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NEW ZEALAND

CALIEL

·         Nama Lengkap: Nur Muhammad Syahid

·         Nama Panggilan: Syahid

·         TTL:  Bekasi, 10 Juli 2001

·         Asal Daerah: Gresik

·         Pesan:  Semangat kuliah HI.nyaaa, Apalagi pas IRFEST...semangatnya ditambah, Jangan lupa kerjain tugas2 IRFESTnyaaaa... Udh numpuk banyak

·         Nama Lengkap:  Berliana Oktafiani Nugroho Putri

·         Nama Panggilan: Berliana, Berlin, Berli

·         TTL: Bojonegoro, 20 Oktober 2000

·         Asal Daerah: Bojonegoro

·         Pesan: Wkwkkw, yg rajin ngerjain tugas irfest dan kuliahnya Ya, rajin baca buku/reading material dan isu" global biar menambah wawasan, Selamat datang di hi unair Dan semoga semakin akrab dgn kating Dan temen" 20

MEMBERS

·         Nama lengkap: Rinanda Aprillya Maharani

·         Nama Panggilan: Rinan

·         TTL: Samarinda, 21 April 2002

·         Asal Daerah: Kalimantan Timur

·         Pesan: sampai ketemu di kuliah offline!🤍

·         Nama Lengkap: Nabilah Az-zahro’

·         Nama Panggilan: Nabil

·         TTL: Bojonegoro, 4 oktober 2001

·         Asal Daerah: Bojonegoro

·         Pesan: Hi Nadhira, seneng bisa kenalan sama kamu. besok-besok kalo capek kulon, jangan lupa minum boba dulu:)

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Mindmap IDP 2020

Nadhira Sekarputri - 072011233020 - USA

According to Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), one of the factors behind severe flooding across Jabodetabek since early January 2020 is climate change-driven global warming. This phenomenon caused 66 people died and infrastructural damages. It also potentially causes massive social and economic damage, health problems, and could increase stress or frustation level.

Currently, extreme weather and climate problems are happening with greater intensity. This is proven by higher average temperatures in most Indonesian provinces today compared to the average temperatures in the same regions last year. The rising greenhouse gas emissions were caused by high concentrations of carbon dioxide, with transportation, industry and deforestation among the main drivers. Scientists expect these trends to continue as the planet continues to warm. Warmer air can hold more water vapor. An atmosphere with more moisture can produce more intense precipitation events. Which exactly has been observed, flooding is triggered by extreme precipitation. Climate-induced changes in the quantity, frequency, or timing of snow cover melting also may have an effect on the hydrological regime of a river and on flooding.

Therefore, the question is, how can we as International Relations students, help and make a postitive difference on climate change issue? Firstly we have to start on ourselves by start using public transportation, save energy by reducing carbon use, and doing the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). After that, we can start mobilizing the society by signing petitions related to climate change and spread awareness by participating in climate change campaigns. Also, heres some solutions to Indonesian government as the most affected country by flooding, (1) build a more dams, (2) increase lubang biopori, and (3) start reforestation.

As we know in Paris Aggrement, world leaders are honoring their commitments to climate action and working together to solve the climate crisis. So let’s take a part and show them our support!

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Brief Summary About United Nations

Nadhira Sekarputri - 072011233020 - USA

At the end of World War I, Woodrow Wilson envisioned and created the first international peace organization which called as League of Nations. It intended to promote peace among nations and enforce international law. However, League of Nations failed to prevent the outburst of the World War II. Nonetheless, it provided the blueprint for the creation of a new more successful institution – the United Nations. Franklin D. Roosevelt sparked the term “United Nations” as a indication for countries against Axis power on January, 1st 1942. Those countries sign the declaration of United Nations and held several meetings to draft a post-war charter intended to build strong institution with primary initiatives to gain perpetual peace and reduce conflict around the world. It formally came into being on 24 October 1945. At that time, it had 51 countries as members but currently, there are 193 countries. The members consists of sovereign states, which voluntarily join the UN to work for world peace.

The UN has a permanent agenda of meetings which are known as UNGA (United Nations General Assembly). According to UN Charter, UNGA is responsible for discussing and approving the budget of the organization. UNGA can also initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political and economic cooperation and development, and human rights. According to the session, UNGA can be divided into two sessions, general sessions and special sessions. The obvious difference between those two can be seen from the system of performance. General sessions are always held regularly every year on Tuesday, the third week in September. But special sessions are only held if there is a call from particular state member to discuss an emergency case.

The flow of debate in UNGA includes (1) address by SecGen, (2) address by President, (3) address by Heads of States, (4) debate session, and lastly, (5) voting. In UNGA, they has the veto rights. This right has several requirements, namely that it only exists in the Security Council, and granted to only five members (which includes P5 countries) and if one of them remains a negative vote, a decision cannot be made. Also, the General Assembly can discuss any question in regards to international peace and security and make recommendations except, in situation where it currently being discussed by the Security Council. However, in cases of threat to peace or act of aggression, if a veto deadlocks the Security Council, UNGA could consider the matter. Those veto rights caused controversy in it’s function, but unfortunately it is an effective way to balance strength between state members.

There are six main organs of the United Nations—the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. The Court has its seat at The Hague, Netherlands. All other organs are based at United Nations Headquarters in New York.

The General Assembly, it is the main deliberative organ of the United Nations comprised of all member states (193 countries), each of which has one vote, no matter its size or influence. It discusses any matter arising under the UN Charter. Each year in September, members of the General Assembly gather at the General Assembly Hall or Head Quarter in New York for a session of the annual General Assembly.

The Security Council has a primary responsibility under the UN Charter to maintain international peace and security. Unlike the General Assembly, the Security Council does not hold regular meetings. It can be convened at any time, whenever international peace is threatened. In fact, it meets almost every day. It consists of 15 members, 5 of which are permanent, but 10 of them are not permanent.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the central body for coordinating the economic and social work of the United Nations and the UN System. The Council has 54 members elected by the General Assembly for a period of 3 years which are chosen for equal geographical representation. Voting in this council is by one vote for each member.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the UN’s main judicial organ, located in The Hague, Netherlands. Established in 1945 and assumed its functions in 1946. The Court settles legal disputes only between nations and not between individuals, in accordance with international law.

The Secretariat is made up of an international staff working at UN Headquarters in New York, as well as UN offices in Geneva, Vienna, Nairobi and other locations. It leads by SecGen and consists of departments and offices with a total staff of 16,000 drawn from most of members. Their duties ranges from administering peacekeeping operations, mediating international disputes, surveying social and economic trends,  and international agreements to organizing international conferences.

To become a member or member of the United Nations, there are 4 stages that should be passed.

Submission, which means a country submits a request to the SecGen by an official letter stating that they are ready to accept obligations in accordance with the contents of the UN Charter.

Review by SC, which means that the UN Security Council already consider the submitted application. Each recommendation submitted is required to receive an affirmative vote of 9 out of 15 board members and provided that none of its 5 permanent members voted against.

Vote in GA, which means that if the Board recommends acceptance, the recommendation will submitted to the General Assembly for consideration. Majority vote (two-thirds) are required in the Assembly for new state acceptance.

Admission, which means the membership of a country already effective since the acceptance resolution is adopted.

EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.

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Summary International Day Project 2020

Nadhira Sekarputri - 072011233020 - USA

Global Climate Change Issue

Perubahan iklim selama ini dianggap karena lapisan ozon menipis. Namun sebenarnya perubahan iklim adalah perubahan pola iklim global atau regional dalam jangka panjang yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas manusia yang menghasilkan emisi gas rumah kaca. Dampaknya merupakan bencana alam seperti banjir, longsor, kekeringan, siklon tropis, dan kebakaran hutan. Selain itu juga dapat mengacaukan siklus air sehingga diprediksi 2000 pulau di Indonesia akan lenyap pada tahun 2030. Kadar air laut mengasam dan ekosistem di laut akan rusak karena 93% dari pemanasan global diserap oleh laut serta setengah dari semua spesies dapat mengalami kepunahan (Zakiyyah, 2020).

Penyebab dari perubahan iklim adalah efek rumah kaca. Dimana banyaknya pembakaran karbon ditambah sedikitnya pohon menyebabkan gas karbon berputar di lapisan atmosfer sehingga menjebak panas. Sumber dari gas rumah kaca antara lain tambang batubara, minyak, transportasi udara atau darat, pemupukan, melelehnya permafrost, dan lainnya. Namun bisa disimpulkan penyebab terbesar adalah kegiatan manusia. Urutan peristiwanya adalah keluarnya emisi gas rumah kaca, kemudian efek rumah kaca, menjadi pemanasan global, dan perubahan iklim (Zakiyyah, 2020).

Kontribusi yang sudah dilakukan dalam lingkup dunia adalah pembentukan IPCC oleh WMO dan UNEP yang berisi ilmuwan dari seluruh dunia untuk menyampaikan hasil riset dampak dan kaitan perubahan iklim. Kemudian dibentuklah perjanjian UNFCCC di Rio de Janeiro untuk melangsungkan kerjasama pengendalian perubahan iklim. IPCC dan UNFCCC saling bersinergi dalam bidang science dan decision maker. Selain itu juga terdapat Paris Agreement yang memuat komitmen untuk mencegah kenaikan suhu bumi sebanyak 1,5’C hingga 2’C. (Zakiyyah, 2020).

Greenpeace merupakan organisasi kampanye lingkungan di bidang forest, ocean, plastic, climate dan energy crisis. Krisis iklim merupakan terperangkapnya gas di lautan akibat terbakarnya emisi karbon. Hal ini menyebabkan anomali cuaca sehingga banyak bencana yang terjadi. Bencana-bencana itu sudah banyak terjadi di Indonesia namun tetap banyak deniers. Pada sektor energi dan krisis, energi listrik menghasilkan emisi rumah kaca karena sebagian besar dihasilkan oleh pembakaran fossil fuel. Selain itu penambahan PLTU di Indonesia dapat mengunci emisi rumah kaca, dan masalah ini akan kita hadapi hingga 40 tahun ke depan. Maka dari itu, demi mengurangi bahaya krisis energi, emisi karbon dapat diganti dengan energi terbarukan melalui sumber-sumber natural yang tidak terbarukan (Isfandiari, 2020)

Sementara di Indonesia terdapat kebijakan iklim untuk menurunkan suhu bumi sebanyak 29% dengan usaha sendiri dan 41% lewat kerjasama internasional yang diproyeksikan pada tahun 2030. Climate budget adalah mekanisme berupa tanda untuk melacak dan mengidentifikasi belanja anggaran iklim. Inisiasi awalnya yaitu untuk meningkatkan awareness dan ini memerlukan waktu yang lama. Dukungan fiskal untuk mendorong pengendalian perubahan iklim di Indonesia antara lain intensif perpajakan, belanja mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim, serta pembiayaan inovatif. Salah satunya green sukuk untuk pembiayaan program perubahan iklim termasuk dalam program SDGs (Syaifudin, 2020).

Sayangnya ambisi dunia untuk mengurangi gas rumah kaca masih jauh di bawah target. Karena tiap negara juga mempunyai kepentingan nasing-masing, sehingga dalam bernegosiasi kita harus thoughtful sehingga dapat mencapai no climate change tanpa menciderai masyarakat negara. Yang paling penting adalah cara mengomunikasikannya, karena tidak semua orang sudah mampu untuk terlibat aksi. Namun sebelum terlibat kita harus get smart, then get loud, and get active (Zakiyyah, 2020).

Referensi:

Zakiyyah, Lia. 2020. [WEBINAR]. Rethinking International Community’s Role and Contribution in Climate Issue. Disampaikan pada IRFEST 2020 pada hari Sabtu, 10 Oktober 2020.

Isfandiari, Adila. 2020. [WEBINAR]. Transisi Energi Adalah Kunci. Disampaikan pada IRFEST 2020 pada hari Sabtu, 10 Oktober 2020.

Syaifudin, Noor. 2020. [WEBINAR]. Komitmen Indonesia dalam Pengendalian Iklim. Disampaikan pada IRFEST 2020 pada hari Sabtu, 10 Oktober 2020.

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Intro to IR: Answering Question

Nadhira Sekarputri - 072011233020 - USA

Nationalism described as a concept that creates a strong bonds of allegiance and loyalty between of a group of people and the corresponding nation-state. This identification is also maintains the sovereignity of a nation-state by realizing a common identity of a group of people who have the same goals or ideals in national interest as well. Therefore, nationalism exist as an inseparable political entity. As a guide for leaders in conducting foreign relations and a benchmark for evaluating government performance in conducting foreign relations. indirectly also functions as a country's access to see phenomena across national borders.

National identity is an important and crucial determinant in international system. National identity assets are the evidence of who the citizens are, how them see theirselves and how them relate to the rest of the world. It can be refered in multidimensional features, such as  directly, indirectly, historic territory, common myths and historical memories, common mass public culture, common legal rights and duties, and common economy with territotial mobility. Those features include high-value and sustain the impermeability of the national territory, the identity of its inhabitants and theintegrity of its social institutions. Identity makes nation-state become unique and determine citizens’ sense of belonging to the nation-state. It also focuses in particular interest among nation-states.

Power is one of the most important and most discussed concepts in the field of international relations, because dominated by ideas of power itself. Power is neither a thing nor an event, it is a capacity. It is also all a matter of perception and could not be objectively measured. Power classified by three types, such as soft power, hard power, and smart power. Hard power often measured by capability of state influencing another actor using military factors, population, and economic force with coersive and represive character. Examples of hard power are coercive diplomacy, economic sanctions, military action, and the forming of military alliances for deterrence and mutual defense. Meanwhile, soft power from non material aspects, such as culture, ideology, and regional  affinity. It has internalizing values that attractive and persuasive. Examples of soft power are the worldwide consumption of South Korean media products and Pesona Indonesia campaign. Combination between hard and soft power called smart power, it isused for long term goals and strategic mission. One of the examples of smart power is War on Terror.

Reference:

Barnett, M., & Duvall, R. (2004). Power in Global Governance. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kellas, J. G. (1998). Nationalism and International Relations. The Politics of Nationalism and Ethnicity. London : Macmillan Press

Knutsen, T. L. (1997). A history of international relations theory. Manchester, Manchester University Press.

EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY

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it saddens me how ignorant and unaware some people are to global issues, especially towards racism and inequality. in international relations, we can learn all aspects of human life that have a global impact. so as IR student, our duty is to spread that knowledge and educate those people ✊

i hope that i wont be just an agent of change, but the change itself. i want to learn new things and contribute something to society. study, travel, or live abroad someday would be a nice bonus too!

saya juga juga ingin merasakan nasi kotak PBB in the future 😳

looking forward to irfest as the beginning of our exciting uni life!

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