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Choosing Smart City as my unit 5 elective began with me wanting to be adventurous. It was also to feed my curiosity about what made a Smart City and what it stood for. My initial understanding was mainly just about high speed internet or these invisible clouds on the internet that could be accessed anywhere as long as you had a computer and a connection to the web. I had never questioned or wondered or even thought about what a Smart City is and whether or not someone hidden away in the tall office buildings was planning away to make my life progress alongside the fast technology advances. I had assumed it just showed up, and just attached itself to our lives.

When I went to my first session and was given the assignment to attend to the jargons for our Pecha Kucha, that opened up the door into what emerging technology was and I found out that what I thought I had known about technology is only a small fragment on an extremely large scale. Being in Smart City has made expand my reading list, I have gotten a lot more inspired on how to adapt and use tech. I also have gained more information about emerging tech.

Tech Expo London then further paved the way to make me really pay attention to what tech was all about and I realized every industry has tech development and developers. Computers are only the placeholders of tech, everything that ran inside it was at this expo. From FinTech advancements to digital media research, I had only began to just notice that my design practice had an opportunity to be utilizing emerging tech. I was not limited to just the Adobe Creative Suite, I wanted to learn how to use them.

The visits to multiple different agencies were really inspirational and encouraging. Hearing professionals of the field share with you their projects gave me a sense of possibility, to understand the diversity of tech development, app developing, creative solutions and even town planning. Design and tech had become such a large part of our society now, Digital Greenwich’s keynote presentation showed me that most. The planning that went into making North Greenwich a better borough showed me cities didn’t build themselves, it was created with inclusivity of everyone who live in it. Cities function great due to designers, strategist, makers, contractors, council men, all who improve our daily routines making them as easy as possible.

Out of all the visits, the one to Makerversity for SODA UK was most favorable for me. That visit felt the most related to my graphic design practice and my own personal interest. Cross disciplinary practices is a great interest of mine, being given the opportunity to view a creative solution agency was a dream come true. It pushes me to think of graphic design not as just a mean of visual identity but beyond print and paper, graphic design need not be still and static. It can bigger than one would like to think.

My only complain in the time of this unit is on the administrative part. It was troublesome as I didn’t receive a lot of emails for the unit and had to turn to my coursemates often to find out what was in schedule for us.

In my own personal growth, I have gotten to read many books that on my own I probably wouldn’t have read or known to find. Emergence by Steven Johnson and Smart City by Anthony Townsend were two of the many books I had found to be helpful in writing my reflections in the unit. I found that tech had less to do with scientist in labs, anyone is in tech, in fact everyone should be in tech as our society at large is so tech driven.

As a close, Smart City has encouraged me to for the remainder of my second year in GDC, learn to be a developer in UI or UX for apps or web. I aim to be more engaging and inserting tech solutions where I can in my practice. The unit has made me want to be more involved in tech emergence and I will probably participate in it even after the unit ends.

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This was our last session and visit for the unit and it ended on such a fantastic note. We got to visit the amazing augment solution company, Holition in Holborn. I’ve become quite familiar with augmented reality, it’s steadily becoming something I find I might be bringing back to my practice if time and schedules permit it.

Holition’s main client and approach was for retail solutions, they were a creative agency that’s dedicated to achieving and developing great solution for retail business for the likes of Rimmel London, Louis Vuitton. They also help the latest shopping app Lyst create an app that turns their Big Data into a beautiful installation.

The first thing we got to see was Grabble in action, that was located at the front of their office.

We got greeted by CEO Jonathan Chippindale, who was so incredibly lovely and accommodating, he just let us ask and peak our heads into everything we wanted to know. He talked briefly about what Holition was and did, he just seemed to wholeheartedly enjoy what it was that went down in his disciplinary.

Then we were shown all kinds of different project they had gone and done for their clients. It’s a running theme in these agencies of creative tech that they put not only the importance of emerging tech but also the visual aspects of it. We also got a glimpse of how much research, how the process was like going to developing an app for a new client that was a skin care company. It was cool to see UI and UX processes and how they changed it accordingly to what users responses were.

Jonathan then showed other works done by Holition that really push the boundaries of augmented reality, of taking information from the surrounding and then projecting a response. It was as the previous visit to Makerversity, incredibly encouraging and enlightening to see what tech can do.

Using augmented reality (AR) as a retail solution is a great response to the fast moving times of instagram and instant gratification, it’s bringing people back to shop in stores again, emphasising the UX aspect of AR. Retail after all is about sales conversion, and wanting it to be at a all time high. The introduction of a virtual mirror in Uniqlo is a great example of working smarter with emerging tech, customers can cut fitting room lines and not feel as stressful, it would go so much quicker when wanting to try out say a coat and not knowing which color you’d pick out.

In the aspect of conversion marketing I think when they feel that AR is a great source of investing for retail, will take off in the next year or two. As it would not only encourage users to make the purchase and it would also be easier and faster to collect data on shoppers, which items are selling more, which are put back, how users are moving around the stores, which displays are working to boost the conversion numbers.

Bringing it back to my practice, it is still correlated. Most of graphic design is about campaign posters located near bus stops or in shop fronts, augmented would raise the bar for graphic designers, we would now have to think of how responsive our ads need to be when users approach them. On a whole, it would mean we need to be more cross disciplinary to match up with the emerging technology. 

As an end to my Smart City experience I was very happy to have Holition the last session we had and I left feeling very excited to see how far I can bring my new knowledge on emerging tech into my practice. 

References

Holition UK, (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://www.holition.com/portfolio/grabble [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017].

Lavinsky, D. (2014). How To Increase Conversion Rates. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/davelavinsky/2014/03/18/how-to-increase-conversion-rates/#33884acc21c3 [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017].

McKone, D., Haselhurt, R. and Steingoltz, M. (2016). Virtual and Augmented Reality Will Reshape Retail. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2016/09/virtual-and-augmented-reality-will-reshape-retail [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017].

News, A. (2013). Fashion Brand Uniqlo is Using Augmented Reality in Stores. [online] Augmented Reality News. Available at: http://augmentedrealitynews.org/fashion/fashion-brand-uniqlo-is-using-augmented-reality-in-stores/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017].

SCHNEIDER, S. (2012). Augmented Reality: the future of digital media | Webdesigner Depot. [online] Webdesigner Depot. Available at: http://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2012/01/augmented-reality-the-future-of-digital-media/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017].

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DIF is

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This week’s visit to SODA UK felt most related to my practice, it was for me, the most enlightening and encouraging visit in this unit so far.

SODA UK is hidden underneath the regal Somerset House, where many other amazing practices of makers, designers, developers hideaway creating their next amazing piece of work to be set free into the crazy chaos of London and beyond. The company does mostly creative software developing with a hint of robotics and A.I here and there. The founder Fiddian Warman who greeted us from reception to bring us down into his manhole of wonders just really inspired me to expand my practice into something more cross disciplinary. He started in university making furniture and sculpture, then leaping over to making robots. 

SODA UK had a range of work with so many different companies, although primarily it’s for educational purposes, it wasn’t limited to be boring like their project called SodaPlay which has sadly been taken offline. To be fair, it was made on Java, and that kind of technology now is probably very outdated and would be hard to keep alive with new platforms coming up. 

Java is a programming language that has existed for eons. I remember growing up and having the option to learn Javascript languages to learn coding and programming. So you can imagine how old SodaPlay is.

In the development of SodaPlay alone, the cross disciplinary idea existed. It had app development, game design, educational bits, etc.

SODAPlay is the Adobe Creative Suite of physics. It had 4 tools in the suite, one was gameplay, one built things, one animated things, and the final one use maths in the form algorithms. It was developed to encourage a more gameplay education in difficult number based subject like physics. Unlike a textbook that’s dry as crackers with fixed outcomes, SODAUK only promotes experimentation and fun, you don’t need to have a fixed goal or outcome. Imagine if education was always like that! Learning through creativity, amazing! Education if viewed as a immersive experience and allowed students and adults alike to engage themselves would encourage all kinds of development.

Fiddian’s talk through all their projects was so interesting and I really wanted to be a maker myself or at least knew how to apply to SODA UK to be on projects developing better educational programs.

We then got a tour of the studios that consist of Makerversity London, eyeing all kinds of workshops, workspaces, machineries.

Makerversity is an establishment? company? I’m not sure, but on their website, they state they hope to give makers and communities that allow them a place in the city. They aim to help build these places by having a co-working space between all kinds of practices and disciplinary and encourage younger people to be more diverse. Sounds like everything I would love to be a part of.

The tenants or makers ranged from fashion designers, web developers, graphic designers and all kinds of makers you can think and haven’t thought about.

The integration of different disciplines creates many interesting outcomes and it’s very evident with SODA UK and places like Makerversity. Without it we would never be able to create as diverse or as interesting products like SODAPlay’s combination of fun and science, two things that don’t associate themselves with but worked wonderfully together. In fact, technology we’re currently have could only be possible for all the individuals that expanded themselves beyond their disciplinary.

It needs to have both, a good development and a good visual. And it’s very encouraging for me to know after this visit to SODA that it is possible to use my practice beyond print and paper. To see something as physical as SODA’s project like Neurotic, a bunch of robots reacting to a punk band or Punchcard Datajars for Intel, a interactive piece that’s meant to explain our relationship with big data. These projects require visual designers to developers to builders, all to make a project become a reality.

Overall, this visit by far has been the most related to graphic design and it’s role in society. I think of graphic design often as teaching tool or an extension more than it’s own standing ground. 

References 

Dredge, S. (2017). Sodaplay seeks Kickstarter funding to take its physics simulator mobile. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/22/sodaplay-kickstarter-funding-physics-simulator [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017].

Makerversity. (2017). Makerversity – Welcome to Makerversity. [online] Available at: http://makerversity.org/about [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017].

Soda.co.uk. (2017). Sodaplay (down :) — Soda. [online] Available at: http://www.soda.co.uk/categories/sodaplay [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017].

Java.com. (2017). What is Java and why do I need it?. [online] Available at: https://www.java.com/en/download/faq/whatis_java.xml [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017].

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This has been the most enlightening visit for this unit because we got to hear about Smart City from an actual company that plans and creates a smart city. Digital Greenwich was set up when the borough of North Greenwich aimed to achieve smart city status in October 2015. The company works closely with the council to produce strategies to overcome challenges in the borough for the communities that lived there. 

Allan Mayo, the strategist for the project gave us a quick keynote about what they’ve been doing for North Greenwich, which had such an interesting history with it’s industrial rise and fall, the docklands, etc. It was fascinating to hear firsthand about town planning and it’s importance of design in these plans. The idea of how a more automated surrounding that would help the communities more, especially for older citizens or people with disabilities. It was a lot about building a more digital community, which in our current time feels ultimately relevant and very important, we need to move as quick as technology is.

He went through a lot of new terms that I’ve heard in the Pecha Kucha presentations of others, like IoT (Internet of Things) and how buildings surrounding the area would need a system like that to run in accordance to a smart city.

Internet of Things is simplest of terms a remote that you would use for your television. The remote helps you move from one channel to next, helping you view the television guide.

 That’s the basis what IoT is, it stores big data collected from something as simple as you’re running out of fuel and it send you a notification so you know. IoTs are absolute vital to smart cities and it’s potential to be successful.

It’s hard to say how safe IoT can be as technology isn’t the most foolproof, after all it is built by us, and human error is unavoidable. But there’s no telling how it would be like in the future I suppose, who knows what might arise when IoT is used more and more.

What’s most interesting is they mention the importance of social housing, and integrating smart city technology in them, from controlling heating to high speed internet up until automated self driving cars as the large majority of the population were retired elderly folks to lower income households in North Greenwich. 

I liked the quote Mr. Mayo mentions from Professor Gray Hamel, “In a discontinuous world, only radical innovation will create new wealth.” which rings very true to the vision these strategist have for North Greenwich. It’s rich history of being such a large part of then time war industry is great but presently the needs of the people inhibiting North Greenwich needs to be up to the standards of today. Mr. Mayo also mentioned a very important point is that the aim of this plan isn’t a social cleansing, they don’t desire to drive people out of the East London borough further away. 

The keynote had me realising that my practice would have a meaning in this field. I had only assumed I just sit at a desk and print posters, I didn’t think I could be involved in a small scale to developed a whole London Borough. The borough would need responsive interfaces, friendlier signs and manuals for upcoming improvements in the community, all of that would require visual identity. That’s where I would come in!

The 2nd keynote we were presented was about a project called Sharing Cities. 

Sharing Cities is currently an ongoing project for the next 5 years between the european cities of London, Lisbon, Warsaw, Bordeaux, Burgas & Milan. First thing off the bat, the graphics for this Smart City planning was phenomenal, the logo is such a great piece of graphic design. Even their website is incredibly coded, with a good UI and UX for someone who would want to know what the project is about.

Anyway, the Sharing Cities project is about developing smart cities and putting different things to test, 3 of main cities would be testing out certain technology advances and then the 2 other two would mimic if them if successful. One thing mentioned in the keynote was utilising lamp posts in North Greenwich, as they’re 2300 in North Greenwich alone. They mentioned that lamp posts can be used in so many ways in assisting smart cities and it’s introduction to new tech through sensors that can read movement, i.e what sort of vehicles are going through certain areas. I like the mention of public cars to free up spaces of parking lots, when those grounds can make way for better public spaces, it would also make traffic less crazy in cities, granted people enjoying sharing.

The take away from this keynote is summed up perfectly with this sentence: “Design research has to be inclusive”

As a designer I think when I think smart city, I think of incredible polished things and to a non designer, who has no clue what I’m about to present to them needs to understand and respond well to my visual design. The general audience are often folks with minimal technology knowledge, or they’re learning slowly. Research that goes into designing a smart city needs to accommodate everyone, able, disabled, elderly, younger, richer, poorer. It’s beyond just wanting to keep up with the technology or making it look good. It involved 3Ps present in the Sharing Cities campaign; People, Places, Platform.

In the book conveniently titled Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, And The Quest For A New Utopia, author Anthony M. Townsend writes about a chapter about automising cities and how big data would predict how a city would run, stating it either would just automate our cities in static or find new ways for us to thrive in automation. The chapter mentions Songdo, an experiment in city automation which ends being unsuccessful, stating “the real magic of fully networked and automated city won’t be seen until designers start writing code to program a truly novel behaviours for entire buildings and neighbourhoods”

References

Digital Greenwich, (2017). Greenwich Smart City Strategy. [image] Available at: https://vimeo.com/143165962 [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017].

Digitalgreenwich.com. (2017). Smart City – About. [online] Available at: http://www.digitalgreenwich.com/smart-city-about/ [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017].

Kobie, N. (2017). What is the internet of things?. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/06/what-is-the-internet-of-things-google [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017].

Morgan, J. (2017). Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2014/05/13/simple-explanation-internet-things-that-anyone-can-understand/#607df9a56828 [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017].

sharing cities. (n.d.). WHAT IS SHARING CITIES?. [online] Available at: http://www.sharingcities.eu/sharingcities/about [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017].

Thinkers 50. (2017). Gary Hamel Interview - Thinkers 50. [online] Available at: http://thinkers50.com/interviews/gary-hamel-interview/ [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017].

Townsend, A. (2013). Smart Cities. 1st ed. United States: W. W. Norton & Company, pp.28, 22-30.

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The Tech Expo London is a two day conference and exhibition that serves as a platform for ‘unique focus on the Contextual use of Emerging Technologies’. The expo was located at Liverpool Street, regrettably I only managed to attend the 2nd day of the expo, which was highlighting more on emerging technology like FinTech, for fields that definitely do not relate to my practice.

However, a few exhibitors were still there and I got to try out and speak to some AR/VR companies that did both technology developments as much as design. This was the first instance of me trying out AR and VR in real time that’s not through an app and could only take a selfie or catch pokemons.

Apache was one of the exhibitors, a company that provided a service of AR & VR technology. I got to try out their project which was meant for the Marvel movie X-men and the cartoon TV show Ben 10. The games was developed to run on the gaming console, Kinect. The console scans you in the environment and then detects where your movements are, using gestures you completely interactional. It was absolutely fun and exciting to see AR in real time and working in larger scale.

They also allowed me to try out their VR technology, which completely threw me off. It was almost instinctively to reach out when you view something with your eyes but it’s not actually there, which reminded me of the chances of Singularity if (and when) VR becomes main form entertainment, that would ultimately change the way humans experience things and how the post-human world is probably not that far off.

The Virtual Reality technology has actually been in the works for at least 30 years, it’s development began in 1985. At the time, it was hard to imagine why someone would want to experience things digitally, at their convenience and leisure through a headset. Technology currently now is incredibly affordable in comparison to probably at the time of development and instant gratification is at it’s peak. Travelling, flying and all the discomfort that comes with stress of planning would eventually be a thing of the past when all you can do is put on a device and be completely taken away to another place. 

In the article Will Virtual Reality Change Your Life? on the popular magazine Rolling Stone’s website, it highlighted how experiencing live music would be rapidly different through VR, expanding on how it wasn’t just about playing music or seeing it, but more of submerging yourself in it. VR would allow you to not just attend a concert, you can probably be in the same room of your favourite musician. 

The main concerns of VR is mostly about how it would then affect us a humans and what it means to the human experience. The Atlantic’s article talks about human isolation and how the rise of shut ins, labelled as hikikomori, were individuals who were internet addicted individuals that showed other psychiatric symptoms. I suppose this is a extreme claim, as the article writes but it is a thought one should consider. It lies in having balance and knowing how to shut off.

VR as a technology however in my practice would be an incredible tool to use for the means of promotional advertising, bridging a gap of the user/buyer experience. Users would be able to see, feel, have an idea of what’s installed for them. One great example is Google Cardboard. 

Apart from that, I also did sneak into a FinTech talk about Bitcoin by a professor Dr Windsor Holden of Juniper Research, a company dedicated to researching FinTech. Bitcoin has been something I’ve roughly heard about when I read about the scary world of the Deep Web, my understanding before sitting in this talk is that it’s a form of currency, most commonly known as internet currency or digital currency.

Bitcoin was invented by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009, was described as a peer to peer digital currency system. It doesn’t work like our credit cards, it is to my understanding the opposite of it. The currency works from one person to another, there’s no inflation or central server, it only moves to and fro from parties involved. Therefore it doesn’t have a bank, there’s no fees, it only exists as a currency, nothing else. I didn’t understand at first why Bitcoin and Blockchain were correlated and why the talk by Dr. Holden was titled Bitcoin to Blockchain until I went to do some further reading on my own.

The bitcoin currency is dependent on the Blockchain system. Blockchain is like the bank of this currency, except there’s no inflation or like interests, or all the extras a bank would have to stay afloat. There are plenty of jargon within FinTech that I’m unclear about but it was intriguing to hear how much potential Bitcon and Blockchain has as emerging FinTech, how much money and interest goes into it’s development and research.

Overall, the visit to the expo opened my eyes to the world of emerging tech, how much people are interested in it and how it is correlated with my practice. As a graphic designer, your world is often so tunneled, you view so little and have little knowledge about anything beyond that. It was also wonderful to see things in my practice present at the expo, to see how creative industries are integrating emerging tech into the field with the means of augmented and virtual reality.

Reference

Johnson, S. (2001). Emergence. 1st ed. New York: Scribner.

Money, F. (2017). FAQ | Bitcoin – The Internet of Money. [online] Bitcoin.com. Available at: https://www.bitcoin.com/faq [Accessed 12 Jan. 2017].

Bitcoin.org. (2017). How does Bitcoin work? - Bitcoin. [online] Available at: https://bitcoin.org/en/how-it-works [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017].

Kim, M. (2017). The Good and the Bad of Escaping to Virtual Reality. [online] The Atlantic. Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/02/the-good-and-the-bad-of-escaping-to-virtual-reality/385134/ [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017].

Kushner, D. (2017). Will Virtual Reality Change Your Life?. [online] Rolling Stone. Available at: http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/will-virtual-reality-change-your-life-20160523 [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017].

Think with Google. (2017). What Virtual Reality Will Mean for Advertising. [online] Available at: https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/articles/virtual-reality-advertising.html [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017].

APACHE. (2017). Cartoon Network: Ben 10 Augmented Reality | APACHE. [online] Available at: http://apache.co.uk/work/cartoon-network-ben-10-augmented-reality/ [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017].

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As our first official session in Smart City, we were assigned to do a Pecha Kucha presentation to get in tuned with the vocabulary. Having an understanding of what sort of language to use is a great start and exploring these terms would help the coming sessions and visits to be more comprehensive as I vaguely know what the terms in the list we were given.

So, Pecha Kucha is “a simple presentation format where you show 20 images, each for 20 seconds. The images advance automatically and you talk along to the images.” The format was invented by Astrid Klein and Mark Dytham, these two were architects and hosted the first session in Tokyo, calling them Pecha Kucha Nights. This format of presentation was to keep the speaker from speaking too much and keeping it relevant instead of going on a tangent that’s unrelated to the topic.

My 2 vocabularies that were assigned to me was Augmented Reality and Singularity. I have not heard or known about these two terms assigned to me even though augmented reality is now increasingly popular through apps of Snapchat, Pokemon Go, etc. Technological Singularity is a whole new world I haven’t even read or known about until it was mentioned to me

Augmented Reality

Augmented Reality (AR) to a anyone, say your mom, would “sound incredibly futuristic” but is actually being offered in many creative industries and business and has been around for awhile now as is actually being used by her unnoticed when she launches her a navigational driving app like Waze on her smartphone.

The website Augment, that offers the technology in an AR 3D viewer, a browser or through gaming. AR is described to take your reality (your surrounding environment) and turning it digital, then allowing you to place a virtual make up of your choosing in the environment right then and there, so in real time.

Google Translate working in real time. An example of use of augmented reality. (photo via Business Insider)

The term Augmented Reality was first coined in 1990 by Tom Caudel, a Boeing researcher. However, it’s development began in 1968, by Ivan Sutherland, who invited a headset meant to show the user wireframe drawings that were computer generated. It wasn’t until the late 90s that AR creeped itself modern technology and was used in various practices. The use of AR increased in the 2000s, where the magazine Esquire, a print based media used the technology, where a reader “could scan a copy of the magazine with Robert Downey Jr on it and he would come alive on the page”.

Augmented Reality doesn’t aim to change what’s in front of you but rather wants to add to the environment, this is what distinguishes AR to Virtual Reality (VR). The difference between the two are that AR doesn’t isolate the viewer from their reality, they interact with it rather than with VR the environment they are in is fabricated.

Currently, there’s plenty of businesses that are moving into AR and utilizing the technology, one great example is the utilization of the social media app Snapchat and it’s sponsored filters to reach a large audience. The biggest move in technological hardware in AR was the introduction of the Google Glass.

Singularity (Technological Singularity)

Singularity is the theory, or hypothesis that eventually technology that we invent as humans will take over our present world, leading up to a era that would be called post-human. It is interesting to read and find out that the fear of intelligence will eventually wipe us out when we generally as a society have been in tune to be dependent on it.

In the essay The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era by Vernor Virge, he talks about through how despite the belief, we’re at peak of the rising human intelligence but running close to creating more aware machinery and systems. He breaks down all the possible scenarios if Singularity were to take over and happen and if it weren’t. It’s an interesting essay where I found really enlightening as I had no knowledge what so ever of it before.

I feel that there’s a huge discussion about this theory and it transcends too far from my practice, perhaps if I was a student in a course to engineering the internet, I would be able to articulate this \. While it, my practice of graphic design, that has jumped from print to digital may encourage it and further carry on ideas of Singularity.

References

Augment. (2017). How Augmented Reality Works. [online] Available at: http://www.augment.com/how-augmented-reality-works/?nabe=5507231655395328:0&utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2F [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017].

McKalin, V. (2017). Augmented Reality vs. Virtual Reality: What are the differences and similarities?. [online] Tech Times. Available at: http://www.techtimes.com/articles/5078/20140406/augmented-reality-vs-virtual-reality-what-are-the-differences-and-similarities.htm [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017].

PechaKucha 20x20. (2017). PechaKucha 20x20. [online] Available at: http://www.pechakucha.org/faq [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017].

The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era. (1993). Whole Earth Review, [online] (Winter 1993), p.VISION-21 Symposium. Available at: https://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/vinge/misc/singularity.html [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017].

The Content Strategist. (2017). 4 Reasons Snapchat Lenses Are a Genius Ad Product. [online] Available at: https://contently.com/strategist/2016/06/01/4-reasons-snapchat-lenses-genius-ad-product/ [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017].

Walter, D. (2017). Are we already living in the technological singularity?. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/feb/28/are-we-already-living-in-the-technological-singularity [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017].

Widder, B. (2017). Best augmented-reality apps. [online] Digital Trends. Available at: http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/best-augmented-reality-apps/ [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017].