The Dark Street of Psychosis and Schizophrenia
By Arjuwan Lakkdawala
Ink in the Internet
Recently I did extensive research on the Internet about one particular subject, it was because I could see its tsunami like effect rippling through the entire world. The subject is 'Mental Health or Psychology.'
The results of the search were most disheartening. Official statistics from the World Health Organization to every other scientific institute were saying the same thing: "worldwide rise in mental health crisis." What this translates into is that the world is collectively going crazy.
The questions that arise from such statistics, is what is causing this alarming mental decline or disturbance? How should we deal with sufferers or treat them? And what are the risks of us devoloping a mental disorder or our children, and how can we protect our sanity?
Now to have the best understanding about the human psyche, so that we can have acute awareness, and make informed beneficial decisions, should we have to deal with the mental health crisis in anyway.
We have to go back in the history of psychology.
We know this much that Neanderthals and Denisovans were innovative thinkers from the primitive tools they made to the cave paintings.
Discoveries have revealed that we are still learning about the cognitive abilities of pre-historic humans, for example a new book 'The Language Puzzle' by archealogist Dr. Steven Mithen, states that language may have been developed 8 times sooner than was previously thought. That is 1.6 million years ago, rather than 200,000 years ago.
The point of this is that we can be certain man was always cognitive and not an ape.
So now let's fastforward from pre-historic times to the time when philosophy was first recorded in ancient Greece.
Greek philosophy is said to be the very early prototype of mental wanderings that were not based on needs of the day.
In the 17th century the idea of dualism was introduced by French Philosopher Rene Descartes, it is significant as it separates the behavior and actions of a person based on stimulations from the body or environment, from the thinking of the mind that stems from consciousness.
These two aspects are the toughest challenge of psychology to this day. Because of how the effects of environment and society could influence a person's thinking as opposed to internal biological causes. Which is causing the mental disorder, and which has a greater affect on the patient's psyche at any given phase.
In the centuries that followed and even after psychology had emerged as a science apart from physiology and philosophy in the mid-1800s.
There was debate about what constituted a mental disorder, what was the pathogenesis (origin of the mental problem)
What form of treatment would be effective, and how to avoid causing the patient unnecessary suffering by trial and error.
It turns out and not surprisingly that the "pathogenesis - Greek: patho 'suffering' genesis 'origin'" of mental health disorders are one of the most elusive to trace, and hence, the proper treatment very difficult to define.
The first time that a mental condition was recorded to have a biological pathogenesis, was in the curious case of the "general paralysis of the insane." The 1897 discovery was made by the neurologist Richard von Kraftt-Ebing and his assistant Josef Adolf Hirschl.
The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal in 1885 had reported a great surge in the insane. It is said that so much as 1 in 5 patients entering asylums had "general paralysis of the insane."
What the neurologist and his assistant had discovered was that this was the later stages of syphilis. A biological ailment that could manifest in dementia and delusions as untreated syphilis can damage the brain.
While this was a formidable stamp on the connection of a mental disorder and a biological cause. It was generally misleading, as it solidified to a great extent the belief that a mental ailment would be the result of physical defects in the brain. Many scientists of the time would examine brains in autopsies and search for imprints of the mental problem the deceased had, but there were none in most of the cases.
As I explained from ancient times up to the mid-1800s scientists were still having so much difficulty in fully distinguishing consciousness from the physical brain. Needless to say this had delayed the progress in the field of psychology.
Sigmund Freud founded the theory of psychoanalysis. Freud and his colleague Pierre Janet were studying patients with hysteria, seizures, and other physical symptoms with mental disorders.
Psychoanalysis was considered the first major step towards the complex study of the human consciousness and as Freud pioneered the 'unconsciousness.' He theorised that the unconsciousness could manifest into dreams and mental disorders, and was the root cause of conscious psychological problems, the dilemmas in the unconscious mind would have to be brought to the conscious mind in order to treat the patient.
In 1904 Sigmund Freud published 'The Psychopathology of Everyday Life' exploring minuscule details of human behavior, which he thought were symptoms of the workings of the psyche.
While this may have been true, but not every detail could be the result of an unhealthy mental condition.
Sigmund Freud's theory had established the study of psychology as a whole new branch of science. We would think brain autopsies and procedures would be considered irrelevant after such dramatic progress in psychology.
It wasn't.
Unfortunately mental disorder patients were going to face their worst era of great torture and downright mutilation of the brain.
The lobotomy was introduced in the late 1800s and picked up pace in 1935 up to the start of the 1950s. It is a grotesque procedure were nerves in parts of the brain believed to be carrying the thoughts causing the mental disorder are severed.
The intention of the procedure was not to restore sanity, but to put patients in a state of calm. Patients that were violent or had symptoms of schizophrenia were the ones mostly subjected to lobotomy.
It had mixed results with some patients becoming calm, but losing interest in life or having any energy. To other patients dying or relapsing.
An invasive approach is still taken in the case of patients with severe mental disorders, and where other treatments failed. The procedure is called 'Psychosurgery'.
Electric Shock Therapy or Electric Convulsive Therapy (ECT) was first developed in the late 1930s, like the lobotomy it was a severe approach to vulnerable patients who had lost their sanity partially or completely. ECT causes an induced controlled seizure.
I read reports that there were cases where ECT was administered to patients without their consent because they were considered unable to give consent.
Prior to ECT induced seizures for treating mental disorders were caused by oral administration of medication.
Scientists don't know exactly how ECT works, but it is believed to give relief to patients suffering from psychosis, mania, catatonia, schizophrenia, and is still in practice.
A new study published on 27 March in the Nature journal, states that a very strong electrical current in the brain hits the cells and their DNA snaps, and is then repaired, this according to the study is observed when long term memories are made. It could be that when the DNA are repaired, the process encodes information about the electrical current and this forms the memory.
So perhaps the ECT causes relief by damaging DNA in the brain that stores the memory responsible for the mental disorder.
As researchers made discoveries scientists learned about brain chemistry, and then medications were developed to treat mental disorders by pharmaceuticals
There is talk therapy which is what psychologists are qualified for, and then there is psychiatry in which medication could be prescribed. Prevention is better than cure in either case.
We as adults that have had a good, cultured, ethical, and educational upbringing usually are mentally stable, even if we suffer emotional distress or anxiety.
The risks could be to adolescents and teenagers who are still developing and get exposed to negative influence or traumatic experiences at home, school, or social media. OCD (impulsive-compulsive disorder) and PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder) along with intrusive thoughts could be the lethal triggers of psychosis, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (maniac depression.)
Intrusive thoughts are common and happen almost to everyone. People who don't have mental disorders know to dismiss these thoughts and not focuse on them. Sufferers of OCD and PTSD or patients with dementia, Parkinson's disease, or Alzheimer's may not be able to avoid the Intrusive thoughts that could amplify their trauma, anxiety, fears, phobias, eventually leading to complete detachment from reality and the various severe manifestations of mental disorders. In cases like these talk therapy would probably fail, and medication, ECT, and invasive treatments like psychsurgery could be required.
So the influence the next generation gets could entirely define their mental health and their future. The news and statistics I'm reading are not encouraging as mental crisis is on the rise like never before.
I have a podcast Mind Supply, if you liked this article then you might like the podcasts as I talk about social issues.
Copyright ©️ Arjuwan Lakkdawala 2024
Arjuwan Lakkdawala is an author and independent science researcher.
Sources:
Verywellmind: The Origins of Psychology
From Philosophical Beginnings to the Modern Day
By
Kendra Cherry, MSEd
Updated on November 29, 2022
Fact checked by
Adah Chung
The New Yorker: The Troubled History of Psychiatry
Challenges to the legitimacy of the profession have forced it to examine itself, including the fundamental question of what constitutes a mental disorder.
By Jerome Groopman
Medical News Today: What is electroshock therapy?
Mass General Brigham McLean: ECT Treatment: A History of Helping Patients
Medically reviewed by Heidi Moawad, M.D. — By Lauren Martin on June 30, 2021
Nature.com - Memories are made by breaking DNA — and fixing it
Nerve cells form long-term memories with the help of an inflammatory response, study in mice finds.
By
Max Kozlov
National Institute of Mental Health: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Healthline: Intrusive Thoughts: Why We Have Them and How to Stop Them
Medically reviewed by Bethany Juby, PsyD — By Kimberly Holland — Updated on May 20, 2022
NHS: Overview - Psychosis
Britannica: Sigmund Freud
Austrian psychoanalyst
Actions
Written by
Martin Evan Jay
Fact-checked by the editors of encyclopaedia Britannica
Britannica: lobotomy
surgery
Actions
Also known as: frontal lobotomy, leucotomy, prefrontal leukotomy
Written and fact-checked by the editors of encyclopaedia Britannica
Ancient Origins: Language Developed 8 Times Earlier Than Previously Thought, Says New Book
National Institute of Mental Health: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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names, mostly surnames (1)
let me apologise for this partial list of names in the library, titles available on request...
, Adorno, horkheimer, anderson, aristotle, greta adorno, marcuse, agamben, acampora and acampora, althussar, lajac kovacic, eric alliez, marc auge, attali, francis bacon (16th c), aries, aries and bejin, alain badiou, beckett, hallward, barnes, bachelard, bahktin, volshinov, baudrillard, barthes, john beattie, medvedev, henri bergson, Jacques Bidet, berkman, zybmunt bauman, burgin, baugh, sam butler, ulrich beck, andrew benjamin and peter osbourne, walter benjamin, ernest bloch, blanchot, bruzins, bonnet, karin bojs, bourdieu, j.d. bernal, goldsmith, benveniste, braidotti, brecht, burch, victor serge, andre breton, judith butler, malcolm bull, stanley cohen, john berger, etienne balibar, david bohm, gans blumenberg, martin buber, christopher caudwell, micel callon, albert camus, agnes callard, castoridis, claudio celis bueno, carchedi and roberts, Marisol de la cadena, mario blaser, nancy cartwright, manual castells, mark currie, collingwood, canguilhem, mario corti, stuart hall, 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maimonides, van vogt, the clouds on unknowing, enclotic, thesis 11, spivack, kate raworth, h.w. richardson, hillial schwartz, stern, rebecca solnit, rowland parker, pickering, lukacs, epicriud, epicetus, lucrtious, aurelies, w.j.oates, thor Hanson, thompson, mabey, sheldrake, eatherley, plato, jeffries, dorothy richardson, arno schmidt, earl derr biggersm mary borden, birrel, arno schmidt, o.a. henty, berhard steigler, victor serge, smith, joyce salisbury, pauer-studer, timpanaro, s helling, schlor, norman and welchman, searle, emanuele severarimo, tomasello, sklar, judith singer, walmisley, thomas malthus, quentin meilassoux, alberto meelucchi, mingione, rurnbull, said, spufford and uglow, zone, j.j.c. smartt, sandel, skater, songe-moller, strawson, strawson, strawson, raymond tallis, toscano, turkle, tiqquin, diggins, j.s. ogilivy, w.w. hutchings, rackgam, deiter roth, dowell, red notes, campbell and pryce,osip brik, lilya brik, mayakovsky, zone, alvin toffker, st exupery, freya stark, warson, walsh, wooley, tiles and oberdick, timofeeva, richardson, marcuse, marder, wright, ushenko, tolson, albebers and moholy- nagy, alyce mahon, gablik, burnett, barry, hill, fontaine, sanuel johnson,justin, block, taylor, peter handke, jacques rivette, william sansom, bunuel and dali, tom bullough, aldius huxley, philip robinson, spendor, tzara, wajcman, peter wohlleben, prigogini, paolo virno, jeremy tunstall, theweliet, taussig, tricker, vince, thomss, williams, vogl, new german critique, e.p. thompson, jean wahl, paul virilio, lotringer, christy wampole, verhaeghe, janet wolff, anna kavan, vergara, uexkull, couze venn, barry smart, vico, vatimo, vernant, raoul vaneigem, ibn warraq, vertov, williams, meiksins wood, norbert weiner, peter wollen, h.g. wells, michelle walker, , jeanne waelit walters, shaw and darlen, whorf, ward and dubois, john wright, weinart, wolff, willis, wark, cosima wagner, j. weeks, judith williamson, welzbacher, erik olin wright, wittgenstein, kenny, zeldin, wenders, henry miller, wenkler, arrighi, banks, innes, ushereood, kristeva, john cage, quignard, t.f. powys, siri hustveldt, lem, zelazny, mitchonson, tsilolkovsky, toussaint, heppenstall, garrigasait, de kerangal, haine fenn, jean bloch, geoff ryman, reve, corey, asemkulov, ernaux, gareth powell, cory, deleuze and guattari studies, cse, allain and souvestre, apolinaire, jane austen, john arden, aitmatov, elizabth von arnim, paul auster, abish, ackroyd, tom gunn, lorca, akhmatov, artuad, simon armatige, albahari, felipe alfau, audem auden and soendor, varicco, barrico, bainbridge, asturias, ronan bennett, beckett, paul bowles, jane bowles, celine, bukowski, wu ming, blissert, kay boyle, andrei bely, hugo barnacle, BOLL, isak dineson, karen blikson, brodsky, richmel crompton, berry, barthleme, mary butts, leonora carrington, cage, chevhillard, canetti, cendres, butor, cortazar, danielewski, bertha damon, dyer, havier cercas, micheal dibden, marguerite duras, john donne, duras, durrell, dorrie, Fredric durrenmatt, heppenstahl, eco, enzensberger, evanovich, fruentes, farrell, alison fell, alisdair gray, hollinhurst, andre gide, jean giono, gadda, henry green, grass, andre gorz, william gibson, joyce, gombrowitz, alex laishley, murakami, herve guibert, franz kafka, juenger, junker, kapuscinski, laurie king, kundera, mcewan, ken macleod, ian macdonald, moers, meades, vonda macintyre, nalmstom, maillert, havier marias, jeff noon, anaus nin, david nobbs, peter nadas, nabokov, iakley, oates, raymond queneau, cesare pavese, paterson, ponge, perte, perec, chinery, ovid, genette, kandinsky, robert pinget, richard piwers, rouvaud, sloan, surrralist poetry, ilya troyanov, paul,raabe, julien rios, arne dahl, pierre sollers, rodrigruez, chris ross, renate rasp, ruiz, rulfo, tove jannsson, cabre, vladislavic, tokarczuk, pessoa, jane bowles, calvino, lispector, lydia davis, can xue, sebald, peter tripp, hertzberg, virginia woolf, zozola, sorrentino, higgins, v.w. straka, cogman, freud, jung, klein, winnecot, lacan, fordham, samuels, jung, freud, appignesai, bjp, pullman, magnam, sybil marshall, mccarten, galbraith, jewell, lehmann, levy, levin, jung, spinoza, fairburn, jung, sandler, lacan, laplanche, pontalis, can, xue, klein, cavelli, hawkins, stevens, hanna segal, bollas, welldon, williams, sutherland, buon, symington, morrison, brittain, sidoli, sidoli, holmes, bowlby, winnecott, bollas, kalschiid, malan, patrick casement, anna frued, wittenburg, liz wright, fordham, fairburn, symington, sandler, jung, balint, coltart, west, steiner, van der post, stern, green, roustang, adrew samuels, d.l. sayers, salom, krassner, swain, rame and fo, storr, cogman, hessen, penelope fitzgerald, cummings, richard holloway, juhea kim, glenville, heyer, cartland, kim, cho, atkinson, james, king, audten, hartley, du maurier, bronte, thomas, plath, leon, camillairi, kaussar, fred fargas, boyd, sjowall and wahloo, pheby, morenno-garcia, perrsson, herron, nicola barker, arronovitch, karen lord, stephen frosh, ernest jones, flamm o’brien, shin, mishra, chin jin-young and so on to the warm horizon
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