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Artificial Intelligence Around Us

During the 1980's, in America there was much fascination with the field of Artificial Intelligence. The fantastic expectations of the 1980's were followed by the skepticism of the 1990's, where time the limitations of capabilities of our current computers were emphasized. The skepticism of the 1990's has for the most part passed, and one of the main scientific and industrial challenges of the 21st century may be the development of Artificial Intelligent Systems (AIS).

The development of AIS is aimed at the creation of new technologies that'll provide methods to problems in the aspects of electronics and heavy industries, agriculture, energy and resource conservation, transportation, human health, public safety, national security, and other fields.

Speaking at a conference in Buenos Aires in 1995, Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. (Vice President of the United States from 1993-2001 under President Bill Clinton) remarked,'These highways, or more accurately, networks of distributed intelligence, will allow us to share information, to get in touch, and to communicate as a global community. From these connections we will derive robust and sustainable economic progress, strong democracies, better methods to global and local environmental challenges, improved health care, and ultimately, a larger sense of shared stewardship of our small planet '.

From a historical perspective, AIS appeared within the last century as consequence of the evolution of man-machine systems, in that your functions of man and machine are interrelated for the operation of those systems. Like, a craftsman operating a working lathe, a driver and his running car, and the workers in Artificial Intelligence classes in pune and machines at an electrical station all form man-machine systems. In a man-machine system, the human operator supplies the goal, the direction, and the integration. The device executes everything in line with the given directions, and provides feedback.

In the act of man-machine systems evolution, the role of man has decreased in accordance with the role of the machines he operates. To execute routine functions, machines have been increasingly equipped with control subsystems, and the resulting man-machines systems were called "semi-automatic" systems. Progressively, many semi-automatic systems have transformed into automatic systems.

Because of computer systems, an incredible change has taken place in many aspects of technology over the last few decades. Previous machines had the role of executing tasks given for them by human beings. Today, these machines are equipped with very advanced programmable control systems and various kinds of sensory devices, enabling them to execute many human tasks, including creative problem solving. Meanwhile, engineers and scientists taking care of bionic technologies are receiving nearer to creating machines that can perform some human functions for people with disabilities. Consequently, the preconditions for the birth of artificial intelligence appeared.

Ray Kurzweil, in his very interesting book, The Singularity is Real, found a suitable metaphor to explain the procedure of computer systems dissemination. He commented,'Advancing computer performance is much like water slowly flooding the landscape. A half century ago, it began to drown the lowlands, driving out human calculators and record clerks, but leaving most of us dry. Now the flood has reached the foothills, and our outposts you will find contemplating retreat. We feel safe on our peaks, but at today's rate, those too is going to be submerged within another half century.'

It is fair statement regarding Artificial Intelligence (AI) as well. In the past few years, some AI programs and systems have successfully copied selected human brain functions, and extended human cognitive and decision-making abilities. Consequently, some machines available now can execute the knowledge-based functions of an individual operator, but with better quality. The inventor of the Lisp programming language, John McCarthy, who also coined term "Artificial Intelligence" in his proposal for the 1956 Dartmouth Conference, defines AI as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."

The definition of "intelligence" hails from the Latin, "intellectus", and is defined as "mind, powers of human thinking ".Based on the Merriam-Webster dictionary, "intelligence" has many meanings:

o the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations: for example, the skilled utilization of reason or the ability to apply knowledge to govern one's environment or to consider abstractly as measured by objective criteria

o information concerning an enemy or possible enemy or a place; and an agency engaged in obtaining such information

o mental acuteness

o the fundamental eternal quality of the Divine Mind (Christian Science)

o the ability to perform computer function

It's wise to analyze this is, "the ability to perform computer function ".At first glance, an executable computer program, which supplies computer function (for example, calculation or text writing), doesn't have intelligence. However, consider for a minute that "human or animal instinct", may be the inherent disposition of a full time income organism toward a certain behavior. Predicated on our knowledge of computers, we are able to count "instinct" as a group of programs written on genetic material such as for instance DNA.

When a worker performs his tasks automatically, it means he has in his brain the "programs" necessary for automatic actions. Partly, these programs were produced by the special training he received allow him to accomplish his job. Congenital and acquired programs are all element of human intellect, or intelligence. It is the exact same for an executable computer program. This system bears a percentage of the intellect of its creators, translated right into a language (code) that the machine understands.