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Are China really worse off?

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Week 11 Presentation: Social Media in China

https://prezi.com/js4ocvsusskb/global-social-media/?webgl=0

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China’s Great Firewall

If you love your social media it is probably a good idea to skip booking a plane ticket to China. Social media favourites such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, YouTube and even Google are all banned in China. Being labelled as the ‘Great Firewall’ of China.

According to Anti (2012), the Great Firewall is the biggest boundary in the world, it not only defends the Chinese governments from overseas, from universal values, but it also prevents China’s own citizens to access the global free internet.

Although Chinas internet is completely censored, the Chinese internet society is still booming. There are currently 500 million internet users in China— the biggest population of internet users in the world (Anti 2012). However it’s not all bad news for China. Rather than just completely eliminating social media, there has been growth in alternative platforms.

In China Google is equivalent to Baidu, Facebook to RenRen, Twitter to Weibo and lastly YouTube to Youku and Tudou (Anti 2012). Each contain similar functions and only have a few differences. For example, Baidu is much like Google and acts as the leading search engine in China as Google does everywhere else in the world. Baidu follows strictly follows the regulations of the Chinese government and the government basically has control over what the user sees. RenRen, also containing similar functions as Facebook allows for users to upload videos and photos. However, Facebook which is known to hold power as the default network and gathers all demographics does not remain true in China. Popular users of RenRen are upmarket urban youth and university students (Crampton 2011).

Weibo on the other hand, is known for being the default network in China, it is by far the most popular microblogging platform used (Crampton 2011). Much like Twitter, it allows for users to post 140 character messages, leave comments and follow friends. Lastly, Youku and Tudou; YouTube equivalents, are used quite differently in contrast from how western countries use YouTube. Instead of short videos Youku and Tudou are filled with longer content—up to 70 percent of which is professionally produced (Crampton 2011). Chinese sites come off as being online television stations more than anything else and much of the content consists of foreign programs that have been pirated, subtitles and uploaded hours after being broadcast in the U.S.

Despite the fact that the government has put restrictions on foreign websites, the government is aware of how important social media is for people and has permitted the introduction of alternative social media platforms to satisfy the needs of their Chinese citizens. However, I can’t help but feel that the people living in China are isolated from the rest of the world. There are two different sets of internet ecosystems, two different circles of conversations. On one side you have the rest of the internet connected world and on the other you have China.

Think about it— whatever Facebook or YouTube video that is trending right now on Twitter or Instagram would not even be seen in China. And the same goes for the alternative social media platforms that are used by 500 million Chinese people— these will not be seen outside of the Chinese community. There is virtually no interaction between Chinese users and the rest of the world and this creates an isolated community of internet users (Taneja & Wu 2014, p. 297).

References:

- Crampton, T 2011, ‘Social Media in China: The same, but different’, China Business Review, vol. 38, no.1, pp. 28-31. 

- Anti, M 2012, Behind the Great Firewall of China, 12 June, viewed 11 May, <https://www.ted.com/talks/michael_anti_behind_the_great_firewall_of_china>.

- Taneja, H & Wu, A.X 2014, ‘Does the Great Firewall Really Isolate the Chinese? Integrating Access Blockage with Cultural Factors to Explain Web User Behaviour’, The Information Society, vol.30, no.5, pp. 297-309

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Social Gaming: Playing the Crowd

The history of video games is not a very long one but it is a topic that is constantly discussed; whether it be about the positive implications or the negative. A videogame that was critically discussed during this unit was the game EVE Online. To be honest before today I have never heard of it, however with the help of the unit readings and Google of course, I started to get a better understanding about what I should explore as part of this week’s topic.

For those who don’t know (like me before my extensive research), EVE Online is a science fiction themed massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) (Suzor & Woodford 2013, p. 5). Players of EVE Online can participate in a number of in-game professions and activities such as, mining, piracy, manufacturing, trading, exploration, and combat; both player versus environment and player versus player.

Much like any videogame, there always comes a discussion about the positive and negative implications that come with the interaction of these games. And that is exactly what I will be examining today.

Video games have the potential to teach people a variety of things. With EVE Online, people not only have to understand how to play the game, but also understand how the economics in the game works. The game entails players to buy and sell raw materials, create their own fluctuating markets, gamble on commodities and form trade alliances and banks. The game therefore teaches players to learn how to control the market or gamble on something to sell and hope that it sells for a good amount of money. The economy of the game can relate to economy in real life; teaching players important lessons.

Connecting with other players online every day when playing multiplayer games is another positive. It helps players build online relationships forcing people to interact with the environment around them. It allows for players to connect with a diverse group of people around the world and form online communities.

However, it is not all good news when it comes to connecting and interacting with people online. An example of this was an incident where a key member of the Council of Stellar Management (CSM) known as ‘The Mittani’ made comments outside the game environment about another player. The comments made by The Mittani lead to the suspension of the player for thirty days because he breached the terms of service.

According to de Zwart and Humphreys (2014, p. 80), players must accept the terms of service in order to join and remain the game. An example of the terms of use is that players must “not abuse, harass or threaten another player or authorized representative of CCP, including customer service personnel and volunteers” and “may not use any abusive, defamatory, ethnically or racially offensive, harassing, harmful, hateful, obscene, offensive, sexually explicit, threatening or vulgar language” (de Zwart & Humphreys, 2014, p. 80).

The Mittani (the leader of the Goonswarm Alliance), streamed a live presentation on the internet and as part of the presentation showcased a number of slides quoting in-game chat or posts made from players who have been defeated or defrauded by Goonswarm (de Zwart & Humphreys 2014, p. 87). It is within the Goonswarm nature to commit fraud, scam and sabotage players within the game. One of the slides showed an expression of grief from an (at the time) anonymous player about repeatedly being harassed or killed in the game and includes the player commenting “since my divorce all I want to do is die, and I have been doing that a lot in this game” (de Zwart & Humphreys 2014, p. 87).

At the end of the presentation the audience was encouraged to partake in a Q&A whereby many people made remarks about their issues with the anonymous player’s statement. In response The Mittani made a number of comments that identified the player, and said “if you want to make the guy kill himself, his [in-game] name is [xxxx]” (de Zwart & Humphreys 2014, p. 88).

After the incident with The Mittani, a public apology was issued, however many EVE Online players were not happy with the outcome of someone’s identity being exposed. This lead to another user posting The Mittani’s address online and another claiming they were on their way to rape his wife (de Zwart & Humphreys 2014, p. 91).

Although videogames have a number of positive effects such as allowing users to interact and connect with people around the world and form online communities, it is displeasing to know that not many people use this opportunity for good. The abusive comments and the fact that our personal information can be exposed is alarming.

References:

- de Zwart, M & Humphreys, S 2014, ‘The Lawless Frontier of Deep Space: Code as Law in EVE Online’, Cultural Studies Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 77-99.

- Suzor, N & Woodford, D 2013, ‘Evaluating Consent and Legitimacy amongst Shifting Community Norms: an EVE Online Case Study’, Journal of Virtual Worlds Research, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1-14.

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Crowdsourcing is a great way to approach creation because in any given point there’s always somebody on the Internet who knows something better than you do

Guy Kawasaki (via genmaichapeppermint)

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Public Health via Social Media

Given how prevalent social media is nowadays, it’s no surprise that some have used it for public health purposes. Social networking sites, have the potential to increase the reach and efficiency of essential public health campaigns and is a valuable tool to engage audiences all around the world.

Mental health is an important issue, therefore when it comes to raising awareness, social media has made effective strides. Organisations such as beyondblue, Headspace and ReachOut are all harnessing the power of targeted digital campaigns to raise awareness of mental health issues, as well as to disseminate information about available support and health events. The constantly evolving online environment has changed the way everyone gets information, advice and news.

An example of a public health campaign that uses effective social media practices is the ‘To Write Love on Her Arms’ (TWLOHA). To Write Love on Her Arms is a non-profit movement dedicated to presenting hope and finding help for people struggling with depression, addiction, self-injury and suicide (Milner 2012, p.1). TWLOHA exists to encourage, inform, inspire and also to invest directly into treatment and recovery. The TWLOHA is a movement that relies upon social media to spread messages and is active on platforms such as, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr, in addition to an official website. TWLOHA and its supporters communicate through status updates, tweets and wall posts (Milner 2012, p. 426), and fosters a sense of subcultural belonging across media; allowing for individuals to share their stories. McCosker (2015, p. 1-2), states that the use of blogs has allowed for self-expression and is widely adopted by individuals experiencing health issues as a way to document and share experiences and connect with others who have knowledge or experience the same kinds of health issues.

The use of social media platforms has allowed for TWLOHA to build a large engagement of online health communities. Since 2006, TWLOHA has to respond to 200,000 messages from people in over 100 countries around the world, travel more than 3.3 million miles to meet people in their communities, share more than 1000+ blog posts from contributors and has donated $2 million to treatment and recovery (TWLOHA 2018).

It is evident that the use of social media is an important resource in addressing public health concerns. It allows for individuals to benefit from engaging with health issues, information and support outside of health institutes (McCosker 2015, p.11). Social media hold promise in changing user behaviour and is highly effective in recruiting participants and motivating them to take small, concrete actions.

References:

- TWLOHA 2018, Learn, TWLOHA, viewed 24 May 2018, < https://twloha.com/learn/>.

- Milner, R.M 2012, ‘To Write Love through the indie imaginary: The narrative argument of a mediated movement’, Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 423-435.

- McCosker, A 2015, ‘Digital Mental Health and Visibility: Tagging Depression’, in P Messaris, L & L Humphreys, Digital Media: Transformations in Human Communication (2nd edn), Peter Lang

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Crowdsourcing in times of Crisis

Social media has dramatically impacted the way we communicate and keep in touch with each other and the world at large. It has given us the means to communicate more—and often more effectively; especially in crisis situations. Crowdsourcing in times of crisis as defined by Merriam-Webster (2018), is the “practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers”. 

Individuals in crisis situations can use social media in a number of different ways. An example of one way is via Facebook’s Safety Check (also referred to as Crisis Response). Facebook’s Safety Check is a section on Facebook where you can find information about recent crises, use Safety Check to connect with friends and loved ones during a crisis, offer or find help for people in the affected area, and create or donate to fundraiser to support recovery efforts. It is an incredibly quick and easy way to relieve your friends and family from worry. Safety Check activates when numerous people in an affected area are posting about an incident such as an earthquake, hurricane, mass shooting or building collapse. A global crisis reporting agency alerts Facebook and allows people in the affected area to receive a notification from Facebook to mark themselves as ‘safe’.

Bruns et al. (2012, p.9), notes that social media plays a crucial role in crisis communication and emergency management. Another example of crowdsourcing in action was the 2011 Queensland floods. The Australian state of Queensland encountered an unparalleled amount of rainfall during December 2011 and January 2011, resulting in extensive flooding across large areas. The floods were reported extensively by the Australian and international mainstream media. As the floods started to affect major population centres, social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, began to play a vital role, as locals used them to disperse first-hand footage of the incident in their local areas (Bruns et al. 2012, p.11). On Twitter, the hashtag #qldfloods quickly arose as a central mechanism for bringing together discussion and information exchange associated to the floods. More than 35,000 tweets covering the #qldfloods hashtag were captured during the period of 10-16 January (Bruns et al. 2012, p.23).

According to Bruns et al. (2012, p. 31), Twitter is promptly becoming a prime source of information for more mainstream news and media outlets. With the Queensland floods receiving global mainstream media attention, and widespread attention from social media users around the world, this allowed observers to retweet news stories and call for donations, as well as demonstrate interest and concern.  

Social media has created a new way for people to interact and share information during emergencies, and it is clear that social media is effectively being used to spread important safety information during a crisis.

References:

- Bruns, A, Burgess, J, Crawford, K & Shaw, F 2012, ‘#qldfloods and @QPSMedia: Crisis Communication on Twitter in the 2011 South East Queensland Floods’, ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries & Innovation (CCI), pp. 1-57.

- Facebook 2018, Crisis Response, Facebook, viewed 23 May 2018, <https://www.facebook.com/about/crisisresponse/>.

- Facebook 2018, How is Safety Check activated, Facebook, viewed 23 May 2018, <https://www.facebook.com/help/1761941604022087?helpref=faq_content>.

- Merriam-Webster 2018, Crowdsourcing, Merriam-Webster, viewed 23 May 2018, <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crowdsourcing>.

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Cyberbullying & Trolling

Bullying is not a new phenomenon; it has been in society for hundreds of years and has remained a relevant issue throughout time. Most of us have experienced some kind of bullying in our lives; whether it was at school, at work or the subject of a racist rant in the public space. However, our always connected lifestyle and ability to be anonymous has allowed the problem of bullying to expand and create a whole new, more extreme way of disrupting, attacking and upsetting others. As technology has evolved, bullying as proliferated; giving rise to the term ‘cyberbullying’.

Cyberbullying consists of “sending or posting harmful or cruel text or images using the Internet or other digital communication devices” (McCosker 2016, p. 3). With the arrival of the Internet, the creation of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube has made it easier for people to become social media trolls. And no I don’t mean the trolls in fairy tales, who lurk in caves or under bridges, these social media trolls are out in the open where they have the best chance of attracting an audience. These troll strive to incite hatred and provoke anger with each and every keystroke. A troll is someone who deliberately provokes online users, typically though inflammatory offensive, or provocative comments. Their intent is to upset others and elicit and emotional response (Techopedia 2018). In the pursuit of their goal, trolls might rant, make attacks, post death threats, or spew hate speech.

Trolls can be found on pretty much every platform on the internet that allows commenting or interaction of some variety. However, a high portion of online abuse occurs on Twitter. This is likely due to the more anonymous nature of the platform compared to other social networks such as Facebook, which require users to display their real identity.

Boyd (2014, p. 135), states that bullying not only has severe consequences for the recipient but for individual or group partaking in the bullying. An example of this was the first suicide attempt of Charlotte Dawson in 2012. Charlotte Dawson was a New Zealand born— Australian TV personality who was under attack on Twitter by constant trolling. Dawson however, in the end was able to track down one of her main trolls and exposed her in to the media. Her troll, Tanya Heti transpired to be an employee at Monash University working as a mentor who had regular contact with young people. Heti was suspended from her job and was under investigation by the University; but surprisingly returned back to work shortly after the incident. Monash University spokeswoman Stacey Mair commented saying that Tanya Heti did not engage in misconduct and that her Twitter account has no affiliation with the University.

This goes to show that people are not as anonymous as they think, and that there are consequences to their actions. Internet users or should I say trolls must recognise that just because they are behind a screen does not necessarily mean they are safe. Same goes for bullying in public. Any racism, violence or bullying in public can be photographed, filmed and uploaded to social media and used to name and shame those who commit these wrongdoings. Although social media is frequently used to troll and bully people, social media can be very much be a force for good— it can help create a sense of community where victims come together to raise awareness and motivate perpetrators to change their attitudes or even provide authorities the evidence to convict them where possible.

So next time I suggest you think before you hit send...

-Ainsworth, M 2012, ‘Twitter troll back at work after Charlotte Dawson comment’, Herald Sun, 12 September, viewed 23 May 2018, <http://www.news.com.au/national/victoria/twitter-troll-back-at-work-after-charlotte-dawson-comment/news-story/fc276dad4aa5e9703dd5ffb280dd6f6d>. -Boyd, D 2014 ‘Bullying: Is the Media Amplifying Meanness and Cruelty?’, in It’s Complicated: The Social Live of Networked Teens, pp. 128-52

-Byrnes, H 2012, ‘Australia’s Next Top Model judge Charlotte Dawson take aim at Twitter trolls’ News Corp Australia Network, 30 August, viewed 23 May 2018,  <http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/australias-next-top-model-judge-charlotte-dawson-takes-aim-at-twitter-trolls/news-story/93d4266dfd9eb12bf588d641201a7a6a>.

-McCosker, A 2016, ‘Managing Digital Citizenship: Cyber Safety as Three Layers of Control’, Chapter 1, Negotiating Digital Citizenship: Control, Contest and Culture, (forthcoming, 2016, Rowman & Littlefield Int., London) Draft.

-Techopedia 2018, Troll, Techopedia, viewed 23 May 2018, <https://www.techopedia.com/definition/429/troll>.

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Activism or ‘Slacktivism’?

If you log onto Facebook, Twitter, or even Instagram today, you’re likely to see an abundance of political posts, a humorous meme, or even the latest social media activism; usually those that take form of Facebook profile picture overlays, trending hashtags, or the latest movement.

Because of technological advancements, the way in which activists can protest and communicate with each other has greatly changed. Due to the internet and social media, digital activism has been becoming more and more popular way for people all over the world to participate in social activism.

These acts of activism often are generated and made more popular via the use of social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Millions of people use social media applications every day and according to Gerbaudo (2012, p. 7), the use of these tools are making our lives easier and making communication more faster; and the more the people adopt these social tools the more the tools increase rapid communication and group actions. Access to social media profiles and applications via mobile phones means that people are able to find out about movements and boycotts immediately by simply looking at their phones.

As a result of digital activism, hashtag activism has been created. Hashtag activism is when social media users create a hashtag for a specific cause in order to raise awareness (Techopedia 2018) and, users of social media sites can then use this hashtag to participate and be a part of a specific movement. An example of a form of hashtag activism is #BlackLivesMatter. This hashtag was created by the public after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the death of Trayvon Martin. Due to the hashtag and social media the #BlackLivesMatter has spread globally in a very short time and received worldwide media attention.

However, the fact that people can now participate in social movement from anywhere and at any time, even without leaving their homes has resulted in many not agreeing with this “seamlessly optimistic vision of influence of social media on contemporary social movements” (Gerbaudo 2012, p. 7). As a result the term ‘slacktivism’ was introduced, which refers to individuals taking simple measures to support an issue or social cause involving zero political or social impact on the part of the participants (Gerbaudo 2012, p. 7). ‘Slacktivism’ is generally related with actions like signing online petitions, copying social network statuses or joining Facebook groups (Techopedia 2018). In other words, people can participate in civil activism from the comfort of their own home.

Another example of social media activism is, Kony 2012. With over 100 million views on YouTube today, the video is a viral phenomenon that gathered the attention of everyone around the world. However, there was backlash against the video and its supporters; that people showed less activism and more ‘slacktivism’.

It is true that volunteering inside a war zone and posting about a war zone on Facebook are two very different things, but is posting online about an important issue really slacking? If so, what would doing nothing be considered as?

The desire to act cannot be viewed as slacktivism. In fact, it is a powerful type of activism, all the more so because it synthesises the efforts or millions of people. As social media becomes more essential to our lives, the magnitude of people carrying out ‘small’ actions, like sharing a video or status update, or donating a few dollars through PayPal, will increase. Most people are not willing to show support if the tools to do so are not directly in front of them, and truthfully, who can blame them? We adhere to a simple imperative of human nature; we do the best we can with the tools we have obtainable, so rather than criticising against those who are moved to use their resources to assist others, why not make the resources even more available and more powerful?

People should not be chastised for not boarding the next plane to Africa to support Kony 2012, instead, we should be using technology to make activism more accessible at all levels. Social media’s power lies in its vast reach, and by using it we are able to accomplish more with a few clicks than was possible with a small army a hundred years ago.

I want you to ask yourself this; have the millions of dollars people have donated to invisible children made the world better or worse? I think that you will find that, while these activist groups are not perfect, they are making progress. The same is true to the millions of people on social networks discussing the cause; they may not be accomplishing all they would like, but they are making progress.

References:

- Gerbaudo, P 2012, Tweets and the Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism, Pluto Press, London.

- Technopedia 2018, Hashtag Activism, Technopedia, viewed 19 April 2018, < https://www.techopedia.com/definition/29047/hashtag-activism>.

- Technopedia 2018, Slacktivism, Technopedia, viewed 19 April 2018, < https://www.techopedia.com/definition/28252/slacktivism>.

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another favorite

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Politics & Social Media

To be completely honest I’ve never really had an interest in politics. And I know I’m not the only one that feels this way. However, we must admit, although were not necessarily interested, social media still manages to facilitate civic engagement.

In this day and age, social media has had a considerable impact on the electoral process. Candidates have discovered its power to swing public opinion and turn likes and shares into votes.

According to Kahne and Bowyer (2018, p. 2), online activity is altering young people’s engagement with politics. The internet has become a leading force when it comes to how campaign funds are raised, how information is accessed, perspectives are shared and discussed, and how individuals are mobilised to act politically.

How can it be that we are so uninterested but still participate and acknowledge what is going on in the political world? Even if it is through silly tweets or memes. They have still got our attention, so they must be doing something right.

An example of someone who utilized social media in an effective way, is none other Barack Obama. Obama is one of the most loved presidents in modern US history, and he owes a good deal of this triumph to his continued success on social media. Obama shows a genuine concern for his following on social media and keeps a constant online presence on multiple channels and shows incredible commitment to communicating to the public via these social media platforms.

Social media is a very powerful tool- especially when it’s used for political purposes. According to Devumi (2017) when social media is used in politics, it allows candidates to reach out to possible voters wherever and whoever they are. Particularly millennials, as younger people comprise a large part of the voting, and social media public. It also encourages better engagement; the real time nature of platforms allows politicians to instantaneously engage voters in discussions they are concerned about.

Like I mentioned before, although many millennial’s often show no interest in politics we are still exposed to elements of it. I personally do not intentionally go searching for the latest news in politics, however, although I do not have Twitter I still encounter these tweets and memes on other social media platforms such as Instagram and Facebook. As a result I then formulate an opinion and start discussions based off these silly tweets and memes. So, whether we like to admit it or not, we are more involved in politics than we think.

This post wouldn’t be complete if I didn’t mention infamous Donald Trump. Don’t worry I’ll keep it short.  

Unlike Barack Obama, Donald Trump is known to use his Twitter to break news, share his views and feud with critics and celebrities at all time of day or night- it can be hard to keep up at times…

Trump needs to take a page out of Obama’s book and start behaving like a president… and maybe think before he tweets.

References:

- Devumi 2017, Using Social Media in Politics: Getting Elected in the 21st Century, Devumi, viewed 7 Aril 2018, < https://devumi.com/2017/08/using-social-in-media-politics-getting-elected/>.

- Kahne J, Bowyer B 2018, ‘The Political Significance of Social Media Activity and Social Networks’, Political Communication, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-24

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A blog consists of more than words or images. It cannot be read simply for its writing, but is the sum of writing, layout, connections and links and the pace of publication.

Rettberg, J. (2013). Blogging. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley. (via lvideon-digcomm)

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Is Tumblr a blog or social networking site?

When I was faced with the question- is Tumblr a blog or social network? I realised that I never really took the time to address this great Tumblr debate.

To answer this question I took it back to the year 2011 when I first made myself a Tumblr account. I was 14 years old and Tumblr was all the hype. All my friends had one so I thought it was time I made one as well.

When I first made an account, I went in with the assumption that Tumblr was just a blog but shortly I came to the realisation that this was not the case…

It is easy to make the assumption that Tumblr is just a blog because blogs tend to involve writing. However, what people do not recognise is that Tumblr is in fact extremely visual, and more about publishing short blog posts that have pictures, animated GIFS and videos.

To give myself and hopefully whoever is reading this a better understanding on this topic, I took it upon myself to find out exactly what is a social network…  

Well, according Oxford Dictionaries (2018) a social network is a “dedicated website or other application which enables users to communicate with each other by posting information, comments, messages, images, etc.” – exactly everything that a website like Tumblr offers.

What makes Tumblr great is that it allows individuals to express themselves through images, GIFS, videos and short blog posts, as well as permitting other users to connect with accounts through following, commenting, liking images and messaging. All things that other social network sites such as Instagram and Facebook offer as well.

So, is Tumblr a blog? Or is it a social network?

Tumblr is both a blogging platform and a social network and that’s what makes it so beautiful.

References: Oxford Dictionaries 2018, Social Network, Oxford Dictionaries, viewed 6 April 2018, < https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/social_network>.