the union making a push toward removing medical marijuana as a banned substance (source).

  AL HARRINGTON. SOURCE: ESPN.COM.

  It appears the NBA is open to the idea of removing medical marijuana from the banned substances list; however, the league needs more scientific documentation before making any changes. It is also likely the NBPA will need to initiate this change as the league will not likely make it on their own.

MLB

SOURCE: ROB BYE ON UNSPLASH.

Since the Major League Baseball (MLB) and the MLB Players Association (MLBPA) came to their first Joint Drug Agreement in 2002, the MLB has been lenient towards the use of marijuana. The focus of the MLB’s drug policy remains on performance-enhancing drugs, not cannabis.

Under the current Drug Prevention and Treatment Program, major league players do not participate in random drug tests for drugs of abuse, such as cannabis. Instead, players are tested upon a reasonable cause of use. Additionally, if a player exceeds the THC threshold of 50ng/ml, they are not likely subject to suspension. The player will most likely be subject treatment and/or fines, which cannot exceed $35,000 per violation.

With the tolerance of cannabis use in the major league, one would expect to see more proponents of CBD in the organization. David Wells (former pitcher) is one of the only MLB athletes, both former and current, that is an advocate of CBD oil.

In an interview with ThePostGame’s David Katz, Wells said, “I wish I knew about it back when I played because I would’ve been all over it. I would’ve took those risks.”

Discrepancy in Punishment

In the MLB, there is a strong discrepancy between the punishment imposed on major league players and minor league players for the use of cannabis. The MLBPA has opposed harsh punishment for marijuana use, but minor league players are not protected by the union. Because of this, the MLB sets the drug policies for minor league players.

The Minor League Baseball testing program suspends for marijuana use: one positive test results in admittance into a Drug Rehabilitation Program, a second positive test results in a 50-game suspension, a third positive test results in a 100-game suspension, and a fourth positive test results in a permanent ban from organized baseball. The MLB is the only major league sports organization to implement a ban for the use of marijuana.

The MLBPA appears to be the driving factor in the MLB’s lenient approach to marijuana use. The association’s willingness to remove CBD from the list of drugs of abuse has not been discussed. As of now, both the MLB and the MLBPA seem to be content with the current Joint Drug Agreement and there does not seem to be enough push from the players to consider a change in regards to CBD.

NHL

In terms of physical demand, hockey is high on the list. In addition to being a full-contact sport, brawls on the ice are a major draw for spectators. Similar to the NFL, the NHL team doctors answer to the taxing game of hockey by prescribing painkillers and other pain-masking medications.

Unlike the NFL, however, cannabis is not on the National Hockey League’s (NHL) list of banned substances as it is not considered performance enhancing. Howev

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  ITEC851 Mobile Data Networks Assignment 1 Due: Friday (Week 8) – 6th of October, 2017, 6 pm (Via Turnitin). Total Marks: 60 Weighting (Value): 20% Submission The assignment needs to be submitted online using Turnitin. Objectives This assignment has been designed to test the following areas: • Medium Access Control • Wireless LAN • Mobile IP Note • Answers must be within the specified word limit. This is an absolute word limit and no excess will be allowed. • Assumptions (if any) must be stated clearly in your answers. Remember, there may not be one right answer for some of the questions. Rather, your explanations do need to present your case clearly. The explanations you provide do not have to be long, conciseness is preferred to meandering. Assessment For all questions in this assignment not only content but also presentation will affect your mark. You will lose marks (and not necessarily only a small portion) if there are problems with the presentation, particularly with clarity. This means that your answers to each question should be a coherent statement and that the spelling and grammar of your submission will be taken into account in assessing its presentation. For full marks, your answers should all be clear, coherent and correct. The standards of marking described in the unit outline L.O. 1-6 will be applied to this assignment as relevant to the assignment topics. In addition, the following particular standards will be applied in marking this assignment: • Spelling and grammar: o Assignment submissions with more than 4 spelling or grammatical errors will not achieve a grade higher than distinction; submissions with more than 8 such errors will not achieve a grade higher than credit. • Clarity: o Ambiguous or poorly worded answers will receive a grade no more than a pass for the individual question. o Minor issues of clarity will receive a grade no more than credit for the individual question. • Correctness of approach taken and answer obtained: o Incorrect answers with the correct logic or approach will receive no more than a pass for the individual question. o Correct answers with incorrect logic or approach will receive no more than pass for the individual question. o Incorrect answers with no explanation of the approach taken or with the incorrect approach will receive a fail grade for the individual question. The questions will be marked individually, the marks totalled, and a final grade assigned that is no more than indicated by the total marks, and no more than allowed by the standards specified above and in the unit outline. 1. A CDMA system includes two stations X and Y. The Walsh codes for stations X and Y (-1 1 -11 -1 1 -11) and (-1 -111 -1 -111), respectively. (18 marks) a. Show the output at the receiver if X transmits a data bit 1 and Y does not transmit. (2 marks) b. Show the output at the receiver if X transmits a data bit 0 and Y does not transmit. (2 marks) c. Show the output at the receiver if X transmits a data bit 1 and Y transmits a data bit 1. Assume the received power from both X and Y is the same.(2 marks) d. Show the output at the receiver if X transmits a data bit 0 and Y transmits a data bit 1. Assume the received power from both X and Y is the same. (2 marks) e. Show the output at the receiver if X transmits a data bit 1 and Y transmits a data bit O. 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In the CSMA protocol, if a station successfully receives an acknowledgement, it knows that its frame has been correctly received at the destination station. Now, if the station has another frame to send, the protocol forces the station to re-enter the back-off phase in which the station chooses a random back-off value and counts down this value when the channel is sensed idle. What rationale might the designers of CSMA/CA have had in mind by having such a station not transmit the second frame immediately –after the DIFS period (if the channel is sensed idle)? (4 marks) (200 Words) 4. In MACAW, the scheme of having the congestion information disseminated explicitly by media access protocol produced a fairer allocation of resources. What problems can surface when using such a scheme? (3 marks) (200 Words) 5. Consider a novel Mobile IP scheme in which a mobile station announces its permanent (home) IP address to agents in foreign networks. These agents, in turn, announce this information to other routers using their regular routing protocol update messages. What are some benefits and drawbacks of this scheme when compared to the IETF Mobile IP scheme? (8 marks) (300 Words) 6. An organization has deployed a campus network using cellular IP. The cellular IP network extends the wired infrastructure of the campus as shown in the figure below. The gateways in cellular IP connect their respective wireless segments to the wired segment. Each Base station in the wireless segment provides layer 3 functionality (in other words, they act as IP forwarding engines). The campus network supports multicast routing. All the components in the wireless part strictly adhere to cellular IP standard. Assume that this campus network deploys DVMRP multicast routing scheme – a protocol that builds source based multicast distribution trees (Refer to Appendix for a brief explanation on DVMRP). A visiting mobile node MN enters the wireless network and initially gets registered to its home network via BS1-G1 and acquires a Care of Address (CoA – an address from the campus network address space). The CoA assigned to the MN remains unchanged irrespective of MN’s movements within the campus network. In other words, MN does not need to acquire a new CoA upon moving to a wireless segment under the same or under a different gateway. While initially at BS1, the MN joins a multicast group G whose scope is local to this campus network (all sources, and members reside in the campus network). Assume that hosts H1, H3, H5, and H7 are members of this group with H1 and H7 also acting as Multicast sources. Furthermore, assume that MN itself is a source for multicast traffic. In this scenario, explain what problems can arise in multicast communication due to MN’s mobility. (10 marks) (300 Words) 7. Briefly explain the architectural difference between IETF Mobile-IP and Columbia Mobile-IP. Highlight the architectural difference along the following dimensions: a. HA b. FA c. Location Directory d. Location Update (12 marks) (500 Words) Appendix Source Based Multicast Routing Consider a single sender. In source based multicast Routing, the routing process builds shortest path trees rooted at the sender. The router delivers packets to each receiver along the shortest path. In a nutshell, it builds a shortest path spanning tree routed at source to all intended destinations. Source Based Multicast Routing (SBMR) The SBMR techniques implement the Reverse Path Multicast (RPM) algorithm. The RPM constructs an implicit spanning tree for each source. ? It accepts a packet from a source S, on link L, if L is the shortest path toward S. (Reverse Path Check) ? Uses unicast routing table which contains shortest paths to each node in the network. In this technique, the first packet flooded across the internetwork. The packet scope is restricted by a TTL value. Due to flooding, all routers in the network get a copy of the packet. Routers not having any downstream router in multicast tree are called leaf routers. If a leaf router has no group members on its sub-networks, a Prune message to parent router (one hop up). The prune state is maintained in every router. This process is repeated every hop upwards. These cascaded prune messages create/truncate the original RPM tree. Prune information only held for a certain lifetime (soft state). A Graft message is sent to quickly recover back a previous pruned branch. It cancels out previously received prune message. Graft cascades reliably hop by hop toward the source. Due to this graft and prune feature, messages are forwarded on only those links leading to a group member.

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