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THE LEGACY OF RADIO CAROLINE

Radio Caroline was a watershed in British Broadcasting history. Today it is difficult to imagine a time when radio was closely restricted by Government, and pop music was effectively 'rationed'. In 1980 MV Caroline was finally broken up and scraped. But Radio Caroline had already broken the mold of broadcasting in Britain, and set the precedent for modern commercial radio. The Explosion of pirate radio sent listener figures soaring and sales of radio sets quadrupled overnight. Radio Caroline DJ's provided the blue prints for amny of today radio presenters -- Jerry Leighton's off the wall humor was echoed by Kenny Everett who in turn gave rise to the likes of Steve Wright with his cast of characters and the 'shock jocks' of today. The DJ 'hand-over' was born as one jock passed the baton to the next with a schmaltzy greeting. The lavish competitions have remained the bedrock of popular radio, whilst charity appeals, mid Atlantic accents and the publicity stunts had been copied many times over. Radio Caroline brought to the mainstream cultural influences which had prevously been undercurrents in British Society. Radio Caroline was influential in the Northern Soul scene - the station played a lot of Rhythm and Blues and Soul Music, at a time when the BBC did not play black music. The British Government seeing the unpopular pressure they had put on Offshore Broadcasting quickly put a replacement for the pirates -- BBC Radio 1 and was launched the same year as the Marine Offences Act became law. And it was based firmly on the programme format created by the Pirates. It even employed mostly ex-pirate DJ's and used the same jingles. In spite of the growth of Television, popular radio today is stronger probably than at any other time in its history, and that this is in no small part due to the impact of Radio Caroline North --- 3 miles off Ramsey -- in the wonderful Isle of Man. Bennie Dingo's Rock-it Radio and it's staff salute the Spirit and Legacy of Radio Caroline and it's history making endeavors -- and would like to give thanks to the Manx National Heritage for their assistance in the making of this article. Rock-it Radio has over the year's collected and remastered several of the original DJ's of Radio Caroline and offer the following broadcasts below.

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GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION

In 1967 London the Labour government of Harold Wilson was oposed to pirate radio stations from the outset. The Labour Government stated that they were in contravention of international agreements, interfered with foreign radio transmissions by using their frequenies, and presented a hazard to shipping. However, there was a strong suspicion on the offshore radio listener's that this attitude was derived from snobbery because pirates played pop music. And there may very well of been an element of old style socialist reluctance to relinquish state control over mass communication. Television was still in it's infancy and was not taken particularly seriously by many politicians. Radio, however, had been a very powerful instrument of propaganda during the second world war and was still widely regarded as such. Postmaster General Tony Benn announced the British government's intention to introduce legislation to close down Radio Caroline, in spite of the fact that this had not been in Labour's election manifesto and that the Isle of Man government opposed to it. The British government insisted that the Isle of Man had no choice but to accept the legislation. The Marine Offences Bill became law in 1967. An emergency delegation from the Isle of Man, led by Speaker of the House of Keys Charles Kurrish, travelled to London that summer to put forward the case that the Island was exempt from the legislation, but they were unsuccessful. It was applied to the Isle of Man directly by an order in Council. The Manx Parliament of the Isle of Man (Tynewald) originally refused to ratify the Act, which made it illegal for anyone to supply the pirate radio ships and that it was a domestic matter and the island should not be dictated to by Britain. The strength of feeling was such that the House of Keys even briefly considered an approach to the United Nations over the issue. The exact nature of the constitutional relationship between the British Government and the government of the Isle of Man is kept deliberately vague, for the convenience of both parties. However, this crisis was one of those rare instances which sharply define that relationship, and the British Parliament took precedent and ruled the decision.

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LIFE ABOARD RADIO CAROLINE

Those living and working aboard the ship fell into three groups: The presenters; the radio engineers, and the ship's crew. Normal routine for the DJ's was to work for two weeks and then to have a week's shore leave. The shore leave was often hectic as the DJ's did stints in dance clubs and halls. The ship was at the mercy of whatever weather the Irish Sea chose to throw at it. Radio Caroline DJ Tony Prince told fans: "I suppose I was very lucky as I was rarely sea sick (sick of the sea yes! but sea-sick , No!) but some of the lads had a rough time, and sometimes they were so ill that they couldn't leave their cabins to do their shows. The studio on our ship was built right in the middle, and way up on the top deck, so when you did a show in a storm it wouldn't be at all unusual for the records to come piling down on top of you, or for the stylus to lift off the record as the ship suddenly lurched to an angle that seemed to be all of 45 degrees.' The MV Caroline had a mainly Dutch crew who prepared a motley selection of Indonesian dishes, something which did little to sooth those suffering from a bout of Sea Sickness! However, unlike other offshore stations, on Radio Caroline North crew and DJ's mixed and messed together, creating a happy atmosphere. Radio Caroline staff Martin Kayne remembers: "The DJs had excellent living quarters with a wash basin and electric heater in each cabin. Portholes with curtains and a wide staircase similar to that of a hotel leading to the main lounge and dining room."

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RADIO CAROLINE GAINS HUGE LISTENERSHIP IN THE UK!

Soon O'Rahilly was sitting on top of the pop radio empire. The MV Caroline had been fitted out for Caroline North. And with the sister ship off the Coast of Essex for Radio Caroline South. Radio Caroline had a combined weekly audience in the region of 22 Million Listeners! Daily listening to Radio Caroline brought a musical kaleidoscope dizzying in its bredth and depth to listeners starved from Pop music and brought for the musical sounds of: The Beatles; Bob Dylan; The Rolling Stones; The Dave Clark Five; The Hollies; The Who; The Beach Boys; Otis Redding; The Four Tops; The Kinks; The Byrds; Gerry and the Pacemakers; The Supremes; Elvis Presley; The Searchers; Donovan; Manfred Mann and Herman's Hermits and hundreds more pour out of Radio Caroline's powerful transmitter to pop culture hungry teenagers.

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MV Frederica waited to be refitted as a Radio Ship.

The vessel MV Frederica was a 760 ton passenger ferry built in 1930 by the Frederikshavn shipyard in Denmark. As a Baltic Sea Ferry she was very tough and built to withstand the ice of a Scandanavian winter. This made her a relatively stable and comfortable ship from which to work. After purchase by O'Rahilly she was renamed MV Caroline and registered in Panama. A 165 foot mast was attached to her deck and the hold was filled with 30 tons of concrete ballast. Two 10,000 watt transmitters were fitted under the supervision of Arthur Carrington, the British radio expert. Radio Caroline DJ Martin Kayne remembers: In the record library was a cage that contained the RF Combiner that allowed both of the 10KW transmitters to be run together to hopefully produce 20,000 watts of power. The transmitter room was on deck level, more or less belowthe studio where the two Continental Electronics transmitters stood side by side along with an audio compressor/limiter. The transmitters each contained a series of safety features which would cause them to shut down in the event of a problem. In very rough weather it was not uncommon for them to switch off, seldom both together, but the engineer would have to be on hand to push the reset button. I am not sure if this was due to the transmitters being tilted and tossed around or the effects of the waves breaking over the aerialupsetting the antenna tuning. The antenna was a folded dipole with a multiple wire forming onelge and the steel mast as the other. The loading coils were in a purpose built cupboard in the ships lounge with heavy duty coaxial cable leading to the transmitters.' Radio Caroline after being fitted and set sail and on Easter Morning of 1964 began playing Pop and Rock music to the British Populace, off the Essex Coast. Shortly afterwards it's rival aboard the MV Mi Amigo arrived off the coast as well and Radio Atlanta arrived. The two ships finally merged business wise and became Radio Caroline North and Radio Caroline South. It was then decided that the more rugged vessel the MV Caroline (formerly MV Frederica) would travel north up through the Irish Sea to take position off the Isle of Man, broadcasting as she travelled. She arrived off Ramsey on Tynwald Day 1964. Radio Atlanta was short lived as a independent broadcaster and Rock-it Radio does offer one of their recordings on CD in the listing below. 'Scoop of a Lifetime' -- Young Reporter gets an exciting news story (from Pirates of the Irish Sea) -- In 1964 Colin Brown was a 17 year old junior reporter on the Ramsey Courier newspaper. He remembers: 'We heard that the advertising manager George Hare was coming over - And we heard from a local taxi firm that they were going to the airport to pick him up, and I caught a lift. on the way back I interviewed him on his plans for Radio Caroline. Right afterwards he received a interview with Ronan O' Rahilly who was at the same time meeting with some of his colleagues at the Mitre Hotel in Ramsey. I wandered down and asked would he be prepared to talk to the press? O'Rahilly was very friendly, very helpful and told me everything that I wanted to know. It was then arraged that I should go on board Caroline. Colin Brown reminisces that 'When the tender ship got to a certain height level with Caroline you had to jump, literally! One of the first people I met aboard was Tom Lodge, the programme director. I asked if he was ever sea sick? He said NOT! He asked us what record we wanted him to play for us - I just said oh play the next record on the turntable - and I remember it was the Animals 'House of the Rising Sun'.

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The Radio Caroline Story

The founder of Radio Caroline was launched by a musical entrepreneuer by the name of Ronan O'Rahilly. His father was a well to do Irish Businessman. O'Rahilly began his musical career managing the Rolling Stones in the early 60's. After managing the Stones - O'Rahilly began his own recording label - to promote his newest client -- Georgie Fame. O'Rahilly quickly found that the BBC would not play his label, they only played those of 'established' stars. This begged the question -- how does a new talent become established? So, he next went to Radio Luxembourg, the big Rock Station which broadcasted pop music across much of Europe. He was shocked to discover that almost all of Luxembourg's airtime was already leased by the bigger record labels and the smaller independent labels did not have a chance at airplay over Radio Luxembourg. He fixed the solution by that if no station would play his records, he would start his own station! The idea of offshore radio was not entirely new, and O'Rahilly's own grandfather had been involved in propaganda radio broadcasts during the Easter Rising in 1916, but Ronan took these ideas and modernized in a new format for radio. He greatly admired the U.S. President at the time -- John F. Kennedy, and he named his new radio station -- Radio Caroline - named after President Kennedy's daughter. O'Rahilly bought the MV Frederica in Rotterdam, Netherlands for cash and took her to the Irish port of Greenore (which was owned by his father) to be fitted out as a radio ship. Along side her lay the MV Mi Amigo, also being fitted out as a rival project (Radio Atlanta), which would ultimately become Radio Caroline South.

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Pirate radio

It is a somewhat romantic idea to some radiobuffs out there to be in International waters and playing the music you want to play the music you love just off the coast in international waters a ship that has been transformed literally into a floating studio and radio station. But this romantic notion served more then just that idea. It literally brought Pop Music over the airwaves at the time to much of Western Europe. People in Great Britian in the early 60's couldn't hear much pop music over the National radio outlet of the BBC. Only one hour a week was dedicated to the Pop music scene at the time. Many listener's in Great Britain to get there fix of the latest releases in Pop Music had to tune in the AM and Longwave bands to try to pick up Radio Luxembourg a station almost dedicated entirely to Pop Music in the 1960's. But due to the distance the signal was almost always not the best for music reception. In the early 60's Commercial radio was also non existant in Great Britain. Offshore radio to survive would also have to go commercial as well, and they did. Great Britain in the mid 60's had several offshore stations operating ... the two most notable probably being Radio Caroline and Radio London -- 'The Big L'. It wasn't just the United Kingdom that was getting into Pirate Offshore Broadcasting. Matter of fact Radio Veronica an offshore pirate radio ship started as early as 1960 off the coast of the Netherlands. And had a listening audience that covered not only The Netherlands but also Belgium and Great Britain on the other side of the channel. Ireland, Scotland, Denmark and many other nations have had there offshore pirate stations as well, each with just as much of a colorful history of broadcasting.

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Frank Welker Iconic Role: Megatron

While you may be able to argue with various other spots on this Top Ten List, it is safe to say that NO ONE can argue with who comes in at Number 1. Frank Welker may even be some people's pick for the greatest voice actor of all-time. (But that is a whole nother list) It would be very foolish of me to try and list here all of the many classic roles that Frank Welker has played over his 40+ years in the business. However, I will try to list some of my favorites; Megatron, Soundwave, Galvatron and MANY more from Transformers, Dr. Claw and Brain from Inspector Gadget, Darkseid from the Superfriends, Raffish Ralph from the Berenstain Bears, Scooter from the Challenge of the Go-Bots, Sheldon, Booker, & Bo from the Garfield and Friends, Garfield from the Garfield Show, Kermit from the Muppet Babies, and finally Ray Stantz and Slimer from Ghostbusters. He also has the honor of basically being the only person ever to voice the adult version of Freddy Jones from Scooby-Doo, something that cannot be said about any of the other characters from that mega-franchise. Frank Welker is not only great at doing voices but also a complete genius when it comes to sound effects and animal noises. This talent has landed him a role in just about every Disney movie you could think of from Oliver & Company, to Beauty and the Beast to Tarzan. His work in over 90 films has also made him number one on the "All Time Top 100 Stars at the Box office" list. The revenue of films he has participated in have generated close to five billion dollars. And from all accounts he is a great man to work with. His background as a stand-up comedian serves well for playing many practical jokes on both fellow voice actors and voice directors alike. As for his cool credits, although there are many it is only fitting that I give you at least two for Frank Welker. He provided the vocal effects for the Gopher in Caddyshack and the screaming voice of Spock in, Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. So, what do you all think? Where did I get it right and where did I go so awfully wrong? Did I forget a major male voice actor of the era in question, or at least your favorite? Can you truly change the self proclaimed, Expert's mind?

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Neil Ross Iconic Role: O.G. Readmore

understand that my choice for Number 2 on this list may come as a surprise to many of you who at first glance would probably say any of the 3-5 Men should be in this spot. But let's take a closer look at my choice for Number 2. LIke his Transformers co-star, Dan Gilvezan, Ross has had a knack over the years for landing major 'good-guy' roles. The first of these such roles came in the legenday G.I. Joe series where he voiced none other than Shipwreck (as well as Dusty). Next he would go onto voice Keith and Pidge from Voltron, Herc Armstrong from Inhumanoids, The Hero, Ace McCloud from the Centurions, and John Rambo from...Rambo of course. Finally he has provided the voice of Springer from Transformers, and Leoric from Visionaries. This is not where the story ends for Neil Ross though as he has equally proven his ability to voice the bad guys. His most noteable bad-guy voices have been; The Green Goblin, Buzzer from G.I. Joe, Hook and Bonecrusher from Transformers, Rotten Roland from Galaxy High School, The Overlord from Spiral Zone, Fin Fang Foom from Iron Man, Dr. Doom from the Fantastic Four, and Shang Tsung in Mortal Kombat. If I haven't convinced you yet than let me add the fact that not only has he become famous for his 'good' and 'evil' voices but he also is very well known for his ability to sound like a sports announcer. He provided the voice of Mean Gene in Hulk Hogans Rock n Wrestling, Hector Ramirez, the reporter that showed up in both Transformers and G.I. Joe and his announcing skills even led to Mr. Ross's cool credits; The Announcer from Gremlins 2, the Radio Announcer from Dick Tracy, and the Biff Tannen Museum Narrator from Back to the Future Part II.

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Frank Oz Iconic Role: Yoda

In Frank Oz we have another example of a man that could have easily made our list for one voice and one voice alone. But, like most of the actors on our list, Mr. Oz has given us much more than just one legendary voice. Jim Henson's right had man for his entire career, Frank Oz had his first voice role in 1963 with a role he would later bring along with him to the Muppets, Rowlf the Dog. After that, Oz worked for parts of five decades as a writer, director, producer, and of coure as a voice actor. The role he is most famous for of course is the iconic Star Wars character, Yoda. Some may not realize that he was also the voice of many other classic characters including; The Swedish Chef, Animal, Grover, Cookie Monster, Fozzie Bear, Bert from Sesame Street, Sam the Eagle, and even, yes this was him, Miss Piggy. And if all of that wasn't enough, the man has either won or been nominated for seven different daytime and regular Emmy Awards, among many other honors he has received over the years. Oh, and you don't need an extra cool credit like we have been pointing out with the others, when you are the voice of Yoda!

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Peter Cullen Iconic Role: Optimus Prime

Peter Cullen, like Pat Fraley began voice acting in 1962 by providing additional voices for the hit show, The Jetsons. He is easily most recognizeable for his 1980s work as the heroic, Optimus Prime. Many people may not realize, however, that Peter Cullen has voiced many, many other classic characters throughout his career. Just going through the decade year-by-year is an incredible timeline of voices for Mr. Cullen. He provided the original Mario voice on Saturday Supercade in 1982, the classic Dungeons and Dragons villain, Venger in 1983, a pair of Voltron characters, King Alfor and Corran in 1984, Murky Dismal in Rainbow Brite in 1985, Optimus and Ironhide among others of course in the 1986 Transformers Movie, Cindarr of Visionaries fame in 1987, Eeyore from Winnie the Pooh and Gritty from the Gummi Bears in 1988, and finally Monterey Jack from Chip n Dale Rescue Rangers in 1989. Since the eighties Cullen has continued to impress us but mostly has become known as the ever present voice of both Eeyore and Optimus Prime. His latest Optimus Prime role will come this fall when he once again dons the role for the new show, Transformers: Prime. Oh, and to keep on with our cool credits among the actors on this list, how about providing the voice of K.A.R.R. on the classic and remade versions of Knight Rider!

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Michael Bell Iconic Role: Duke

Starting off the second half of our list is none other than the voice acting guru, Michael Bell. Unlike many of the men who have come before him on this list, Bell can trace his roles all the way back to the 1950s!! However, most of his first two decades of work came via live-action roles. It really wasn't until the 70s that Michael Bell really found his niche. Thanks to a few early roles on shows like, The Barkleys, Speed Buggy, The CB Bears and The Houndcats, Bell would come to dominate the voice acting industry for decades to come. His first major voice acting roles came through a variety of different Superfriends shows. It was on these programs that he got to play Zan, Gleek, The Riddler, and of course, Lex Luthor. He would spend the early part of the eighties doing work for shows like, Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, Space Stars, Thundarr the Barbarian and the Smurfs. Then a role would come along in 1983 that would change everything, the role of Duke on G.I. Joe. It is this role, as one of the biggest heroes of the decade, that would cement his name in the industy. He would go on to voice many other characters over the years though, including, Dr. Bruce Banner form The Incredible Hulk, Allstar Seaworthy the main protagonist on The Snorks, Lance and Sven from the cult-classic, Voltron, John Thunder from the Centurions, Prowl and many others from, Transformers, and Drew Pickles on a variety of Rugrats projects. I don't want it to seem like he didnt do other things as well, but if I started listing the shows he provided minor roles or additional voices for, this page would be two times the size it already is. In recent years he has done a ton of work in video games as well as spending countless hours training new generations of voice acting talent. The voice acting world should be grateful that Michael Bell was and is a part of it. Finally, to continue are cool credit theme, although it was not a voice acting role, he, like Chris Latta has appeared in a live-action role in both Star Trek TNG and Deep Space Nine!

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Joe Alaskey Iconic Role: Bugs Bunny

If our list contains an entry for Greg Burson than it would of course also need to contain an entry for this man, Joe Alaskey. Think of it this way, Greg Burson is to Daws Butler as Joe Alaskey is to Mel Blanc. Now granted, he didn't train with Blanc like Burson did with Butler BUT he did take over most of Blanc's roles after his passing. Not to sound too repetitive here but among his classic roles are; Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Daffy Duck, Sylvester, Marvin the Martian, Tweety Bird, Bugs Bunny, Cecil the Turtle, Peter Potamus, and Pepe le Pew. In fact his role in Duck Dodgers netted him a Daytime Emmy and an Annie Nomination. Perhaps my faavorite Joe Alaskey role came in 1990 when he took the role of Plucky Duck on the show Tiny Toons Adventures. Another of his famous roles that he has played over and over again is as Grandpa Lou Pickles on a ton of different Rugrats projects. And of course just like Greg Burson having a cool Jurassic Park credit, Alaskey is not to be outdone. He provided the voice of Richard Nixon on the iconic movie, Forrest Gump!

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Greg Burson Iconic Role: Yogi Bear

One could make the argument that both Greg Burson and the voice-actor who comes in at number six on our countdown would be better placed in a list that focussed on the 90s rather than the 80s. I might even agree with that to some point, however, for some reason, I just feel like they fit in on this list better. It should be no surprise that Greg Burson shows up on our list here, given that he was trained by arguably the best voice actor of all time, Daws Butler. The connection to Butler is life long for Burson as he has taken over many of the legends voice roles after his unfortunate passing. The voice Burson has done the most work with over his career is of course, the iconic, Yogi Bear. However, he has also voiced the following ionic characters; Elmer Fudd, Snagglepuss, Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam, Tweety, Foghorn Leghorn, Pepe le Pew, and Baba Looey. Obviously, the man knows his voices!! That being said I would like to mention a couple of my other Burson favorites. He has portrayed Boss Nass and a handful of other characters on a variety of Star Wars video games and he appeared in Jurrasic Park as the animated graphic, Mr. DNA!

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Pat Fraley Iconic Role: Bravestarr

(As a side note before we begin with this one I would like it to be known that Pat Fraley did not just make the list because he recently visited the site and had some nice things to say on one of his compares) What impresses me most with Pat Fraley is the tremendous range of characters he has voiced over the years. We see so often voice actors getting cast in basically the same type of role over and over again (type-cast). It is very refreshing to see someone get the chance to truly show off their range, like we have in this case. Although getting his start in voice acting as far back as 1962, it wasn't until the 80s that Fraley's voice-acting career truly took off. After appearing in smaller roles on shows like, The Jetsons, Smurfs, G.I. Joe and a handful of Scooby-Doo projects, Fraley landed his first major role in 1982 as Major Ned Talbot in The Incredible Hulk. Two years later he would voice the character Slick the Turtle on the Littles which was immediately followed by his role as Hillbilly Jim on Hulk Hogan's Rock n Wrestling Show. From there, Fraley's career took off so fast that it would make it ironic that one of his first major roles was as a turtle. For the rest of the decade he would play the hero, the villain, monsters, animals, and everything in between. The most notable of those would be Bravestarr from the show of the same name, Lurky from Rainbow Brite, Denver the Last Dinosaur, and Krang & Baxter Stockman from the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. In the last few decades Fraley has done a ton of movie and video game work including voicing characters in Ant Bully, Chicken Little, Toy Story 2 and Monsters Inc. just to name a few. For Mr. Fraley's cool credit, he was the President in the movie I Am Legend.

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Dan Gilvezan Iconic Role: Spiderman

Dan Gilvezan definitely has had a knack over the course of his career, and especially in the 80s, for landing lead roles. Like Latta, Gilvezan made his voice aciting debut, fittingly for this list, in 1981. And as if it was a sign of things to come, it was the lead role of Peter Parker, also known as, Spider-Man, in Spider-Man and his Amazing Friends. Two years after that show ended, Gilvezan landed his second lead role as the character of Cooler from the Pound Puppies. This would be a role that would follow him off and on througout the eighties and who knows, maybe he will get to reprise the role on the new Pound Puppies cartoon coming in the fall of 2010. In 1986, Gilvezan would land yet another lead-heroic role as Prince Dargon from the Sectaurs. A year after that he would play Commander Dirk Courage from Spiral Zone and two years after that he was Commander Victor Vector on the Ring Raiders. I know what you are thinking right about now, how could I go this whole write-up without mentioning a certain diminuitive Transformers character...so of course, Gilvezan was also the classic gold bug, Bumblebee.

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Chris Latta Iconic Role: Starscream/Cobra Commander

Making his voice acting debut in 1981 and giving us his final voice acting role just a decade later, one can only imagine what kind of impact Chris Latta would have had in future decades had he not died before the age of 45. Chris Latta is one of the rare voice actors who has earned a spot on one of these Top-Ten lists for basically two iconic roles. Most voice actors need an impressive resume that shows off their range and their sheer number of roles that they have played. Christopher Latta Collins, needs just two roles, Cobra Commander & Starscream. The job he did with these two roles made him not only one of the most memorable voices to a child of the 80s but also made him one of the hardest for his peers to imitate. Latta DID voice other roles during his brief decade in the business, including; Darkstorm from the Visionaries, D'Compose from Inhumanoids, Gung-Ho from G.I. Joe, and Wheeljack from Transformers. This also will start a theme that will follow throughout this Top-Ten List of cool credits that these men have added to their resumes. For our first one, although it was not a voice acting role, Chris Latta appeared in a live-action role in both Star Trek TNG and Deep Space Nine!