#ss -> 6 -> lw

[v41entine]

fallout ocs in the dd2 cc :3

[the-other-art-blog]

How can anyone honestly believe Cressida changed???

Sorry, but I do not buy the whole "my dad is mean and my mom pressures me so much and society puts me against women. so that's why I have been the biggest bitch for the last three years."

And it's very telling how some people are ready to forgive her, but they treat Pen as if she murdered someone and is beyond redemption.

May I remind you that Cressida was one of the people who judged Eloise and called her a "radical ruffian" after LW published her column about her.

Are we to believe that weeks later, she had an epiphany and decided to be kind to Eloise? No! She noticed the rift between Pen and Eloise and decided to go after El. She gets a Bton connection and leaves Pen alone and defenseless. Cressida has a direct beef with Pen, like all bullies she has a fixation against one person.

What's interesting is that despite their supposed tight friendship, El hasn't invited Cressida to have tea with the family every Sunday. It's like El knows that this is not a real friendship and Cressida will never replace Pen or at least whatever they have is not even close to what she had with Pen (I realize that this sounds like I'm talking about a romantic relationship, but so what, they're the second love story of s3). Also, the fact that the rest of the family hates Cressida doesn't help this relationship.

In 3x01 she bullied Pen TWICE. If El hadn't distracted her, Cressida would have said something mean to Pen. In fact, that's why El called her because she knew she was going to bully Pen. Then, obviously, during the ball, even El apologized to her.

Even in this gif below, and any other time, El looks embarrassed and regretful to be with Cressida. She is miserable and deep down (or maybe not so deep), she knows what she is doing is wrong.

I'm convinced that the only reason why Cressida did not spread Pen and Colin's deal was because El had already called her out on her bullying in ep1. When El tells her that Pen may have a chance with Debling, she laughs! Why Cressida, why is it so far-fetched that Pen may attract the attention of a wealthy lord?

Oh, but my favorite is when Cressida said she tried to befriend El in s2. Like hell she did! First, she mocked her when it seemed El had screwed up her meeting with the Queen. But when El charmed the Queen (ten seconds later), suddenly she's offering her "a spot "an opening" in her circle, as if friendship with her was a selected club where only the worthy ones had access (Blair Waldorf who? And yes, it's an insult).

Cressida also complains about her lack of proposals as if she were a poor debutante who never got the chance to attract a suitor. The reality is that as the beautiful and popular single daughter of a lord, Cressida could have gotten married quickly. She didn't because even the horrible men of the ton could not stand her. Madame Delacroix said it in s1:

But to me, the biggest clue that she is still the ton's biggest bitch is her promo video. This last bit tells me that she's still the same.

Now, I'll be discussing spoilers for episodes 5 and 6 (because there's no way to avoid them unless you go offline). So, if you don't want to know, stop reading.

I will also be discussing potential spoilers that relate to s4.

You're reading this at your own risk!

So according to the ss that I've seen of ep 5 and 6 and the teaser, they are following the storyline from RMB where Cressida lies and tells everyone she is LW. In the book Lady D offers a reward, in the show, it will be the Queen. We know that Lord Cowper is practicing some economic violence by restricting Lady Cowper and Cressida's allowance until C marries someone wealthy. 5000 pounds is a huge amount of money in Regency England, so C will want it, plus all the attention from it. I don't know much else because I did not watch the recap videos. But this shows she's still an awful person.

Onto Benophie rumors.

Ready?

It is widely believed that the Cowpers are Sophie's family. Why? Because Lady Cowper's given name is Araminta. There were also mentions in s2 that Lady Cowper stole a servant from another house, something the Araminta of AOFAG did. That and a few comments on ig posts that mention Sophie were liked by the actresses. I'm very confident with this theory, especially with the amount of screen time the Cowpers have this season, including their domestic life. I'm sure Sophie is there working as a maid. I don't know if she is Lord Cowper's illegitimate daughter, but somehow she ended up there.

Behind the scenes, this is a recurring change adaptations use to economize in characters. The Cowpers and the Gunningworths can blend into one easily. Plus, imo, the Featheringtons already give the evil step-sisters vibe that would seem repetitive to people who haven't watched the show. They would seem to be mere replacements for the Featheringtons after they leave the show in s3.

If so, then Cressida fits the Rosamund character perfectly. Both are ultra-mean women, both spinsters, both capable of being cruel to someone like Sophie.

What about Posy? Here's where things get complicated, some believe that Cressida's redemption arc will make her a combination of Rosamund AND Posy. I think that is an absurd idea since as this post argues, there's no such redemption arc. Posy is a beautiful character who suffered domestic abuse from the very people who should have loved her. And I do not trust anyone who villanizes her for not speaking up earlier. She was the bravest person in the book for stepping up and defending Sophie, even at the risk of suffering Araminta's wrath. If Violet hadn't adopted her, who knows what would have happened to her.

I'm open to changing my mind after watching part 2, but right now, I would rather lose Posy completely in the show than give Cressida traits of her personality. Let her live in the books with her vicar! If Sophie has to lose her sole source of kindness in her house (aside from the servants), like Pen lost Felicity, then so be it.

ONE LAST THING: IF YOU HAVE MORE DETAILED SPOILERS, DO NOT SHARE THEM HERE, PLEASE!!!!! I DON'T WANT TO KNOW ANY MORE OF THE SEASON UNTIL I WATCHED IT ON JUNE 13TH. DON'T MESSAGE ME OR REPLY WITH SPOILERS.

WHOEVER SHARES MORE SPOILERS HERE WILL BE BLOCKED AND YOUR REPLY DELETED

[postsofbabel]

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A Aa Ab Ac Ad Ae Af Ag Ah Ai Aj Ak Al Am An Ao Ap Aq Ar As At Au Av Aw Ax Ay Az

B Ba Bb Bc Bd Be Bf Bg Bh Bi Bj Bk Bl Bm Bn Bo Bp Bq Br Bs Bt Bu Bv Bw Bx By Bz

C Ca Cb Cc Cd Ce Cf Cg Ch Ci Cj Ck Cl Cm Cn Co Cp Cq Cr Cs Ct Cu Cv Cw Cx Cy Cz

D Da Db Dc Dd De Df Dg Dh Di Dj Dk Dl Dm Dn Do Dp Dq Dr Ds Dt Du Dv Dw Dx Dy Dz

E Ea Eb Ec Ed Ee Ef Eg Eh Ei Ej Ek El Em En Eo Ep Eq Er Es Et Eu Ev Ew Ex Ey Ez

F Fa Fb Fc Fd Fe Ff Fg Fh Fi Fj Fk Fl Fm Fn Fo Fp Fq Fr Fs Ft Fu Fv Fw Fx Fy Fz

G Ga Gb Gc Gd Ge Gf Gg Gh Gi Gj Gk Gl Gm Gn Go Gp Gq Gr Gs Gt Gu Gv Gw Gx Gy Gz

H Ha Hb Hc Hd He Hf Hg Hh Hi Hj Hk Hl Hm Hn Ho Hp Hq Hr Hs Ht Hu Hv Hw Hx Hy Hz

I Ia Ib Ic Id Ie If Ig Ih Ii Ij Ik Il Im In Io Ip Iq Ir Is It Iu Iv Iw Ix Iy Iz

J Ja Jb Jc Jd Je Jf Jg Jh Ji Jj Jk Jl Jm Jn Jo Jp Jq Jr Js Jt Ju Jv Jw Jx Jy Jz

K Ka Kb Kc Kd Ke Kf Kg Kh Ki Kj Kk Kl Km Kn Ko Kp Kq Kr Ks Kt Ku Kv Kw Kx Ky Kz

L La Lb Lc Ld Le Lf Lg Lh Li Lj Lk Ll Lm Ln Lo Lp Lq Lr Ls Lt Lu Lv Lw Lx Ly Lz

M Ma Mb Mc Md Me Mf Mg Mh Mi Mj Mk Ml Mm Mn Mo Mp Mq Mr Ms Mt Mu Mv Mw Mx My Mz

N Na Nb Nc Nd Ne Nf Ng Nh Ni Nj Nk Nl Nm Nn No Np Nq Nr Ns Nt Nu Nv Nw Nx Ny Nz

O Oa Ob Oc Od Oe Of Og Oh Oi Oj Ok Ol Om On Oo Op Oq Or Os Ot Ou Ov Ow Ox Oy Oz

P Pa Pb Pc Pd Pe Pf Pg Ph Pi Pj Pk Pl Pm Pn Po Pp Pq Pr Ps Pt Pu Pv Pw Px Py Pz

Q Qa Qb Qc Qd Qe Qf Qg Qh Qi Qj Qk Ql Qm Qn Qo Qp Qq Qr Qs Qt Qu Qv Qw Qx Qy Qz

R Ra Rb Rc Rd Re Rf Rg Rh Ri Rj Rk Rl Rm Rn Ro Rp Rq Rr Rs Rt Ru Rv Rw Rx Ry Rz

S Sa Sb Sc Sd Se Sf Sg Sh Si Sj Sk Sl Sm Sn So Sp Sq Sr Ss St Su Sv Sw Sx Sy Sz

T Ta Tb Tc Td Te Tf Tg Th Ti Tj Tk Tl Tm Tn To Tp Tq Tr Ts Tt Tu Tv Tw Tx Ty Tz

U Ua Ub Uc Ud Ue Uf Ug Uh Ui Uj Uk Ul Um Un Uo Up Uq Ur Us Ut Uu Uv Uw Ux Uy Uz

V Va Vb Vc Vd Ve Vf Vg Vh Vi Vj Vk Vl Vm Vn Vo Vp Vq Vr Vs Vt Vu Vv Vw Vx Vy Vz

W Wa Wb Wc Wd We Wf Wg Wh Wi Wj Wk Wl Wm Wn Wo Wp Wq Wr Ws Wt Wu Wv Ww Wx Wy Wz

X Xa Xb Xc Xd Xe Xf Xg Xh Xi Xj Xk Xl Xm Xn Xo Xp Xq Xr Xs Xt Xu Xv Xw Xx Xy Xz

Y Ya Yb Yc Yd Ye Yf Yg Yh Yi Yj Yk Yl Ym Yn Yo Yp Yq Yr Ys Yt Yu Yv Yw Yx Yy Yz

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[eloarei]

Your favorite Fallout ship and... ALL THE EVENS

Oho Socks, you mad lad lol

Well, alright then! *rolls up sleeves*

Favorite Fallout Ship: This really should be easy; I should easily say "LW x Fawkes", given how much I've written of it. And I think I'd still call that the winner. But a close runner up, worthy of mention, is SS x Nick Valentine. Ugh, such good ships, both. (Here’s one of my own drawings.) 

2. Your newest ship: Huh... It's a toss-up between Luffy x Jinbe, and Luffy x Katakuri, since they both become relevant around the same time. (Here’s a cute Luffy and Jinbe.) 

4. Favourite m/f ship: To avoid saying LW/Fawkes too much, I'll say it's Varric x Cassandra, from Dragon Age Inquisition! (RIP Cassandra’s head in this pic, but oh well.) 

6. Favourite f/f ship: Gosh, I dunno if it's actually my favorite, but of recent ships I'd say Siora x de Sardet, from Greedfall. You can romance Siora as a male character too, but I just see it working better with a female de Sardet. (Not my de Sardet, but a nice one anyway.) 

8. Most fluffy ship: Oh, Takeo x Yamato, from Ore Monogatari! Holy moly, what a pair of cuties, and what a cute anime! Super recommended if you like romcoms; I'm gonna go watch it again right this second haha (Gosh look at these goofballs.) 

10. Most smutty ship: Y'know, I'm just gonna say Symbrock (Venom/Eddie) by virtue of the whole body-sharing experience. I think the fandom is like inherently, inescapably horny lol. (And by fandom I’m also including the very horny canon comics.) 

12. Character that you can only imagine in one ship: This used to be like... everyone. I really never used to be a multishipper. But I've been around too long now; lol I have too many ideas. So who would never be shipped with anyone other than their one perfect OTP? Never ever? *sits here for any eternity* Ok, I gotta say it's Helmeppo from One Piece. Look, it's Coby or bust, partly because they're perfect partner-besties, and partly because nobody else would put up with his shit other than saintly Coby. (He’s a pretty good boyfriend though; haha this episode killed me.) 

14. Character that you can’t imagine in any ship: Genuinely, this question just sounds like a challenge to me, but a lot of One Piece villains could fit this bill. I'll just go ahead and say Perospero. (Ahh shoot now I'm imagining him in a hate-ship with Pedro, but oh well. No take-backsies.) (I hate his tongue so much.) 

16. Characters that you kinda ship but prefer as brotp: After the Whole Cake Island arc, Luffy x Sanji fits this pretty well. They have a very intense relationship (in this arc, esp), but I think it works best platonically. (God I love the opening for this arc so very much.) 

18. Guilty pleasure ship: I don't think there's a point in feeling guilty, so it's either all my monster ships or none of them XD NEXT QUESTION. (Pictured: Elias and Chise from Ancient Magus Bride, because they didn’t manage to feature in any of the other questions.) 

20. Ship that you liked but don’t anymore: I don't think I've ever really stopped liking a ship, but on the rare occasion it sort of gets replaced, and the only time I can remember that happening is in Fullmetal Alchemist, where I shipped Roy x Ed ages ago, and then the reboot did a much better job of presenting the mostly-canon relationship of Roy x Riza, so I didn't have as much reason to support the non-canon ships anymore pffft. (Look at them though. I do still like them. And this picture is rad.) 

22. Ship that you immediately fall in love with after one scene despite not considering it before: I mean I guess Luffy x Katakuri. To be honest, I'd had a friend mention being into them, but I wasn't caught up on the anime so I was like "pffft, why?". And then their fight scene just got so.... !!! Like...!!! Like, these were enemies in a life-or-death battle, but you could SEE THEM start to like and respect and admire each other during this long-ass fight. Katakuri goes through literally an entire character growth arc during this fight, and by the end he's clearly thinking, "Okay, this pipsqueak is like no one I've ever met before; he's special, and I'm kind of honored for him to kick my ass, and also I hope he comes back to visit me one day, uwu". It, uh, it was an experience haha. 

24. Biggest notp: I really only get NoTPs when I'm heavily invested in something. Back when I was into BNHA, I really didn't like Izuku x Todoroki, but since I'm not as into the series anymore, it doesn't bother me. I suppose right now my "nope"est pairing would be... uh... LW x Jericho, from FO3? I never cared for it to begin with, but it's really right-out in my current fic series. (I should have found a nicer picture but “Alright then” sums up my feelings about them.) 

26. Characters that you like in every dynamic (lovers,friends,enemies) : I mean, not to rehash a ship again, but Luffy x Katakuri for sure, because they already are basically frenemies. (Look at that drawing! Even Oda knows they’re meant to be buddies!) 

28. Ship that you expected to ship before reading/watching franchise and you don’t: Hmm. I'm sure there is one! I try not to have a lot of preconceived notions when I watch something... Well, I didn't expect this before the series, necessarily, but I always kind of thought I'd get into Tony Stark x Steve Rogers, but I just... never really did. Seemed like something I'd like, but it didn't catch on, even before other options became available. (Fun memes though.) 

30. Favourite canon ship: EVER? Gosh, uh, let's go with Goliath x Elisa from Gargoyles! Ahh yes, someone made a good decision with that one!! Bring back whoever wrote that series! (I’m blessed by this canon gif.) 

32. Favourite ship for hurt-comfort: For recent stuff, let's definitely say Kiddway (Edward Kenway x 'James Kidd' aka Mary Read), from Assassin's Creed 4. BOY, they just had to hurt me like that in canon! Their story seemed absolutely ripe for H/C. I really should write some fic.(God look at that little wink.)

34. Ship that you never expected to ship when you were younger but here you are: HMMM what series did I like before shipping was a thing? OH OKAY here's one: Zelda x Ganondorf. I definitely accepted the 'Zelda/Link is basically canon' line as a kid, so shipping either of them with the Big Bad Ganon was not remotely on my mind. In fact, I don't think I'd have ever considered it if it weren't for A Tale of Two Rulers. (Ugh man I wish I could paint like Lor does.) 

Alright, that was fun lol. Thanks for the questions, Socks! <3

[canopicgirl]

i haven’t drawn anything fallout in a while dhdjusgeg

cal’s my LW/Courier 6 n rooke is my SS

[jwscrobbles]

Top 50 Songs Scrobbled for the Week Ending 5/13/2012

     TW                LW                                      ARTIST - SONG       1                   1                                        Labrinth - LAST TIME (1 week @ #1)       2                    4                                        Robert Glasper/Erykah Badu - AFRO BLUE       3                    1                                        Gotye/Kimbra - SOMEBODY THAT I USED TO KNOW (2 weeks @ #1)       4                    5                                        Conor Maynard - CAN'T SAY NO       5                    6                                        Chris Brown - TURN UP THE MUSIC       6                    9                                        M83 - REUNION       7                    3                                        FloRida/Sia - WILD ONES             8                    8                                        Kelly Clarkson - STRONGER (2 week @ #1)       9                   15                                       Mark Ronson/Erykah Badu - A LA MODELISTE      10                  11                                       Nicki Minaj - STARSHIPS        11                   7                                        David Guetta/Nicki Minaj - TURN ME ON      12                  12                                       fun./Janelle Monae - WE ARE YOUNG      13                  19                                       Sam Sparro - HAPPINESS      14                  10                                       David Guetta/Sia - TITANIUM      15                  22                                       Santigold - DISPARATE YOUTH      16                  25                                       Miike Snow - PADDLING OUT      17                  17                                       Chiddy Bang - RAY CHARLES      18                  18                                       Madeon - ICARUS      19                  29                                       Estelle/Janelle Monae - DO MY THANG                                                                                20                  28                                       Lana del Rey - BLUE JEANS (PENGUIN PRISON REMIX)      21                  13                                       Foster the People - DON'T STOP (COLOR ON THE WALLS)      22                  14                                       Elle Varner/J Cole - ONLY WANNA GIVE IT TO YOU (3 weeks @ 1)      23                  21                                       Jessie J - WHO YOU ARE      24                  16                                       Gym Class Heroes - @SS BACK HOME      25                  23                                       Drake/Lil Wayne - THE MOTTO          26                  24                                       Rihanna/Jay-Z - TALK THAT TALK      27                  37                                       DivaGeek - HE SAID, SHE SAID      28                  38                                       Usher - CLIMAX      29                  33                                       Rihanna/Chris Brown - BIRTHDAY CAKE (REMIX)      30                  34                                       B. Traits/Elisabeth Troy - FEVER          31                  30                                       Jennifer Hudson/NeYo/Rick Ross      32                  20                                       OutaSight - TONIGHT IS THE NIGHT      33                  40                                       Katy Perry - PART OF ME            34                  26                                       Avicci - LEVELS (1 week @ #1)      35                  42                                       Wale/Lloyd - SABOTAGE      36                  31                                       Baby Bash/Miguel - SLIDE OVER      37                  44                                       Melanie Fiona/J Cole - THIS TIME      38                  27                                       Wale/Miguel - LOTUS FLOWER BOMB (1 week @ #1)      39                  45                                       The Black Keys - GOLD ON THE CEILING        40                  43                                       Elle Varner - REFILL      41                  48                                       Yuna - LIVE YOUR LIFE      42                  32                                       Madonna/Nicki Minaj/MIA - GIVE ME ALL YOUR LOVIN'      43                  49                                       Grace Potter/the Nocturnals - NEVER GO BACK            44                  39                                       Crazy P - CAN'T GET DOWN      45                  35                                       Lana Del Rey - VIDEO GAMES      46                  36                                       Beyonce - LOVE ON TOP          47                 -----                                       B.o.B. - SO GOOD      48                  41                                       Miguel - GIRLS LIKE YOU      49                  46                                       Taio Cruz - TROUBLEMAKER      50                  ----                                      Sway - LEVEL UP

[culledtrolls]

Daisy, Jasmine, Daffodil, Rhododendron aaaand Dandelion for Eldrid

Daisy: How old were you when you had your first kiss?

6, with my then “kismesis” △fter I cΩnvinced her tΩ ditch t△ble setting cl△ss tΩ m△kE ΩUt in △ linen clΩset.

Jasmine: What color looks best on you?

DA: ViΩlet, mΩstly. But I △lw△ys where such △ whirlwind Ωf cΩlΩrs its h△rd tΩ tell sΩmetimes

Daffodil: What’s the most thoughtful present you’ve ever received?

DA: VeekΩh genetic△lly mΩdified sΩme flΩwers tΩ lΩΩk like viΩlet st△r fields △nd it’s sΩ cΩΩl I h△ve them Ωn my wΩrk desk in my c△bin.

Rhododendron: What’s the scariest dream you’ve ever had?

DA: Being tr△pped in △n △dmir△lty pΩsitiΩn in the fleet, stuck Ωn △lterni△.

Dandelion: Do you think you’re important?

DA: MΩre impΩrt△nt th△n mΩst, less impΩrt△nt th△n Ωthers, nΩthing cΩmp△red tΩ the v△st pl△ns Ωf the cΩsmΩs. I like tΩ think I sh△pe the g△l△xy △ little bit, △nd I knΩw I h△ve △t le△st △ few clΩse friends whΩ I’m impΩrt△nt tΩ.

[dreddymd]

Delicious Iced Chai Latte Recipe

Source: Delicious Iced Chai Latte Recipe

by Dr. Edward Group

If you’re a heavy coffee drinker, consider trading it for tea instead. Tea can provide a huge array of health benefits and, if it’s the caffeine you must have, may be a more “mild” substitute. Here’s a recipe for a favorite of mine, a vegan-friendly, iced chai latte I enjoy having instead of coffee. It’s delicious, try it!

Iced Chai Latte Recipe

Ingredient 1: Pu-Erh Tea

Pu-Erh tea is a Chinese tea and its use dates back to the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 CE). Pu-Erh tea production is highly regulated to ensure quality and authenticity, only tea from Yunnan province may be called Pu-Erh tea. There are a number of estates that produce Pu-Erh and each has its own types of leaves from plants and trees that grow wild, some of which may be over 1,000 years old. After harvesting, each manufacturer blends the leaves to their own specifications. Producing black Pu-Erh tea involves a fermentation process where the natural enzymatic breakdown creates heat and “cooks” the leaves. This adds complexity, depth, and smoothness to the tea. [1]

Pu-Erh Tea is thought to support healthy blood sugar levels and have an anti obesity effect, and, like other teas, Pu-Erh is high in antioxidants. [2] [3] [4] When evaluated for antioxidant potential, Pu-Erh tea was found to have higher antioxidant activity than green tea, oolong tea, and black tea.[5] In traditional Chinese medicine, Pu-Erh tea is believed to:

Support digestion

Support the immune system and heart health

Provide high levels of absorbable vitamin C

Ingredient 2: Chai Spice Yerba Mate

Yerba mate is a South American tea and one of the world’s most popular beverages. Yerba mate is believed to provide a number of health benefits because of its vitamin, mineral, antioxidant, polyphenol, and amino acid content. What are the health benefits of yerba mate?

Supports Weight Loss [6]

Supports Heart Health [7]

Boosts Energy

Enhances Digestive Function [8]

Contains Antioxidants [9] [10]

Ingredient 3: Raw Almond Milk

Raw almond milk is a fantastic substitute for dairy milk. In addition to coconut and hemp milk, raw almond milk is the only vegetable-based milk product I personally use or recommend; soy milk is best avoided.

Iced Chai Latte Directions

Steep 1 bag of Pu-erh tea and 1 bag of Chai Spice Mate in a cup of hot water for 3-5 minutes.

Pour over ice (optional).

Add raw almond milk to taste!

Enjoy!

References (11)

Hou CW, Jeng KC, Chen YS. Enhancement of fermentation process in Pu-erh tea by tea-leaf extract. J Food Sci. 2010 Jan-Feb;75(1):H44-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01441.x.

Zhang HM, Wang CF, Shen SM, Wang GL, Liu P, Liu ZM, Wang YY, Du SS, Liu ZL, Deng ZW. Antioxidant phenolic compounds from Pu-erh tea. Molecules. 2012 Nov 27;17(12):14037-45. doi: 10.3390/molecules171214037.

Du WH, Peng SM, Liu ZH, Shi L, Tan LF, Zou XQ. Hypoglycemic Effect of the Water Extract of Pu-erh Tea. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Oct 1.

Oi Y, Hou IC, Fujita H, Yazawa K. Antiobesity effects of Chinese black tea (Pu-erh tea) extract and gallic acid. Phytother Res. 2012 Apr;26(4):475-81. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3602.

Duh PD, Yen GC, Yen WJ, Wang BS, Chang LW. Effects of pu-erh tea on oxidative damage and nitric oxide scavenging. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Dec 29;52(26):8169-76.

Hussein GM, Matsuda H, Nakamura S, Hamao M, Akiyama T, Tamura K, Yoshikawa M. Mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) promotes satiety and body weight lowering in mice: involvement of glucagon-like peptide-1. Biol Pharm Bull. 2011;34(12):1849-55.

Gao H, Liu Z, Wan W, Qu X, Chen M. Aqueous Extract of Yerba Mate Tea Lowers Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in a Rat Hyperlipidemia Model. Phytother Res. 2012 Oct 10. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4856.

Gorzalczany S, Filip R, Alonso MR, Miño J, Ferraro GE, Acevedo C. Choleretic effect and intestinal propulsion of ‘mate’ (Ilex paraguariensis) and its substitutes or adulterants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 May;75(2-3):291-4.

Heck CI, de Mejia EG. Yerba Mate Tea (Ilex paraguariensis): a comprehensive review on chemistry, health implications, and technological considerations. J Food Sci. 2007 Nov;72(9):R138-51. Review.

Lunceford N, Gugliucci A. Ilex paraguariensis extracts inhibit AGE formation more efficiently than green tea. Fitoterapia. 2005 Jul;76(5):419-27.

Jolinda Hackett. Raw Almond Milk Recipe. About.com Guide.

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[pokemonfighter5]

Little Witch Academia X My Hero Academia Crossover Football AU

When Football and Anime collided in my head, this crappy AU was formed. In this AU, different Anime’s form football (soccer) teams and they compete in the Anime Premier League. Little Witch Academia is represented by Luna Nova United, while My Hero Academia is represented by FC U.A.

Academia Derby: Luna Nova United vs. FC U.A. 

The annual rubber match between the Anime Premier League titans Luna Nova United and FC U.A.  As of today, both teams are tied at the top of the table, with similar goal difference. The winner will have a greater chance of winning the Anime Premier League.

Luna Nova United Player-Manager: Ursula Callistis (France)

Starting XI: GK: Ursula Callistis (France), #1 CB: Jasminka Antonenko (Russia), #4 CB/SW: Croix Meridies (Italy), #2 CB: Amanda O’Neill (USA), #3  DM: Constanze Braunschbank Albretchsberger (Germany), #5  LWB: Hannah England (England), #11  CM: Sucy Manbavaran (Philippines), #8  CM: Lotte Yanson (Finland), #6  RWB: Barbara Parker (England), #9  AM/SS: Akko Kagari (Japan), #10  ST: Diana Cavendish (Scotland), #7 (Captain)

Bench: GK: Chumlee (England), #12; DF: Frank (England), #15; MF: Avery (England), #14; MF: Sarah Bernhardt (France), #16; MF: Blair (England), #17; MF: Wangari (Kenya), #18; FW: Andrew Hanbridge (England), #20

Play-Style: Creative, Fast-paced, Free-Form, Possession-Based (Like Barcelona and Invincibles-era Arsenal). Low long-ball percentage. 3-5-2 formation. Alternate formation for defensive play: 4-3-1-2, with Hannah and Barbara relegated to the bench, Amanda moving to right-back, Frank coming in at left-back, and Andrew slotting in behind Akko and Diana.

Strategies/Traits: -Croix serves as a sweeper/ball-playing center-back (kinda like Franz Beckenbauer, Franco Baresi, and David Luis), while Amanda and Jasminka function mainly as old-fashioned defensive stoppers (like Paolo Maldini, Nemanja Vidic, and Eric Bailly). -Constanze serves as a Pirlo-esque Regista, spraying through balls for the midfield and offense while making plays from deep (think Pirlo, Carrick, and Kroos). -Sucy often runs forward to assist the attack (Like Paul Pogba and Arturo Vidal), while Lotte prefers to help out Constanze in midfield (Like N’Golo Kante and Nemanja Matic). -Hannah and Barbara are excellent crossers and solid markers, but they sometimes need to be reminded to run back on defense. Sometimes, Prof. Ursula drops them in favor of the more defensive Wangari, Avery, and/or Frank when a more defensive, bus-parking approach is needed. -Akko sometimes drops deep to collect the ball from midfield (a-la Messi). -Diana scores most of the goals, with Akko getting most of the assists. -Diana is the main penalty taker, while Akko scores curling free-kicks by transforming the ball into a bird throughout its flight. -Andrew sometimes comes on as a super-sub. Despite the fact that he isn’t a regular starter, he gets the third-most goals behind Diana and Akko -Amanda often gets booked due to her brutal tackling. -Sucy was drug-tested multiple times, but no banned substances were found. -The team’s attack is the best in the league, but their defense is only second-best next to FC U.A.

Home Stadium: Old Blytonbury

FC U.A. Manager: Shouta Aizawa (Japan)

Starting XI: GK: Tsuyu Asui (Japan), #1 LB: Tenya Iida (Japan), #3 CB: Eijirou Kirishima (Japan), #5 CB: Momo Yaoyorozu (Japan), #4  RB: Denki Kaminari (Japan), #2  DM: Kyouka Jirou (Japan), #6  CM: Mina Ashido (Japan), #8 LW: Ochako Uraraka (Japan), #9  AM: Izuku “Deku” Midoriya (Japan), #10 (Captain) RW: Shouto Todoroki (Japan), #11  ST: Katsuki Bakugou (Japan), #7

Bench: GK: Mezou Shouji (Japan), #13; DF: Rikidou Satou (Japan), #15; DF: Mashirao Ojiro (Japan), #14; DF: Hanto Sero (Japan), #12; MF: Tooru Hagakure (Japan), #16; MF: Yuuga Aoyama (Japan), #17; FW: Fumikage Tokoyami (Japan), #18. Play-style: Physical, Organized, Counter-attacking (Like Fergie-era Man United and Real Madrid), Average Long-Ball Percentage. Modified 4-2-3-1 formation. Can switch into a 4-3-3 when Bakugou is suspended (again) due to red cards: Deku slots in at Striker, Jirou drops into the “Makelele Position” in front of the defensive line, while Tooru slots in beside Mina.  Strategies/Traits: -Tsuyu plays like a Neuer-esque Sweeper Keeper. -Yaoyorozu is a ball-playing Center-Back (like Ferdinand, Pique, Bonucci, Boateng, and Ramos), while Kirishima is a hard-tackling Center-Back (like Vidic, Hummels, Godin, Chiellini, and Bailly).  -Kaminari and Iida act as attacking fullbacks in the vein of Cafu, Lahm, Dani Alves, Evra, Alex Sandro, and Valencia. Sero sometimes replaces either one of them if more defense is needed. -Jirou and Mina form a Keane/Scholes-esque partnership in midfield: Jirou serves as a hard-tackling and long-passing defensive midfielder (like Roy Keane, Genaro Gattuso, Claude Makelele, and Sergio Busquets), while Mina prefers to play as a box-to-box dynamo/roaming playmaker (like Paul Scholes, Frank Lampard, Xavi, and Paul Pogba). Tooru sometimes replaces Mina when a more defensive approach is needed, as Tooru often functions as a long-passing regista (like Michael Carrick and Andrea Pirlo). -The scoring load is split between Deku, Bakugou, Uraraka, and Todoroki, but Deku and Uraraka get most of the assists.  -Uraraka (who can use her quirk thru her feet in this AU) uses her quirk to float in Free Kicks.  -Bakugou uses his quirk to blast in penalty kicks past frightened goalkeepers.  -Bakugou often gets booked due to his plethora of useless fouls (apparently, Diego Costa is his role model). Luckily, Tokoyami and Deku are both serviceable starters at the striker spot in case Bakugou’s bookings earn him a suspension. -Tokoyami, Tooru, and Aoyama are the top super-subs.  -Mineta was banned from the team due to an incident where he groped an opposing player in a Friendly match vs. Azumanga United (He was also suspended for 2 seasons). He was also banned for being a useless little shit. -The team has the best defense in the league, but its offense is slightly overshadowed by Luna Nova United’s offense.

Home Stadium: Gran Torino Stadium  

[3inghao]

wow hey its crush anon and yay !!! im so glad ur better :') some ,, things have happened since then and the most important parts are that one time he was over at our dorm when we were drinking, but in my room specifically this time and he sat next to me on my bed and eventually we all ended up ?? falling asleep in the room and i honestly cant even remember how this happened but he was curled up on his side and i like ?? was lw using his ass as a pillow LMAOOO I DONT EVEN KNOW (1/10)

and like at 5 in the morning i shifted bc it was so fucking cold so i just got under the blankets lol and after like another hour i feel him jolt and get up in the dark and i sit up sleepily like ?? its 6 in the morning wtf are u doing and hes like ???? why did nobody wake me up to go home and i was like ??? we all passed out at the same time LOOOOL so yeah that was a thing aND ALSO JUST YESTERDAY AHH OK ,, i took like a 4 hr nap LOL and like nobody was home when i woke up so i was like (2/10)

hmm maybe ill have a quick dinner alone so i can go to the gym and then squeeze in all my hw after that and my hair was so messy in like the two french braids that i slept in and i go whatever im leaving just grab my wallet my keys my phone and just go literally looking like i just rolled out of bed bc i did and like the second i walk out the door of our dorm theres this guy with his hood up and earphones in and walking towards me and i like squint from far away but i was super zoned out (3/10)

so i didnt think much about it and i look away but we get closer and he recognizes me first hes like ,, hi ? im like wTF HI LOOOOOOL and i was like what are u doing ?? and he was like oh i just left one of the dining halls and i was like ? oh dang i was just about to go there lol and hes like aw dang it ,, wait how about i take u to a dessert place instead ? and i go y e s ? dessert instead of dinner im in LOL and hes like LOL LETS DO IT so we start heading towards a general direction (4/10) 

and we take maybe two steps and these girls are coming towards us and its my three suitemates LMAOO and theyre like guys what are u doing ? and we were like wtf ? LOOOL where did u guys come from ? and they were like we just ate at a different dining hall and theyre like oh yeah where are u two going and istg he flushes and is like ,, de ss er t pl a c e LMAOO theyre like uh ,,, ok and they ask me where did u eat then ?? and i was like i ,,,, didnt i just woke up LMAOO and theyre like wtf (5/10) 

u guys should go to this coffee shop nearby bc they have actual food and desserts there and me and x are like ,, u h ok so they go back to the dorm and we go but on the way we see a halloween store and hes like yo ?? lets go in and so we do and its HUUUUGE and there are so many costumes so we just play around in there for a while and then we go to the coffee shop but ,,,, its like a coffee shop ??? and theres not like actual food so we are like ? u h ok anyways we just get coffee and tea (6/10)   

and hes like i have a shit ton of work to do bc hes got a job (WHAT. A. MAN.) working at like a production company ??? and i was like aw do u wanna go back then ? and he was like nah its fine lets just kill some time and so we just start wandering ? around the city and like talking about everything and then we go into a best buy bc he wanted to see the cameras ahh and he was like nerding out over them and i was honestly like wow ??? my heart , LOOOL and after that we keep wandering around (7/10) 

and i was like when do u want to be back by ? and hes like maybe 8:30? but its fine so we continue wandering and all of a sudden he goes omg do u want to go thrifting ?? and i was like u h yes but like now ? and he was like its fine ! and i was like well then duh lets go but it was like 7 streets away and i was like wait dont u have work to do ? and he was like , its fine LOOOL so we start going towards the thrift shops and in the middle im like ,, buddy its 8:15 are u sure theyre open ?? (8/10) 

and hes like its the city nothing closes that early here LOL so we get there and ,,, what do u know theyre all closed and were like welp LOOOL but then we find a goodwill randomly ? so we just go into that and dick around for a while trying on random clothes and stuff until it closed and then i was like do u need to go back now ,, its like 9 and he was like ….. its fine whatever LOOOOL so we just wandered around for like another 30 minutes and yeah !!!! like he gave me a hug at the end (9/10)

and istg i hugged him so tightly he probably got a lil freaked out but its fine im fine !!!! and occasionally ill smell his cologne and ill like ,,, lw p as s o ut a lil?? he smells s o good idk my head will start spinning and my breathing will speed up and idk the way he smells drives me up the wall but it s fine i m fi n e LOOOL and ahhh yeah !!! mostly i saw of it as two friends hanging out but then a wave of his cologne will wash over me and ill be like 💛💓❤️💗💘💚❣️💙💓💘💚💝💞💙(10/10)

OH MY GOSH THAT IS A DATE YALL WENT ON A DATE DO U HEAR ME I CAN”T BELIEVE THIS this is like a scene from fanfic tbh it’s so cute even tho u say he’s kinda a player he seems super nice and he also seems vested in like a friendship at least (if not more than a friendship *wink wink*) I hope this brought you guys closerrrr and i’m glad u came back to update me crush anon <3

[postsofbabel]

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[juniperpublishers-agriculture]

Ethnomedicinal Uses and Inter Specific Diversity Encourage Conservation of Rhynchosia species Growing in Hilly Areas of Swat

Abstract

This work tried to show the medicinal practices of Rhynchosia, to assess the consensus factor among people of Swat Valley to measure the potential for novel drugs of herbal origin. There was immeasurable promise among the informers concerning medicinal uses of plants with Informants Consensus Factor (ICF) value extending from 0.913 to 0.992 with an average value of 0.952. The study naked that most of the informants agreed in the application of R. minima to use, to treat Urinary infection (ICF 0.992) that unveiled the highest fidelity level (100%). Phylogenetic relationship among the 60 genotypes of Rhynchosia Species viz., 20 genotypes of R. minima, 20 of R. capitata, 20 of R. rothii were investigated using morphological and biochemical description. A total of 26 morphological traits were counted for the evaluation of phylogenetic relationship through traits similarity index and cluster analysis. Eight reproducible bands were detected in all of three species with molecular weight ranging from 10KDa to 180KDa. Intra locus contribution toward the genetic disagreement was 62.5% in R. minima, 25% in R. capitata, 37.5% in R. rothii. In the similar way, inter species locus contribution toward genetic diversity was 75%. Out of eight loci L-3, L-6, L-7 were monomorphic in R. minima while L-3 L-4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were monomorphic in R. capitata. L-3, 4, 6 were monomorphic in R. rothii. Interestingly, Locus 3 (L-3) and locus 6 (L-6) were monomorphic in collected germplasms and marked as generic specific loci for Rhynchosia species. .Keywords: Rhynchosia species; Medicinal uses morphology; SDS-PAGE; Phylogenetic relationship; Cluster analysisAbbreviations: ICF: Informants Consensus Factor; PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal; LC: Leaf Color; St: Seed Texture; Hc: Hilum Color; SC: Seed Coat Color; SS: Seed Shape; PL: Petiole Length; LL: Leaf Length; LW: Leaf Width; SL: Seed Length; SW: Seed Width; ST: Seed Thickness; SW: Seed Weight; PodL: Pod Length; SP: Seed Per Pod; PP: Pod Per Plant; IL: Inflorescence Length; IW: Inflorescence Width; BPB: Bromo-Phenol Blue

Introduction

The genus Rhynchosia belongs to family Fabaceae. This genus is widely dispersed in the hilly areas of the tropics and sub tropics, spreading into temperate regions with roundabout 200 species throughout the world [1]; it is characterized by 7 species in Pakistan Jahan et al. [2]. It is commonly recognized as snout bean. This genus is classified in the Tribe Phaseoleae and Subtribe Cajaninae, a group closely related to beans, pigeon peas and grams (Phaseolus, Cajanus and Vigna spp.). According to the flora of Pakistan this genus is Climbing, prostrate or sometimes erects herbs or subshrubs. The leaves of most of the species are pinnately trifoliolate with axillary or terminal Inflorescence. Its fruits maybe oblong, compressed, 1-2-seeded.Several examinations has exposed that the decoction of the roots of Rhynchosia capitata DC have stomach cleaning action. Various species of Rhychosia like R. minima roots [3] and R. nul bilis seeds Joo Hyuk Yim [4] have been described to be used in Ingestion. Several activities like antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant have been reported in R. minima Gundidza [5]. The anti-inflammatory effect against cotton pellet induced sub-acute inflammation in rats have been reported in the methanolic extracts of flowers of R. cana Vimala [6]. In addition, studies have shown the occurrence of C-glycosides, o-glycosides, prenylated flavonoids and aglycones in these species of the plant [5].It is commonly recognized that morphological description has a key role in the study of genetic diversity in choosing elite variety of medicinal plants but affected by ecological changes harshly and conflicting the analysis of genetic discrepancy Nisar et al. [7]. On the other side genetic diversity evaluation through molecular practices such as biochemical assessment at protein level and DNA based techniques have a number of advantages over the traAbstractditional morphology Ndiaye et al. [8] but matched to biochemical assessment at protein level, molecular investigation of DNA markers is too expensive [9]. Among biochemical techniques, SDS-PAGE process is a simple, reliable, cheap and free of environmental fluxes [10]. SDS-PAGE is now widely used as biochemical procedure to describe the genetic structure of plant species [11]. Massive consideration has been focused on the use of SDS-PAGE over the last two decades for approximation of genetic diversity, reliable judgment and identification of plant varieties. Seed storage protein markers have been effectively used to resolve taxonomic relationships and characterize cultivated varieties in a number of crop plant species [12]; [7] V. unguiculata [9]. Proteins are being the end products of gene expression; SDS-PAGE can be employed to identify varities, determine polygenetic relationship in different species, biosystematics analysis and evaluate the passport data [13].Pakistan is the midpoint of diversity of Rhynchosia but yet, there is no scientific report available in the literature on the medicinal uses and their conservation using phylogenetic relationship of Rhynchosia species (R. capitata, R. minima, and R. rothii). The objective of the study is to estimate ethnomedicinal uses and phylogenetic relationship in Pakistani Rhynchosia species on the basis of morphological and SDS-PAGE investigation.

Materials and Methods

Exploration and collection

Various investigative trips were planed to 24 various areas (Ziarat, Rangila, Swegalai, Kohay, Jawand, Amlook Tangay, Kandao, Gharai, Khazana, Gamkot, Saboonkhfa, Nawagai, Barikot, Kandak, Behakan, Khawzakhela, Sangota, Kanju, Derai, Aligrama, Melaga, Dagay and Gadi) of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during years, i.e., 2017-2018. 60 genotypes of three species were recognized and inspected for morphological description and protein profiling.The study zone was visited four times in different seasons of the year of 2017. Voucher specimens for each species have been gather and treated using standard herbarium procedures [14]. The specimens were recognized referring different Floras, viz., Hooker (1872-1897). Ethnomedicinal data has been collected through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), which is based on communication with indigenous people and direct observation in the field Martin [15]. The data have been noted through semi-structured interviews with people involved in the plants, organization [14]. A total of 130 residents have been interviewed. During the field survey, information on uses of plants to cure various diseases of human being, parts used, of medicine have been collected. Based on the information obtained from the informants in the study area, all the reported diseases have been classified into 12 groups.The level of similarity among information delivered by various informants was calculated by the Informants’ Consensus Factor, ICF Trotter and Logan [16] by applying the following formula:

Where, Nur = number of use reports from informants for a specific plant-use category; Nt = number of taxa or species that are used for that plant use category for all informants.

ICF Values range between 0 and 1, where ‘1’ indicates the highest level of informant agreement. The fidelity level (FL), the percentage of informants claiming the use of a certain plant species for the same major purpose, was calculated for the most frequently reported diseases or ailments as:Where, Np = number of informants that claim a use of a plant species to treat a particular disease; N = number of informants that use the plants as a medicine to treat any given disease [14].

Morphological description

Phenotypic description was performed for evaluation of phylogenetic relationship; 26 morphological traits were documented. Out of 26 characters 9 were qualitative and 17 quantitative. Qualitative characters comprise of leaf color (LC), seed texture (St), Hilum color (Hc), seed coat color (SC), seed shape (SS), leaf pubescent, leaf stipule presence, flower color Whereas, quantitative traits scored were petiole length (PL), leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW), seed length (SL), seed width (SW), seed thickness (ST), and seed weight (SWt), pod length (PodL), No. of seed per pod (SP), No. of pod per plant (PP), inflorescence length (IL), inflorescence width (IW), 100 seed weight, No. of branches per plant, plant height (Ph), stipule length (StL), Biomass. Characters mean was found out after measuring of 3 different samples (small, medium, large) of each quantitative trait. Seven morphological characters were documented, and cluster analysis was performed using software PC-ORD and SPSS.

SDS-PAGE description

For SDS-PAGE examination single seed of each genotype was crushed into a fine powder with the help of mortar and pestle for the extraction of proteins. About 400μl of protein extraction buffer (0.5 M Tris-HCL pH 8.0, 0.2% SDS, 5 M Urea, 1% B-mercaptoethanol) was added to 0.01g of seed flour taken in 1.5ml Effendorf tube. The E-tube was vortexed thoroughly to homogenize the mixture. Bromo-Phenol Blue (BPB) was added to the protein extraction buffer as tracking dye to monitor the movement of protein in the gel. The homogenated samples were centrifuged at 13,000rpm for 13 minutes at 10 ˚C. The electrophoretic procedure was carried out using 12% polyacrylamide gel, separation gel (3.0M Tris-HCl pH9.0, 0.4% SDS) and 4.5% stacking gel (0.4M Tris-HCl pH 7.0, 0.4% SDS). Electrode buffer (0.025 M Tris, 129 M Glycine, 0.125% SDS) was poured into the top pool of the apparatus. A total volume of 8μl of the protein extract solution was loaded in each well of the gel with the help of micropipette. The electrophoresis was run at 100V until the blue line passed through the bottom of gel plates. The gels were then stained in staining solution containing 0.2% BPB dissolved in 10% glacial acetic acid, 40% methanol and water in the ratio of 10:40:50. Gels were de-stained in a solution containing 5% acetic acid and 20% methanol for 15 minutes. The data were recorded from the destined gel on the basis of presence and absences of protein bands, i.e., ‘1’ for the presence and ‘0’ for the absence of bands and cluster analysis was carried out using software PC-ORD and SPSS.

Results

In this study 3 plant species of Rhynchosis (R. minima, R. capitata and R. rothii) of Fabaceae family in Swat district, have been in listed for curing of 12 categories of diseases. For each species botanical name, family, local name, illnesses to be treated, and part(s) used were recorded (Table 1). Consumption of plant parts as medicine among the informants shows disparities. Seeds are mostly used part for majority, followed by roots, leaves and bark (Table 1). In the current investigation area threat to the species is marginal as seeds are the leading plant part used for medicinal purposes. It was supposed that the collection of part of plant as medicinal part from the wild were not manageable. According to residents, this type of activity is done by the collectors related to illegal activity of medicinal plants. Rhynchosia is vulnerable to this type of activity in the study region [5,17,18].

ICF values were established to know the settlement among the informants of Swat valley for usage of plants to cure certain illness groups. ICF values are designated in the Table 2. It is known that the ICF values vary from 0.992 to 0.913 with an average value of 0.952. Urinary infection has the highest ICF value 0.992 with 130 use-reports for 2 plant species. The specie liable for this high consensus was R. minima with 130 of the defined events, linked by Infertility (ICF = 0.991; 110 use-reports, 3 species), Rheumatism (ICF = 0.988; 87 use-reports, 2 species), Fungal infection (ICF= 0.988, 90 use reports, 2 species) and so on. Medicinal plants thought to be effective in treating specific illness have high ICF values. The high ICF value for Urinary infection possibly unveiled that this ailment is common in the study area High ICF values also designate that the specie predictably used to treat these illnesses are worth searching for bioactive compounds. The least agreement (ICF=0.894) between the informers was detected for plants used to cure Ingestion problems. The low ICF value as noted in our study could be due to a lack of communication among people in various areas (Table 2).

To discover conventionally significant medicinal species in the society, Fidelity Level (FL) of plants has been predicted based on use reports which have been cited by 50 or more informants for being used against a given disorder. The FL values are shown in Table 3. The examination demonstrated that the highest FL value found in R. minima followed by R. capitata and R. rothii respectively. The least FL value was found in the case of R. rothii. FIC and FL studies presented that the most commonly used species in the study area is R. minima (ICF = 0.991) with 130 use-reports and FL value (100%). When choosing the most ideal plant species for each ailment category, we took the high-fidelity Level (%) in each category of ailment.

Morphological description

For morphological data analysis both the qualitative and quantitative traits were taken. Quantitative traits which were measured with the help of Vernier calipers are: petiole length (PL), leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW), seed length (SL), seed width (SW), seed thickness (ST), and seed weight (SWt), pod length (PodL), No. of seed per pod (SP), No. of pod per plant (PP), inflorescence length (IL), inflorescence width (IW), 100 seed weight, No. of branches per plant, plant height (Ph), stipule length (StL), Biomass. Characters mean was found out after measuring of 3 different samples (small, medium, large) of each quantitative trait. (Table 4).

Qualitative characters are leaf type (LTY), leaf color (LC), seed texture (St), Hilum color (Hc), seed coat color (SC), seed shape (SS), leaf pubescent, leaf stipule presence, flower color. The quantitative and qualitative characters of 60 genotypes (total 26 characters) were documented and data was subjected to computer software the PCORD shown in (Figure 1). The result of the cluster analysis was shown as a phylogenetic tree (Dendrogram) based on the linkage distance (Figure 1).

In correlation study of 3 species of Rhynchosia (R. minima, R. capitata, and R. rothii) (Table 5-7) the petiole length in the R. minima and R. rothii is negatively correlated with stipule length positively correlated with stipule length in R. capitata. Stipule length is negatively correlated with leaf length in R. minima and R. capitata. Whereas positively correlated with the leaf length in R. rothii. The leaf width is significantly positively correlated with the inflorescence length in R. rothii, R. minima and R. capitata. Seed length seed width, seed thickness, No. of the Pods/Plant, No. of seed/Plant, stipule length and 100 seed weight are negatively correlated with petiole length, leaf length, leaf width, inflorescence length, inflorescence width, pod length and stipule length in all of the three species.The data of 60 genotypes based on morphology was considered for the construction of phylogenetic tree to represents the similarity of the three species of the Rhynchosia and were analyzed for resemblances and the phylogenetic tree was made (Figure 1). The phylogenetic tree separated three species into three regions, the region I was composed of 20 genotypes of R. rothii (RR41-RR60) whereas the Region II consisted of 20 genotypes of R. capitata (RC21-RC40) at a linkage distance 37.5. While region I included 20 genotypes of R. minima (1-20).

The similarity indexes were performed for all the genotype of all three species that was 34.615 for R. minima and R. capitata. Whereas R. rothii and R. minima were 26.92% similar morphologically. While R. capitata and R. rothii revealed 26.92% similarity (Table 8).

SDS- PAGE analysis

Eight bands were noticed in three species of Rhynchosia (R. minima, R. capitata and R. rothii) Figure 3. The phylogenetic relationship among all the three species through phylogenetic tree has been shown in the (Figure 2). The phylogenetic tree divided all the sample of three species into three regions. The Region I included 20 genotypes of R. rothii RR41-RR60); these were collected from (RR41 Ziarat, RR42 Rangila, RR43 Swegalai, RR44 Kohay, RR45 Jawand, RR46 Amlook Tangay, RR47 Kandao, RR48 Gharai, RR49 Khazana, RR50 Gamkot, RR51 Saboonkhfa, RR52 Nawagai, RR53 Barikot, RR54 Kandak, RR55 Behakan, RR56 Khawzakhela, RR57 Sangota, RR58 Kanju, 59 Derai, RR60 Aligrama while the Region II consisted of 20 genotypes of R. capitata ; RC21 Melaga, RC22 Dagay , RC23 Gadi, RC24 Jawand, RC25 Amlook Tangay, RC26 Kandao, RC27 Gharai, RC28 Khazana, RC29 Gamkot, RC30 Saboonkhfa, RC31 Nawagai, RC32 Barikot, RC33 Kandak, RC34 Behakan, RC35 Khawzakhela, RC36 Sangota, RC37 Kanju, RC 38 Derai, RC39 Aligrama, RC40 Swegalai. Whereas the Region III was composed of the 20 genotypes R. minima these were collected from; RM1 Gharai, RM2 Khazana, RM3 Gamkot, RM4 Saboonkhfa, RM5 Nawagai, RM6 Barikot, RM7 Kandak, RM8 Behakan, RM9 Khawzakhela, RM10 Sangota, RM11 Kanju, RM12 Derai, RM13 Aligrama, RM14 Melaga, RM15 Dagay, RM16 Ziarat, RM17 Rangila, RM18 Swegalai, RM19 Kohay and RM20 Jawand. Moreover, dendrogram based on SDS-PAGE showed that the genotypes of R. rothii were 37.5% similar with the genotypes of R. capitata whereas the genotypes of R. minima have 87.5 similarities with the genotypes of R. capitata (Figure 2).

Decisively, the Region I grouped 20 genotypes of R. rothii. The Region II comprised of 20 genotypes R. capitata. Whereas the Region III consisted of 20 genotypes R. minima revealed a clear-cut evidence for species identification on the basis of seed storage protein.

Locus dissimilarity

Strangely, table 9 displays interspecific variation among 60 genotypes of the Rhynchosia species. Among all the genotypes, eight loci (L1-L8) were noted, out of these L3 and L6 were monomorphic and were marked as generic specific which is used to distinguish the Rhynchosia species. Moreover, the loci L-1, L-2, L-4, L-6 and L-8 were marked as polymorphic with 60, 45, 90, 75, 28.33 and 60 percent genetic diversity, respectively. The inter species comparative locus contribution toward genetic disagreement was 75% in the three species of 60 Rhynchosia genotypes (Table 9).

The Table 11 represents the intraspecific variation among the 20 genotypes of R. capitata. Among eight loci, out of which L-3, L-4, L-5, L-6 L-7 and L-8 were monomorphic, while L-1 and L-2 were polymorphic. L-2 and L-3 represent 85 and 20 percent variation. The locus contribution toward genetic disagreement of R. capitata was 25% Table 11.

The Table 12 represents the intraspecific variation among the 20 genotypes of R. rothii. Among eight loci, out of which L-2, L-3, L-5 and L-6 L-7 were monomorphic, while L-1 and L-8 were polymorphic. The L-7 was missing in 20 R. rothii genotypes. Hence this missing band in this specie can be helpful to identify this specie. L-1 and L-8 represent 55 and 35.714 percent variation respectively. The locus contribution toward genetic disagreement of R. rothii was 37.5 % table 12.

Discussion

Most of the public’s living in the region depends on direct medicinal plant to treat a wide range of illnesses. However, the vanishing of these plant species is steadily reported chiefly due to fluctuations in the environment, land degradation and unsustainable use of these plants; moreover, the expansion of invasive species has donated a lot to their disappearance Mohammed et al. [19]. Conservation of medicinal plant genetic diversity has freshly created a lot of attention in the tropics as a result of many years of misconduct, adverse environment as well as socio-economic changes. Population genetic theory expects that the reduction in the genetic diversity limits a species ability to keep pace with the changing selection pressure Young and Merriam [20]. Plant species mainly the medicinal plants rely on the existing genetic diversity for constancy and survival under the ever-fluctuating environments [21]. Understanding medicinal plants species population genetic structure is vital for their conservation, planning and justifiable organization Sun et al. [22]. Therefore, a common goal line of conservation is to preserve genetic diversity in “red listed” species, which is crucial for long-term survival and evolutionary response to the altering environment [23]. One main implication of this method, from the viewpoint of conservation genetics, is that it could help us set sampling intervals of areas within populations to optimize the genetic diversity in collections from local populations of rare, endangered, or endemic plant species Chung et al. [24]. For the purpose of conservation of plant species, most of the investigations deal only with determination of genetic diversity in individual populations [12].This work has been consequently initiated with an objective to file the knowledge and practices on the Rhynchosia medicinal practices by the local residents and its genetic diversity. The present research is supposed to add up the publics’ knowledge in the country’s database of traditional knowledge and will offer a baseline data for future pharmacological and phytochemical investigation. Genetic diversity suits more vital in view of climatic change and allied unexpected events as it may serve as the source of novel traits considering tolerance to different biotic and abiotic stresses Muhammad et al. [12].Though, the indigenous knowledge that has been recognized was previously eroded, if not in all, previously in most of the parts studied Mohammed et al. [19]. Contributions concerning conservation of traditional knowledge still remain scarce [25]. Therefore, the study focused on recognizing local factors that promote the knowledge on introduced and native medicinal plant species, and to designate medicinal uses of plant species.This work is one of the first efforts to count the ethnomedicinal information and interspecies genetic diversity in Rhynchosia species (R. minima, R. capitata and R. rothii from Swat which offer better choice for the selection of broadly used medicinal plants looking for bioactive compounds to cure illnesses. The study described 3 medicinal plants with their uses from the Swat. The effectiveness and safety of all the reported ethnomedicinal plants need to be assessed by phytochemical and pharmacological studies. Plants with high informant consensus factor use report and fidelity level should be given priority to carry out bioassay and toxicity studies. From this study we suggest R. minima for further ethno-pharmacological studies, since this species has the high ICF and FL values. The results presented that this species may be used for the development of new, cheap, effective, and eco-friendly herbal formulations for healthcare organization. Additional use of these herbal formulations for healthcare management will need safety and effectiveness testing. According to occupants and our observations in the field, R. minima are now a very infrequent plant in the area. Illegal and unsustainable collection of leaves and seeds from this plant by the local crude drug traders is one of the major causes of depletion of this species from nature. There is crucial want to formulate suitable conservation strategies for naturally growing ethnomedicinal plants to overcome their depletion from natural resources and to make these practices more ecofriendly.The examination of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship in medicinal plant species is helpful in their conservation. Molecular markers are the most effective markers for genetic polymorphism studies in many species [26]. However, the use of biochemical markers based on total seed protein and enzyme by SDSPAGE method has confirmed to be a consistent, yet inexpensive technique of developing countries. Genetic markers for identification and genetic analyses of several plant species, as they reveal differences between storage proteins or enzymes encoded by different alleles at a single (allozymes) or more gene loci (isozymes) Oppong-Konadu et al. [27].The SDS-PAGE of seed storage protein is a technique to examine genetic variation and to categorize plant varieties [28]. The arrangement between various subgenera, species and subspecies are based primarily on morphological attributes. However, these morphological traits may be unstable and influenced by environmental instabilities [29]. Plant identification is often masked by high species dissimilarity. Re-evaluation of the morphological variation within taxa and populations is therefore essential [30]. Among several biochemical techniques, SDS-PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate) has been used successfully to resolve taxonomic and evolutionary problems of several plants [31]; Lioi et al. [32]. In this technique protein is separated according to their molecular weights. Resolution of this technique is very high and therefore it could be used as a reliable tool for taxonomic purposes Bartke et al. [33]. Its banding pattern is very stable which encouraged for identification purpose in medicinal plants. It has been broadly recommended that such banding patterns could be used as important supplemental method for medicinal plant documentation Tanksley et al. [34]; Thanh et al. [35]. Analyses of SDS-PAGE are simple and inexpensive, which are added advantages for its use in practical plant breeding practices [36].SDS- PAGE has been considered as useful tool for the estimation of genetic and systematic relationships in flowering plants at generic and specific levels Crawford [37] because the seed storage protein electrophoretic pattern shows genetic affinities within taxon and even between different biological taxa [38]. Hence, in this work three different species of Rhynchosia were selected and their relationship was investigated using SDS-PAGE.The three plants species under the genus Rhynchosia study exposed that no two plants have similar protein banding patterns which shows, the presence of genetic diversity among these species. The occurrence of common bands/loci (L-3 and L-6) among these three Rhynchosia species suggests their close genetic similarity and common ancestry. These loci coded for by a gene that has become fixed in different species under genus Rhynchosia over evolutionary time that is an agreement with finding of Nisar et al. [7] that the appearance of common bands in Lycopersicum and Trichosanthes species labels their common evolutionary origin. Also, Alkinwusi and Illoh [39] accredited the appearance of a common band in all individual in a population to the fact that the gene coding for the enzyme or protein does not differ.Due to High inter-species locus contribution toward genetic disagreement SDS-PAGE could be a reliable technique for identification of these three species, while intra-specie locus contribution toward genetic disagreement was high in genotypes of R. minima (62.5%) as compare to R. rothii (37.5%) and R. capitata (25%) respectively.In our present study, phylogenetic tree based on seed storage protein analyses of selected species of Rhynchosia showed that the three species of Rhynchosia had close similarity to one another. The result showed that the R. rothii was clustered adjacent to R. capitata showed 37.5% genetic similarity. Whereas the genotypes of R. minima have 87.5 similarities with the genotypes of R. capitata. The results obtained after SDS-PAGE electrophoresis disclosed that the method provided a powerful tool for reliable germplasm discrimination based on genetic differences in seed storage protein. Thus, the present study explores the existing polymorphism of total proteins through SDS PAGE to facilitate description of selected germplasm of Rhynchosia.

Conclusion

The current work delivers indication that medicinal plants have an important role in the healthcare system of Swat urban public. They still endure to depend on medicinal plants for the treatment of healthcare problems. The existing paper denotes significant ethno-botanical information on medical plants which provides baseline data for future pharmacological studies and genetic diversity is helpful in selection elite genotypes for future conservation.

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[atariaction]

DESCEND: BASIC Tenliners Contest 2017 entry

It's my favorite time of year — the 10-line BASIC programming contest. My first entry for 2017 is DESCEND, a port of my assembly language game Kaverns of Kfest. Your job is to descend into the cave collecting gems, without hitting the walls. As usual, I did this project in Turbo BASIC XL on the Atari 8-bit.

Here’s the code:

0 REM DESCEND BY KEVIN SAVETZ 1 REM 2017 BASIC 10-LINER CONTEST 2 REM A PORT OF KAVERNS OF KFEST 3 ------------------------------ 5 GRAPHICS 0:DL=DPEEK(560):POKE DL+3,68:FOR I=DL+6 TO DL+25:POKE I,4:NEXT I:I=I+3:POKE I,65:DPOKE I+1,DL 10 DIM F$(24),W$(38),B$(8):F$="(mess of ATASCII)":PX=20:PY=1:POKE 752,1:W$="(mess of ATASCII)" 15 B$="(mess of ATASCII)":POSITION 0,21:? "DEPTH":POSITION 17,21:? "SHIELDS 10":POSITION 35,21:? "GEMS 0" 20 CH=(PEEK(106)-16)*256:MOVE 57344,CH,1024:MOVE ADR(F$),CH+8,24:POKE 756,CH/256:SC=DPEEK(88):LW=15:CW=8:SS=10:WHILE SS 40   MOVE ADR(W$),SC+800,LW:MOVE ADR(B$),SC+800+LW,CW:MOVE ADR(W$),SC+800+LW+CW,40-LW-CW:POKE SC+800+RAND(40),3 50   POKE SC+800+RAND(40),4:X=RAND(3):LW=LW+X-1:IF LW<1:LW=1:ENDIF :IF LW>32:LW=32:ENDIF :PX=PX+(STICK(0)=7)-(STICK(0)=11) 65   IF PX<1:PX=1:ENDIF :IF PX>38:PX=38:ENDIF :Q=PEEK(SC+PX+PY*40):IF Q=4:SOUND 0,50,10,8:G=G+1:POSITION 36,22:? G:ELSE 70     IF Q>0:SS=SS-1:POSITION 20,22:? SS;" ":SOUND 0,RAND(100)+100,8,8:ENDIF :IF Q=0:SOUND :ENDIF :ENDIF 80   POKE SC+PX+PY*40,2:FOR I=0 TO 19:MOVE SC+40+40*I,SC+40*I,40:NEXT I:L=L+1:IF L=20 AND CW>3:CW=CW-1:ENDIF :IF L=40 AND PY<17:PY=PY+1 90     L=0:POKE 708,RAND(200)+4:ENDIF :LL=LL+1:POSITION 1,22:? LL:WEND :POSITION 16,23:? "GAME OVER";:SOUND :WHILE STRIG(0):WEND :RUN

Here's a breakdown of the code:

0 REM DESCEND BY KEVIN SAVETZ 1 REM 2017 BASIC 10-LINER CONTEST 2 REM A PORT OF KAVERNS OF KFEST 3 ------------------------------ 5 GRAPHICS 0:

This game uses ANTIC mode 4, the 4-color text mode. Start in graphics mode 0, then we'll tweak the display list to use mode 4.

DL=DPEEK(560)

Find the top of the display list.

POKE DL+3,68:FOR I=DL+6 TO DL+25:POKE I,4:NEXT I:I=I+3:POKE I,65:DPOKE I+1,DL

Change most of the lines (excepting the bottom 3, which will be score dispaly) to mode 4. Everything you need to know about what's doing on here is in this article by Orson Scott Card. 

Setting up to use mode 4 costs an entire line of BASIC, pretty expensive in a 10-line program. More, really, because you pretty much need to use a custom character set with mode 4.

10 DIM F$(24),W$(38),B$(8):F$="(mess of ATASCII)":PX=20:PY=1:POKE 752,1:W$="(more ATASCII)"

F$ is the data for three custom characters used in the character set: the walls, the player's ship, and the random rocks/barriers. The gems are their own character, which I don't actually set. By not setting them, they display some regular character set character, which looks kind of speckly and cool and gem-like in ANTIC mode 4.

PX is the player's X position. PY is player's Y position. Unlike Kaverns of Kfest, this game doesn't allow the player to control the Y; instead, you descend automatically, increasing difficulty.

W$ is characters for the wall.

POKE 752,1 turns off the cursor.

15 B$="(shorter mess of ATASCII)"

B$ is characters for the blank space where the ship goes.

:POSITION 0,21:? "DEPTH":POSITION 17,21:? "SHIELDS10":POSITION 35,21:? "GEMS0"

Print score headers and starting scores.

20 CH=(PEEK(106)-16)*256

Find space for the custom character set.

:MOVE 57344,CH,1024

Copy the ROM character set to the RAM space reserved for our custom set.

:MOVE ADR(F$),CH+8,24

Replace 3 characters with custom characters.

:POKE 756,CH/256

Switch from the ROM character set to our custom character set.

:SC=DPEEK(88)

Find the top of screen memory.

:LW=15:CW=8:SS=10

LW is left wall width. CW is center (play area) width. SS is number of shields (basically, lives.)

:WHILE SS

Here's the main game loop. As long as you still have at least one shield...

40   MOVE ADR(W$),SC+800,LW

Build new section of wall-center-wall. This always goes at the bottom of the playfield and is pushed up later by the scroll routine.

First, the left wall. Copy LW (left wall width) characters of wall to the new line, at SC+800, that is, on the left edge 20 lines down.

:MOVE ADR(B$),SC+800+LW,CW

Now, copy CW (center width) characters of blank space to the right of the wall.

:MOVE ADR(W$),SC+800+LW+CW,40-LW-CW

Fill the rest of the line with wall.

:POKE SC+800+RAND(40),3

Each line gets a barrier (blue block) in a random place.

50   POKE SC+800+RAND(40),4

Each line also gets gems in a random place. Might be in the center where you can get 'em, but probably not.

:X=RAND(3):LW=LW+X-1

Adjust the width of the left wall with every move. It can be one less, one more, or stay the same.

:IF LW<1:LW=1:ENDIF :IF LW>32:LW=32:ENDIF

But don't let the width go off either side of the screen.

:PX=PX+(STICK(0)=7)-(STICK(0)=11)

Change PX + or - 1 based on left-rightness of joystick.

65   IF PX<1:PX=1:ENDIF :IF PX>38:PX=38:ENDIF

But don't let player move off the edges of the screen.

:Q=PEEK(SC+PX+PY*40):

Look at the space where the player is about to move to.

IF Q=4:SOUND 0,50,10,8:G=G+1:POSITION 36,22:? G:ELSE

It's a gem! Make a happy noise, increase count of gems collected, update that tally.

70     IF Q>0:SS=SS-1:POSITION 20,22:? SS;" ":SOUND 0,RAND(100)+100,8,8:ENDIF

If you're about to touch literally anything else: lose a shield, update the shield tally, play a bad sound.

:IF Q=0:SOUND :ENDIF :ENDIF

But if you're not touching anything, turn off sound, in case it's on from the last move.

80   POKE SC+PX+PY*40,2

Draw the player in the new position.

:FOR I=0 TO 19:MOVE SC+40+40*I,SC+40*I,40:NEXT I

This is the scroll. Copy the second screen line to the first, third to the second, and so on.

:L=L+1

L is a temporary counter that counts every 40 levels.

IF L=20 AND CW>3:CW=CW-1:ENDIF

Every time L hits 20, make the center width one less, but don't let it get too narrow.

:IF L=40 AND PY<17:PY=PY+1

Every line L hits 40, move the ship down one line, but not too low...

90     L=0

and restart the count-to-40 counter...

:POKE 708,RAND(200)+4:ENDIF

and change the wall color because that's fun.

:LL=LL+1:POSITION 1,22:? LL

LL is the total number of levels you've descended.

:WEND

End of main game loop. Once we go past this, we must be out of shields.

:POSITION 16,23:? "GAME OVER";:SOUND

Print game over, turn off sound.

:WHILE STRIG(0):WEND :RUN

Wait for joystick button to be pressed then play again.

This wasn't too bad to compress into 10 lines, I had just enough space to do everything I wanted to do. I didn't feel the need to use tbxl-parser to compress things, just did it by hand. I could have - but didn't need to - compress things further by using more 1-character variable names and 1-digit line numbers.

[eloarei]

Because I like shipping and statistics, I guess.

(Sort of prompted by this post. ...Or maybe it was this post.) So, here's me, looking at all my ships and deciding if they (and their canon relationship) count as the “emotional heart of the story”, OR if I were to reach in and rip them (primarily their relationship) out, would the story be torn apart? YES = they are necessary to the story! NO = the story would get on fine without their relationship UNCLEAR = their relationship has an uncertain importance to the plot Before you read the whole long list (and keep in mind, these are just my ships, and not even all of them, and just my opinions), have some statistics. TOTAL SHIPS = about 87 YES ships = 56 (m/m = 28, f/m = 28) NO ships = 15 (m/m = 9, f/m = 6) UNCLEAR ships = 16 (m/m = 8, f/m = 7, f/f = 1) and because the original intent of this post (as mentioned here) was to see if m/m ships tend to be the “emotional heart of the story” (aka do I mostly ship m/m and is that why?) : M/M ships = 45 (YES = 28, NO = 9, UNCLEAR = 8) F/M ships = 41 (YES = 28, NO = 6, UNCLEAR = 7) F/F ships = 1 ^^; (UNCLEAR = 1) And have one more set of stats, dealing with if these ships are canon or not. (“Mostly Canon” are ships whose canon status is debatable, like it was never explicitly stated, or it's an option, like in some games.) CANON = 27 (m/m = 5, f/m = 21, f/f = 1) Mostly CANON = 12 (m/m = 2, f/m = 10) Not Canon = 48 (m/m = 38, f/m = 10) So, I could probably stand to analyze these stats a little more, but the overall takeaways I'm getting are these: – My ships are fairly evenly SPLIT between m/m and f/m. – MOST of my ships are relevant to the overarching story of the series. --Most of my ships are NOT CANON, but not by a huge margin. --The “heart of the story” is SPLIT between m/m and f/m ships in my favorite series. Feel free to scroll through my 87 ships, if you want to see how I labeled them (“heart of the story”, versus not). Includes some reasoning, in most cases. Ships (or their series, in a few cases) listed under the cut: Killugon, Leopika, Oumugi, Cobymeppo, UsoNa, ZoLu, Hanna/Zombie, McHanzo, Reaper76, Roadrat, Promptis, Gladnis, DekuMight, Mammet, Genosai, Victuri, Destiel, Shakarian, Jaal/Ryder, Newmann, R/Julie, Kataang, Zukaang, Korrasami, Wuko, Gigolas, ZADR, Wolfstar, Fawkes/LW, Gob/LW, Nick/SS, Trying Human, Otasune, Bosselot, Torikoma, Noragami, Oremo, Gamako, JeanMarco, CLAMP, Taibani, Tiger/Bunny, Okabe/Kurisu, 93, 58, Otani/Koizumi, Doctor/Rose, Johnlock, Sterek, Hannigram, Rumbelle, Hopurai, Sorriku, Akuroku, Leo/Ezio, Haytham/Ziio, JakDax, Nate/Elena, Lutecest, GoldenHeart, Mitjo, Blackice, Felix/Calhoun, Om/Shanti, Grocket, Max/Furiosa, Capable/Nux, Seregil/Alec, Thom/Goran, Diana Wynne Jones, Robin McKinley, Jesse/Suze, Mabelmando, Muck, Vito/Wilhelm, Lewis/Vivi, Fry/Leela, Goliath/Elisa. Good lord I can't believe I typed those all out. Well, anyway. Now you don't have to bother clicking through just to satisfy your curiosity, if none of those piques your interest.

Hunter x Hunter: --Gon/ Killua : YES, Gon and Killua's relationship IS the heart of the story. Without their intense friendship, many of the plot points in the story would never have happened. While Gon may still have found his father, the whole story would be extremely different, perhaps to the point of unrecognizability. –Leorio/Kurapika : NO. Unfortunately, as much as I love them, their relationship is not strictly integral to the story. --Meruem/Komugi : (mostly canon) YES. While it's not the entire story, their relationship IS vital to the fate of both characters and that particular arc. One Piece: --Coby/Helmeppo : UNCLEAR. While Coby and Helmeppo are not main characters, Coby was a catalyst in the early part of the series, and will probably be important again towards the end. Also, while Coby could have gotten where he is without Helmeppo, Helmeppo would likely not be who he is now without Coby, making Coby integral to Helmeppo's story. --Usopp/Nami : NO. I love them a lot, and they're both important to the story in different ways, but their relationship is not strictly necessary. --Zoro/Luffy : UNCLEAR. Obviously, Luffy is the main character, and Zoro is also super important. The story probably could have gotten where it was going without Zoro's involvement, but there have definitely been several key points which would have been different without him. (Early one, especially, and the end of Thriller Bark.) This one might require more thought. Hanna Is Not A Boy's Name: Hanna/{Zombie} : YES. While the story may still have happened without {…} (Conrad still showing up that night), the entire story would have had a different tone, as {…} is the narrator, and certain key events would have played out differently. Overwatch: McCree/Hanzo : NO. Admittedly, they don't have a lot to do with each other in canon, no matter how much I like them. Soldier 76/Reaper : YES. Their story was vital to the formation of Overwatch as we know it. Roadhot/Junkrat : NO. Not exactly vital to the overall story, although they do seem fairly important to each other. Final Fantasy XV:   Noctis/Prompto and Gladio/Ignis : NO. I mean, I love the ships, but technically neither of these ships are really super important to the overall story. I would be willing to listen to arguments for this one though, since obviously the relationship between the four of them actually is super important. Boku no Hero Academia: Izuku/All Might : YES. Nothing would have happened in this series if it weren't for the relationship between these two. Not only would Izuku be lacking the power to succeed, he'd have been lacking the training and also possibly the inspiration. Likewise, All Might would likely have stagnated, instead of grown as a character. Back to the Future: Marty/Doc : YES. There would be literally no point to the entire series without either character or their relationship exactly as it is. One Punch Man: Saitama/Genos : YES. Although it may be debatable, I believe that Genos' involvement with Saitama is critical to the story. Is it, at very least, critical to Genos' growth. Yuri on Ice!!: Viktor/Yuuri : (canon) YES. Canon-gay main characters; kind of the point of the story. Supernatural: Dean/Castiel : YES. Though Dean and Sam's relationship is probably still more important, I would definitely argue that most of the plot from season 4 on could not have happened without Castiel's involvement with Dean. Mass Effect: Shepard/Garrus : (mostly canon) UNCLEAR. Garrus was fairly important to the story, especially early on, but even if he had never come around at all, the story would have been about the same. However, since you get to determine the story to some degree, you could say their relationship is about as important as you make it. Ryder/Jaal : (mostly canon) UNCLEAR. About the same as above. Their relationship was important, but not significantly moreso than other characters'. Pacific Rim: Newton/Hermann : YES. Without them working together, the plot would not have been resolved. (One could even argue their arguing was critical to the story.) Warm Bodies: R/Julie : (canon) YES. Like most of my other book ships, these two were written with each other in mind. Avatar/Legend of Korra: Katara/Aang : (canon) YES. Though the story could have got along without their romantic involvement, their general relationship was absolutely vital to the plot. Zuko/Aang : YES. Their relationship provided most of the conflict from the early half, and much of the character development from the later half. Korra/Asami : (canon) UNCLEAR. If they had been only acquaintances, the plot would likely have carried on mostly the same, however the ending would have been different, of course. Mako/ Wu : NO. Their relationship made a couple of plot points in the last season, but the story would have got by okay without it. The Lord of the Rings: Gimli/Legolas : NO, although I'd be willing to hear arguments to this one. I don't recall that their relationship was particularly necessary to the plot's resolution. Invader Zim: Zim/Dib : YES. Literally the entirety of the story would be pointless without their relationship. Harry Potter: Sirius/Remus : YES. Primarily in the 3rd book/movie, but the story would have gone drastically differently if not for their past friendship. It would likely have had a huge butterfly effect. Fallout 3: Fawkes/Lone Wanderer : YES. Fawkes was key in helping get the GECK, and also having LW, y'know, not die in the DLC. If Fawkes didn't massively respect the LW, the LW would just be shit out of luck. And also dead. Gob/Lone Wanderer : NO. Poor Gob's just stuck slaving away as a bartender. Hell I don't think you even have to talk to him once to advance the story. =[ Fallout 4: Nick Valentine/Sole Survivor : YES. Nick is instrumental in helping SS find their son, and if it weren't for his respect for them, SS would have a very difficult time with several legs of the journey. And don't get me started on how their backstories are a mirror of each other! Trying Human: Rose/Hue, Longus/Don, Philena/EBE1, Quazky/Gracelis, FJ12/Pigment : (canon) YES. The charm of a good webcomic, eh? =D Metal Gear Solid: Snake/Otacon : YES. Moderately important in MGS1, Otacon and Snake's relationship becomes crucial in 2 and 4. Also, “Can love bloom on the battlefield?” Yes, Otacon. Yes it can. (I'd write a manifesto about these two if I had the energy.) Big Boss/Ocelot : YES. Quite a lot of the entire series would never have happened if it weren't for Ocelot's hero-worship crush on Big Boss. It's pretty important. Toriko: Toriko/Komatsu : YES. To be fair, I haven't read/watch this series in years, but the earlier parts of the series put a lot of focus on the budding partnership between these two characters. Ugh, talk to me about the part where they climb a giant beanstalk in order to eat a heart-shaped vegetable in tandem to commemorate their partnership. Geez. It's a little hard to say if their relationship was vital to the actual plot, because I'm still not sure what the plot was, but it was definitely vital to the story. Noragami: Yato/Hiyori : (mostly canon) YES. As the main characters, the story revolves mostly around them, and if they didn't care for each other, there would be no reason for half of the events to happen. Kazuma/Bishamon : (mostly canon) UNCLEAR. At least one key backstory event only occurred because of their relationship, but the story might have happened similarly without it. Kofuku/Daikoku : (mostly canon) NO. I love them, but the story could probably exist okay without them. Ore Monogatari: Takeo/Yamato : (canon) YES, but obviously, as it's a romantic comedy. The story is literally all about them. Kill la Kill: Gamagoori/Mako : NO. Although they featured together in a few important scenes, the story could have progressed without them ever being in the same frame. Attack on Titan: Jean/Marco : NO. The entire story would have probably been just fine without them, although Jean might be a different person without Marco's influence. CLAMP: (mostly canon) YES. I'm just gonna go ahead and say that all of my ships from CLAMP series are vital to both the story and the characters' growth. This might be an exaggeration, but only slightly. Tiger&Bunny: Kotetsu/Barnaby: YES. Because, obviously, what's Tiger&Bunny without Tiger and Bunny? The story would have gone nowhere without either of them, and the focus on their growing relationship was super important. Steins;Gate: Okabe/Kurisu : (mostly canon) YES. The plot forces the relationship between Okabe and Kurisu in an interesting way, so it is sort of super relevant. Saiyuki: Sanzo/Goku : YES. Gojyo/Hakkai : UNCLEAR. To be honest, I just haven't watched the series in a while, so I'm a little cloudy on the finer points of this ship. I'd say they're important, and from what I remember they are important to each other's story, but I don't recall how vital their relationship is to the overall plot. Lovely Complex: Otani/Koizumi : (canon) YES, because it's a romantic comedy and these are the two main characters. Doctor Who: Doctor/Rose : (canon) YES. In love with two different Doctors, and (as far as I know) the only one to end up with one permanently! Their relationship was so damn important that it came back even after Rose retired as a companion! Sherlock: Sherlock/John : YES. The series wouldn't even remotely exist without their relationship. Teen Wolf: Stiles/Derek : NO. The necessity of either character to the overall plot is debatable; they certainly didn't have to interact in order for the series to continue, even if those were some of the best scenes. Hannibal: Hannibal/Will : YES. Though I never caught up with the series, it was clear even from the very start of season 1 that the relationship between these two was the drive of the whole story. Once Upon a Time: Rumpelstiltskin/Belle : (canon) UNCLEAR. Though they're both important to each other and other characters at multiple points in the story, their relationship is probably not all that important to the other characters. (To be fair, this is based mostly off of seasons 1 and 2.) Final Fantasy XIII: Hope/Lightning : NO? It's been a while since I played the game, and while I love Hope, I seem to recall that he wasn't terribly important? (Was anybody important in that game? What even was the plot??) Kingdom Hearts: Sora/Riku : YES. I mean, Sora did spend pretty much forever searching for Riku, and Riku did spend basically the whole time being a pain. Axel/Roxas : UNCLEAR. Roxas' existence and story probably could have happened without Axel. But to be honest, it's Kingdom Hearts; I could never remember all the fine details. Assassin's Creed: Leonardo/Ezio : UNCLEAR. I mean, Ezio would have died or failed several times without Leo's inventions, but Leo himself wasn't strictly necessary. Haytham/Ziio : (canon) YES. Well, Conner wouldn't exists without them, so. Jak and Daxter: Jak/Daxter: YES. There would have been literally no point to the series if it weren't for their relationship. Uncharted: Nate/Elena : (canon) UNCLEAR. A rare female love interest, Elena was there from the very beginning and throughout the whole series, kicking ass and helping the plot along. Could the series have gone on without her and Nate's intricate relationship? Probably. But who would have wanted that? Bioshock Infinite: Robert/Rosalind : (mostly canon) YES. Only because of their fantastic weird obsession with science and themselves was the cross-dimensional travel that made the plot happen even possible. Nimona: Blackheart/Goldenloin : (mostly canon) YES. Their relationship is central to the backstory, and the later parts of the story. Long Exposure: Mitchel/Jonas : (canon) YES. Again, because it is a webcomic, and they're specifically written with each other in mind. Rise of the Guardians: Jack/Pitch : UNCLEAR. While both are critical to the story, it probably could have gone on fine without their interactions. However, Jack's personal arc wouldn't have had the same emotion without Pitch's involvement. Wreck-it Ralph: Felix/Calhoun : (canon) UNCLEAR. Their relationship was a key point in the story, but the overall plot could have probably happened without it. Om Shanti Om: Om/Shanti // Om/Sandy : (mostly canon) YES. Without Om's love for Shanti, the entire second half of the plot wouldn't have worked out. Sandy's love for Om was also critical. Guardians of the Galaxy: Rocket/Groot : YES. I think it's safe to say that the whole crew would have died if it weren't for Groot, and it's unlikely that he would have been there in such a capacity without his partnership with Rocket. Mad Max: Fury Road: Max/Furiosa : (canon) YES. Story couldn't go anywhere without them, and their relationship was important at certain points. Capable/Nux : (canon) YES. Though their relationship was not vital to the overall story, it played a huge part in the resolution. Nightrunner: Seregil/Alec : (canon) YES. Canon-gay main characters, obviously the story goes nowhere without them. HERO: Thom/Goran : (canon) UNCLEAR. Though the relationship between the characters is a key element in the story, it probably could have happened pretty similarly even if the two did not develop a romantic involvement. (Would've been a different story; still, Thom's other relationships are roughly as important.) Diana Wynne Jones' books: Howl/Sophie, Vierran/Mordian, Tom/Penny, etc : (canon) YES. All main characters, written with the intention of being involved with each other, they are vital to their stories. Robin McKinley's books: Narl/Rosie, Cecily/Little John, Beauty/Beast, etc : (canon) YES (mostly). Main characters written to revolve around each other, with the exception of Cecily and Little John, whose relationship was probably not strictly necessary for the overall story. The Mediator: Jesse/Suze: (canon) YES. Same deal with my other canon book ships: they were literally made for each other. Gravity Falls: Mabel/Mermando : (mostly canon) NO. Their relationship was only relevant for an episode, and had it not existed, most of the story would have been the same. Motorcity: Mike/Chuck : UNCLEAR. It probably ought to be a “no”, but the series didn't get that far, so I'm giving them the benefit of the doubt. XD; The Reward: Vito/Wilhelm: (??? canon?) YES. I mean, the story was 100% about their bromance. Mystery Skulls Animated: Lewis/Vivi : (canon) YES. Poor ghost man just misses his nerdy girlfriend. Futurama: Fry/Leela : (canon) UNCLEAR, since Futurama didn't really have an overarching plot for their relationship to be relevant to. But GOD did you see the last episode? I mean, they were definitely a central plot point of the story, even if they weren't strictly 'necessary' to it. Gargoyles: Goliath/Elisa : (canon) YES, hella yes. Their relationship (both platonic and romantic) was greatly important to the overall story, many times. Though the gargoyle characters could have existed without Elisa, the story would have lacked most of its emotional component. (And that’s just about that! I left off a bunch of old ships, because there’s just no way I have the time and energy to list stuff I haven’t been into in years. Also I probably forgot some, but oops?) 

[blog-thejetboy]

When the 737-MAX was grounded in mid-march nobody would have imagined that the bird would be grounded for so long. But as MAX moves into the 4th month of its grounding shattering the previous record held by its cousin the 787 (January 17, 2013, to April 26, 2013) it is now 2nd only to Concorde in terms of the longest grounding for any modern airliner. With speculations about the future of the 737 getting out of hand and Boeing finally accepting its fault, let us take a step back and try to understand the lax in MAX.

737s at the Boeing Seattle manufacturing facility.

  History

In order to truly understand MAX, we need to connect to its ancestors and start from the beginning. The 737 despite what Boeing might say is an ancient aircraft, derived from an even older 707 and 727. Since its 1st flight in April of 1967 Boeing has produced over 10,000 of these aircrafts, spread across 4 variants: 737, 737-Classic, 737-NextGeneration & 737-MAX and has orders for more than 4000 in its books. The variants though more efficient and larger than their predecessor, were just a mix of updates on ancient architecture and some genius level patchwork by Boeing engineers. For example, if you take a look at the images below, you can clearly see that the 737, which was originally designed for a turbojet engine now accommodates a high bypass turbofan, this caused severe ground clearance issues for the engine and resulted in the iconic hamster mouth design of the engine inlet by shifting all the auxiliary components of the engine components from directly below to towards the side of the engine. A deeper look into the character sheet of the 737 also reveals that they are not just different variants but they are completely different aircraft. With the MAX producing twice as much thrust as the original 737 and carrying nearly double passengers as well, one can not help but wonder how is it the same aircraft? Unfortunately, to bring training & re-certification cost down and retain/gain customers Boeing decided to brand them all as the same aircraft. Something which has now become a scaringly common practice, take the F-35 A/B/C for example 3 entirely different aircraft with a completely different role bundled up together in the name of reducing cost and we all know what came out of it but that’s a story for another day.

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The Modification and The Crash

Now one of the key modifications in the MAX, as compared to the Classic and the Next generation, is the higher bypass turbofan engine.  From a bypass ratio (BPR) of 5.5-6 and fan diameter of 60-61 inches in the CFM 3 and 7 series to a new CFM leap 1B engine with a BPR of 9 and a fan diameter of 69.4 inches. But this isn’t the 1st time they have put in a larger engine, but then it is also not the 1st time they have had 2 back to back incidents because of engine problems, post-modification (I know you want to blame the MCAS for it, but the MCAS exists only because of the problems that the engine created). Introducing the 1st leap from 737 to 737-Classic from a turbojet to turbofan from 50 inches to 60 inches in fan diameter, what happened? well open google and search 737 crash or just click here.

Incidence 1: TACA Flight 110, en route to New Orleans, suffered double engine failure due to a severe hail storm. Fortunately, no one died but ss a result of this incident, further engine development was carried out to prevent flame-out in severe weather conditions.

Incidence 2:  Kegworth air disaster: British Midland Flight 92, using a 737-400, crashed outside of East Midlands Airport. Of the eight crew and 118 passengers, 47 passengers died. The left engine had suffered a fan blade fracture and the crew, unfamiliar with the 737-400, shut down the still-functional right engine, causing the aircraft to lose power.

Boeing along with the agencies responsible for ensuring the safety of our skies blamed the pilots and dismissed them.  But guess what while the pilots did commit some mistakes, no one bothered to ask why they committed them? Why they were so unfamiliar with the aircraft they were flying? is it because they did not have enough training? is it because someone making those planes said they would not need extra training? We might never know, but what we do know is that after the investigation and dismissal, the British Midland paid the first officer, McClelland of that fight an out-of-court settlement for unfair dismissal and the captain of the flight in April 1991 told a BBC documentary: “We were the easy option—the cheap option if you wish.” Does this ring a bell, remember who was blamed initially for the MAX crashes? Is it history repeating itself? or is it BOOOEING repeating its mistakes? Judge for yourself.

Kegworth Crash site.

The Present Situation

Now we fast forward to the 21st century, and contrary to what you might think “size does matter” especially if it’s the size of your turbofan engine we are talking about. You see back in the days 737 was pretty much without a good rival, then came the A-320 a modern airliner designed to operate with a High BPR turbofan engine and guess what it started to cut into the 737s market. It was all cool between them, till that day in September 2014 when the A320 NEO (New Engine Option) with its massive CFM Leap 1A engine having a BPR of 11 and a fan diameter of 78 inches, took its first flight. Promising amazing fuel efficiency and longer range, the A320 NEO raked up orders in the thousands and split the market into 2 equal halves where the 737 was an uncrowned king. How did Boeing react? They MAXed out the 737 (perhaps the name itself holds a cryptic message by the engineers at Boeing warning its management that this platform has now reached its maximum utility) forcing it into its 1st flight on a cold rainy day(official Boeing description of that day at 0:13 seconds) just 4 days after the A320 NEO was introduced into service by Lufthansa. Boeing tried to put the same CFM Leap engine in the MAX but was reluctant to redesign and recertify the aircraft, they slightly modified the engine (made it smaller, BPR of 9 and fan diameter of 69.4 inches) called it CFM Leap1B. But then the 737 NGs were already short on ground clearance, how did Boeing Sqeze in the extra 10 inches? Well like I said, a mix of updates on ancient architecture and some genius level patchwork by Boeing engineers. They increased the main landing gear height by 6 inches pushing it to the MAX without redesigning the entire landing gear bay (& possibly the fuselage section), placed the engine to the MAX possible forward and top location in front of the wing, did some modification on the nacelle threw in a vortex generator and voila problem solved or maybe not.

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The MAX crash 

So how did the last 2 MAX crash? Popular media says its the fault of the Maneuvering Characteristic Augmentation System (MCAS), but then the MCAS was snuck into the aircraft (Quite literally many pilots weren’t even aware of its existence till the 1st MAX crashed) to solve the problems caused by the new engine not amplify it. The hardware problem that this software patch was trying to fix was that the pitch up tendency of the 737 MAX during takeoff (High thrust and high AoA condition). Why did MAX have this problem, because of the law of longitudinal stability of an aircraft, the further away from the aerodynamic center is from the CG the greater pitch up tendency an aircraft would have and the more pitch unstable it becomes. In the overlap below you can see that the MAX has a lit bit extra nacelle pooping out in front, at cruise conditions the nacelle is designed not to produce any lift but at high AoA the Nacelle also starts to produce lift moving the Lw a bit more forward of the CG. Now, couple this with the higher engine location and uses the knowledge of how lift is produced (Higher pressure low-speed air under the wing and low-pressure high speed over it) and you see hot high-speed air blowing right underneath the wing and we have a recipe for disaster.

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The MCAS was put in to apply a pitch down moment by trimming the horizontal stabilizer, increasing Lt value and for the MCAS to activate, the following must be true:

The Angle of Attack (AoA) as read by the sensor exceeds a specific parameter (specifically, the sensor shows a high AoA which means that the aircraft is approaching a stall condition)

The flaps are fully retracted (which means that the aircraft is not/is no longer in take-off or landing configuration)

The aircraft is being flown manually (the autopilot is not engaged)

If these three things are true, then the MCAS will trim the aircraft stabilizer nose down and stabilize the aircraft. Now, there are numerous theories on how tracking data from a single faulty AoA sensor to the MCAS resulted in the crash. Because if the MCAS has been reset (for example by a manual trim command) then if the AoA is still high after five seconds without pilot trim command, it will activate again. The MCAS can and will continue to pitch the nose down in up to 2.5° increments if the high AoA reading has not been resolved. In this way, it is possible for the stabilizer to reach the nose down limit, pitching the aircraft down as steeply as it can [1]. Which is in fact what happened as both the crashes were caused by the aircraft steeply nose-diving into the ground.

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But then let’s face facts if the issue was some faulty sensor package/software Boeing has enough smart engineers to resolve the issue in literally no time and a company like Boeing does not just give away $100 million as compensation to crash victims, which is excluding the backchannel compensations and discounts it is providing to all present and potential MAX operators. What has happened is something way more serious than that, its a culmination of years of corporate greed, weakening of regulatory bodies and poor design choices, unfortunately,  made by some of my fellow engineers that have for the lack of better word resulted in this clusterfuck. Driving a star performer to the dogs, serving as a stark reminder to anyone trying to cut cost by compromising on design and certification cost. In Boeing’s defense, it has tried to come out clean in the past few months and given released some bold statement but we don’t expect a 103-year-old company to act like a 3-year-old. As an industry leader it would be nice to see Boeing not just compensating but also own up to its mistakes and tell everyone what actually went wrong so that we can all learn from it and young engineers like myself can once again proudly say:

“If it’s not Boeing, I am not Going.”

[1] Source

      The lax in MAX… When the 737-MAX was grounded in mid-march nobody would have imagined that the bird would be grounded for so long.