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Share of SBM offshore benefits

The share of SBM offshore alias IHC Calad posted price gains. The company benefits from concentrating on core competencies and is expected to record rising returns. But the stock is no longer a bargain.

Oil and gas processing facilities

The oil price boom leaves all places with traces. Also with the share of the Dutch company SBM Offshore, which was still until recently under the name IHC Calad chocolatier. Last year, it was able to overcome the previously sustained, medium-term downward trend and to 74 per cent to the last 58.5 euros within a year. The steep, short-term trend continues to show upward.

 The company has restructured itself in recent years and separated from shipbuilding. It is now concentrating on the newly defined core competencies. These consist in the development, the offering and the construction of so-called offshore facilities, which are necessary for the production, storage and forwarding of oil and gas.

 Construction of floating processing, storage and loading equipments

 SBM Offshore designates itself as a pioneer for so-called floating production storage and Offloading systems (FPSOs), i.e. floating processing, storage and loading equipments. The company develops and builds it on its own account and then "leases" it to oil and gas companies. Today, this concept seems to be recognized and used by most companies. SBM has 18 long-term contracts which include leasing and operating the equipment.

 Due to a specific charge of 67.6 million dollars, the company achieved an almost unchanged profit of 46.8 million dollars last year. For the current year will be a profit of 125 million dollars or converted to 3.1 euro per share. On this basis, the share, with a price-to-profit ratio of just under 19, is no longer particularly favorable. However, the company had an order backlog of 1.427 billion dollars in April, without taking into account the shipbuilding division that was still part of the company at that time.

 Over the past few weeks, further orders have been taken to the country and contracts are signed. For example, for Petrobras, for Murphy Sabah Oil, for the marine structure consultants, by Fred Olsen and also by BP. In the course of the year, in addition to the already ertraggenerierenden projects, further production will take hold and thus increase the yield flows.

 Two-digit growth rates aimed at

 The company's goal is to increase earnings per share in the coming years with double-digit growth rates. The focus is on organic growth. Diversification or acquisitions are currently excluded. This is because management wants to limit itself to the core competencies in order to be able to cut above-average and create values in risky business.

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HIGH PRESSURE INJECTION

The high pressure direct injection system is intended to deliver to the engine a quantity of diesel fuel at a given time.

 DESCRIPTION

The system consists of:

·        A fuel filter,

·        A high pressure pump integrating the suction pump,

·        A pressure regulator attached to the pump,

·        An injection ramp,

·        A pressure sensor installed on the ramp,

·        4 electromagnetic injectors,

·        Different sensors,

·        An injection computer,

·        A priming pear.

 OPERATION

The common rail high pressure direct injection system is a sequential type diesel fuel injection system (based on the operation of multipoint injection for gasoline engines).

This new injection system makes it possible, thanks to the pre-injection process, to reduce operating noise, to reduce the amount of particles and pollutant gases and to provide high engine torque at low engine speeds.

The high pressure pump generates the high pressure that it directs towards the injection rail. The high pressure regulator on the pump controls the high pressure value according to the demand determined by the computer. The ramp feeds each injector via a steel pipe.

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 The calculator:

· Determines the injection pressure value needed for proper engine operation and then controls the pressure regulator. It verifies that the pressure value is correct by analyzing the value transmitted by the pressure sensor located on the ramp,

· Determines the injection time required to deliver the correct amount of diesel and when to start the injection,

· Electrically and individually pilot each injector after having determined these two values.

 The flow injected into the engine is determined according to:

·        The duration of piloting of the injector,

·        The speed of opening and closing the injector,

·        The stroke of the needle (determined by a constant for a type of injector),

·        The nominal hydraulic flow of the injector (determined by the type of injector),

·        The high pressure ramp pressure regulated by the computer.

 IMPORTANT

The engine must not run on diesel fuel containing more than 10% diester.

It should not work either with a tiny percentage of gasoline.

 The system can inject diesel into the engine up to a pressure of 1600 bar. Before each intervention, check that the fuel rail is no longer under pressure and that the fuel temperature is not too high.

During each intervention on the high-pressure injection system, the instructions for cleanliness and safety stated in this document must be observed.

When repairing or removing the high-pressure pump, injectors, supply, return and high-pressure outlet connections, the openings must be fitted with new shutters suitable for avoiding impurities.

It is forbidden to disassemble the inside of the pump and the injectors. (Only the pressure regulator, the diesel temperature sensor and the venturi can be changed on the pump).

It is forbidden to loosen a high pressure hose connection while the engine is running.

It is not possible for pollution problems to separate the pressure sensor from the fuel rail. In the event of a pressure sensor failure, the pressure sensor and manifold assembly must be changed, plus the 5 high pressure hoses.

 The pulley of the injection pump is not separable from the pump (cracks appear on the pulley during extraction). If the pump is changed, the pulley must also be changed.

It is forbidden to repair the wiring connected to the accelerometer (knock sensor) and to the engine speed sensor. In case of failure, replace it with new wiring.

It is forbidden to feed 12v directly any component of the system.

Decalcification and ultrasonic cleaning are prohibited.

Never start the engine unless the battery is reconnected properly.

Disconnect the injection computer during welds on the vehicle.

On the injectors, there is a 16-character code. This code characterizes the flow of the injectors. This code is specific to each injector. If the injector is changed, the code of the new injector must be memorized in the computer.

 In case of change of the computer, it is necessary to inform in the calculator, the code of the 4 injectors.

 From there, two possibilities:

If it is possible to communicate with the calculator:

· Download the calculator data into the diagnostic tool

· Change the calculator

· Transfer the data from the diagnostic tool to the calculator

· With the aid of the diagnostic tool, make sure that the computer has not detected any fault related to the injection codes and that the warning light on the instrument panel is off.

 If it is impossible to communicate with the calculator:

· Change the calculator

· Read the data on injectors

· Store them in the calculator using the diagnostic tool

· Make sure, using the diagnostic tool, that the computer has not detected a fault related to the fuel injection codes and that the warning light on the instrument panel is off.

All disassembled high pressure hoses must be changed as well as staples.

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SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL

Born in Ptoskey, Michigan, United States (1916-2001), Claude Shannon, trained as an engineer and mathematician. While studying the PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he began working on the problems of effectiveness of the methods of information transmission. Shannon oriented her efforts towards the fundamental understanding of the problem and developed a method for expressing information in a qualitative way.

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 In 1948 published a mathematical Theory of Communication, this paper showed that all sources of information can be measured and laid the foundation for error correction, noise suppression and redundancy, this publication joined a work of Warren Weaver In a book called, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. A short time later this theory was given the name of the information theory.

 For them information is a product linked to the amount of data in a message. The theory allows to study the amount of information of a message depending on the capacity of the medium. This possibility is measured according to the binary system (0.1) in bits, associated with the transmission speed of the message, being able this speed to be decreased by the noise. The fundamental idea of the information theory is that the information must be transmitted with the help of a channel (telephone line, Hertzian waves). On the one hand, the information itself was studied and, on the other, the properties of the channels and, finally, the relations that exist between the information to be transmitted and the channel used for the optimal utilization of this one.

 In the year 1949, linked to research aimed at optimizing the action of war and Armament of the United States, develop the mathematical model of communication, with the aim of increasing the speed of transmission of messages and analyze the optimal conditions of its transmission.

  Model elements:

 -Source: Is the initial emitter of the process, produces a certain number of words or signs that form the message to be transmitted.

-Transmitter: Is the technical transmitter, transforms the message emitted into a set of signals that will be appropriate to the channel responsible for transmitting them. (Electric pulses)

-Channel: Technical medium that must transport the signals encoded by the transmitter (cables, microwave networks, etc)

-Receiver: Its function is to decode the message transmitted and transported by the channel, to transcribe it to a language comprehensible by the real receiver or recipient. (device to which the message arrives)

-Recipient: It is the real receiver, to whom the message is addressed.

-Noise: Interference or distortion that changes the message in unpredictable ways during transmission.

 For the first time, the notion of code appears as a system of equivalences that allow comprehension between the two points of the scheme. Another concept that begins to be used here is that of entropy, understood as an ongoing process of loss of information.

  This model has been, thanks to its statistical character, mainly used in the language between machines and in terms of human communication is imperfectly seen. The central point is that the message emitted is exactly the same as the recipient receives, no matter how many noise elements have passed.

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SOURCES OF THE DISCOURSE: THE FIRST HISTORY OF PETROLEUM IN VENEZUELA

A story

Presentation:

Inserted in this entry the authentic "first history of Venezuelan oil" from its geological origins to the 50s of the twentieth century. This work has been referred by all the authors who have tried to establish with historical rigor the circumstances of the development of the oil industry in Venezuela. Unfortunately, after its first edition in our country, in 1964, this text, of undeniable transcendence and with an accurate handling of the Venezuelan and North American corporate and official sources of its time, has been relegated to oblivion. Nothing strange in a country that eliminated studies of economics and oil legislation in our universities more than 20 years ago:

PREFACE

As the title indicates, this is a general history of Venezuelan oil. I have deliberately focused this study on the industry within the nation, although it also takes into account international events as they relate to Venezuela. Since there is no comprehensive study on this subject, I have endeavored to write an outline of history rather than an exhaustive study of any of the many facets of the issue. No historical discipline can, of course, monopolize such a general subject; In my study I pay attention to all economic, political and social factors.

The main actors of this drama are the government of Venezuela, the North American, British or British-Dutch companies and the Venezuelan workers; The subject matter here deals mainly with their mutual policies and relations. Oil is more important to the strategic security of the United States than any other product in Latin America, and Venezuela supplies more than two-thirds of the United States' oil imports. However, in the classic studies of inter-American relations, such as Latin American Policy of the United States, by Samuel F. Bemis and Latin

American and the United States, by Graham H. Stuart, unfortunately little attention is given to Venezuela and its oil. This study attempts to demonstrate that its subject constitutes an important chapter in the history of inter-American relations. Many people and entities have helped me in the preparation of this work: in the United States, the staff of the Bancroft Library, the Standard Oil of California, the National Archives and the Division of Historical Policy Research of the Department of State; in Venezuela, the officials of the National Library, of the Hydrocarbons Archive, of the Ministry of Mines and Hydrocarbons and of the Public Relations Department of Shell and of the Creole Petroleum Corporátion.

Professor James F. King, from the University of California (Berkeley), has directed my work, which has been facilitated in Venezuela by the former Minister of Public Works and Public Works, Mr. Enrique J. Aguerrevere. I have been able to do my study and travel thanks to a scholarship from the Henry L. and Grace Doherty Charitable Foundation Inc., a travel bag from the State Department and a subsistence aid from the Venezuelan government. The interpretations and conclusions of the book, as well as their possible errors, are my exclusive responsibility. INDEX CHAPTER I. Background (up to 1899)  II. Two decades of uncertainty (1899-1918)  III. Period of gestation (1918-1922)  IV. Boom time (1922-1929)  V. Depression (1930-1935)

 Building and Municipal Development Permit

In the North of South America, immediately above the Equator, is the Republic of Venezuela, which limits the West, South and East with Colombia, Brazil and British Guiana, respectively, and the North with the Caribbean Sea. At its western end is the Sierra de Perijá, to the east of which lies the Maracaibo basin, which comprises Lake Maracaibo and the lowlands that surround it. To the east of this basin is the semi-mountainous region of Falcón, from whose northern extremity lies the flat Paraguaná Peninsula. The Venezuelan Andes, and its extension to the East, constituted by the Cordillera de la Costa, diagonally cross the southeast edge of the Maracaibo Basin and the Falcón Region. From this mountain range extends in a southerly direction to the Orinoco River a vast area of ​​plains, known as Los Llanos. South of the Orinoco are the highlands of Guayana. In the extreme northeastern part of the Republic there is a low and marshy area called the Delta Region1

 At one time, the current Venezuela was part of the land mass of Guiana, northwest extension of the former continent of Gondwana. The mainland probably extended beyond the current Caribbean coast, but after many centuries of changes and geological upheavals, the only area that today emerges from the old landmass is that of the highlands of Guiana. that descend, in North direction, until the Orinoco river, where later formations cover it.

After the formation of the highlands of Guayana, and while other formations were making their way from the Caribbean, the Andes began to form. This great mountain range embraces the western edge of the continent, in a length exceeding five thousand kilometers, from the same heel of South America to the North, just above the Equator it is divided, and a little further north another mountain range is still formed. The chain on the right of the three parallel mountain ranges, the Eastern Cordillera, begins to deviate slightly eastward, separating from the coast and the other two. And seven hundred kilometers from the Caribbean this Venezuelan spur is divided into two: the left branch, that is, the Sierra de Perijá, goes directly to the sea, in the North direction; the right, the Venezuelan Andes, takes the Northwest direction,

GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF VENEZUELAN OIL In the two synclinals between the mountains between the Sierra de Perijá and the Andes, and between these and the highlands of Guayana, many layers of sedimentary rock have been deposited. Venezuelan oil is found in the Maracaibo and Orinoco basins, formed by those deposits. The similarity of the sedimentary deposits in both basins indicates that they were once joined, but it is believed that they separated towards the end of the Eocene, approximately one million years ago, due to an uplift produced in the Andes.

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Sustainability and Challenges of the Oil and Gas Industry

The petroleum industry began in the 8th century, with the destructive distillation of oil to obtain tar and its initial application was for the asphalting of urban streets. With the industrial revolution begins a growing need for energy supply, in this sense the oil began to have a great demand becoming by the twentieth century one of the most demanded raw materials worldwide.

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The oil and gas industry normally presents three phases that add value to the raw material from exploration in search of this resource, to the distribution to the final consumer of a finished product. The phases of the oil value chain are:

Upstream. Exploration and production

Midstream. Processes, storage and transport

Dowstream. Refining, sale and distribution.

To sustainably develop the value chain of oil and gas, involves the diligence of technological resources, humans, methods, standards, techniques, policies and above all a culture of business management under ethical principles of sustainability and social responsibility.

 Development of the Oil Industry.

The development of the oil and gas industry, carries with it a set of risks both security (understand safety both for people and for the processes that take place in the asset), for the environment and the sustainability of this energy resource and its derivatives, which must be managed through a vision and clear policies at the governmental and business level.  

 Risks in the Oil and Gas Industry

Currently, large corporations have successfully managed and developed the hydrocarbons industry based on a vision, policies and technical standards (ANSI, API, AGA, NFPA, etc.) to standardize the processes that are developed in this industry . Also, the design, implementation and maintenance of management systems in the oil industry (ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001, ISO 55001, ISO 1012, etc.), has led to obtain better results by standardizing processes, application and compliance with legal requirements and implementation of continuous improvement concepts.

 On the other hand, government agencies in recent years have published increasingly stringent laws and regulations that regulate the value chain of hydrocarbons, the protection of workers, the safety of the operation of assets and the prevention and environmental management in the hydrocarbons industry, being very important for the sustainability of the business.

 The Current Challenges of the Oil Industry

 Valuation of assets. Like any business, the objective of the hydrocarbon industry is to maximize its profits, for this it is essential to optimize production systems and minimize investment risks, this is possible through the standardization of industry processes and the realization of technical-economic studies of the projects, supported by an analysis of risks that maximize the probability of success of investments in the sector.

 Implementation of Management Systems in the Oil and Gas Industry

Produce and sell hydrocarbons in a sustainable manner. As we all know, hydrocarbons are non-renewable resources, therefore the day will come when they will run out and we will not have them. In this sense, governments in turn must be responsible for the production and sale of this resource, which must be carried out taking into account exchange policies of the energy matrix (mainly in the change for cleaner energies) to avoid energy shortages. in the future.

 Minimize the environmental footprint The oil and gas industry are consumers of water and energy resources; consequently, they are also generators of hazardous waste that can generate negative impacts to the environment where they operate if they are not managed responsibly. In this sense, companies must demonstrate transparent environmental management by strictly applying the current legal framework and industry standards in each of their production processes in order to guarantee the minimization of negative environmental impacts and maximize positive impacts on the environment. the environment in which they operate.

 Technological Accident in the Production of Oil and Gas

Generate a sustainable culture . With the implementation of the management systems, it has been possible to implement a culture of safety and environmental culture in the workers of the operators, results that can be perceived and measured in the companies, however the challenge remains of transcending beyond the work limits; In other words, to apply this work culture in the home and in the community where the worker works daily to raise awareness, create awareness and a positive multiplier effect, it is important to take into account that good practices are modeled and transmitted through example. Consequently we can have a better planet and a sustainable and respectful humanity.

 Another challenge to achieve a sustainable culture is to transmit the safety and environmental culture to suppliers and contractors, who still perceive them as mandatory contractual requirements that must be met, for this it is important to centralize efforts identifying suppliers and key contractors for the business, establishing strategies for the diffusion and implementation of the culture of security and sustainable environmental culture.

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Dehydrator Engineering & Operations Sheets