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Importance of Linux commands and Ubuntu

Linux commands enable the system to give instructions and execute functions via a command line. The command line is a text-based computer program without a graphical user interface, with which files on the PC can be viewed, edited, and manipulated. The text entered in the command line (the commands) is interpreted as user input. The command line is also known by the terms “command prompt,” “cmd,” “console,” “terminal,” and “prompt.”                

To execute the commands in the command line, the system needs an interpreter to evaluate the commands. These so-called shell programs are available both for text-based command lines and command lines with a graphical user interface. A shell thus serves as an interface between the system and the user. It interprets the commands from the command line and passes them on to the operating system to execute the commands or functions.

To use the shell (e.g., Bash) with linux zip, you have to start it. You can do this from the Start menu by clicking Programs, Accessories, and Terminal. Depending on the Linux distribution, there may be different directories here. You can also search for the shell and start it.

What types of Linux commands are there?

There are three types of Linux commands: basic commands, directory operations, and file operations. These are usually sufficient for beginners. But there are other types for advanced users, such as, e.g. Commands for rights management, search options, system administration, network management, process management, etc.

Directory operations are there to organize and manage the directories on your machine. You can also use directory operations to create or delete directories.  File operations allow you to manage your files on your PC. This includes operations such as creating, moving, and deleting files. 

What are the advantages of Ubuntu?

There are countless benefits to using Ubuntu. Here they list a few that should be familiar to most people.

Easy installation and free

Millions of people worldwide can affordably use computers that run an effective operating system and well-made applications because Ubuntu and many of the applications that operate on the OS are free. Many colleges need help to purchase Windows computers. The wonderful open-source Linux distribution is easily accessible for these and other organizations without sacrificing productivity, aesthetics, or efficiency.

Long-term support (lts):

Users of Ubuntu can profit from choosing LTS. Essentially, they will continue receiving kernel updates and other enhancements for at least five years. This means you won’t need to upgrade every few months and run the chance of losing compatibility.

Ubuntu is fully customizable.

As soon as you install ubuntu, you can customize it. The most recent version uses the GNOME desktop environment, completely allowing you to customize your UI/UX interface. The standard Ubuntu comes with pre-installed applications that can handle most standard tasks. Play music, do spreadsheets, and process texts. Everything you need now. 

One of the downsides of ubuntu focal is that if you only use your computer for gaming, you might be better off with Windows. Linux only supports a few titles than Windows. However, they believe that more and more will be made available for Linux.  

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Linux, the development environment par excellence

Why do all administrations, governments, and sensitive institutions use Linux distributions, not Windows or Mac? Because they are much more secure, much more configurable, and much more efficient. And it's not over; with the arrival of autonomous cars and mass-connected objects, Linux has a bright future ahead of it!

What is Linux?

Most often, Linux means an operating system. It is an improper shortcut that serves to democratize it for neophytes.

In fact, Linux is just a kernel. A kernel ( kernel ) is the part that manages all the resources of a machine and allows the components to communicate with each other. The term kernel actually comes from a metaphor for a nut with the kernel (kernel) and the shell (shell). The shell is an operating system program that allows you to interact with the kernel. It will parse, translate and execute them by sending instructions to the kernel.

The kernel is the heart of the operating system, allowing all physical components (CPU, RAM, graphics card, etc.) or software (GUI, drivers, programs, etc.) to communicate. It also allows one to manage multi-tasking (several programs running simultaneously). If you want to learn linux howto commands, you can learn them online.

You must know that chmod, cp, ls, mkdir, mv, rm, and all the commands you know are linux commands from this library.

Linux's most popular distributions

As of 2020, there were over 300 active GNU/Linux distributions (the development continues). A distribution comes from software distribution and means a collection of software.

The three most used distributions are Ubuntu (about 45% of servers), CentOS (about 18%), and Debian (also about 18%). The most used paid distribution is Red Hat Enterprise Linux (REHL) which would represent approximately 2% of the servers.

The Debiandistro

Debian is the main project with over 500 million lines of code. Yes, you read correctly; it represents a titanic human effort to arrive at a stable, efficient, and secure system. The Debian distribution is non-commercial because a non-profit organization publishes it, and committees of voluntary contributors, therefore, make the choices.

You can use several libraries from this distribution (via Ubuntu), such as the famous package manager APT ( advanced packaging tool ).

The current Debian distribution contains about 60,000 software with, for example, Linux, apt, python, nginx proxy, GNOME, and LibreOffice.

The Ubuntu distro

The Ubuntu distribution, like the Linux Mint distribution, are sub-distributions of Debian. This is the most widely used distribution for both servers and desktops.

It is a so-called commercial distribution because it is distributed by the Canonical company, which sells licenses for business versions and, above all, support.

Its development began in 2006 and is still very active today. Ubuntu comes from African culture (Canonical is a company from South Africa). It is a term that means humanity or generosity.

Ubuntu is said to be simpler and easier for beginners, and Debian is said to be more secure and capable. It is one of the most used enterprise distributions, along with CentOS and Fedora.

Conclusion

Now you have a clear vision of the environment: when you use ubuntu in the desktop version, you actually use several thousand free projects (or at least open source) comprising more than a billion lines of code.

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Linux OS Basics - Directory Structure, and explore notes on Ubuntu distribution

Linux is free and open source, which means that anyone can take the codebase and modify it however they want. A Linux distribution is a specialized set of software that comes with the Linux kernel and is distributed with tools for installing a working version of Linux on users' computers. The widespread adoption of Linux around the world has created a huge demand for Linux experts and specialists.

Linux Directory Structure - Linux File System

The Linux file system is the structure that stores all the information on a computer. To work with Linux, it is very important to know where everything is and linux howto uses the file system from the shell. 

Explore online if you want to learn how to configure the nginx proxy on Ubuntu.To run a command as root, you must use the sudo command before each command. You can use ubuntu focal to try Ubuntu without making any changes to your computer and even install it permanently later.

Do you want to upgrade the production system in Ubuntu? Please note that libraries, languages, and system services may have changed significantly. Consider reading the ubuntujammy Jellyfish release notes before upgrading.

Linux Directory Structure - Linux File System 

/root - The root directory is the basis of the file system. All files and directories are logically contained within the root directory, regardless of their physical location.

/bin - /bin has many linux commands, such as cat, cp, ls, more, and tar, that are part of the Linux operating system.

/boot - Contains the Linux kernel and other files required by the LILO and GRUB boot managers.

/dev - Contains all device files. Linux treats each device as a separate file. All these files are in /dev.

/etc. - Most system configuration files and configuration scripts are contained in the /etc/rc.d subdirectory.

/home - home directory is the home directory of the user's home directory.

/lib - Contains library files that contain bootable driver modules required to boot the system.

/media - Instructions for mounting file systems on removable media such as DVD-ROMs, flash drives, and linux zip drives.

/tmp is a temporary directory that can be used as a working directory (temporary file storage). The contents of this folder are deleted each time the system starts.

/usr - Contains subdirectories for many programs, such as X and the GUI windowing system.

/usr/include - contains header files for the C programming language

/usr/lib - contains libraries for the C programming language.

/usr/share - Contains shared files such as configuration files, images, and virtual documents.

/usr/src - Contains the Linux kernel source code.

/var - contains various system files such as the log, mail directories, print spool, etc., the number and size of which may change over time.

/var/cache - cached data storage area for applications.

/var/lib - contains information about the current state of applications. Programs change this on startup.

Ubuntu does not have a password for the root account by default. This means that even if the account exists, you cannot log in with it or use the su command to become the superuser. In this way, ubuntu provides additional security.

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How to Install PostgreSQL on Ubuntu 22.04

If you are starting a new site, application, or web portal, you need to know how to install PostgreSQL. This is one of the most popular DBMSs, which provides protection of information storage and convenient data management. This article will examine why a business chooses this particular IT product and how to install PostgreSQL on ubuntu 22.04.

What is PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL is a relational database management system based on the SQL query language. Relatively strict adherence to standards and the ability to build high-performance systems are the reasons for the popularity of this system today.

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Benefits of PostgreSQL

There are many DBMSs developed in the SQL language. The financial, manufacturing, retail, and logistics industries generally choose to use th postgresql server because of the product's key benefits.

Explore online if you also want to learn how to install java in linux

Installation process

To install PostgreSQL on your tomcat9 ubuntu 22.04, you need to follow these steps:

PostgreSQL Data operations: how to create a database

PostgreSQL is a relational database management system designed to store and access related information items.

As an example of PostgreSQL for beginners, let's consider its work on simplified business processes.

>All information about the company's business processes, resources, and counterparties is stored in databases presented in tables. So in one of them, employees enter information about customers: name, contacts, payment information, etc. Any such value is located in a separate column and is called an attribute. And each record (line) is assigned a unique identifier - a key.

In the second table, only its identifier is indicated instead of the client's name. It becomes a common element of the two tables, thanks to which a relationship is established between them. When a new order processing request comes in, the system uses the key to look up up-to-date payment, address, and so on. Then the actual structured information goes to the warehouse, where the company's staff collects the order and sends it to the buyer.

Conclusion

In this article, you have explored how to install PostgreSQL on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS and explained how to perform some basic SQL operations.

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Benefits of the Ubuntu operating system

Ubuntu is the recommended distribution for users new to the Linux world. In addition to being a good option when migrating from Windows. This is because Ubuntu has many features that make it a very user-friendly operating system. Also, if you are thinking of changing Windows, you will hardly notice any difference with Ubuntu.

Ubuntu is a very user-friendly operating system, it is free and accessible, but on top of that, it offers excellent community behind great software support. So it's no wonder that Ubuntu is today the world's most popular Linux operating system and the third-best current computer operating system.

Reasons to use Ubuntu.

When you know the advantages of the operating systems, you can already understand why Ubuntu is one of the most popular Linux distributions. The truth is, there are many reasons to use ubuntu 22.04. Of course, it's free, but also for all this:

Open source

easy to use

Elegant and very nicely designed (using the GNOME desktop environment).

Stable

It's fast

Virtually resistant to Windows viruses

Updated every six months

Compatible

For all these reasons, essential companies around the world are turning to Ubuntu today, and it's no accident. Since many of the applications you can find on the dd command require Java support, one of the things you need to do now is to add Java support to your system.

Java is undoubtedly a programming language that is used for many purposes and complements the implementation and operation of various tools, which makes installing Java a practically essential task after installation. So today, they will show you a simple tutorial on how to install Java on your system.

OpenJDK is the open-source community version of Java. Since many Linux distributions, including Ubuntu, come with it by default, it is frequently used. Java is an object-oriented programming language owned by Oracle Corporation. It is an everyday language with its own rules and is widely used at educational and professional levels. You can install java in linux.

It consists of three main parts: JDK, JRE, and JVM. The JDK is a Java development kit that contains the compilers and libraries needed to start building applications in Java. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is a mechanism for running these applications. Finally, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) acts as an intermediate layer between the JRE and the operating system on which Java applications run.Because it is a platform that was primarily designed to be used on personal computers, be it at work or home, Ubuntu is considered one of the best distributions for beginners. As with most Linux distributions, Ubuntu could not be the exception. It is a free platform and flexible one that can be adjusted to different needs.

Java is compatible with Linux. This means you can run and build applications from your preferred distribution. The problem is that the official repository version is based on OpenJDK. Ultimately, you cannot use it to create commercial applications. It also means that it is a community version, which has advantages that it can offer.

So if you want to develop applications for third parties without license problems, you can install Java from Oracle. Developers must have Oracle Java installed. Fortunately, this is very easy, thanks to the Java Uprising PPA repository.

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Tips to consider when choosing Linux ubuntu operating system

Linux Commands are reserved words the operating system uses to perform specific actions using a terminal or command line. A Linux terminal is an interface or program with which commands can be executed. The first step is to locate the program in the terminal. This tutorial is based on the Ubuntu 16.04 distribution. Linux zip is written in this program or terminal. 

What is a Linux command?

A command is an instruction that tells the operating system a task to perform. Sometimes there are basic commands that allow you to create, modify or move files and folders. On other occasions, the linux commands allow running or executing a program or process in the OS. A terminal or a program is required to execute commands through, for example, the system library for computer programs from c++.

What is a terminal?

A terminal is a program that can execute commands. Before graphic elements such as buttons or graphical text input elements, the terminal was the only option to interact with the OS.

What is the Linux Ubuntu operating system?

If you ask anyone who has used Linux on their computer for a long time, they will no doubt tell you that Ubuntu is one of the best Linux-based distributions. As for Ubuntu itself, it is a Linux distribution developed based on the well-known Debian distribution and is sponsored by Canonical Ltd.

Note that since ubuntu is an open-source operating system, you can edit the code to your liking. You can also install all the copies you want and even distribute Ubuntu modified by you. This is because Ubuntu has no license fees, making it a free operating system and fully modifiable.

Inside, Ubuntu contains the Linux kernel, to which the necessary software has been added to be a truly functional operating system that can be used on all types of devices. If you wonder what the Linux kernel is, the first thing you should know is that the kernel is not an operating system. It is a set of computer instructions that allow communication between software applications and data processing at the hardware level.

Hence, the Linux kernel is used by various operating systems, such as the popular Android that comes in mobile phones and tablets. This is possible since the Linux kernel is available under the General Public License. The same happens with ubuntu focal. Hence it is free.

If you have to differentiate Ubuntu from Linux, you must say that Linux is a kernel on which Ubuntu is based, which is an operating system. For Ubuntu to be an operating system, it includes not only the Linux kernel but also a set of software, among which are, for example, a desktop environment, a display server, and a sound server, among many other components.

But this is optional to know if you are a common user and are not thinking of developing a Linux distribution. In that case, nginx proxy is only required so that you know that with Ubuntu installed on your computer. You will have all the tools necessary to carry out your tasks comfortably. 

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5 major advantages of Ubuntu Linux

Ubuntu, commonly known as Linux Ubuntu or GNU/Linux Ubuntu, is an open-source operating system widely used by users. Of course, Linux Ubuntu is widely used because of the advantages included in this operating system.

 1. Open Source

GNU/Linux, including ubuntu 22.04, is a license-free (open-source) operating system. So everyone can use Linux without buying and licensing the operating system. Not only that, but users can also contribute to the development of Linux to make it better. This makes Linux scalable on a wide variety of other operating systems.

 2. Vulnerable to viruses

Another advantage of Linux Ubuntu is that it is not vulnerable to viruses. This operating system includes administrative features that reduce the risk of virus infection. Users must first act as administrators before they can activate a particular program or write code.

 3. Additional application with a relatively high degree of completion

This operating system has additional applications that are relatively complete when installed. If you are testing penetration, the programs you need may already be installed on tomcat9 ubuntu 22.04. Also, this operating system already has programs like office, multimedia and files.

 4. Relatively complete control

If you are using Linux Ubuntu, don't worry about the driver not working properly. This operating system includes a wide and growing set of drivers. Don't worry if the installed driver doesn't work. The operating system can handle it.

 5. The right software centre

Another advantage of this operating system is its decent software centre. Here you can easily and quickly install the application. Therefore, through this software centre, you can search for the application you need more quickly and precisely.

To run code in any programming language, you must prepare the necessary environment, such as code editors, interpreters, compilers and IDEs. JDK (Java Development Kit) is the complete environment for running Java code on any system.

Do you need a JVM, JRE or JDK?

JVM, JRE and JDK are different software packages that can run Java programs with different capabilities. Let's understand these terms to understand what it takes to install java in linux.

 6. Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is an open-source software distribution that includes Java class libraries, specific tools, and the JVM.

The Java source code is compiled and converted to Java bytecode. If you want to read from this bytecode, you need a JRE.

Load classes, control memory access, and find system resources needed to run the program.

It is an associated component of the Java Development Kit (JDK) and a superset of the JVM.

 7. Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

When a Java program is run, the Java compiler first compiles the Java code into bytecode. After compilation, the JVM translates the bytecode into machine code or machine-level instructions.

Java is known as a platform-independent language because programs written in Java are executed by the JVM instead of an actual machine.

To run a Java program, you must first compile the code to convert the Java code to byte code and then run it.

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10 reasons to choose Ubuntu Linux as your daily operating system.

Many reasons to use Ubuntu Linux make it a worthwhile Linux distro. It's free, open-source, highly customizable, and has a software centre full of apps. There are many Linux distributions designed to meet different needs. As open-source software, Linux allows developers to code and create new and exciting things. 

Why should you use Ubuntu Linux?

Ubuntu is easy to use

Many computer users believe that Linux-based systems are challenging and designed for developers. This is a big mistake, and Ubuntu Linux is a perfect myth-buster. Like Windows, Ubuntu Linux is straightforward to install, and anyone with basic computer skills can set up the system.

Ubuntu is free

This is a good reason to use Ubuntu Linux. Downloading, installing and using Ubuntu Linux costs less. Download it from your favourite site, create a bootable ISO file, or burn it to a USB drive. It is also adopted by various educational institutions and government agencies worldwide to reduce costs. Moreover, most of the programs are also free.

Safe. Say no to antivirus.

It is wrong to say that Ubuntu is 100% immune to viruses. But the malware risks associated with Ubuntu Linux are negligible compared to Windows, which requires antivirus software. You can also save on the cost of antivirus because you don't need an antivirus.

Advanced customization

One of the main advantages of Linux-based operating systems is the freedom to customize your system. If you don't like a particular desktop environment, replace it with a new one. If you want to avoid your desktop environment, try something new. These features are a natural legacy of Ubuntu Linux, making it ideal for everyday use.

Tons of Ubuntu flavour

New users may not know that there are many other flavours besides the basic GNOME-based ubuntu jammy. Many Ubuntu skins cater to a user's specific needs. If you want to experience a modern and elegant KDE desktop environment, Kubuntu is there. 

Supportive Ubuntu community

Like any Linux-based project, ubuntuhas strong community support, one of Ubuntu's biggest advantages over other distributions. You can also go online and visit Linux forums to get answers to all kinds of Linux questions.

Low system requirements

Two specific flavours, Lubuntu and Xubuntu, are developed to meet the needs of low-end systems, while standard Ubuntu Unity does not have high-end system requirements. 

The Software Center contains a lot of free software

Finding software that interests you is much easier on Ubuntu linux commands. Just open the Ubuntu Software Centre and find all the helpful software. Instead, you can install many programs with a few simple command lines. For basic use, Ubuntu comes pre-installed with a lot of software like Gimp, Chromium, VLC, Firefox, etc.

Better compatibility, driver included

Newer versions of Ubuntu come with the latest Linux kernel. This will allow newer systems with modern chips to run and older hardware. Ubuntu also comes with several pre-installed drivers, saving you time and frustration.

Open source

Last but not least, Ubuntu is open-source. They have discussed the benefits of using open-source software many times. Read more about open-source software here.