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#cyrus cylinder
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Above is the clay Cyrus Cylinder, an Ancient Iranian document, written in clay, dating from the 6th century BC. Written in Akkadian cuneiform, it documents some of the ideas of Persia's king, Cyrus the Great, including some astoundingly far-sighted ideas on human rights.
For instance, Cyrus guaranteed freedom of religion, nearly twenty three centuries before John Locke had similar notions, and abolished slavery, some twenty four centuries prior to William Wilberforce.
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Isaiah 21: Oracles Against Babylon, Edom, and Arabia
What God revealed to Isaiah was so horrifying it caused the prophet intense physical pain. #Isaiah21 #Belshazzar #CyrustheGreat #DariustheMede
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cosmalumi · 4 months
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Magetober 2023
Week 6: Abjuration - Magic Circle
For week 6, I drew my OC, Cyrus!
This is probably the most complicated piece I've done for this challenge (both in terms of character design and the number of pieces for the effects), but I love how it came out! The barrier was the toughest part and I probably redrew it a dozen times because I couldn't decide how I wanted it to look. Here I was trying to capture the wall being formed; I like to think the circle rotates and grows bigger as the cylinder reaches its full height. Sometimes it feels like abjuration gets overlooked because it's not the damage-dealing school, but I think its got some pretty awesome spells!
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achillesreborn · 1 year
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me finding the dark academia tag on tumblr a few years back is the modern day equivalent of archeologists unearthing the cyrus cylinder
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paganimagevault · 1 year
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Cyrus the Great with a Hemhem crown from Pasagardae 559-530 BCE.
"The four-winged guardian figure representing Cyrus the Great or a four-winged Cherub tutelary deity. Bas-relief found on a doorway pillar at Pasargadae on top of which was once inscribed in three languages the sentence "I am Cyrus the king, an Achaemenian." Scholars who doubt that the relief depicts Cyrus note that the same inscription is written on other palaces in the complex."
"Cyrus II of Persia (c. 600–530 BC; Old Persian: 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš), commonly known as Cyrus the Great and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian empire. Under his rule, the empire embraced all of the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East, expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Western Asia and much of Central Asia. Spanning from the Mediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, the empire created by Cyrus was the largest the world had yet seen. At its maximum extent under his successors, the Achaemenid Empire stretched from parts of the Balkans (Eastern Bulgaria–Paeonia and Thrace–Macedonia) and Southeast Europe proper in the west to the Indus Valley in the east.
The reign of Cyrus lasted about thirty years; his empire took root with his conquest of the Median Empire followed by the Lydian Empire and eventually the Neo-Babylonian Empire. He also led an expedition into Central Asia, which resulted in major campaigns that were described as having brought "into subjection every nation without exception". Cyrus did not venture into Egypt, and was alleged to have died in battle while fighting the Massagetae, an ancient Eastern Iranian nomadic tribal confederation, along the Syr Darya in December 530 BC. However, Xenophon claimed that Cyrus did not die in battle and returned to the Achaemenid ceremonial capital of Persepolis again. He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II, who managed to conquer Egypt, Nubia and Cyrenaica during his short rule.
Cyrus is well-known for having respected the customs and religions of the lands he conquered. He was important in developing the system of a central administration at Pasargadae governing satraps in the empire's border regions, which worked very effectively and profitably for both rulers and subjects. The Edict of Restoration, a proclamation attested by a cylinder seal in which Cyrus authorized and encouraged the return of the Israelites to the Land of Israel following his conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, is described in the Bible and likewise left a lasting legacy on the Jewish religion due to his role in ending the Babylonian captivity and facilitating the Jewish return to Zion. According to Isaiah 45:1 of the Hebrew Bible, God anointed Cyrus for this task, even referring to him as a Messiah (lit. 'anointed one'); Cyrus is the only non-Jewish figure in the Bible to be revered in this capacity."
-taken from wikipedia
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aboutanancientenquiry · 8 months
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Writing in the Achaemenid Empire
“Writing in the Achaemenid Empire
    Elspeth Dusinberre
Writing in the Achaemenid Empire was not necessarily used for the same purposes as in contemporary Greece. Herodotus famously mentions “the learned men of the Persians” and implies a rich tradition and practice of oral history, and the similarities in the stories of Cyrus preserved in Herodotus and Xenophon suggest such histories might be widely known even if not written down. Instead, writing in the Empire filled a wide range of particular functions that were at least sometimes distinct from the literatures of contemporary Greece.
Some of the oldest writing of the Achaemenid Empire is found on the Cyrus Cylinder, a fired clay cylinder about the size of a rugby football that was buried at the foundation of a building in Babylon shortly after 539 BCE. This artifact was inscribed in cuneiform and describes Cyrus' actions after conquering the city. The Cylinder conforms to earlier Babylonian chronicles in its shape and presentation, and it describes practices that link the new Achaemenid king Cyrus to time-honored traditions of good kingship.
The public royal inscriptions of the Achaemenid Empire begin with Darius I and fall into two major categories. The first is represented only by the inscription of Darius at Behistun, a trilingual narrative dating ca. 513 that describes Darius' rise to power. It draws on Assyrian historical annals in many ways but departs from those narratives in its presentation of Darius as a king of harmony and balance. It is perhaps the closest representative in the Achaemenid Empire to a Greek notion of “literature.” By far the majority of the royal inscriptions proclaim the kings' connection to the gods, the broad reach of their righteous rule, and the splendor of their reigns' effects. These public proclamations are often multilingual and not infrequently supported by visual representation of the sentiments they express verbally.
Another major extant category of writing in the empire is found in the form of archives. Of these, one of the earliest and largest yet excavated is the Persepolis Fortification Archive, dating to the years around 500, that documents disbursements made in food and beverages to those engaged in imperial business at and around Persepolis. It is but one of the imperial archives found so far, and the presence of family record-keeping in addition to imperial is documented in the Murashu Archive, the records of a fifth-century family agricultural business situated in Nippur. The Elephantine Archive, written on papyrus, documents the life of a Jewish military colony in upper Egypt in the fifth century. These various archives provide extraordinary records of actions, transactions, people, economic and legal systems, religion, language, gender, and much more. The seal impressions found on the clay documents provide opportunity to trace individual users and their actions even beyond what the texts alone can show.
Beyond the royal inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings, other public writings provide insight into additional aspects of life. Within Achaemenid Anatolia alone, inscriptions are used to mark graves, dedicate statues, document religious behaviors and ideas, record financial transactions, and report punishment of transgressors. From these sources we gain rich understanding of the concerns and public identities of the Empire's inhabitants.
This brings us full-circle to Herodotus and the “learned men” — although there was a formal educational context in the Achaemenid Empire, it served practical ends rather than “literary”. The written sources provide us with a notion of “arta,” or “straightness,” that pervaded elite male education even as we can follow evidence for education in accounting, religion, history, and much more. Although “literature” as we think of it may not have been expressed in writing in the Achaemenid Empire, written documents provide fertile sources for understanding human practices and thought across the vast tracts of land bound together under the imperial umbrella.”
Source: https://classicalstudies.org/writing-achaemenid-empire
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Elspeth Dusinberre (Ph.D. Michigan 1997) is interested in cultural interactions in Anatolia, particularly in the ways in which the Achaemenid Persian Empire (ca. 550-330 BCE) affected local social structures and in the give-and-take between Achaemenid and other cultures. Her first book, Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis (Cambridge 2003), examines such issues from the vantage of the Lydian capital. Her second book is a diachronic excavation monograph, Gordion Seals and Sealings: Individuals and Society (Philadelphia 2005). Dusinberre's third book, Empire, Authority, and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia (Cambridge 2013), considers all of Anatolia under Persian rule and proposes a new model for understanding imperialism; it was recognized by the James R. Wiseman Award from the Archaeological Institute of America in 2015. Her numerous articles have appeared in various venues, including the American Journal of Archaeology, Ars Orientalis, the Annals of the American Schools of Oriental Research, and Anatolian Studies. She is currently studying the seal impressions on the Aramaic tablets of the Persepolis Fortification Archive (dating ca. 500 BCE), and the cremation burials from Gordion, in addition to other projects at Gordion and Sardis. She has worked at Sardis, Gordion, and Kerkenes Dağ in Turkey, as well as at sites elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean.
Prof. Dusinberre teaches primarily Greek and Near Eastern archaeology at CU-Boulder. She is a President's Teaching Scholar and has been awarded twelve University of Colorado teaching awards.
Source: https://www.colorado.edu/classics/elspeth-dusinberre
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pxeachfuzz · 6 months
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is mrs. madeline a doll? tell me about mrs madeline..
yes and no! mrs. madeleine herself is technically the ghost of a supposedly very sophisticated opera singer. her ghost haunted a centuries old opera house that circuses operate out of now, but she used the doll as a host and that’s how she got her name! the doll also used to be a marionette puppet, but its strings were cut and it was sold under the guise of it being a “boudoir doll” since it’s about that style and size.
vasilis actually found the ghost when her “soul” was in a phonograph however! she bought it at some little shop somewhere for an astonishingly low price, and when she took it home it started to play music when there was no wax cylinder or carve cylinders by itself. at first she thought it was an issue with her using the wrong stylus, so this went on for several months LOL
eventually after vasilis moved to the city to start her circus career, she found the doll with the name mrs. madeleine at a local shop as well. she wanted to start her boudoir doll collection but she got her ghost friend’s body back instead :o) one thing she won’t find out for a while though is that the original puppet itself was by a local puppetmaker named “cyrus” and it was pawned off by an anonymous person after he passed away suddenly of unknown circumstances
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for now though, vasilis just promises to make her life after death as comfortable as it can be (even if her demands are more than she can handle at times) :o)
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princetorn · 26 days
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VERSES .
⋆ verse — to be a boy among the boys ( 1939 – 1954 )
canon . A childhood spent in the shadow of the Appalachian mountains – long summers, Little League, sweet tea, Sunday sermons – and a briefly awkward adolescence of braces and coltish limbs.  A child prodigy, they say.  He is a scab-kneed boy marked for sporting greatness.
⋆ verse — six cylinders underneath the hood ( 1955 – 1957 )
canon . Baseball was once his greatest love, but now he fixates on hot-rodding and his ‘Little Sweetheart’ – a Chevrolet Corvette that he spends his weekends diligently working on and his nights racing.  Royce has grown into himself.  He has motor oil under his nails, Brylcreem in his hair, and butane in his blood.
⋆ verse — all a ghost can do is haunt ( 1958 – )
canon .The end came sharp and sour, in a twist of shrieking metal and the lick of flames.  Murder, though he does not know it. Royce Clayton is dead, buried in a small plot overlooking the baseball field.  He has become a cautionary tale to the people in the town of Marshall, and his ghost is doomed to walk the earth.
⋆ verse — caged within jars like fireflies ( 1997 – 2001 )
Captured by wealthy explorer, collector and ghost hunter Cyrus Kriticos – with the aid of his psychic assistant Dennis Rafkin – Royce is transported to Pennsylvania and kept contained by Latin barrier spells.  He and eleven other spirits form the Black Zodiac, with Royce representing the Torn Prince.  Cyrus intends for the enslaved spirits to power the Basileus Machine, a contraption designed by a fifteenth century Italian astrologer while under demonic possession.  If successful, the device will open the Ocularis Infernum ( ‘The Eye of Hell’ ) allowing him to see all things, past and future, divine and damned.
⋆ verse — college is fun as long as you don’t die ( 1958 – 1962 )
Royce doesn’t die that fateful October night.  He lives to see prom, to graduate, to take up a baseball scholarship and move on with his life.  He still harbours a great love of hot-rodding, but baseball is his ticket out of small-town misery and he grabs the opportunity with both hands.
⋆ verse — it ain’t over ‘til it’s over ( 1963 – 1968 )
He did it, he made it, he’s finally famous.  Royce is a Major League Baseball player, his face is printed on posters and in the newspapers.
⋆ verse — when you’re over the hill you begin to pick up speed ( 1969 – )
By 30 years of age, Royce is past his peak and his time in the spotlight comes to a close. Retiring from baseball, he starts coaching the up-and-comers – but it isn’t the same as standing in the home plate with a crowded stadium screaming your name.
⋆ verse — professional crash test dummy ( 1958 – )
Royce doesn’t die that fateful October night, nor does he seize the chances baseball presents. Instead, he follows his hot-rodding dreams, and goes on to become a sports car racer.  James Dean would be proud.
⋆ verse — crazy fun park
A teenager from a quiet corner of North Carolina is offered a baseball scholarship in Melbourne.  Generously bankrolled by Henry Clayton, Royce and Johnny jet off to Australia to tour the university.  Following an argument, Royce is involved in a fatal car accident.  Many years later, a theme park is built on the crash site.  It thrives, it dies, and it collects spirits along the way.  Alternative premise:  Royce is attached to a vintage baseball glove or card which Violetta gifts Nimrod, unwittingly bringing Royce’s ghost to Crazy Fun Park.
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whencyclopedia · 2 years
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Cyrus the Great's Conquests
The estimated expanse of the Achaemenid Empire at its height c. 500 BCE was two million square miles. Most of this territory was conquered by Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Empire, who reigned from 559 to 530 BCE, the fourth king in his dynastic line as relayed in the opening quote from the Cyrus Cylinder, a foundational text for the study of Cyrus.
Continue reading...
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bellamonde · 1 year
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Source: @respina.glry
Cyrus the Great was the founder of the Persian Empire, the first king of the Achaemenid dynasty. After the conquest of Babylon, Cyrus the Great proclaimed a general amnesty. He declared the indigenous religions free. He recognized Marduk, the ancient God of Babylon. He did so to encourage people to live together even with different beliefs. He did not enslave any human beings. He prevented his men from the invasion of the property and life of people. He brought together all the former inhabitants of the lands and returned them to their homes.
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The First Universal charter of Human Rights
Cyrus the Great drafted a document that is the first charter of human rights. The Charter of Freedom issued was issued by Cyrus the Great over 2,500 years ago, preceding the French Revolution or the founding of the UN. This is Iran’s legacy, this is what we believe in, this is our history, our culture, our civilization. We were founded on human rights. And this, we will regain. 
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The Charter of Freedom was written on this cylinder. It was placed in Babylon after the conquest of Babylon and the defeat of Nebuchadnezzar II by Cyrus the Great. It was seen as the cornerstone of Babylon. The Babylonian tribes who had been captives of Nebuchadnezzar II were now free. They had permission to move and live freely anywhere in their empire. Cyrus the Great also freed the Jewish people from captivity in the Babylon.
In the days when Cyrus the Great sent the Charter of Human Rights and Human Freedom to Babylon, boasting of killing, burning, and destroying other people was the glory of other kings. 
Translation of the Charter:
“I am Cyrus, King of the World, The Great King, The Just King, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the World. Son of Cambyses, the Great King … When I entered Babylon without war and struggle, all the people accepted my steps with joy. On the throne of the kings of Babylon, I sat. I sat on the throne of Marduk. Marduk (Babylonian God) turned the pure hearts of the people of Babylon to me because I honored him. My great army slowly entered Babylon. I did not allow the suffering of the people of this city and this land. I abolished slavery, ending their misery. … I commanded no one to overthrow the inhabitants of the city. I commanded that all people should be free to worship their god and that no one would need them.
The Great God was pleased with my deeds … He blessed us with his kindness. We all praised his high position in a joyful and peaceful way … I rebuilt all the cities that had been destroyed. I commanded to open all the shrines that had been closed. I returned all the people who were scattered and displaced to their homeland and built their ruined homes so that their hearts would rejoice and that I would be long-living in their prayers every day … I provided a peaceful community for all people, and I gave peace to all people. I respect all the traditions and religions of Babylon, Akkad, and other countries under my command. All people in the lands under my command are free to choose their religion, work, and place of residence. As long as I am alive, no one will be allowed to take over other property by force. I am not going to let anyone else do the work without getting paid. No one should be punished for a crime committed by his relatives. I will stop slavery of women and men, and I command my government to do so until this ugly tradition is removed from the earth. I will build the ruined cities beyond the Tigris and their places of worship so that their inhabitants, who were previously brought to Babylon as slaves, may return to their homes.”
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ancientorigins · 2 years
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An ancient cylinder discovered in a temple in Babylon (modern day Iraq) sporting cuneiform inscriptions revealed some surprising edicts. Linked with Persian king, Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire, many believe the cylinder lays out the world’s first declaration of universal human rights.
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freebiblestudies · 1 year
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Biblical Archaeology Lesson 01: The Old Testament
There are many skeptics who believe the Bible is a book of legends, myths, and even fairy tales.  However, the Bible speaks of real people, real places, and real historical events.  How can we be so sure of this?  The answer lies in biblical archaeology.
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, archaeology is “the scientific study of material remains (such as tools, pottery, jewelry, stone walls, and monuments) of past human life and activities.  Biblical archaeology is a historical discipline that uses relevant archaeological discoveries to shed light on the historical and cultural setting of the Bible.
Let’s examine ten fascinating archaeological discoveries with relevance to the Old Testament of the Bible.
Let’s read together 2 Kings 17:5-23.
The Assyrian Limmu List (also known as the Assyrian Eponym List)
The Assyrian had devised a calendar system where they named each year after a prominent Assyrian official.  The Limmu List is a clay tablet with a list of those names in chronological order, dealing with years 858 to 699 BC.  The Limmu List is important because it establishes the chronology of Assyrian kings, which can be used to cross-reference and reconstruct the chronology of the kings of Israel.
Let’s read together 1 Kings 16:29-33.
Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III
This is an Akkadian inscription on limestone.  It speaks of the military campaigns of the Assyrian King Shalmaneser III.  One campaign of note is the battle of Qarqar in 853 BC.  There is a reference to “Ahab the Israelite.”  This may be a reference to king Ahab of Israel who reigned from 874 to 853 BC.
Let’s read together Daniel 1:7; 2:49; 3:12-30; 2 Kings 25:8-9; and Jeremiah 39:9-14; 52:12-26.  
Nebuchadnezzar II prism
This is an eight-sided clay cylinder with inscriptions on each column (side).  The prism has an inscription telling of its completion in 598 BC.  Only six columns are preserved.  Column six is a list of Babylonian officials.  Nergal-Sharezer and Nebuzaran, two Babylonian officials mentioned in the Bible are on this list.  More notably this list also has the names of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego, the Babylonian names of Daniel’s friends Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael!
Let’s read together Numbers 21:29; 2 Kings 3:4-5; and Jeremiah 48:46.
Moabite Stone (also known as the Mesha Stele)
This is a stone inscription written by Mesha king of Moab around 840-860 BC.  It confirms the Moabites worshiped the god Chemosh. It also mentions Mesha winning a victory over Omri, king of Israel.
Let’s read together 2 Chronicles 36:22-23 and Ezra 1:1-8.
Cyrus Cylinder
This clay cylinder is a propaganda account of Cyrus’ conquest of Babylon created around 539 BC.  In addition to establishing Persian rule, the Cyrus cylinder proclaims deported people may return to their homelands.  This proclamation gives credence to the Bible’s claim the people of Israel were allowed by Cyrus to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple.
Let’s read together 2 Kings 24:8-20.
Jerusalem Chronicle
This describes the history of the kings of Babylon from 605 to 594 BC.  It records the first deportation of the Jews in 605 BC.  It also mentions the second deportation of the Jews in 597 BC, the destruction of the Jewish temple, the capture of Jehoiachin, and the appointment of Zedekiah.
Let’s read together 2 Kings 18:13-25 and 2 Chronicles 32:9-10.
Lachish Relief
This is a gypsum wall panel relief dating to 700-681 BC.  It depicts Sennacherib’s victory over the kingdom of Judah at Lachish.  This relief is significant in that the kingdom of Judah was formidable enough for Sennacherib to commission the relief in the first place.  Secondly, it is telling that the relief does not depict the defeat of Jursalem, meaning Sennacherib never conquered it, just as the Bible declares in 2 Kings chapter 18 and 19.
Let’s read together 2 Samuel 2:1-4; 5:3 and 2 Kings 8:25-29.
Tel Dan Stele
This stele was erected by an Aramaic king dating to approximately 900-801 BC.  The inscription boasts of the king’s victory of “the king of Israel” and “the king of the house of David.”  The significance of the Tel Dan stele is that it testifies to the historicity of King David in the Bible.
Let’s read together Psalm 12:6-7.
The Dead Sea Scrolls
This is the most well-known biblical archaeology discovery.  Fragments of all the books of the Bible (except for the book of Esther) have been found in the caves of Qumran in Israel.  These fragments date from roughly 250 BC to 68 AD. The Dead Sea Scrolls prove that the Old Testament we read today is the same Old Testament Jesus read over 2000 years ago.
Let’s read together Numbers 6:24-26.
Ketef Hinnom Silver Scroll
This is the oldest record of the Scriptures.  It records the blessing in Numbers 6:24-26.  The Ketef Hinnom scroll predates the Dead Sea scrolls by hundreds of years, dating to approximately 600 BC.
There are so many more archaeological findings of relevance to the Old Testament.  If you are interested, you can look up the Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, the Merneptah victory stele, Hezekiah’s tunnel inscription, the Lachish Letters, the Nabonidus Cylinder, the Berlin Pedestal, and the palace of Sargon.
These biblical archaeological discoveries show that the Bible is not a book of legends, myths, and fairy tales.  These archaeological finds show that we can trust the Bible when it speaks of historical things.  If we can trust what the Bible says about historical things, then we can trust what it says about spiritual things.
Friend, are you willing to put your trust in the Bible?
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HISTORY OF ACHAEMENID IRAN
Tentative diagram of the 40-hour seminar
(in 80 parts of 30 minutes)
Prof. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
Tuesday, 27 December 2022
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To watch the videos, click here:
https://www.patreon.com/posts/history-of-iran-76436584
To hear the audio, click here:
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1 A - Achaemenid beginnings I A
Introduction; Iranian Achaemenid historiography; Problems of historiography continuity; Iranian posterior historiography; foreign historiography
1 B - Achaemenid beginnings I B
Western Orientalist historiography; early sources of Iranian History; Prehistory in the Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia
2 A - Achaemenid beginnings II A
Brief Diagram of the History of the Mesopotamian kingdoms and Empires down to Shalmaneser III (859-824 BCE) – with focus on relations with Zagros Mountains and the Iranian plateau  
2 B - Achaemenid beginnings II B
The Neo-Assyrian Empire from Shalmaneser III (859-824 BCE) to Sargon of Assyria (722-705 BCE) – with focus on relations with Zagros Mountains and the Iranian plateau 
3 A - Achaemenid beginnings III A
From Sennacherib (705-681 BCE) to Assurbanipal (669-625 BCE) to the end of Assyria (609 BCE) – with focus on relations with Zagros Mountains and the Iranian plateau 
3 B - Achaemenid beginnings III B
The long shadow of the Mesopotamian Heritage: Assyria, Babylonia, Elam/Anshan, Kassites, Guti, Akkad,  and Sumer / Religious conflicts of empires – Monotheism & Polytheism
4 A - Achaemenid beginnings IV A
The Sargonid dynasty and the Divine, Universal Empire – the Translatio Imperii
4 B - Achaemenid beginnings IV B
Assyrian Spirituality, Monotheism & Eschatology; the imperial concepts of Holy Land (vs. barbaric periphery) and Chosen People (vs. barbarians)
5 A - Achaemenid beginnings V A
The Medes from Deioces to Cyaxares & Astyages
The early Achaemenids (Achaemenes & the Teispids)
5 B - Achaemenid beginnings V B
- Why the 'Medes' and why the 'Persians'?
What enabled these nations to form empires?
6 A - Zoroaster A
Shamanism-Tengrism; the life of Zoroaster; Avesta and Zoroastrianism
6 B - Zoroaster B
Mithraism vs. Zoroastrianism; the historical stages of Zoroaster's preaching and religion
7 A - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) I A
The end of Assyria, Nabonid Babylonia, and the Medes
7 B - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) I B
The Nabonidus Chronicle
8 A - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) II A
Cyrus' battles against the Medes
8 B - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) II B
Cyrus' battles against the Lydians
9 Α - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) III A
The Battle of Opis: the facts
9 Β - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) III B
Why Babylon fell without resistance
10 A - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) IV A
Cyrus Cylinder: text discovery and analysis
10 B - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) IV B
Cyrus Cylinder: historical continuity in Esagila
11 A - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) V A
Cyrus' Empire as continuation of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
11 B - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) V B
Cyrus' Empire and the dangers for Egypt 
12 A - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) VI A
Death of Cyrus; Tomb at Pasargad
12 B - Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) VI B
Posterity and worldwide importance of Cyrus the Great
13 A - Cambyses I A
Conquest of Egypt and Cush (Ethiopia: Sudan)
13 B - Cambyses I B
Iran as successor of Assyria in Egypt, and the grave implications of the Iranian conquest of Egypt
14 A - Cambyses II A
Cambyses' adamant monotheism, his clash with the Memphitic polytheists, and the falsehood diffused against him (from Egypt to Greece)
14 B - Cambyses II B
The reasons for the assassination of Cambyses
15 A - Darius the Great I A
The Mithraic Magi, Gaumata, and the usurpation of the Achaemenid throne
15 B - Darius the Great I B
Darius' ascension to the throne
16 A - Darius the Great II A
The Behistun inscription
16 B - Darius the Great II B
The Iranian Empire according to the Behistun inscription
17 A - Darius the Great III A
Military campaign in Egypt & the Suez Canal
17 B - Darius the Great III B
Babylonian revolt, campaign in the Indus Valley
18 A - Darius the Great IV A
Darius' Scythian and Balkan campaigns; Herodotus' fake stories
18 B - Darius the Great IV B
Anti-Iranian priests of Memphis and Egyptian rebels turning Greek traitors against the Oracle at Delphi, Ancient Greece's holiest shrine
19 A - Darius the Great V A
Administration of the Empire; economy & coinage
19 B - Darius the Great V B
World trade across lands, deserts and seas
20 A - Darius the Great VI A
Rejection of the Modern European fallacy of 'Classic' era and Classicism
20 B - Darius the Great VI B
Darius the Great as the end of the Ancient World and the beginning of the Late Antiquity (522 BCE – 622 CE)
21 A - Achaemenids, Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, and the Magi A
Avesta and the establishment of the ideal empire
21 B - Achaemenids, Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, and the Magi B
The ceaseless, internal strife that brought down the Xšāça (: Empire) 
22 A - The Empire-Garden, Embodiment of the Paradise A
The inalienable Sargonid-Achaemenid continuity as the link between Cosmogony, Cosmology and Eschatology
22 B - The Empire-Garden, Embodiment of the Paradise B
The Garden, the Holy Tree, and the Empire
23 A - Xerxes the Great I A
Xerxes' rule; his upbringing and personality
23 B - Xerxes the Great I B
Xerxes' rule; his imperial education
24 A - Xerxes the Great II A
Imperial governance and military campaigns
24 B - Xerxes the Great II B
The Anti-Iranian complex of inferiority of the 'Greek' barbarians (the so-called 'Greco-Persian wars')
25 A - Parsa (Persepolis) A
The most magnificent capital of the pre-Islamic world
25 B - Parsa (Persepolis) B
Naqsh-e Rustam: the Achaemenid necropolis: the sanctity of the mountain; the Achaemenid-Sassanid continuity of cultural integrity and national identity
26 A - Iran & the Periphery A
Caucasus, Central Asia, Siberia, Tibet and China Hind (India), Bengal, Deccan and Yemen
26 B - Iran & the Periphery B
Sudan, Carthage and Rome
27 A - The Anti-Iranian rancor of the Egyptian Memphitic priests A
The real cause of the so-called 'Greco-Persian wars', and the use of the Greeks that the Egyptian Memphitic priests made
27 B - The Anti-Iranian rancor of the Egyptian Memphitic priests B
Battle of the Eurymedon River; Egypt and the Wars of the Delian League
28 A - Civilized Empire & Barbarian Republic A
The incomparable superiority of Iran opposite the chaotic periphery: the Divine Empire
28 B - Civilized Empire & Barbarian Republic B
Why the 'Greeks' and the Romans were unable to form a proper empire
29 A - Artaxerxes I (465-424 BCE) A
Revolt in Egypt; the 'Greeks' and their shame: they ran to Persepolis as suppliants
29 B - Artaxerxes I (465-424 BCE) B
Aramaeans and Jews in the Achaemenid Court
30 A - Interregnum (424-403 BCE) A
Xerxes II, Sogdianus, and Darius II
30 B - Interregnum (424-403 BCE) B
The Elephantine papyri and ostraca; Aramaeans, Jews, Phoenicians and Ionians
31 A - Artaxerxes II (405-359 BCE) & Artaxerxes III  (359-338 BCE) A
Revolts instigated by the Memphitic priests of Egypt and the Mithraic subversion of the Empire
31 B - Artaxerxes II (405-359 BCE) & Artaxerxes III  (359-338 BCE) B
Artaxerxes II's capitulation to the Magi and the unbalancing of the Empire / Cyrus the Younger
32 A - Artaxerxes IV & Darius III A
The decomposition of the Empire
32 B - Artaxerxes IV & Darius III B
Legendary historiography
33 A - Alexander's Invasion of Iran A
The military campaigns
33 B - Alexander's Invasion of Iran B
Alexander's voluntary Iranization/Orientalization
34 A - Alexander: absolute rejection of Ancient Greece A
The re-organization of Iran; the Oriental manners of Alexander, and his death
34 B - Alexander: absolute rejection of Ancient Greece B
The split of the Empire; the Epigones and the rise of the Orientalistic (not Hellenistic) world
35 A - Achaemenid Iran – Army A
Military History
35 B - Achaemenid Iran – Army B
Achaemenid empire, Sassanid militarism & Islamic Iranian epics and legends
36 A - Achaemenid Iran & East-West / North-South Trade A
The development of the trade between Egypt, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Iran, Turan (Central Asia), Indus Valley, Deccan, Yemen, East Africa & China
36 B - Achaemenid Iran & East-West / North-South Trade B
East-West / North-South Trade and the increased importance of Mesopotamia and Egypt
37 A - Achaemenid Iran: Languages and scripts A
Old Achaemenid, Aramaic, Sabaean and the formation of other writing systems 
37 B - Achaemenid Iran: Languages and scripts B
Aramaic as an international language
38 A - Achaemenid Iran: Religions A
Rise of a multicultural and multi-religious world
38 B - Achaemenid Iran: Religions B
Collapse of traditional religions; rise of religious syncretism
39 A - Achaemenid Iran: Art and Architecture A
Major archaeological sites of Achaemenid Iran
39 B - Achaemenid Iran: Art and Architecture B
The radiation of Iranian Art
40 A - Achaemenid Iran: Historical Importance A
The role of Iran in the interconnection between Asia and Africa
40 B - Achaemenid Iran: Historical Importance B
The role of Iran in the interconnection between Asia and Europe
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ellavorer · 1 year
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The Key To His Heart
Okay, so... I’ve been meaning to rub my dirty vore hands on The Frighteners for a while now, and it was only now that I got a spark of inspiration for it. Even if people find it gross, at least I’ll be raising awareness of this criminally underrated movie. So watch the director’s cut twenty times before you do anything else today.
Trigger warning for an attempted suicide at the beginning, references to past spousal deaths, references to canon character deaths, references to canon-typical violence, references to a previous unhealthy marriage (Lucy and Ray), references to past unwilling vore, references to emeto.
Otherwise, enjoy and Happy Halloween!
“What was that in that cell, Frank?” Lucy demanded as soon as they stopped running. “I felt something crushing my heart.”
“I can’t fight him, Luce,” he lamented as he tried to catch his breath. “I can’t protect you.”
Whatever this thing was, it was responsible for Debra’s death.
It had taken his wife from him.
And just now, not only had it tried to take Lucy, it succeeded in destroying Stuart and Cyrus’ emanations.
He looked at the pistol that he had grabbed from Dammers, checking the cylinder and re-cocking it. “There’s only one way to deal with this thing. I gotta have an out-of-body experience...”
“What...” Lucy couldn’t even finish her sentence.
“And I gotta have it now.”
Frank pressed the pistol to his temple.
“No!” Lucy cried, her plea coming out in almost a harsh sob. “No!”
“Go away, Luce, just walk the other way,” he tried to coax her.
Despite the early autumn weather, sweat was beginning to form on his forehead as his finger tightened on the trigger. He closed his eyes and took a deep breath.
“Wait!” Lucy grabbed his shoulder. “Wait...”
With caution, she reached for the pistol, took hold of his hand, and gently pushed the weapon away from his head.
“There’s another way,” she said.
“What?” he asked, opening his eyes.
“Before you turned yourself in, Agent Dammers told me that you’re a pred lean,” she began.
Frank stiffened at her confession of her knowledge of where he stood on their society’s food chain. His stupid pred senses had told him that Lucy was a prey lean from the moment that he had stepped into her house.
“And I know that it... it would be safe,” she continued. “B-- besides, you didn’t even get to eat anything at the restaurant...”
“Luce...” he was afraid of where this conversation was headed.
Yes, his stomach was bordering on painfully empty; he hadn’t eaten since the morning of Ray’s funeral.
Well, he had... he had gulped Magda Rees-Jones down in order to try to protect her, but the car crash had caused him to vomit her up, leaving the now-tiny reporter at the mercy of the Reaper.
And he knew logically that it was unlikely that his system would make the mistake of digesting Lucy, but... what if she got hurt?
What if she ended up dying anyway?
She could die because of him, and he’d have--
“Frank...”
Her sweet voice dragged him out of his thoughts.
“Frank, you forgot that I’m a doctor,” she reminded.
It wasn’t a scolding reminder, though. It was reassuring, as if telling him that she knew what she was doing.
“This was one of the many things I studied in med school,” she told him. “I know that in cases of protection, preds automatically neutralize the stomach acids for as long as needed--”
Her words were interrupted by a long, low, and loud gurgle from Frank’s middle. Even in the dimly lit alleyway, she could see him blushing.
“Oh my God, you’re really hungry, aren’t you?” she asked.
“Lu-- Luce--”
“Frank, have you eaten anything at all today?”
His belly growled again, and he bent over as a hunger pang hit him. Even though his body had already answered her for him, he said, “No.”
“Then it isn’t just about me, Frank,” she said. “You need to keep your strength up--”
“Luce, you’re already in enough danger--” he tried to argued.
“Frank, please,” she interrupted him, taking his hands into hers. “I’ll be fine; and it would help you. All you would do was drain some energy from me, and when the danger’s out of the way, you’ll be able to spit me up and unshrink me. I’ll be fine. I’ve done this before.”
“Really?” he asked.
“Yeah,” she confirmed. “Ray... he was a full pred. One of his ways of winning an argument was eating me until I agreed with him.”
He saw something sad in her eyes; a dark kind of sadness that suggested that there was more to when she told him that her marriage to Ray “wasn’t good.”
That gave him all the more reason to hesitate, even as his stomach rumbled again.
“Frank...” his name escaped her lips and her eyes landed on his stomach.
He gave a resigned sigh; if this was the only way to protect her...
“Fine, I’ll do it,” he relented. “But are you absolutely--”
“Yes!” she said, beginning to sound a little frustrated.
Gingerly, he placed his hand on her shoulder, too afraid of hurting her. She began to shrink under his touch and he reached out his free hand to catch her.
“You okay, Luce?” he asked almost immediately as she was sitting in his palm.
“Yeah, I’m fine,” she told him, noting the hesitance still in his eyes. “Now... you... you just have to open up and let me climb in. Just let me take off my shoes first.”
As she removed her shoes and handed them to him so he could put them in his pocket, another hunger pang gurgled in his stomach. Despite how small she was now, he could hear Lucy wince in sympathy.
Why was she so concerned about him?
She was the one about to be eaten alive!
“Frank... I’ll be okay,” Lucy’s soft voice pierced that nasty voice in his head that sounded a little too much like Dammers.
Frank could only respond with a small whimper.
“Go ahead...”
He slowly moved her closer to his gaping maw, but stopped.
“Wait...” he said.
“What is it?” she asked.
“Could you just... climb in?” he asked. “I’m-- I might-- I’m afraid I--”
I’m afraid that I’ll bite you.
“I can do that,” Lucy assured him, offering him a comforting smile with a hint of teasing. “Well... open up...”
Frank closed his eyes and opened his mouth as wide as he could. Lucy climbed in, laying herself on his tongue.
His eyes shot open at her taste.
It was sweet-- but not like candy, which always seemed to turn his stomach.
It was sweet like cookies or cake... with cinnamon and a hint of something... flowery...
Lavender or...
“Frank?”
Only when he heard her voice did he realize that he had pinned her to the roof of his mouth.
“Just swallow when you’re ready,” she told him. “Take all the time you need.”
He tried to find it in himself to swallow, to pull her down... but he couldn’t.
He couldn’t.
“Frank, it’s okay,” she continued to reassure him. “Just take your time.”
It baffled him that she was being so reassuring as she was lying on his tongue, but, in a strange way... it was comforting.
With a tightening of his muscles, he swallowed with a “GLRK,” tracing Lucy’s path with his finger.
Lucy kept her eyes closed as she was pulled further and further down Frank’s throat. She landed in a soft, wet chamber with a yelp.
Only when her new sanctuary gurgled did she dare to open her eyes again.
Just as she was about to reach out to touch the wall of the chamber, she froze. But it wasn’t from fear-- it was in absolute awe.
In medical school, she had meticulously studied the organs of the human body with such interest. Besides the gurglings of Frank’s stomach, she could hear his heart beating, the blood rushing through his veins, the air circulating his lungs...
It was incredible!
“Frank,” she called gently, finally pressing a hand to the wall of his belly. “Frank, I made it done okay.”
Above her-- no, around her-- she heard him gasp. His large hand pressed back at her.
“Luce?” he asked. “Luce, are you alright?”
“Frank, I told you, I made it done okay,” she repeated gently. “So far, no burning, no acid... just like I told you.”
He sighed. “Okay... but what about... are you... you comfortable?”
Lucy leaned forward into his touch. “Yeah. It’s really comfy in here. But what about you? How are you feeling?”
Frank looked down at his middle, realizing just what a poor job he had done of taking care of himself over the past five years. It was so obvious that he had acted on his pred instincts.
But he felt better than he had other the last five years.
“Good,” was all he answered. “Now, what do you want me to do now?”
“Go to the medical center, but spit me out before we get there,” she instructed. “If there’s an APB out for you, they’re not gonna let you in. But I know that place inside and out.”
He nodded. “Okay.”
Throughout his short journey, he kept his hand over his belly, to reassure Lucy as much as she had reassured him.
And if they made it through this...
He would love to try this again.
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puriette · 2 years
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OKAY SO!! zerotwo name hoard time! i'll put the ones people use the most for me at the top but i love all my names and it'd be nice if people would use them! krayon/boop/zerotwo/pandas/finn/ranboo/bill/rain/fuzebox/fusebox/gumdrop/rev/chewy/monster/caldyr/kalux/micah/lolipop/crusher/echo/lars/neonthing/pheobus/whisper/maheja/calipso/keno/decay/static/fjord/milly/harvey/cylinder/rogue/orion/sketchy/record/kit/bishop/ciel/bonbon/cocoa/freckles/rainbowballz/riddler/max/whoosh/stitch/silly/sprinklez/trix/burner/zander/dusk/april/melody/allix/nap/equinox/funfetti/crayola/crayon/carrie/sugar/meadow/honeycomb/willow/mars/fairytale/pillowtalk/blueberry/niko/quartz/eden/everest/string/sticky paper/sticker/candle/wick/wren/nox/sweettooth/butter/ghost/coraline/roue/rogue/hex/cyrus/!!!!!!!!/jelly
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paganimagevault · 1 year
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Seal of Darius the Great 6th-5th C. BCE. Impression of a cylinder seal of King Darius the Great hunting in a chariot, reading "I am Darius, the Great King" in Old Persian (𐎠𐎭𐎶𐏐𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐎴 𐏋, "adam Dārayavaʰuš xšāyaθiya"), Elamite and Babylonian. The word 'great' only appears in Babylonian. British Museum, excavated in Thebes, Egypt.
"The first night after the passage, as he slept in the enemy's country, a vision appeared to him. He seemed to see in his sleep the eldest of the sons of Hystaspes, with wings upon his shoulders, shadowing with the one wing Asia, and Europe with the other. Now Hystaspes, the son of Arsames, was of the race of the Achaimenidai, and his eldest son, Darius, was at that time scarce twenty years old; wherefore, not being of age to go to the wars, he had remained behind in Persia. When Cyrus woke from his sleep, and turned the vision over in his mind, it seemed to him no light matter. He therefore sent for Hystaspes, and taking him aside said, "Hystaspes, your son is discovered to be plotting against me and my crown. I will tell you how I know it so certainly. The Gods watch over my safety, and warn me beforehand of every danger. Now last night, as I lay in my bed, I saw in a vision the eldest of your sons with wings upon his shoulders, shadowing with the one wing Asia, and Europe with the other. From this it is certain, beyond all possible doubt, that he is engaged in some plot against me. Return you then at once to Persia, and be sure, when I come back from conquering the Massagetai, to have your son ready to produce before me, that I may examine him."
Thus Cyrus spoke, in the belief that he was plotted against by Darius; but he missed the true meaning of the dream, which was sent by God to forewarn him, that he was to die then and there, and that his kingdom was to fall at last to Darius."
-Herodotus, The Histories, Book 1.209-210
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