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km-french-house · 7 years

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Hauts-de-France

Hauts-de-France is a region of France created by the territorial reform of the Regions in 2014, from a merger of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy. The new region came into existence on 1 January 2016.

The major dates that marked the Hauts-de-France region.

Prehistory

The oldest vestiges known in our region, a few bifaces and flint kidneys alongside elephant and hippopotamus bones, date back to - 700,000 years in Wimereux.

Around 3000 BC, populations from the south populated the region.

The 3rd and 2nd centuries with JC mark the arrival of the Belgians. The reputation of prosperity of the territories of the North fuels the lust of the Romans and the battles are frequent and murderous. The flow of invaders will then come mainly from the east. The region is particularly enriched by these different cultures. In 57 BC, Julius Caesar subjected the people of Gaul to Belgium, including the Ambiani or Ambiens (Amiénois) and the Bellovaci or Bellovaques (Beauvaisiens).

From the Romans to the francs (from 0 to 500 AD)

The pax romana

In the Gallo-Roman times, the region is encompassed in a vast ensemble called Belgium, and divided into cities. Life, however, remains essentially rural, centered on two resources: wheat and wool. Prosperity translates into significant demographic development.

A bilingual region

From the third century, Franks and Alamans invaded and plundered the territory. The devastations were so important that the region had to be recolonized and that the Romans, overwhelmed by the size of the frontiers of the Empire, left the Franks to settle, preferring to make allies. Thus, along the Lys, a linguistic frontier separates the Germanic dialect spoken by the Franks (who will become Flemish) and the Latin language from which French will be born.

The new invaders

At the beginning of the 5th century, a succession of invaders swept Romanism and Christianity ... One of them, Clovis, sprang from Tournai to achieve the almost total conquest of Gaul, while the Roman Empire of the West completed To collapse. The Francs Saliens settled in 486 on the Somme. Clovis expands his kingdom by the battle of Soissons during which he defies the troops of the Gallo-Roman leader Syagrius. He then made Soissons his capital before moving his residence to Paris in 493.

The country Franc (from 500 to 1000)

The slow emergence

The territory is bilingual, Romanesque and Germanic. Christianity is slow even though the seventh century represents the golden age for missionary monasteries. It is in these sanctuaries that art and culture develop. Towards the VIIIth and IXth centuries, the low Flemish countries awoke in their turn and shopping centers appeared.

The Great Score

In 843, the division of the empire of Charlemagne made the Scheldt the frontier between France and the Holy German Empire. This division will have far-reaching consequences for the region since the fate of Hainaut and Cambrésis will be very different from that of Artois and Flanders for centuries.

Medieval architecture

The transport of goods often borrowed from the watercourses, the slightest difference in level is a place of bursting of charges which then becomes an agglomeration to be defended by military structures. This is the case of Lille, whose first mention is made in 1066. Other cities such as Valenciennes, Saint-Omer and Arras are growing and the population is growing. Of the land to be cultivated to nourish it. The authority of a lineage of counts of Flanders was then organized, making the territory a quasi-autonomous principality from 884.

At the death of the last Carolingian, Louis V said the Fainéant, Hugues Capet, great-grandson of Heribert I de Vermandois, was crowned king at Noyon in 987.

The territorial principalities (from 1000 to 1369)

The Power of Cities

The demographic dynamism of the region is commensurate with its economic and political success. Arras is thus an economic and cultural center of the highest importance in the Christian world. The powerful cities then opposed the counts to obtain communal privileges, which the King of France will profit by intervening in the affairs of his powerful vassal.

The fragility of a border

The thirteenth century saw the advent of cities, which acquired considerable privileges, and in which the belfries flourished. The nobles become impoverished while the bourgeois, jealous of their independence, tighten their corporate and family ties. In 1280, as a result of serious social unrest, the war resumed between the King of France and the Flemings. Philip the Fair annihilated all resistance, annexed almost all French-speaking Flanders, and named a reliable ally at the head of the county.

From deadly battles to severe shortages, the economic consequences are terrible: Flanders loses its supremacy in the textile industry, and Artois in turn abandons its economic role. It was in this context that the Hundred Years War began in 1337. This will be a disaster for the region, which is the scene of many military operations. The siege of Calais, which became English for two centuries, took its toll on the development of the other towns of Artois. The Black Plague, which spread in 1348, will also wreak havoc in the region for more than a century, while at the same time horrendous weather conditions are falling, causing murderous famine. Social revolts multiply amidst misery and widespread economic slump.

1066: Guillaume de Normandie embarks in Saint-Valery-sur-Somme for the conquest of England.

1218: Bishop of Amiens, Evrard de Fouilloy, decides to raise a new church to replace the Roman building destroyed by a fire. He entrusted the plans of the cathedral of Amiens to Robert de Luzarches who, with the help of Thomas and Renaud de Cormont, completed the construction of the masterpiece in 1254, a record of rapidity. In 1247, the site of the cathedral of Beauvais was opened.

Towards 1225: At the University of Paris, students from the North of France constitute the Picardy nation.

1346: King Plantagenet Edward III of England, who claims to succeed to the throne of France by his mother, lands in Normandy and confronts King Philip VI of Valois to Crécy. After the victory of its troops, the English administration controlled a region called "Picardy" from 1347 to 1558.

The land of great debates (1369-1555)

The Burgundian epoch

Philippe le Hardi, son-in-law of Charles V, inherited in 1384 from Flanders and Artois. The northern territories, which became the jewel of the House of Burgundy, knew the age of the Burgundian power even though threats of war, natural disasters and economic and demographic crisis were still very present.

The battle of Azincourt against the English troops in 1415 was a disaster for the French nobility, which did not prevent Burgundy from extending further to Boulogne-sur-Mer and then to Hainaut. The end of the Hundred Years War was signed in 1475.

The empire

With the alliance of the heiress of Burgundy and the future Emperor Maximilian of Austria, the region was then excluded from the French domain for two centuries. Becoming a mere pawn on the European chessboard, it will be the scene of devastating war episodes until 1713.

In 1520, the region welcomed near Calais the Camp of the Drap d'Or which will see the failure of the wishes of Francis I to ally with England to oppose the ambitions of Charles V.

The latter continues his conquests. In 1548 he baptized all his properties in the north "the circle of Burgundy". In fact, the former Netherlands extend to Hainaut and Artois.

In 1555, Charles V abdicated in favor of his son Philip II who will reign over the Netherlands, Spain and Franche-Comté for forty years. In 1558, Calais was taken over by the French.

1529: Calvin flees from Noyon to Strasbourg and Geneva.

1539: By the edict of Villers-Cotterêts, French becomes the national legal language in place of Latin.

From Spain to France (1555-1713)

Secession of the Netherlands

1568: The Protestants confronted Philip II and became masters of Holland and Zeeland.

1579: Catholics and Protestants clash. This was the beginning of an 80-year-old war that led to the split of the Netherlands in 1648.

1594: Amiens, Laon, Soissons, bastion towns of the League and Princes Ligueurs (Condé and Guise), resist, among the last, the new king Henri IV. The latter put an end to the wars of religion and took in 1598 the Edict of Nantes, assuring the freedom of cult to the Protestants.

The Spanish Netherlands

1598-1633: Offered as a dowry to the Spanish archdukes, the region will experience an era of prosperity and peace thanks to the generosity of a government with little presence.

The French annexation

1635: After this brief respite for the region, the reigns of Louis XIII and Louis XIV will be a new era of almost 90 years of hard fights, sieges, looting, diplomatic break-ups and misery.

1665: Louis XIV granted the privilege of making cloths, way of Holland and Spain, to the Zeeland industrialist Josse van Robais, who settles down in Abbeville.

1688-1713: The regional population underwent repeated assaults by the Dutch, anxious to regain their lands, until 1713, which saw the conclusion of the Treaty of Utrecht concerning the delimitation of the frontiers. The Nord-Pas de Calais is then drawn along a complex boundary unfavorable to its economic interests.

The North of France (1713-1815)

1713-1788: Regional industries, deprived of their natural outlets, are going through a difficult period. Agriculture, for its part, is experiencing spectacular progress thanks to the introduction of new techniques, while the mining area begins its fantastic adventure, ensuring the parallel development of metallurgy. Lille is home to Europe's largest ceramics factory.

1788: The economic prosperity regained concerns the regional population only by far. The indigence remains great, especially as population growth is important. The scarcity that shakes the kingdom in this pre-revolutionary year is very hardly felt in Nord-Pas de Calais.

1789: The Revolution, which has concentrated mainly on the symbols of the Church, will have little effect on the regional territory. On the other hand, the creation of the two departments, their division as the choice of prefectures, aroused serious quarrels.

1790: The province of Picardie is separated from the Boulonnais and breaks out into three departments (the Aisne, the Somme and the Oise).

1792-1794: The region is invaded twice by the Austrian army. The siege of Lille will end in sealing an enthusiastic patriotic feeling.

1799: Bonaparte is welcomed by the region sick of the errors of the Terror and eager for peace. The notables occupy very quickly the most important posts of the departmental administration.

1810: The development of the cotton industry, of mining research, and the new sugar beet cultivation ensure the economic take-off of the Nord-Pas de Calais.

The first factory in the country (1815-1914)

1815-1848: The region became the "first factory in France". The overall economic success has been strengthened by measures of cus- toms protectionism, the import of advanced technologies from England and labor from overcrowded Belgium, a dynamic bourgeoisie and mineral wealth. Many industries such as glass and paper mills are flourishing while communication routes are improving considerably. In 1846 the Paris-Lille railway line was inaugurated. The rural world is not left behind; The region is indeed also the first "farm of France".

1845: The first northern railway is built, financed by the Rotschild Company. Paris-Amiens, inaugurated in 1846, takes 4 hours and 40 minutes.

1850: Exploitation of the Pas-de-Calais coalfield, which will take on the face that is still its own today, while other cities in the region are taking off thanks to the expansion of the textile industry.

1871: At the end of the battle of the North against the Prussians, lost by Faidherbe, the department of the Somme is placed in the occupied zone.

At the dawn of the 20th century, the region is at the height of its power.

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brookstonalmanac · 4 years

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Events 3.17

45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of eighteen, following the death of his father, Marcus Aurelius. 455 – Petronius Maximus becomes, with support of the Roman Senate, emperor of the Western Roman Empire; he forces Licinia Eudoxia, the widow of his predecessor, Valentinian III, to marry him. 1001 – The Raja of Butuan in what is now the Philippines sends a tributary mission to the Song dynasty. 1337 – Edward, the Black Prince is made Duke of Cornwall, the first Duchy in England. 1452 – The Battle of Los Alporchones is fought in the context of the Spanish Reconquista between the Emirate of Granada and the combined forces of the Kingdom of Castile and Murcia resulting in a Christian victory. 1560 – Fort Coligny on Villegagnon Island in Rio de Janeiro is attacked and destroyed during the Portuguese campaign against France Antarctique. 1677 – The Siege of Valenciennes, during the Franco-Dutch War, ends with France's taking of the city. 1776 – American Revolution: The British Army evacuates Boston, ending the Siege of Boston, after George Washington and Henry Knox place artillery in positions overlooking the city. 1780 – American Revolution: George Washington grants the Continental Army a holiday "as an act of solidarity with the Irish in their fight for independence". 1805 – The Italian Republic, with Napoleon as president, becomes the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as King of Italy. 1824 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty is signed in London, dividing the Malay archipelago. As a result, the Malay Peninsula is dominated by the British, while Sumatra and Java and surrounding areas are dominated by the Dutch. 1842 – The Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is formed. 1852 – Annibale De Gasparis discovers in Naples the asteroid Psyche from the north dome of the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte 1860 – The First Taranaki War begins in Taranaki, New Zealand, a major phase of the New Zealand Wars. 1861 – The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed. 1891 – SS Utopia collides with HMS Anson in the Bay of Gibraltar and sinks, killing 562 of the 880 passengers on board. 1921 – The Second Polish Republic adopts the March Constitution. 1939 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanchang between the Kuomintang and Japan begins. 1941 – In Washington, D.C., the National Gallery of Art is officially opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. 1942 – Holocaust: The first Jews from the Lvov Ghetto are gassed at the Belzec death camp in what is today eastern Poland. 1945 – The Ludendorff Bridge in Remagen, Germany, collapses, ten days after its capture. 1947 – First flight of the B-45 Tornado strategic bomber. 1948 – Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels, a precursor to the North Atlantic Treaty establishing NATO. 1950 – Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley announce the creation of element 98, which they name "californium". 1957 – A plane crash in Cebu, Philippines kills Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay and 24 others. 1958 – The United States launches the Vanguard 1 satellite. 1960 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the National Security Council directive on the anti-Cuban covert action program that will ultimately lead to the Bay of Pigs Invasion. 1963 – Mount Agung erupted on Bali killing more than 1,100 people. 1966 – Off the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, the DSV Alvin submarine finds a missing American hydrogen bomb. 1968 – As a result of nerve gas testing by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps in Skull Valley, Utah, over 6,000 sheep are found dead. 1969 – Golda Meir becomes the first female Prime Minister of Israel. 1973 – The Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph Burst of Joy is taken, depicting a former prisoner of war being reunited with his family, which came to symbolize the end of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. 1979 – The Penmanshiel Tunnel collapses during engineering works, killing two workers. 1985 – Serial killer Richard Ramirez, aka the "Night Stalker", commits the first two murders in his Los Angeles murder spree. 1988 – A Colombian Boeing 727 jetliner, Avianca Flight 410, crashes into a mountainside near the Venezuelan border killing 143. 1988 – Eritrean War of Independence: The Nadew Command, an Ethiopian army corps in Eritrea, is attacked on three sides by military units of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front in the opening action of the Battle of Afabet. 1992 – Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires: Car bomb attack kills 29 and injures 242. 1992 – A referendum to end apartheid in South Africa is passed 68.7% to 31.2%. 2000 – Five hundred and thirty members of the Ugandan cult Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God die in a fire, considered to be a mass murder or suicide orchestrated by leaders of the cult. Elsewhere another 248 members are later found dead. 2003 – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Robin Cook, resigns from the British Cabinet in disagreement with government plans for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. 2004 – Unrest in Kosovo: More than 22 are killed and 200 wounded. Thirty-five Serbian Orthodox shrines in Kosovo and two mosques in Serbia are destroyed.

#Events

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esprit-de-corps-magazine · 7 years

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THE MAJILLSES GO TO WAR: McGill University's 7th Siege Battery At Vimy

(Volume 24-03)

By Robert Smol

In late March of 1917, as the artillery phase of the Battle of Vimy Ridge was ramping up, a new inexperienced siege battery was getting ready to fight.

It was here, in a muddy swamp, that history was made for Canada and McGill University. In the line-up for the first major battle fought by a unified Canadian Corps was a combat unit recruited from and bearing the crest of the university.

The 7th Canadian (McGill) Siege Battery was barely a year old when it slogged and staggered into the line at Vimy. At the time, it was commanded by a university professor and manned mostly by students from McGill and its subsidiary MacDonald College.

At almost every turn, fate frowned derisively on this new unit. They had little time to prepare, having arrived late. Facing bad weather, they were also desperately short of food and supplies. To worsen matters, the unit’s commanding officer seemed headed for a mental breakdown. But they managed to pull through. And when zero hour came at 0530 on April 9, the McGill Battery was ready.

The 7th Canadian Siege Battery was one of five units mobilized and trained at McGill for overseas service and it was the first combat unit from the university to deploy overseas. The 7th even managed to retain its original university identity with McGill’s crest being emblazoned on the unit’s badge. Its affiliation was not lost once deployed overseas.

Slogans for recruitment, such as “Calling on men of trained intelligence” and “For God, for Country, for McGill” brought in the initial intake of recruits in the spring of 1916. Initially, the Majillses, as they were popularly called, were designated the 6th and the 271st, until receiving the designation 7th.

The battery’s first commanding officer was Major William Dunlop Tait, a professor at McGill. He served in the Corps of Guides before the war. After the war in 1924, he founded the department of psychology at the university. A professor of English, Captain Cyrus MacMillan became the deputy commander of the unit. He was also an author.

According to Gunner Terence Macdermot’s memoir The Seventh, written in 1953, the battery initially consisted of 61 active students as well as 35 clerks, eight engineers, two architects, and six teachers — many of them McGill alumni. The unit also had a gardener, barber and farmer.

After conducting training in Montreal, Halifax, and Great Britain, the 7th was ordered to proceed to the Vimy front. Landing at Boulogne, France on March 15, 1917, the unit departed in motor lorries for the front on March 27.

On the unit’s journey to the front, tractors dragged the guns, slowing the trip as they had to make frequent stops, wrote Gunner Richard Beverly Moysey in his diary. For the next two days, the battery slept in farmers’ barns, dealt with frequent delays, choked roads, worsening weather and mechanical breakdowns. Moysey could hear the distinct sound of gunfire and spent his evenings “watching the illumination along the front.”

Once arrived at the front, the unit was greeted with a tactical and logistical nightmare. The unit was ordered to place their howitzers — short guns firing shells on high trajectories at low velocities — in a swamp.

A frustrated Captain Cyrus MacMillan wrote of the muddy conditions in his personal diary. “Did our best to get things in order. Living in a swamp. No material to work with. This is Canada’s treatment of us!”

The unit’s official war diary was equally ominous in its assessment of the situation and the challenge of getting guns positioned and calibrated on time.

“No material to work with, no brick, stone, or timber. Men sleeping in mud and water or under canvas. Rations very poor.”

According to Gunner Macdermot, the supply situation worsened so much that “the hungry gunner was not above picking a stray onion from the mud, wiping it on his muddy sleeve and swallowing it, mud and all.”

The first two guns arrived at 2300 on April 2. Without proper supplies to mount the guns, the men began to scrounge through the ruins of a local village to get whatever material they could improvise with.

Hauled into position by the wet, hungry and sleep-deprived gunners at 0200 in the morning, they were greeted by a torrent of rain and snow. The remaining two guns arrived the following midnight and were hauled into their improvised gun pits. But before they could move on in their preparation, a gun had sunk in the mud.

The McGill gunners tried unsuccessfully to pull it out, only to see it sink once more. Two tractors attempted the feat, without any luck. Anxiously, they began to implement their programme of preparatory firing to ensure that the guns were properly calibrated and the improvised platforms and gun pits were secure enough to withstand a continuous and heavy gunfire. Over the remaining two days, the unit fired over 200 shells to ensure that their guns and designated targets were properly calibrated and registered.

Added to the litany of challenges was a missing commanding officer. Almost immediately after the unit’s arrival at Vimy, Major Tait confined himself to his tent and remained shut off from any interaction with his unit or with medical personnel for five days. Interestingly, the professor who founded McGill’s psychology department was likely suffering from a mental health crisis at Vimy.

Although Tait’s condition was not mentioned in the unit’s official diary, Captain MacMillan included “Major still in bed” for each of his diary entries from April 1 to 4. In a private letter to his brother, MacMillan was more detailed. “He did not appear sick — and his indisposition, I fear, gave a strange impression.” On April 5, Tait reported to the hospital, making deputy commander MacMillan the leader of McGill’s first combat unit.

Though MacMillan doubted their CO’s return, Tait did return after Vimy, commanding the unit during the Battle of Hill 70 in August 1917.

The world “seemed to thunder,” recalled MacMillan, when the guns began their bombardment of Vimy Ridge on April 9. In addition to destroying Vimy Ridge, the 7th McGill Siege Battery was focused on destroying the villages of Thelus, Farbus, and Farbus Wood, as well as the roads leading to Thelus. During the first day of the battle, the heavy guns, firing from the dreadful swamp, had expended 350 rounds.

“We fired as hard as possible until noon,” recounted Moysey in his diary. After that, the gunners were on standby, ready to respond to SOS calls from the infantry, while it was consolidating its position on the ridge. “The German prisoners started coming back,” wrote Moysey. “Some of the boys went out and got their helmets in exchange for cigarettes.”

The same throng of German prisoners that weaved through the lines of the 7th all morning were described by MacMillan as tired-looking young men, with “pale unshaven faces, tanned about the eyes.” As they passed MacMillan and the others, “they placed their hands over their ears as if to shut out a noise that would have brought memories of hell.”

After Vimy, the 7th went on to fight at Lens and Hill 70, Passchendaele, Arras, Canal-Du-Nord, Valenciennes, and Mons. There is nothing to remind today’s McGill students of their First World War unit, aside from a discrete plaque placed on campus by veterans of the battery after the war.

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illustratus · 2 years

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The storming of Valenciennes by Jean Alaux

Musketeers of the Guard entering the citadel of Valenciennes, 1677

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rhianna · 3 years

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AuthorRobson, William, 1785-1863 IllustratorGilbert, John, 1817-1897 TitleThe Great Sieges of History ContentsBactra -- Aï -- Thebes, in Bœotia -- Thebes, Palestine -- Troy -- Jerusalem -- Samaria -- Rome -- Nineveh -- Azoth -- Tyre -- Sardis -- Babylon -- Corioli -- Veii -- Falerii -- Platææ -- Byblos -- Athens -- Syracuse -- Agrigentum -- Byzantium -- Rhodes -- Lyons -- Gaza -- Persepolis -- Lacedæmon -- Argos -- Messina -- Corinth -- Tarentum -- Tunis -- Carthagena -- Utica -- Abydos -- Cremona -- Carthage -- Toulouse -- Sinope -- Paris -- Rimini -- Marseilles -- Alexandria -- Palmyra -- Milan -- Tournai -- Orleans -- Pavia -- Ravenna -- Antioch -- Naples -- Edessa -- Kaibar -- Weinsberg -- Damascus -- Lisbon -- St. Jean d'Acre -- Dover -- Bagdad -- Cassel -- Romorantin -- La Rochelle -- Cassovia -- Troyes -- Belgrade -- Castillon -- Liége -- Beauvais -- Grenada -- Vienna -- Algiers -- Valenciennes -- Leyden -- Livron -- Cahors -- Mæestricht -- Antwerp -- Malta -- Vachtendonck -- Ostend -- Bergen-op-Zoom -- Magdeburg -- Turin -- Arras -- Verchères -- Stralsund -- Frederikshall -- Schweidnitz -- Ismaïl -- Bommel -- Barcelona -- Gibraltar -- Seringapatam -- Saragossa -- Badajos -- Constantinople -- Ciudad Rodrigo -- Castle of Burgos -- St. Sebastian -- Sebastopol. LanguageEnglish LoC ClassD: History: General and Eastern Hemisphere SubjectSieges CategoryText EBook-No.59093 Release DateMar 19, 2019 Copyright StatusPublic domain in the USA.

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brookstonalmanac · 5 years

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Events 3.17

45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of eighteen, following the death of his father, Marcus Aurelius.[1] 455 – Petronius Maximus becomes, with support of the Roman Senate, emperor of the Western Roman Empire; he forces Licinia Eudoxia, the widow of his predecessor, Valentinian III, to marry him.[2] 1001 – The Raja of Butuan in what is now the Philippines sends a tributary mission to the Song dynasty. 1337 – Edward, the Black Prince is made Duke of Cornwall, the first Duchy in England. 1452 – The Battle of Los Alporchones is fought in the context of the Spanish Reconquista between the Emirate of Granada and the combined forces of the Kingdom of Castile and Murcia resulting in a Christian victory. 1560 – Fort Coligny on Villegagnon Island in Rio de Janeiro is attacked and destroyed during the Portuguese campaign against France Antarctique. 1677 – The Siege of Valenciennes, during the Franco-Dutch War, ends with France's taking of the city. 1776 – American Revolution: British forces evacuate Boston, ending the Siege of Boston, after George Washington and Henry Knox place artillery in positions overlooking the city. 1780 – American Revolution: George Washington grants the Continental Army a holiday "as an act of solidarity with the Irish in their fight for independence". 1805 – The Italian Republic, with Napoleon as president, becomes the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as King. 1824 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty is signed in London, dividing the Malay archipelago. As a result, the Malay Peninsula is dominated by the British, while Sumatra and Java and surrounding areas are dominated by the Dutch. 1842 – The Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is formed. 1852 – Annibale De Gasparis discovers in Naples the asteroid Psyche from the north dome of the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte 1860 – The First Taranaki War begins in Taranaki, New Zealand, a major phase of the New Zealand land wars. 1861 – The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed. 1891 – SS Utopia collides with HMS Anson in the Bay of Gibraltar and sinks, killing 562 of the 880 passengers on board. 1921 – The Second Polish Republic adopts the March Constitution. 1939 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanchang between the Kuomintang and Japan begins. 1941 – In Washington, D.C., the National Gallery of Art is officially opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. 1942 – Holocaust: The first Jews from the Lvov Ghetto are gassed at the Belzec death camp in what is today eastern Poland. 1945 – The Ludendorff Bridge in Remagen, Germany, collapses, ten days after its capture. 1947 – First flight of the B-45 Tornado strategic bomber. 1948 – Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels, a precursor to the North Atlantic Treaty establishing NATO. 1950 – Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley announce the creation of element 98, which they name "californium". 1957 – A plane crash in Cebu, Philippines kills Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay and 24 others. 1958 – The United States launches the Vanguard 1 satellite. 1959 – Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, flees Tibet for India. 1960 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the National Security Council directive on the anti-Cuban covert action program that will ultimately lead to the Bay of Pigs Invasion. 1963 – Mount Agung erupted on Bali killing more than 1,100 people. 1966 – Off the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, the DSV Alvin submarine finds a missing American hydrogen bomb. 1968 – As a result of nerve gas testing in Skull Valley, Utah, over 6,000 sheep are found dead. 1969 – Golda Meir becomes the first female Prime Minister of Israel. 1973 – The Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph Burst of Joy is taken, depicting a former prisoner of war being reunited with his family, which came to symbolize the end of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. 1979 – The Penmanshiel Tunnel collapses during engineering works, killing two workers. 1985 – Serial killer Richard Ramirez, aka the "Night Stalker", commits the first two murders in his Los Angeles murder spree. 1988 – A Colombian Boeing 727 jetliner, Avianca Flight 410, crashes into a mountainside near the Venezuelan border killing 143. 1988 – Eritrean War of Independence: The Nadew Command, an Ethiopian army corps in Eritrea, is attacked on three sides by military units of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front in the opening action of the Battle of Afabet. 1992 – Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires: Car bomb attack kills 29 and injures 242. 1992 – A referendum to end apartheid in South Africa is passed 68.7% to 31.2%. 2000 – Five hundred thirty members of the Ugandan cult Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God die in a fire, considered to be a mass murder or suicide orchestrated by leaders of the cult. Elsewhere another 248 members are later found dead. 2003 – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Robin Cook, resigns from the British Cabinet in disagreement with government plans for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. 2004 – Unrest in Kosovo: More than 22 are killed and 200 wounded. Thirty-five Serbian Orthodox shrines in Kosovo and two mosques in Serbia are destroyed.

#Events

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brookstonalmanac · 6 years

Text

Events 3.17

45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. 180 – Marcus Aurelius dies leaving Commodus the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. 455 – Petronius Maximus becomes, with support of the Roman Senate, emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 1001 – The Raja of Butuan in what is now the Philippines sends a tributary mission to the Song dynasty. 1337 – Edward, the Black Prince is made Duke of Cornwall, the first Duchy in England. 1452 – The Battle of Los Alporchones is fought in the context of the Spanish Reconquista between the Emirate of Granada and the combined forces of the Kingdom of Castile and Murcia resulting in a Christian victory. 1560 – Fort Coligny on Villegagnon Island in Rio de Janeiro is attacked and destroyed during the Portuguese campaign against France Antarctique. 1677 – The Siege of Valenciennes, during the Franco-Dutch War, ends with France's taking of the city. 1776 – American Revolution: British forces evacuate Boston, ending the Siege of Boston, after George Washington and Henry Knox place artillery in positions overlooking the city. 1780 – American Revolution: George Washington grants the Continental Army a holiday "as an act of solidarity with the Irish in their fight for independence". 1805 – The Italian Republic, with Napoleon as president, becomes the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as King. 1824 – The Malay archipelago splits into two domains after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty is signed in London. As a result, the Malay Peninsula is dominated by the British, while Sumatra and Java and surrounding areas are dominated by the Dutch. 1842 – The Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is formed. 1852 – Annibale De Gasparis discovers in Naples the asteroid Psyche from the north dome of the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte 1860 – The First Taranaki War begins in Taranaki, New Zealand, a major phase of the New Zealand land wars. 1861 – The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed. 1891 – SS Utopia collides with HMS Anson in the Bay of Gibraltar and sinks, killing 562 of the 880 passengers on board. 1921 – The Second Polish Republic adopts the March Constitution. 1939 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanchang between the Kuomintang and Japan begins, 1941 – In Washington, D.C., the National Gallery of Art is officially opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. 1942 – Holocaust: The first Jews from the Lvov Ghetto are gassed at the Belzec death camp in what is today eastern Poland. 1945 – The Ludendorff Bridge in Remagen, Germany, collapses, ten days after its capture. 1947 – First flight of the B-45 Tornado strategic bomber. 1948 – Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels, a precursor to the North Atlantic Treaty establishing NATO. 1950 – Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley announce the creation of element 98, which they name "californium". 1957 – A plane crash in Cebu, Philippines kills Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay and 24 others. 1958 – The United States launches the Vanguard 1 satellite. 1959 – Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, flees Tibet for India. 1960 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the National Security Council directive on the anti-Cuban covert action program that will ultimately lead to the Bay of Pigs Invasion. 1963 – Mount Agung erupted on Bali killing more than 1,100 people. 1966 – Off the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, the DSV Alvin submarine finds a missing American hydrogen bomb. 1968 – As a result of nerve gas testing in Skull Valley, Utah, over 6,000 sheep are found dead. 1969 – Golda Meir becomes the first female Prime Minister of Israel. 1973 – The Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph Burst of Joy is taken, depicting a former prisoner of war being reunited with his family, which came to symbolize the end of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. 1979 – The Penmanshiel Tunnel collapses during engineering works, killing two workers. 1985 – Serial killer Richard Ramirez, aka the "Night Stalker", commits the first two murders in his Los Angeles murder spree. 1988 – A Colombian Boeing 727 jetliner, Avianca Flight 410, crashes into a mountainside near the Venezuelan border killing 143. 1988 – Eritrean War of Independence: The Nadew Command, an Ethiopian army corps in Eritrea, is attacked on three sides by military units of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front in the opening action of the Battle of Afabet. 1992 – Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires: Car bomb attack kills 29 and injures 242. 1992 – A referendum to end apartheid in South Africa is passed 68.7% to 31.2%. 2000 – Five hundred thirty members of the Ugandan cult Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God die in a fire, considered to be a mass murder or suicide orchestrated by leaders of the cult. Elsewhere another 248 members are later found dead. 2003 – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Robin Cook, resigns from the British Cabinet in disagreement with government plans for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. 2004 – Unrest in Kosovo: More than 22 are killed and 200 wounded. Thirty-five Serbian Orthodox shrines in Kosovo and two mosques in Serbia are destroyed. 2011 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1972 relating to Somalia is adopted. 2011 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 relating to Libyan Civil War is adopted.

#Events

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brookstonalmanac · 7 years

Text

Events 3.17

45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. 180 – Marcus Aurelius dies leaving Commodus the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. 455 – Petronius Maximus becomes, with support of the Roman Senate, emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 1001 – The Raja of Butuan in what is now the Philippines sends a tributary mission to the Song dynasty. 1337 – Edward, the Black Prince is made Duke of Cornwall, the first Duchy in England. 1452 – The Battle of Los Alporchones is fought in the context of the Spanish Reconquista between the Emirate of Granada and the combined forces of the Kingdom of Castile and Murcia resulting in a Christian victory. 1560 – Fort Coligny on Villegagnon Island in Rio de Janeiro is attacked and destroyed during the Portuguese campaign against France Antarctique. 1677 – The Siege of Valenciennes, during the Franco-Dutch War, ends with France's taking of the city. 1776 – American Revolution: British forces evacuate Boston, ending the Siege of Boston, after George Washington and Henry Knox place artillery in positions overlooking the city. 1780 – American Revolution: George Washington grants the Continental Army a holiday "as an act of solidarity with the Irish in their fight for independence". 1805 – The Italian Republic, with Napoleon as president, becomes the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as King. 1842 – The Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is formed; 1860 – The First Taranaki War begins in Taranaki, New Zealand, a major phase of the New Zealand land wars. 1861 – The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed. 1891 – SS Utopia collides with HMS Anson in the Bay of Gibraltar and sinks, killing 562 of the 880 passengers on board. 1921 – The Second Polish Republic adopts the March Constitution. 1939 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanchang between the Kuomintang and Japan begins, 1941 – In Washington, D.C., the National Gallery of Art is officially opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. 1942 – Holocaust: The first Jews from the Lvov Ghetto are gassed at the Belzec death camp in what is today eastern Poland. 1945 – The Ludendorff Bridge in Remagen, Germany, collapses, ten days after its capture. 1947 – First flight of the B-45 Tornado strategic bomber. 1948 – The Benelux, France, and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels, a precursor to the North Atlantic Treaty establishing NATO. 1950 – Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley announce the creation of element 98, which they name "californium". 1957 – A plane crash in Cebu, Philippines kills Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay and 24 others. 1958 – The United States launches the Vanguard 1 satellite. 1959 – Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, flees Tibet for India. 1960 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the National Security Council directive on the anti-Cuban covert action program that will ultimately lead to the Bay of Pigs Invasion. 1963 – Mount Agung erupted on Bali killing more than 1,100 people. 1966 – Off the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, the DSV Alvin submarine finds a missing American hydrogen bomb. 1968 – As a result of nerve gas testing in Skull Valley, Utah, over 6,000 sheep are found dead. 1969 – Golda Meir becomes the first female Prime Minister of Israel. 1970 – My Lai Massacre: The United States Army charges 14 officers with suppressing information related to the incident. 1973 – The Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph Burst of Joy is taken, depicting a former prisoner of war being reunited with his family, which came to symbolize the end of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. 1979 – The Penmanshiel Tunnel collapses during engineering works, killing two workers. 1985 – Serial killer Richard Ramirez, aka the "Night Stalker", commits the first two murders in his Los Angeles murder spree. 1988 – A Colombian Boeing 727 jetliner, Avianca Flight 410, crashes into a mountainside near the Venezuelan border killing 143. 1988 – Eritrean War of Independence: The Nadew Command, an Ethiopian army corps in Eritrea, is attacked on three sides by military units of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front in the opening action of the Battle of Afabet. 1992 – Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires: Car bomb attack kills 29 and injures 242. 1992 – A referendum to end apartheid in South Africa is passed 68.7% to 31.2%. 2000 – Five hundred thirty members of the Ugandan cult Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God die in a fire, considered to be a mass murder or suicide orchestrated by leaders of the cult. Elsewhere another 248 members are later found dead. 2003 – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Robin Cook, resigns from the British Cabinet in disagreement with government plans for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. 2004 – Unrest in Kosovo: More than 22 are killed and 200 wounded. Thirty-five Serbian Orthodox shrines in Kosovo and two mosques in Serbia are destroyed.

#Events

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