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Assignment #2

Structure:

As I observed, most of the study follows the same structure. All papers are composed of the following: the title page, abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion, conclusions, acknowledgement, and lastly, the references.

The title page, actually tells the readers what to expect in the paper and it is where the authors name are printed. Abstract contains the summary or the synopsis of the research paper. The summary briefly discussed some parts of the introduction, objectives, methods and the results and discussions. Introduction is where the authors discussed the foundation of their research, stated the purpose of their study, listed a questions and stating their hypothesis. Methods is where the authors described the procedures done to their research, their study design and their analysis. Results is where the authors present their findings on what did they find in doing the research and Discussion is where the authors interpret the results and discussed the findings with reference to previous research. Conclusion is where the author states their speculations and presented their perspective for future works. Acknowledgement is where the authors listed the names of people who helped and contributed in doing their research. Lastly, the references, it is where the authors listed all the complete citations for any articles.

Concepts:

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) ­-is a digital mobile telephony system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wirelesstelephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.      

Source: http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSM

Kiosk (pronounced KEE-ahsk) -is a small, free-standing physical structure that displays information or provides a service. Kiosks can be manned or unmanned, and unmanned kiosks can be digital or non-digital. The word kiosk is of French, Turkish and Persian origin and means pavilion or portico.      

Source: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/kiosk

RFID stands for Radio-Frequency IDentification. The acronym refers to small electronic devices that consist of a small chip and an antenna. The chip typically is capable of carrying 2,000 bytes of data or less. The RFID device serves the same purpose as a bar code or a magnetic strip on the back of a credit card or ATM card; it provides a unique identifier for that object. And, just as a bar code or magnetic strip must be scanned to get the information, the RFID device must be scanned to retrieve the identifying information.

Source: http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/technology-article.asp

CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in combination with spread spectrumtechnology. Audio input is first digitized into binary elements. The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined pattern (code), so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is programmed with the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter frequency. There are trillions of possible frequency-sequencing codes, which enhances privacy and makes cloning difficult. The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide. CDMA networks use a scheme called soft handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as a handset passes from one cell to another. The combination of digital and spread-spectrum modes supports several times as many signals per unit bandwidth as analog modes. CDMA is compatible with other cellular technologies; this allows for nationwide roaming. The original CDMA standard, also known as CDMA One, offers a transmission speed of only up to 14.4 Kbps in its single channel form and up to 115 Kbps in an eight-channel form. CDMA2000 and Wideband CDMA deliver data many times faster.

Source: http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/CDMA

PDA -personal digital assistant, a handheld device that combines computing, telephone/fax, Internet and networking features. A typical PDA can function as a cellular phone, fax sender, Web browser and personal organizer. PDAs may also be referred to as a palmtop, hand-held computer or pocket computer. Not a Portable Computer. Unlike portable computers, most PDAs began as pen-based, using a stylus rather than a keyboard for input. This means that they also incorporated handwriting recognition features. Some PDAs can also react to voice input by using voice recognition technologies. PDAs are available in either a stylus or keyboard version.

Source: https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/PDA.html

CLAIMS:

A customizable wireless food ordering system with real-time customer feedback

To automate food ordering system at City Corner Restaurant that can eliminate or at least minimize the current problems in conventional system. To utilize wireless communication and smart phone technology in implementing the automated system. To facilitate more intuitive interfaces and customization for the restaurant owner to update the menu content on the customer devices.

The researchers conducted and evaluated the performance of CWOS-RTF by running several system and user testing procedures. They tested the system with the customers of City Corner Restaurant which primarily consists of UTHM staff and students. Provided questionnaires:

• User-friendly interface design – easy to understand and interact with the system

• Easy to make order – anytime, anywhere

• Successful in sending order

• Simplify ordering process – save time as order can be made prior to arriving at the restaurant

Then analyzed that there were 43 respondents involved in the evaluation phase of the system. About 91% of the respondents rated each item as Good (scale = 4) to Excellent (scale = 5). The percentage implies positive acceptance among the customers. CWOS-RTF demonstrates the feasibility of using wireless communication and smart phone technology to meet food ordering system specifications.

SMART ORDER DEVELOPMENT SOLUTIONS APPS IN E-BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Restaurant business units operate efficiently, serve customers quickly, promptly and in accordance with the tastes of customers in today's era.

This application meets the customers’ needs. It was evident in the survey and interview conducted that the use of this application garners positive perception and response from the respondents especially the restaurant’s manager and staff for they can manage and update the menu flexibly in a fast and convenient manner.

FOODS: A Food-Oriented Ontology-Driven System

Data that enable the food industry, including SMEs, to produce healthier foods, thereby obtaining a larger share of the food market, information to nutrition professionals and consumers via labels and via printed and electronic information, enabling them to protect and enhance their health

The authors propose a food-oriented ontology, which consists of concepts of ingredients, nutrients, substances, and so on, defining the semantics of nutritional facts. Ontologies emanate from the idea of the Semantic

Web, and they are used more and more for automated data exchange, collection, and manipulation in the Internet.

Design and Development of Multi-Touchable E-Restaurant Management System

           Allows customers to make order conveniently on the developed multi-touchable dining table during the busy hours using their fingers. Orders made by the customers will be updated instantly to a centralized database and subsequently reach the cashier and the kitchen module respectively. Management staff could use the system to manage the restaurant operations digitally, starting from the creation of food items for the multi-touchable interactive dining menu to deleting it or to manage orders from customers all the way to billing it.

The researchers used Zend framework that provides extensive component libraries to develop a functional web management system was selected to build the MEMS. Zend framework provides a lot of modules and classes resulted from development throughout the years by the open source community and it is easily extensible. With the MEPS built on top of Zend, the system can be easily expanded. The paper reported a newly developed Multi-touchable Erestaurant management system on top of Zend framework that solved some of the limitations encountered by the PDA-based food ordering system. The MEMS provides a proper workflow for restaurant staffs to manage restaurant operations digitally, from ordering to billing systematically.

Intelligent Restaurant System Smart-menu

Smartmenu is not limited only to the electronic menu application but it can be extended to be a total intelligent restaurant service platform. In the future, it may be extended to include also service robots in the system.

The authors conducted a test, Smartmenu was tested in everyday use in several restaurants in Finland. Piloting included questionnaires and interviews analyzed by the usability experts of the University of Oulu. These usability studies started with short questionnaires and continued with interviews of customers, personnel of the restaurant and the people who have been developing the system. The feedback of the usability studies was used in further development of the Smartmenu system.  The feedback from waiters was diverse. Some of them had the attitude that it changes too much their traditional work while others felt that it helps them remarkably by providing substantial amount of information for them and customers. The first demonstrations of using service robot in a restaurant environment were already carried out in the restaurants situated in popular tourist resorts in Finland. The customers found service robot interesting, especially the younger customers liked it very much.

Matching Restaurant Menus to Crowd-sourced Food Data

This paper  study the problem of how to match a formally structured restaurant menu item to a large database of less structured food items that has been collected via crowd-sourcing. The authors claimed to propose a novel, practical, and scalable machine learning solution architecture, consisting of two major steps. First we use a query generation approach, based on a Markov Decision Process algorithm, to reduce the time complexity of searching for matching candidates. Then followed by a re-ranking step, using deep learning techniques, to meet our required matching quality goals.

They conducted a test and created an accuracy comparison and in result they concluded that the combination of reinforcement via MDP for initial query generation, SVM for building synthetic training data, and CNN architectures for learning relevance, all come together to create a powerful tool for short text matching in the absence of context and/or user feedback.

Network Architecture for an Automated Service System

           This paper proposes an automated system that will enable customers to place the orders at public service systems in a timesaving manner; the customer just needs to take the end handheld device which can be any tablet or phone and order either online from home, etc. making use of the central repository or using the local server present in the premises. This will enable direct processing of the task and the payment can be done in an easy manner through the same end device.

The system is implemented creating five separate LAN networks that can communicate with each other with the help of the router. They observed the ping response time on a star topology and the table shows a normal result

Proposal for a Novel Computerized Menu-Presentation Interface for Restaurants

The authors propose a general framework for a low-cost customizable computerized menu-system that any restaurant or food-chain can adopt for better user-friendliness and usefulness for themselves as well as for their customers.

For preliminary proof of concept evaluation, we designed some screenshots in Visual Studio 2012 and shared them with 168 different people of more than 10 different countries (anonymously from participants in a conference).

They asked them to rate the concept in a scale of 1 to 5 (1 corresponds to “least useful” and 5 corresponds to “very useful”). The average score was found to be 4.25. Nobody gave 1 and 44% gave 5 out of 5.

Touch Based Digital Ordering System on Android using GSM and Bluetooth for Restaurants

This paper proposes an automated system that uses wireless communication, a centralized database, and an android application to place the order without even waiting for a waiter.

The authors propose the design of touch based digital ordering systems for restaurants using Android, Bluetooth and GSM.

The system becomes easy to use for managers also. Since the menu lists and transactions of food items are stored in a centralized database, it becomes very easy for managers to analyze the best-selling items by getting those values from the database. This system is cost effective, as it only requires one time investment in installing android device at each table. Since this automates the food-ordering process in a restaurant, it, therefore, reduces the manpower that saves a lot of money of the restaurant. 

User Requirements and Design Guidelines for Digital Restaurant Menus

They conducted semi-structured interviews with employees of a restaurant to learn about their views and requirements and discussed with an owner of a fine dining restaurant potential uses of a digital menu. Subsequently, they built a prototype and evaluated it with a specific target audience. This study provided us with additional insights into user interface (UI) aspects. From our findings we distilled and contribute guidelines for designing digital restaurant menus. 

First, the authors analyzed expectations of restaurant guests collected through an online survey to explore various design options. By not limiting the questions to a specific restaurant context we received an overview of this topic. Second, they conducted interviews with restaurant employees and discussed the topic with an innkeeper of a fine dining restaurant. These stakeholders are confronted with the system every day and can provide experts’ insights. Third, the authors built a tablet based prototype of a digital restaurant menu to evaluate open design options. Based on these three studies we distill guidelines for the design of digital restaurant menus, both from guests’ and restaurants’ perspectives.

[kimremolta-blog]

Traffic Light.

“Smart Controlling for Traffic Light Time”

The increase number of vehicles also increase the number of accidents. It became one of the reason why intelligent transportation had a wide range area of research. Improving the intelligent transportation will increase safety, reliability, and traffic flow speed, and reduce average travelling and waiting time for passengers.

Traffic lights control drivers and pedestrians, and before control is implemented, the designer should understand the traffic pattern of the road for the drivers and pedestrians and other people using the street for commerce, social gathering, play. Automatic license plate recognition, road traffic sign recognition, pedestrian protection system, emergency vehicle notification systems, collision avoidance systems, and traffic light control, they are systems that includes in intelligent transportation and the systems that regulate traffic flow through determine specific time for wait, ready, and go.

In this study, they develop an automatic algorithm to control traffic light time based on image processing. It acquires image for cars on traffic lights then segment image into different parts using sliding window, and predict if each part is car or not using artificial neural network, total number of cars accumulated in car counter to control traffic light time using fuzzy logic controller. In following this algorithm two artificial intelligent techniques used which are artificial neural network and fuzzy logic controller with basic image processing operations, to numbers of cars on traffic light and control its time.

“Signal Control Effects on Vehicular Traffic Emissions through a Sequence of Traffic Lights”

The emissions generated by vehicles have been among the largest sources of urban environmental pollution. This study proposed a signal state function to describe the state of traffic lights. And used it to study the signal control effect on vehicle’s emission through a sequence of traffic light. They developed a modified car-following model and discussed its moving behavior in three modes. Free running mode, car-following mode and stopping mode.

Few researchers investigated the energy dissipation effected by signal control on road way controlled by a series of traffic lights. In this study, an optimal velocity model was improved by taking into account signal control effect. Analytically and numerically, the relationship between the vehicle’s emission and different signal control parameters was discussed.

The vehicle’s emission were studied through a sequence of traffic lights on a single-lane roadway. In order to formulate the states of traffic lights, a signal state function was presented. The relevant simulation were carried out to analyze the effect of three signal control parameters, the cycle, split and offset time. This study proved that the vehicle’s emission depend highly on signal control parameters and should be considered to optimize the signal control.

“Fix Traffic flow Problem before Spending Money on Cameras”

"Change law to let unmanned cameras catch scofflaws who run red lights". Running red lights has become a dangerous, everyday driving habit. Installing automated cameras to catch violators who runs from red light may make sense and generative revenue, but it won’t correct the problem. Violators rush from light to light trying to beat that next red light. Not everyone are running from those red lights, but the heavy stop-and-go traffic bogged down by the un-coordinated traffic lighting system also causes a heavy traffic.

New traffic lights and clusters of lights are continually being installed, almost on demand by special interest groups or big money. These lights are generally self-serving to move traffic in and out of the malls or housing development on demand, not in synchronization with the main traffic flow. Traffic signals seldom work together or with the main flow of traffic.

These unsynchronized traffic lights leads to fuel consumption and environmental emission polluters of all times. Before installing automatic cameras to catch violators, install a smarter traffic system of coordinated and synchronized traffic signals, a system that allows to move more efficiently, with less frustration, less aggression, less anxiety, and less air pollution.

“Smart Traffic Light in terms of the Cognitive Road Traffic Management System (CTMS) based on the Internet of Things”

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm, which involves intercommunication between different things without human intervention, automated collection, processing and analysis of large amounts of data, generated by the sensors. The IoT makes possible high-accuracy probabilistic behavioral environmental models development. These models allow increasing the levels of everyday life comfort and security due to continuous monitoring of the data obtained from sensors in real time. In the long term IoT will let more effective resource spending owing to Smart cities and e-government concepts implementation optimizing and automating everyday city life management.

Telecommunication technologies, which can be used for the system development and deployment, are analyzed. Smart traffic light integration is proposed as a replacement of the existing traffic lights. The main purpose of such replacement is to optimize traffic management processes which are made by government authorities. Smart traffic light integration excludes mistakes caused by human factor. Proposed approach can be used as a part of e-government system in further.

           Smart traffic light, integrated into the IoT as a part of CTMS, makes possible development of a new generation information infrastructure. The main target of this infrastructure is an effective and optimal road traffic management. Big Data applications allow performing high-accuracy probabilistic analysis. Such analysis increases cognitive features of the system and CTMS is getting more and more autonomous and independent. Human's interventions become as less as possible, as a consequence number of errors, caused by human factor, declines as well.

“Smart Traffic Light Control using Fuzzy Logic and Wireless Sensor Network”

The steady increase in the number of vehicles on the road has increased traffic congestion in most urban cities. The use of intelligent systems to make traffic routing decisions with the potential to enhance vehicle traffic management. The design and implementation of a smart traffic light (STL) using fuzzy logic and wireless sensor network (WSN). To analyze the performance of the STL, they designed a simulation software using java to virtually represent the functions of the WSN and FLC. The results from simulations indicate that the system can effectively manage traffic at a roundabout.

This study aims to find a sustainable solution to the traffic congestion problem faced in most urban cities. Using the smart traffic control using fuzzy logic and wireless sensor network, they successfully demonstrate that a smart traffic light controller autonomously and efficiently control and manage traffic at a four-way intersection through the fact that on average all the lanes registered a WT (waiting time) and PD (priority degree) values that were to or at mid-way mark of their respective ranges.  

REFERENCES:   

[1] Suhweil, Y. etal. Smart Controlling for Traffic Light Time. Retrieved on January 19, 2018 from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8257768/

 [2] Li, Y. etal. Signal Control Effects on Vehicular Traffic Emissions through a Sequence of Traffic Lights. Retrieved on January 19, 2018 from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8243085/

 [3] Carruthers, C. etal. 1997 Fix Traffic Flow Problems before Spending Money on Cameras. Retrieved on January 19, 2018 fromhttps://search.proquest.com/central/docview/388509799/fulltext/AAB92BAD0DC94C09PQ/6?accountid=141440

[4] Volodymyr, M. etal. Smart traffic light in terms of the Cognitive road traffic management system(CTMS) based on the Internet of Things. Retrieved on January 19, 2018 from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7027102/ 

[5]  Hawi, R., etal. Smart Traffic Light Control using Fuzzy Logic and Wireless Sensor Network. Retrieved on January 19, 2018 from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8252137/