#-and can magically float within a specific network area

[eggpea]

Hate it when I'm asked about something then being completely ignored bc what I'm saying doesn't line up with the person's paranoia

[gotham-ruaidh]

Uitlander

Previously…

Chapter 25

The Fort

Monday, August 14, 1826

Three or four days remained until Governor Grey returned from his tour of Port Elizabeth.

 Two days had passed since Brian Fraser’s return, in the middle of the night. Bruised and hungry and tired, but whole.

 Claire could wait no longer.

 Uncle Lamb stayed behind at Noord Toring, drafting in his beautiful handwriting the brief he would personally deliver to the Governor. It would take time to lay out the evidence of Jack Randall’s misdeeds, uncovered by the mysterious network in a series of letters which Lamb had carried in his waistcoat pocket all the way down to the Cape – the insurance policy which the Fraser/van der Meers were so glad he had thought to prepare.

 Lamb had been tight-lipped about the specifics of the letters – only that it pertained to the years Randall had spent commanding a garrison in the Scottish Highlands. Vaguely she remembered Alex and Frank discussing their eldest brother’s time there – in the context of how much he had disliked it, and the barbarity of the people there.

 But this morning – no need to dwell on those thoughts. For she was crossing the drawbridge surrounding the fort, built in the shape of a five-pointed star by the Dutch almost two centuries before. Lips pursed, head held high as she passed under the entry arch and stepped into the expansive parade ground, the dust not yet settled from that morning’s exercises, the silent shadow of Table Mountain yet another sentry in the distance.

 Within five seconds, two soldiers – resplendent in their scarlet coats – materialized from the shadows. One wore the insignia of an officer.

 “What business have you here?”  

 Murtagh stiffened at her elbow. Ready to strike.

 Claire straightened her back and lifted her chin. “My name is Claire Fraser. My husband, James Fraser, is being held prisoner here. I wish to see him.”

 The younger officer spoke first. “Have you made an appointment, madam?”

 “I wasn’t aware I needed to. I can’t imagine that very many prisoners receive visitors.”

 The officer stepped a bit forward. “Please ignore this soldier, madam. I am Sir Fletcher – commander of the men stationed here, in Captain Randall’s absence.”

 Claire’s heart floated up her backbone. “He’s not here?”

 “I’m afraid he’s not – this morning he took some men to visit the naval station at Simon’s Town, but he should be back by tomorrow. Is there a chance you could return then? Speak with him directly?”

 Murtagh bristled; Claire swallowed.

 “I’m afraid I can’t wait that long, Sir Fletcher. My husband has been held here for four days, and his family has been unable to make contact. We have not even received an official written statement describing the nature of his arrest – surely you’re aware that that’s a violation of the law?”

 Sir Fletcher tilted his head – taking in all of Claire (and her dour companion) for the first time. Young; head covered in a respectable bonnet; clad in a pale yellow dress that was neither plain nor ostentatious. Eyes and chin fierce, set, determined.

 “Madam – may I ask you to repeat your name?”

 “Claire.” Her voice was strong, confident, true. “Claire Beauchamp Fraser, of the Noord Toring estate. Brian and Elin Fraser’s estate. This is my kinsman, Murtagh Fraser. My husband’s name is James.”

 A hawk – wings glossy black in the morning sunlight – wheeled over the empty parade ground.

 “Private Foster?”

 The younger soldier blinked in surprise, but saluted his superior.

 “If you’d be so kind as to show Mistress Fraser into my office…I’ll be there shortly. It seems there has been yet another misplacement of paperwork.”

 Sir Fletcher bowed and turned on his heel to cross the parade ground, boots crunching on the gravel.

 Private Foster coughed, then gestured toward his left – and a door about twenty paces from the main gate.

 “This way please, Mistress Fraser, Mister Fraser.”

 Gently Murtagh pushed Claire ahead, and she lifted her skirts, careful of the patches of mud.

 --

 “He was arrested four days ago?” Sir Fletcher squinted at the sheaf of papers scattered across his desk, before fishing in his breast pocket and finding a beautiful pair of gold-rimmed spectacles.

 “Yes, very early in the morning of the eleventh of August.” Claire smoothed her hands on her dress – her wedding dress, the dress Jamie had told her matched the color of her eyes when he had helped her out of it, that magical first faraway night in the cottage. Softly she reached to the underside of her wrist – confirming that Jamie’s lion-tooth knife was snug in the bit of linen she had wrapped like a bandage right at the edge of her long sleeve.

 “Let’s see…ah. Here is the report.”

 Sir Fletcher’s spectacles magnified his eyes to almost double their natural size; she would have laughed, had her heart held even the slightest amount of joy.

 “You’re correct…here he is, James Alexander Kuntze Fraser, aged twenty-three. The charge sheet reads subversion…looks like your husband was illegally trespassing on a farmer’s land and was witnessed to be facilitating the escape of a slave.”

 Claire pressed the back of Murtagh’s hand, willing him to be silent.

 “He was arrested along with my father-in-law, Brian Fraser. But Brian was returned to us a few days ago.”

 “That’s what it says here…that the elder Mister Fraser was released due to lack of evidence. And James is being held…this can’t be right. He’s being held at the end of the cell block. That’s wholly inappropriate.”

 “What do ye mean, inappropriate?” Murtagh seethed.

 Sir Fletcher’s magnified eyes comically blinked as he looked across his desk at Murtagh. “It’s an inappropriate location for a prisoner arrested for this type of crime. Prisoners kept at the end of the cell block are those set for execution – that’s where the gallows are.”

 “And what would be the proper punishment for this crime?” Claire worried her wedding ring with her thumb, resting her other hand on the baby.

 “Flogging, usually. Fifty lashes. But all cases go before a magistrate, who hears the evidence, considers the man’s defense, rules on the man’s guilt or innocence, and only then decides the appropriate punishment.” Sir Fletcher sat back in his chair and removed his spectacles, rubbing suddenly tired eyes. “We may be far from London, Mistress Fraser – but I assure you, here we follow both the letter and the spirit of the law.”

 “I appreciate your assurances, sir. Has my husband gone before the magistrate yet?”

 “He has not – but he will in five days time.”

 “And if his guilt is determined – when will his punishment be delivered?”

 Sir Fletcher spread one hand on the thick, dark wood of his desk. Absently Claire observed that his pinky ring bore a large fleur-de-lis.

 “Justice waits for no man, madam – it is usually immediate.”

 Claire took a deep breath. “I understand that this is entirely unorthodox, Sir Fletcher – but I would like to see my husband.”

 The solder waited a long time before answering. Tense silence suffused the room; idly, Claire thought that the Dutch had constructed the fort magnificently well, as she could hear no sound from neighboring rooms or even from outside on the parade ground.

 “Madam, I can assure you that I’ll see to your husband’s welfare myself. I will promptly move him to a different area of the prison.”

 “With respect,” Murtagh piped up, voice hoarse with feeling. “We both want to see him. No’ that we dinna trust ye – it’s the other soldiers here we dinna trust.”

 “And with respect,” Sir Fletcher replied, “I do not believe that you are fit to walk about the prison in your delicate condition, Mistress Fraser. I am happy to take Mister Fraser – ”

 “I am assuredly not delicate, meek or obedient,” Claire interrupted, heedless of her manners. “I came here to see my husband. I will not leave this fort until I have done so.”

 Sir Fletcher sighed, then rose, gesturing toward the door of his office. “Follow me.”

[ara-la]

Brilliant history of indigenous North America from Quora

Why did no ancient civilization come up the Mississippi river valley even though it had similar conditions to other river valley civilizations?

Jonathan Hall

, Sapient primate since 1996, enjoys learning about things

Updated Jan 27

· Upvoted by

Roderick White

, PhD Ancient History, University College London (2018)

It really is a pity that even today, despite all the literature, museums and outreach, even the average citizen of the eastern United States is still blissfully unaware of the complex societies whose remnants they often walk or drive right over.

Story time!

The Eastern Woodlands of the United States has been a nexus for stratified civilization since 3500 B.C. The Mississippi River area was even home to its own independent cradle of agriculture known as the Eastern Agricultural Complex, from which we still have popular vegetables like squash and sunflower. The peoples that farmed these crops have been traditionally termed the “Mound Builders”, so named for their apparent proclivity towards earthworks. The term is a bit dated now, and archaeologists today are able to differentiate specific cultures, but “mound-building peoples” is often still used to describe the cultures in general.

There have been many mound-building societies over the course of North American history. We’ll probably never know the exact political relationships, but we can identify consistencies in material culture and living patterns. The first one that really seems to take off across the board is the Hopewell:

Starting around 100 BC, sites all around the Mississippi start adopting a similar set of traits such as pottery styles, arrowhead techniques and artistic motifs, along with a much more pronounced sense of social stratification. The Hopewell appear to have begun with the Ohio Hopewell, which built upon the stratified Adena culture that existed since 1000 BC on the Ohio River valley, which connects to the Mississippi. The Hopewell greatly proliferate the number of mounds constructed in the Eastern Woodlands and diversify their uses.

One of the most iconic examples of the Hopewell are the Newark Earthworks: a series of interconnected circles, walls and moats that appear to serve as a massive lunar observatory. The Moon’s orbit ‘wobbles’ in relation to the Earth: at one extreme the orbit is rotated one way, and rotated the other way at the other extreme. The point in this cycle where the Moon’s orbital plane reaches its northernmost or southernmost extent before going back to the other is termed the lunar standstill, which produces an effect not unlike the Sun’s solstices. This happens every 18 years, 7 months and almost 10 days. The Newark Earthworks are able to track the Moon’s declination until the next standstill with remarkable precision.

Newark today. A country club still owns parts of the earthworks.

It’s possible that the Ohio Hopewell had such influence over the Eastern Woodlands that they may have started a new religious movement, or perhaps their influence was economical and assimilating their culture was better for business, or people may have simply admired parts of their culture enough to replicate it. A mix of the three may have happened, but we might never know specifically why people wanted to copy them.

What we do know was that their influence was phenomenal. The Hopewell had access to a trade network that extended all the way to the Great Lakes, the Gulf of Mexico and the Rockies, with artifacts from these regions showing up in Ohio:

In the year 500, the bow and arrow trickled southward after being introduced by the Inuit from northern Canada. This makes hunting (and fighting) much more accessible, freeing people up from their dependencies on crops and some hierarchical control.

From there the magic begins to die for the Hopewell and the societies within its sphere fall into the geographically broader-ranging Woodland period. The 500 years of the Late Woodland period saw a great intensity in fortification, a significant reduction in mound-building (though some are still built) and more numerous, smaller walled villages instead of the larger towns of the Middle Woodland’s Hopewell. This lifestyle, in some form, actually lasted in the periphery of the Eastern Woodlands until the arrival of Europeans.

By the year 1000, however, something new appears in the heart of the Mississippi. People are once again gathering in large towns and forming wealthy elites under the control of powerful rulers who began using earthworks to proclaim their legitimacy. Corn (maize) was introduced to the Eastern Woodlands in 200 BC, but had a hard time dealing with the colder climates. However, new cold-hardy cultivars had finally been developed and were taking the Eastern Woodlands by storm into a new agricultural revolution. Things were about to get corny.

Archaeologists have given these corn-crazy, mound-building chiefdoms the aptly-named title of the Mississippians:

This is where things really start getting big. The power and influence of chiefs have increased drastically into large, multi-town paramount chiefdoms, though if we’re being completely honest some of these really resemble early kingdoms and the difference is largely semantic. The massive trade networks have fired back up and are bringing in more goods than ever before. They especially love Great Lakes copper. Art, culture and religious expression have also greatly expanded and this cultural movement reaches nearly every corner of the Mississippi River watershed:

The “Sponemann Figurine” from Cahokia. The headwrap seen on her head has been documented in historical Native American tribes:

Copper plate of a falcon-eyed man from Spiro Mounds, Oklahoma:

“Crouching Man” effigy pipe from Shiloh Indian Mounds, Tennessee:

More Spiro copper plate art, including a falcon dancer (or warrior) to the left. These are replicas for Spiro’s museum exhibit:

“Conquering Warrior” effigy pipe from Spiro. The wooden slat backshield he is wearing has similarities to the armor worn by Great Lakes tribes, which also protected the head and neck in this way:

Wood duck effigy bowl, diorite. Moundville, Alabama:

Shell gorget of two dancers from the McClung Museum of Natural History & Culture in Tennessee:

But one of the most profound examples of Mississippian culture, and what everybody wants to see when they visit the sites, are of course the mounds:

Winterville Mounds, Mississippi

These are no mere piles of dirt either, but alternating layers of various clays and particulates that each have their own physical properties and ostensibly spiritual meanings to ensure the greatest structural stability and proper religious status. Most of these clays were sourced from many miles out, even when a more convenient source was nearby. Most of these mounds were built to house a temple or chief, and the larger mounds served as residential-religious complexes for the elites. When the person living on the mound died, his house was burnt with any of his belongings and a new mound was constructed atop.

The most impressive of these Mississippian mounds, still standing today (in somewhat eroded form) is Monks Mound in the archaeological site of Cahokia:

This terraced platform mound is 100 feet high, 775 feet wide, and 955 feet long; slightly larger at the base than the largest Egyptian pyramid.

The mound held multiple large buildings, including that of the paramount chief who overlooked a city we call Cahokia, the largest in pre-Columbian North America north of the Rio Grande, existing from A.D 1050 to 1350.

And there’s a highway right through it…

(A little outdated: there is evidence of clay caps on many Mississippian mounds, which means these mounds would have been a bright yellow or red instead of turf green)

The safe estimate for Cahokia’s population is around 20,000 people, but it has sometimes been given twice that. Either way, it’s reasonably impressive for the area and historical context. Our modern life has made us used to megacities spanning hundreds of thousands or millions of people, but to put 20,000 souls into perspective: This is close to the same size as London in 1200. Berlin was a quaint village of barely over a thousand at this time. Paris had very recently become a medieval metropolis at a hundred thousand people, but had floated at around 35,000 for about a millennium. The modern city of Ithaca, New York is around 30,000.

This city was America’s first melting pot, bringing in peoples from very distant regions who came for trade, religion and safety. The city was organized into districts according to class and sometimes function, including ‘industrial zones’ for production of things like beads, tools, pottery and copper art.

Outside the walled ceremonial district was a “Woodhenge”; a circular arrangement of poles that track the position of the sun like a giant solar calendar. Nearly all of the buildings are aligned to the four cardinal directions; the four directions to this day are important to many Native American tribes. Some pits within the city were dug as a source of clay and, if we can glean from historical accounts of native towns, were likely flooded and stocked with fish.

Cahokia faced many typical issues of a large early city: social order, sanitation, dietary deficiencies, and especially resource exhaustion (good timber had to be brought in from upriver). In finding a reason for Cahokia’s fall, it seems to have dealt with these okay enough. But some time after 1200 AD came an unusually wet era for the Mississippians, and all that extra rainfall drained into and rushed down the Mississippi, which would have drenched all of Cahokia but the tops of its mounds.

Interestingly, the Osage tribe, a Dhegihan-Siouan people that have one of the closest cultural similarities with the archaeological findings of Cahokia, have an origin story that draws many parallels (from Willard H. Rollings’ The Osage: An Ethnohistorical Study of Hegemony on the Prairie-Plains):

. . . in the beginning all of the Osage lived in a single village located along a river. One day the river flooded, and the Osage fled the rising waters. One group made it to the top of a hill, while others fled a nearby timbered ridge. A third group escaped to higher ground and sought shelter in a dense thicket, while a fourth group found refuge at the base of [a] hill just above the floodwaters. Some of the Osage, unable to escape, remained in the flooded village. After the floodwaters receded, the Non-hon-zhin-ga [council] insisted that the people remain in the groups they had formed during the flood. They claimed that Wa-kon-da [the Great Spirit/Mystery] wanted the people to live apart and to establish five villages . . .

After the flooding, Cahokia was still inhabited, but was a shadow of its former self. The people that lived there in the roughly 200 years until its final abandonment seem to have lived without a major elite class and used parts of Monks Mound as a garbage midden. Cahokia, once at the forefront of the Mississippian trade network, seems to have taken the long distance trade with it.

…but that’s not the end!

Mississippian culture was still alive and vibrant in the Lower Mississippi and Southeastern Woodlands (and the Middle Mississippi and Ohio River too, but the other places are more intense). However, times have changed. The lack of the Cahokian trade nexus has wrecked regional economies. Influence vacuums have formed and the world seems just a bit more dangerous. This is where history begins to rhyme a bit: there is an increase in fortification and town splitting, though not quite to the same degree. Towns are typically surrounded by a defensive wall and people move if the population gets too big, but complex hierarchies and earthworks are more active than ever. The political climate of the Southeast leads to the creation of vast open territories, with areas of dense wilderness serving to buffer the territories from large military campaigns (though light travel is still possible on trails). These territories, of course, had to be managed. And it’s during this era that we are finally able to know how the Mississippians governed themselves, at least in some parts, due to the accounts from Hernando de Soto’s entrada. In the Southeast among Muskogean (Creek) towns, the major town leader (potentially the paramount as well) was the mico/micco. Subordinate to the mico are the orata, which governed satellite towns. The iniha/heniha was an administrator served along the mico as a kind of magistrate and the yatika was the official translator. Each of these large territories was an italwa, and this word was also used to describe the largest towns ruled by micos, talofa being the smaller towns. The Caddo Mississippians in Texas and Oklahoma had the same structure, despite being on the other side of the Mississippian sphere.

Hernando de Soto’s route through areas that are known Mississippian polities. There are more archaeological sites than shown here which could possibly represent other polities.

Starting from Florida, Hernando de Soto and his entrada entered Mississippian civilization, starting with the Appalachee (to the south, off-screen of the map) and into the Mississippi River proper. There they found large capitals with their mounds and walls, and many towns had other features such as moats and levies. Some of these moats seem to have doubled as fish traps, according to de Soto’s secretary Rodrigo Ranjel who described Pacaha’s (probably the Nodena site in Arkansas) moat as ”full of excellent fish of divers kinds”.

The Parkin site in eastern Arkansas, one of the places visited by Hernando de Soto

You will often hear that from here, Hernando de Soto’s very existence caused 90% of the natives to keel over from European diseases. However, there is actually no evidence of such mass deaths, even in towns that had Spanish artifacts. To make matters even more interesting, De Soto and some other Spaniards actually fell ill and died on this journey, at a point in the journey longer than the incubation period of known European diseases, with the natives unaffected!

But the entrada still had a devastating effect on the political atmosphere. In his search for gold and the desire to continue such a journey, de Soto raided and burned towns, forcibly occupied capitals and even kidnapped paramount chiefs — people who were supposedly of heavenly descent, reduced to being bound and caged for ransom. He used his influence to alter Mississippian political relationships to his benefit and this wrecked the status quo. The paramountcies of Coosa and Cofitachequi no longer had the same kind of respect, influence and control over their territories as they once had. Political cohesion was now much more tenuous.

The entrada would not be able to walk away from the Eastern Woodlands so easily, however. Shortly before he died, de Soto tried to use his claim as son of the Sun to force the chiefdom of Quigualtam, the largest and most powerful polity of the lower Mississippi, to give them safe passage down the Mississippi…and some tribute for the road, of course. Quigualtam wasn’t buying it. After a failed overland route near Texas, De Soto’s entrada (now led by Luis de Moscoso) built some ships and tried to sail down the Mississippi as quick as humanly possible.

Quigualtam, of course, caught up with them. The small Spanish river fleet was met by Quigualtam’s fleet of nearly a hundred canoes, many of which held up to 70 people. These large canoes had awnings in the back housing the commanders; the awnings, paddles, weapons, and the boats themselves were all one color, with a different color for each boat. They sang and drummed in unison to pace their paddling; most of the songs could be summed up as “You Spaniards sure are in for it now!”. There was, naturally, a very loud scream at the end of each song.

Once the boats got close, teams of divers jumped off the boats and into the water to board the Spanish’s pinnace boats. Other paddlers stood up and began firing volleys. They managed to kill, wound and capture some people, but made the decision not to engulf them entirely — Quigualtam’s plan was not to annihilate the Spaniards, but to harass, exhaust and terrify them enough that they understood who had the real power in the Mississippi, and would tell all of their countrymen back home. Which of course succeeded: every time the Spanish thought they out-sailed Quigualtam, they would hear the shouting again and the terror would start back up.

Quigualtam’s cultural descendants are the Natchez, whose society remained strongly Mississippian well into the historic period, interacting diplomatically with the United States.

Despite this successful expulsion of the Spaniards, it was only the beginning of the end for the Mississippian way of life as a whole. European ships were conducting slave raids all around the North American coast, as well as propping up some natives to become slave raiders themselves, which only expanded ever inward. This led to an increase in warfare, famine and mass uncertainty that undermined the political structure of the Eastern Woodlands, leading to the breakup of most Mississippian polities. It was only when the stresses from raids and starvation was at its peak that the first epidemics begin to sweep through; these events had lowered the immune system of natives. The Native American slave trade continued well into the age of the British colonies and early U.S., where Savannah, Georgia was an important port for the export of Native slaves.

De Soto’s accounts were buried in the libraries of New Spain, records of English colonial interactions with remaining Mississippian polities fell into obscurity, and the survivors of the Mississippian breakup had long since adopted new, somewhat more egalitarian lifestyles. Many of the old Mississippian towns and cities were revisited again as abandoned mounds. Rather than believe they were built by the ‘savage’ Indians they were killing and enslaving, people came up with numerous myths of other more prestigious people who came to America before them, only to be killed off by the current inhabitants. The Aztecs. Hindus. Babylonians. The Lost 13th Tribe of Israel. The Welsh. Anyone but the indigenous people. Thomas Jefferson was one of the first, after archaeological digs of his own, to suggest that the mounds were in fact built by Native Americans.

But the myth had always persisted. In fact, some pseudo-scientific circles to this day still deny the origins of the mounds in favor of their preferred civilization. And the lack of respect Americans have had for the mounds is exhibited by their constant destruction throughout American history. Massive temple platforms were excavated so their clay could be used for road fill or embankments. Some were simply in the way of progress: right across the river from Cahokia was the remains of a smaller city which was nearly completely torn down to make room for St. Louis. Only one deeply eroded Sugarloaf Mound remains. Many Mississippian sites are still on private land, their artifacts routinely dug up by plows while their discoverers don’t think much of it.

This has been simply another front of a campaign as old as the United States itself to destroy and mask the history and culture of Native Americans, so as to put European-American history and culture at the forefront. Today, we are more sensitive to the real history before the United States, and also have the power and resources to protect and educate. But the damage inflicted over the centuries has been done, and we are still reeling from its effects. It will take a while before Americans really truly become aware of their country’s pre-European past and realize it’s something to be celebrated, not quietly ignored. Until then, we should try to educate and raise awareness as much as we can.

As you can see, the Mississippi River did indeed give birth to some quite complex societies. You might also be wondering: why didn’t all this complexity happen earlier? Or reach the political strength of other river valley civilizations?

Well, first off I don’t think you can ever get a detailed answer to that. Many people like to fall on geography as the sole determiner of human society, but humans, as we all know, are complicated and do not like to follow the rules. Nevertheless, while the fertility of the Mississippi watershed can’t be overstated, the region is also perhaps a bit…too fertile. Most other river valley civilizations are in relatively dry areas, with a narrow stretch of fertile floodplain that forces most people to huddle together and submit to a central managing authority. In the Mississippi, you can have great farmland by the river, but you can also go deeper into the many, mazelike tributary rivers into the woods and have almost just as productive a crop. This is harder to keep under control, which narrows the focus of elites for the most part. However, ancient China had much the same layout: a large swath of fertile land under a complex watershed of not one but twogiant rivers. Horses, not available to the Mississippians, may have also played a part in such a difference. Or perhaps simply not enough time has passed since the Eastern Woodland’s adoption of agriculture in 1800 BC and the introduction of more efficient crops in 900 AD. If you’re asking me, a historical particularist, I believe that the fate of human societies can ultimately fall on the decisions made by their communities. The ideologies that led to the creation of sprawling, intensely bureaucratic states simply did not come to fruition in the same way they did in China or Mesopotamia. Maybe that was influenced by the factors I mentioned, or the values were simply different.

Yet a civilization it definitely was, with its own sophisticated cultures, politics, and artistic expression. Like many civilizations, it had its own peaks and dips, and with every dip rose a peak that was stronger than ever before. The collapse of the trade networks after 1400 was a dip the Mississippians had just begun to recover from. Considering the interruption of Mississippian history with the arrival of the Spanish, one has to wonder: what kind of peak might we have seen next?

Further Reading:

Mysteries of the Hopewell: Astronomers, Geometers, and Magicians of the Eastern Woodlands by William F. Romain

Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians by Timothy R. Pauketat

Medieval Mississippians: The Cahokian World by Timothy R. Pauketat and Susan M. Alt

Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South by Robbie Ethridge and Sheri M. Shuck-Hall - goes into the political instability caused by European activity that led to the collapse of many Mississippian polities

Epidemics and Enslavement: Biological Catastrophe in the Native Southeast, 1492-1715 by Paul Kelton - also discusses the shatter zone, but builds upon it by touching on the biological aspect. Particularly, it addresses the myth of the spread of European disease in the EW: rather than the wildfire-like instantaneous transmission many imagine, the worst of the epidemics only came about when the immune systems of the natives were weakened through stresses.

The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521-1704 by Carmen Tesser and Charles Hudson - very aptly named; in-depth exposition of the often overlooked protohistoric period, inbetween the jurisdictions of archaeologists and historians.

Amazon.com: Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms by Charles Hudson and Robbie Ethridge - Contains actual primary sources of de Soto’s journey, augmented and illuminated by the interpretations of modern historical and archaeological data.

[the-phyrexian-is-a-part-timer]

Fanwalker Bio: Xelos Vekka (return of the re-cont.)

Part four. This should be it. I hope.

The exhaustion from the planeswalk knocks Xelos unconscious. When he comes to, he is resting in a room made of curved fine metal. He notices the areas that were burned by the chemicals’ explosion are covered in a lattice work of more metal. The spots where it touches his skin tingle and feel numb. Thinking it is like a cast or splint, he realizes it is more flexible and moves with him, almost floating against his body. He is greeted by a tall blue skinned being with most of their body missing, replaced with more of the same metal on his body. The vedalken tells him that he is safe and lucky to be living. He also explains that his injuries weren’t just outright replaced due to them considering he would want to have a say in how and with what. With this, he leaves. Xelos, still amazed at everything he sees, goes out the doorway the stranger went through. Everywhere he turns, he’s met with more filigree structures and stared at by more impossibly prosthetic people. As he reaches a wide open window overlooking the cityscape, his vision is briefly blurred by a large object flying by his view. As it lands he sees it’s a huge sphinx clad in more of this metal. He has arrived in Esper.

He is escorted back to his room by some of the healing staff that find him. There, he is met by many people. Most look at his “untouched” body and the strange happenings of his arrival. After a few more tests and questions, he is released from his “recovery harness” with new, restored flesh underneath. He is offered an apprenticeship in one of Espers’ artificer guilds. He quickly learned what they taught him, mostly due in part to the magic he had learned on his home plane so many years ago. Seemingly impressed by the progress made, the guildmaster offers to give him enough resources start replacing body parts with etherium. Instead of full on amputation and replacement, though, Xelos wants a full treatment to take place instead. He explains his plans and the guildleader agrees, though finds it a tad strange. After much planning and getting ready, the procedure goes as follows. First, his entire body is placed in a concoction of etherium and a magical gel-like substance. The substance is heated up to a high temperature for a long time. When Xelos emerges, his entire body is stained a grayish color. Every hair, nail, and patch of skin is infused with etherium to a small degree. Second, a liquid/etherium mixture is given to his eyes. Third, his veins are punctured in multiple spots and mages start to channel etherium inside his body. Things are mostly calm here. Then the hard part, infusing it into his circulatory system. The process is grueling work and torturous to Xelos. Before the metal reaches his chest, though, his spark flares and he planewalks away.

Conscious this time, Xelos lands in a rain forest. This one, though, is huge. Not just the forest itself, though. The foliage, too, is huge beyond compare. He was standing on a leaf the size of a decent sized sail boat. Amazed at the sight, he reminds himself of the predicament. Using his metallomancy, he forces the rest of the etherium that didn’t bind to him out of his body. He then heals his incisions and starts to look for shelter of some sort. As he continues to walk, he notices the horizon is curved upwards on the ends. Tired of the weird feelings and sights he’s experienced, his thoughts drift towards his homeplane. As his thoughts become more and more intense on the situations that he left there, he suddenly walks back. Again, amazed by what just happened, he tries to use magic there, hoping that whatever he gained away from there he kept. His magic does work, but he is confused why. After exploring the plane a bit, he finds out the faceless were outed in his absence and that their meddling was the last straw that let magic return to the plane. Overjoyed that things turned out alright, he was confused when he also heard no gods actually came back also. After searching for any signs of them, he only finds some rocks that were claimed to be the hammerscale from the making of the gods’ belongings that fell to earth. After finding nothing more, he gathers the rocks and uses the metal within to make himself some armor. Not seeing much else to do, he planeswalks away vowing to master his new transporting ability.

Many years pass as he goes from plane to plane, always staying long enough to gain something useful and then leave. As he goes, he starts researching way to summon a soul and encapture it, thinking of his son and love. He finds many different ways on many different planes to do these actions so he spends alot of his time trying these in his home plane. As one after the other don’t work, he becomes more and more disheartened. After his failure on his home plane, his walks start to become more like idle drifting.

In a few years, he starts to realize that he still has to do something with his life. He begins to research more and more into the original endeavor of sealing a soul for safekeeping. As he does, he also tries to figure out more about his planeswalker spark. He returns to Esper after many years of being away. When he goes to his old guild, he is greeted by a new guildmaster, kinda. His “guild” was actually a front to study him orchestrated by the ethersworn. When he left, they had to wait years for a new planeswalker to show up so they could continue their research. Xelos vigorously begins to go over the data they had collected on planeswalking and the spark. With the knowledge he had acquired throughout the planes and the notes they had, he asks if they can spared one last procedure unto him. He gets the divitium armor he made and pulls it apart and shapes the pieces into runes. Then, he goes to a plane to get a particularly hard crystal. He gets it shaped to the desired size, then leaves. Next, he goes to a plane of metal and flesh abominations he had studied earlier. After luring one away, he kills it at drains it of the substance it held, confident that the “oil” would help stabilize the body and make it last. After gathering everything, he sets up the plan. His sternum is removed, replaced with a chamber that holds the crystal that is covered in embedded runes of divitium. After putting that in him, the attendants are to do a specific ritual to bind his soul and spark within the crystal. After that, they are to inject the liquid he procured into his bloodstream. When he awakens, he finds out it all came out well. He allows himself some time of acclimation, while checking to make sure everything is really alright. With his departure, he pays for the procedures he as given by giving them more data on planewalking and departs.

Now free of the restraints of time, he goes to think of the next step of his plan when a voice in his head starts demanding things from him. It gives him an all consuming need to spread the oil he has in his body everywhere he goes. Knowing something is wrong with the oil, he goes back to the plane he got it from before starting work of a way to fix it. As he tries to find out how, he is captured by beings on the plane. These ones are of chrome and tools that find him quite interesting. After some negotiating, he employs them to help modify his body just a bit to make it more secure and less likely to be influenced by the oil. In exchange, he will bring a device when he planeswalks away and comes back to give them data on other worlds. As everything is done, and he is debriefed on the modifications done, he immediately planeswalks away.

Xelos goes to Ravnica to try and setup a base of operation, as he can’t trust the the allies in esper to not interfere (not to mention the problems that plane seemed to be having anyways) and his homeplane is a place of too many emotions for him. He starts work as a doctor to make his funds enough for his first construct on the plane. It was small, simple, and had one job: to find any scrap materials no one was using and bring them to him. From the first came supplies for the second, and the third. As his little army grew, so did his ambition with them. He started outfitting them with the ability to relay their senses to him and store them for later use. He started selling some of his findings to the Dimir, who found his information “worthwhile” and “always available”. He grew his operation with the ties he obtained to what it is now, a network of tunnels accessible to his little drones and a central command that he can defend reasonably well. The voice, still there no matter how hard he tries, still feeds into his paranoia that he needs to prepare more.

Finally done. Jeebus this was long. Hope you like my character’s backstory. Any questions are welcome. Available for rp.

[ladystylestores]

Vorarlberg: Inspiring, Vibrant and Open to the World

Inspiring, vibrant and open to the world: that is the feel of life in Vorarlberg. 

Supremely located in Austria’s very west, between Lake Constance and the high alps at up to 3,000 metres, Vorarlberg shares borders with Germany, Switzerland and the principality of Liechtenstein.

If you have ever taken a ride on a ski lift or cable car, anywhere in the world, you will probably have come across a product made in Vorarlberg. Firstly, Vorarlberg is a pioneer of alpine skiing, and secondly, Doppelmayr, the world market leader in ropeway construction, is headquartered here. Though small in size, Vorarlberg is an economic powerhouse and home to companies such as Wolford (bodywear), Rauch and Pfanner fruit-juice manufacturers, Blum GmbH (fittings), Alpla (plastic packagings) and Zumtobel (light design). Vorarlberg is famous also for innovative architecture and crafts, original festivals, first-rate skiing resorts and excellent hospitality.

“Ever so beautiful“. That is how Vorarlberg has been described by its 383,000 inhabitants and visitors alike. The quality of living and the recreational amenities are superb:

Vorarlberg boasts great scenic diversity within a relatively small area. From the beautifully landscaped shores of Lake Constance it is just an hour’s drive to the towering mountain peaks. Along the way, verdant meadows, forests and lovely mountain vistas catch the eye.

Many sites around the international Lake Constance in Germany and in Switzerland are simply waiting to be discovered. From the Vorarlberg capital of Bregenz, vessels and cruise boats head for the major destinations.

  Six different holiday regions invite visitors for an inspiring stay:

The Bodensee-Vorarlberg region, with Bregenz, Dornbirn, Hohenems and Feldkirch as major towns.

The Bregenzerwald with its 22 picture-pretty villages and the Bregenzerwald Cheese Route, known for its interesting architecture and innovative crafts.

Alpenregion Vorarlberg featuring the Brandnertal and Klostertal valleys, the Grosses Walsertal biosphere park and Alpenstadt Bludenz, which is highly popular among families.

The Kleinwalsertal, a high-alpine valley that is lined by mountains, an ideal place to reenergize in the great outdoors.

The Montafon with Schruns as the main village, a rallying point for hikers and mountain bikers in summer, where skiers and freeriders flock to the slopes and runs in winter.

Lech-Zürs am Arlberg, the cradle of alpine skiing and one of the most legendary ski resorts of the world. In summer, you can hike across blooming pastures and meadows and enjoy utter peace and tranquillity.

  Culture Hotspot

Vorarlberg offers rich pickings for lovers of art and culture. The cultural venues are all over Vorarlberg, from the floating stage on Lake Constance to concert halls in villages and exhibition halls in alpine settings. Vorarlberg boasts some 60 museums showcasing varied themes from contemporary art to the secrets of nature. Some have attracted European-wide attention.

  Bregenz Festival

Each summer in July/August – with the exception of 2020 owing to the coronavirus situation – the Bregenz Festival stages open-air opera productions on the floating lakeside stage of Lake Constance. Opera performances at the Festspielhaus, concerts by the Vienna Symphony Orchestra, and other events complement the high-carat programme.

  Schubertiade Schwarzenberg and Hohenems

Schubertiade, the world’s largest Schubert festival, takes please each summer in August/September – with the exception of 2020 – in the storybook village of Schwarzenberg in Bregenzerwald. Star-studded artists will perform chamber music, lieder, piano recitals and hold master classes in the Angelika-Kauffmann hall, which affords magnificent panoramic views of surrounding nature. At given dates from April to October, the village of Hohenems hosts the Schubertiade concerts.

  Bregenz Spring Festival in Autumn

Bregenz Spring Festival presents modern dance at the Bregenz Festival House. Usually this event takes place in Spring, this year it will be from October to December.

  Montfort Zwischentöne in Feldkirch

On three occasions during the year, the Montfort Zwischentöne features concerts, talks and performances at the contemporary Montforthaus in Bregenz.

  Poolbar Festival in Feldkirch

For over 25 years now, the poolbar festival has been celebrating pop music, fashion, architecture and design. The main site of the festival, which will run from July 23 to August 30 in Feldkirch, is the old indoor pool. An architecture contest is staged each year redesign the rooms and the immediate surroundings on a temporary basis.

  FAQ Bregenzerwald

FAQ Bregenzerwald, the latest series of events in Bregenzerwald, will be hosted for the fifth time from 1 to 6 September 2020. Designed as a brain and foodie festival, the forum will feature talks, discussions, concerts and walks. FAQ Bregenzerwald sheds light on socially relevant issues from different perspectives. All venues in the villages and on the mountains, between Andelsbuch and Bezau, have been carefully chosen. Taking part in it is to inspire local residents and visitors to reflect on and have a say in matters, but first and foremost, to have fun. FAQ Bregenzerwald wants to unearth “potentials for having a good time”. FAQ Bregenzerwald is accessible all year round as an online platform, for questions and answers, inspiration and food for thought.

  Kunsthaus Bregenz

Designed by the renowned Swiss architect Peter Zumthor, Kunsthaus Bregenz (KUB) is one of Europe’s leading museums of contemporary art. The programme features varying exhibitions, and the museum frequently accommodates solo exhibitions devoted to one single artist who designs works specifically for KUB.

  Vorarlberg museum in Bregenz

Integrating listed parts, the vorarlberg museum building was designed by the multi-award winning Vorarlberg architects Cukrowicz Nachbaur. Apart from the eye-catching facade featuring 16,656 concrete flowers – actually nothing more than the imprints of commercial PET bottles – visitors will stand transfixed in the jaw-dropping 4th floor “viewing room” designed by Austrian artist Florian Pumh.sl. From the room which is panelled in dark colours, they can marvel at the ever changing scenery of Lake Constance beneath them through floor-to-ceiling panoramic windows. In modern-design exhibitions, the museum depicts the history and present of Vorarlberg and the Lake Constance region.

  Jewish Quarter and Museum in Hohenems

Jewish Quarter and Jewish Museum Hohenems For centuries, Hohenems used to be home to a small Jewish community. The Jewish quarter has undergone a careful facelift in recent years. Guided visits are organised on the first Sunday of the month. The stations visited include the former synagogue, today the concert hall named after Salomon Sulzer, the mikwe (ritual bath) and the cemetery. In its permanent exhibition, the Jewish Museum Hohenems is pays tribute to the town’s Jewish community and the various ways it contributed to the development of Vorarlberg and the Alpine region. Special exhibitions showcase contemporary Jewish life in Europe, coexistence and migration.

  Werkraum Building in Andelsbuch

Designed by the Swiss architect Peter Zumthor, the Werkraum Building in Andelsbuch in Bregenzerwald hosts changing exhibitions on various aspects of craftsmanship. During the changing exhibition, a spacious entre where snacks are offered and which features cosy furniture and objects created by the Werkraum partner businesses invites visitors to take a seat, engage in conversation, use the furniture, and linger.

  Women’s Museum im Hittisau

The Women’s Museum in Hittisau is Austria’s only women’s museum and makes the creative work and life of women visible in changing exhibitions. The museum is accommodated in a modern timber building in the village centre.

  Angelika Kauffmann Museum Schwarzenberg

Winner of the Austrian Museum Quality Seal, the Angelika Kauffmann Museum in Schwarzenberg is accommodated in a historic, 16th century building with contemporary showrooms. It derives its name from the famous classicist paintress Angelika Kauffman, who had close family ties in Schwarzenberg.

  James Turell Skyspace in Lech

As of late 2018, a work of art has become accessible in Oberlech. Designed by US artist James Turell, who is well known for his light-space installations, the Skyspace is a walk-through piece of conceptual art. Accessible through a 15m tunnel, an exhibition room with special light features has been built into a hillside. Up above, a large movable skylight affords a view of the outside world, opening up new ways, with every visit, to perceive the sky and the way the light penetrates into the room. When it is dark outside, a light installation makes the room appear totally different.

  The Great Outdoors!

Recharge your batteries walking, cycling, swimming or skiing.

Let the magic of nature work its wonders. There are several trails leading to sites of exceptional beauty, complete with information about the region and the people who live here.

  Mountain feel

Up on the mountains, perspectives are never the same. Uniformly posted trails and guided tours take you to gently rolling hillsides or towering mountain peaks, along brooks and rivers, to mountain lakes and alpine farmsteads, where cows and dairymen spend the summer. Those preferring things more easy-going, or wanting to shorten their way up, can always opt for a ride up the mountain by cable car.

The mountain scenery can ideally be explored on a mountain bike or e-bike. All regions offer guided tours and an extensive network of trails.

  Cycling pleasures

In an all-Austrian comparison, the residents of Vorarlberg cover more kilometres by bicycle than any of their compatriots. This may be attributable to the well-developed network of cycling trails. On easy trails, you can bike on the shores of Lake Constance or along the plains of the Rhine river. Bregenzerwald, Alpenregion Vorarlberg and Montafon also have leisurely cycling trails without steep ascents.

  Get refreshed

Vorarlberg not only features natural lakes and natural bathing facilities with maximum water quality, it also boasts beautiful bathing lakes. As it is free of chemicals, the natural water is perfect for a refreshing dip. Lake Constance is the perfect spot for surfers and stand-up paddle boarders.

  The thrill of adventure

Paragliding, climbing or gorge discovery? If you are in for adventure, Vorarlberg’s outdoor operators are a perfect choice. In addition, the climbing and forest rope parks with zip lines in several regions offer thrilling terrain for a taste of adventure.

  On slopes and runs

In winter, people flock to the slopes for skiing and snow- boarding in many different ski areas. Free riding and ski touring is an excellent way to explore deep-powder terrain, ideally in the company of a professional guide. The ski schools offer courses for beginners and advanced skiers.

  Laid-back winter pleasures

The magic of winter can also be explored on a winter hike, snow shoe ramble, on a toboggan or skiing cross country. All of Vorarlberg’s regions offer guided activities.

Hiking in Vorarlberg

Sunrise or Sunset Walks

Themed hikes individual culture hikes

Bike, e-bike or mountain bike: Discover the region in style on two wheels

Outdoor: From canyoning and canoeing to tandem flying

Lakeside holidays in Vorarlberg

Skiing in Vorarlberg

Exploring Winter Wonderland

  Must-Sees and Must Dos

There are many things waiting to be explored in Vorarlberg and around the international Lake Constance.

There is so much to see when you take a stroll through small, historic towns, picturesque villages, scenic mountains and many a gem.

  Vibrant towns

Vorarlberg’s cosy small towns invite visitors to explore the cafes and shops, visit museums and soak up the lively atmosphere. Bregenz, the capital city of Vorarlberg, enjoys a privileged location between Lake Constance and the local Pfänder mountain, famous for its lovely views you can enjoy taking up the cable car. The second largest city, Dornbirn, is a popular shopping destination. Twice a week, the bustling and colourful fruit and flower market is held on market square.

The town of Hohenems is famed for its majestic past and a Jewish community. In Feldkirch, you can stroll through narrow lanes with arcaded courtyards, passing medieval city towers. Above the city, there is the towering Schattenburg fortress with a museum and a look-out in the keep. Bludenz captures visitors with its medieval flair. In summer, it doubles as venue for the chocolate festival.

  Story-book villages

Vorarlberg’s villages have retained their original character. In the centre, you will find the church as a landmark, framed by residential buildings, inns, shops, hotels, workshops and farms. The mix of traditional and modern architecture catches the eye. Locally sourced timber is used in old and new buildings.

Hiking trails and ski runs are literally at your doorsteps or within easy reach on hiking and ski buses.

  Awe-inspiring nature

The natural scenery between Lake Constance and the high alps is surprisingly diverse. The nature reserve in the Rhine estuary on Lake Constance is characterised by sandy shores and reed, and home to many bird species. Ravines such as Rappenloch gorge near Dornbirn and Breitachklamm gorge in Kleinwalsertal make you understand the power of water hands-on. Cable-cars whisk visitors to lofty summits from where they can take in magnificent views.

  Nostalgia trains and boat trips

On two historic trains, you can travel like in the olden days: The Rheindamm nostalgia train runs to where the Rhine flows into Lake Constance. And the Bregenzerwald railway operates between Bezau and Andelsbuch-Bersbuch, occasionally with steam engines.

From the modern harbour in Bregenz, the Lake Constance vessels set off for various excursions. The most popular destinations on the German shores of Lake Constance are Friedrichshafen, with the Zeppelin museum, and the flower island of Mainau near Constance on the lower end of the lake.

  Architecture:

In the footsteps of building culture

Vorarlberg is a genuine hotspot of modern architecture in Austria.

Take a look around! Vorarlberg is considered a pioneering region of modern architecture and cutting-edge craftsmanship in Europe. Architecture lovers will find rich pickings!

  Trad & Mod

If you want to explore what important role contemporary (timber) architecture and innovative craftsmanship can play in the Alpine region, go to Vorarlberg. Nowhere else in Austria will you come across such a wealth of contemporary design. At the same time, the new buildings fit in seamlessly with the traditional homes.

  Timber & Crafts

Timber has always been used as building material, both in the past and in present. The new buildings, eye-catchers amid the natural scenery, stand out for uncluttered lines and blend harmoniously with the surroundings. Inside, they impress by their smart functionality. Energy-efficient construction is a matter of course, as is fitting rooms with ecologically sound furniture and materials.

And this is where the craftspeople come in again. They design tables and chairs, beds and sofas, shelves and cabinets, based on age-old techniques, with innovative spirit, to blend in seamlessly with contemporary architecture. The result is spaces that are pleasing to look at and pleasant to live in.

  Exploring building culture

Especially in the towns, you will come across eye-catching modern buildings. It is definitely worth while strolling through the streets and lanes with an open eye.

Exceptional architecture is a feature offered also by hotels, holiday homes and apartments. Most were either newly built recently or stand out for a harmonious blend of old and new. The website www.vorarlberg.travel/holidays-and-architecture/ informs about 30 hosts who provide a hands-on experience of contemporary architecture and innovative craftsmanship.

Ten carefully selected themed architectural tours by the name of Architectours invite you to individually explore building culture all across Vorarlberg. Depending on the itinerary or the selected theme, the tours last half a day or a full day.

“Umgang Bregenzerwald“ are themed village walks which take visitors to architectural highlights in Bregenzerwald. A folder accompanying the tours is available at the local tourist offices.

Places to take a breather in Vorarlberg: In Vorarlberg, imaginative design concepts show up in the least expected places. Each building is in dialogue with the surrounding nature and each one reveals facets of Vorarlberg’s contemporary building culture.

Original: Architects from all over the world were commissioned by the village of Krumbach to design seven bus stops under the motto Bus: Stop Krumbach. 

The Werkraum Building in Andelsbuch in Bregenzerwald showcases innovative craftsmanship, hosting changing exhibitions and works by the Bregenzerwald Werkraum craftspeople.

Some hotels and apartments have been redesigned in recent years, combining traditional and modern elements. Whenever rooms or holiday apartments are upgraded or renovated, this is mostly done in cooperation with craftspeople from the region.

  Treats and Delights

Regional delicacies: from cheese to fine brandies

Whether you opt for a rustic inn or an award-winning restaurant: Vorarlberg has pleasant surprises in store for foodies, offering impeccable quality and excellent value-for-money.

The recipe for success subscribed to by Vorarlberg’s chefs is a longstanding close collaboration with local producers. As much as possible, they rely on seasonal and regional delicacies to serve up hearty traditional fare or light dishes with a creative twist.

  Cheese

Vorarlberg’s most popular speciality is cheese, notably the spicy Alp and Bergkäse, a hard mountain cheese. It is manufactured on many small dairy-making farms, partly on high-alpine homesteads during the summer. Other delicacies include Emmental, and tender cream cheese made of cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk. Creamy camemberts round off the product line. Sura Kees, a mildly aromatic low-fat cheese, is typical of the Montafon region.

  For a selection of typical recipes – from Kässpätzle to Riebel – take a look at  www.vorarlberg.travel/en/recipes-from-vorarlberg/

  Food and Drink in Vorarlberg: Selected Tips

Buy directly from farmers: Are you after food and treats that taste just great and are made with love and attention by family farmers? Then you’ve come to the right place. We’ve put together a list of recommended shops where you can buy produce directly from the farm. 

Fresh regional produce – weekly markets in Vorarlberg: The markets of Vorarlberg offer a feast for all the senses almost every day of the week. 

Culinary tips for summer: Celebrating food is part and parcel of the Vorarlberg way of life. At restaurants or inns, mountain lodges, Lake Constance cruises or outdoor dining: the ingredients are sourced regionally wherever possible and used in the preparation of tasteful specialities. 

Meal with a view – Recommendations for enjoyment with panoramic views: Admire Vorarlberg’s mountain world from way up high, experience moments of maritime bliss lakeside, or enjoy hours of relaxation in a fairytale environment. At these Vorarlberg establishments, the prospects for delicious food and good views are guaranteed. 

  Good to Know

Arrival by car, rail, coach and plane

Vorarlberg is within easy reach on all routes. The local public transport network is highly developed. Like in a major city, all rail and bus services as well as tariffs are dovetailed within the Vorarlberg transport network. In some regions, hiking buses operate in addition to scheduled services. Visitors in the Kleinwalsertal may use the Walserbus free of charge. The nearest airports are Zurich (CH) and Munich (D). https://www.vorarlberg.travel/en/how-to-reach-vorarlberg/

  Regional Inclusive Cards

All of Vorarlberg’s six holiday destinations offer their own Inclusive Card. Depending on the region, the cards are valid on public transport, cable-cars and lifts, museums, recreational facilities and enrolment in different programmes.

In Kleinwalsertal, Brandnertal, Klostertal and in Alpenstadt Bludenz, the card is included in the price of accommodation for visitors staying one night or longer at partner businesses, in Bregenzerwald (including Fontanella, Faschina and Sonntag in the Grosses Walsertal biosphere reserve), it is included for visitors staying 3 nights or longer. As of summer 2019, the guest cards in Brandnertal, Klostertal and in Alpenstadt Bludenz are readily accessible via the “Clara” app on your smart phone.

In the Lake Constance-Vorarlberg region (Bodensee-Vorarlberg leisure card), in Montafon (Montafon Brandnertal Card) and in Lech (My Lech Card), the cards are on sale at a bargain all-in rate.

Curious and Fascinating Facts

From alpine skiing to cutting-edge innovation

Vorarlberg grabs people’s attention in many different ways. Small in size, the region surprises with many curiosities and products which are known all over the world.

  Did you know that …

The first ever ski course for guests in the history of skiing was held in 1906 in Zürs am Arlberg?

In 1881, Emperor Francis Joseph inaugurated the first telephone in the Austro-Hungarian empire? This telephone has been preserved for visitors to marvel at at Gasthaus Gütle.

The sun protection factor was developed in Vorarlberg? We owe this invention to Franz and Marga Greiter, founders of the “Piz Buin“ sun lotion manufacturing company, which derives its name from Vorarlberg’s highest peak, the 3,312 m high Piz Buin.

The finest Baroque churches and monasteries in the Lake Constance area were built by builders and craftspeople from local Bregenzerwald? A builders‘ guild formed in the 17th century in Au in Bregenzerwald whose artistry and skills were in wide demand.

The European watershed between the Rhine and the Danube runs through Vorarlberg?

The export share of Vorarlberg’s companies stands at 60% and is thus the highest of all Austrian states?

Ropeways all over the world are designed and partly manufactured in Vorarlberg? Doppelmayr, the world market leader in ropeway technology, is headquartered in Vorarlberg.

Heated chair-lift seats are an innovation from Vorarlberg? They were developed by the Doppelmayr company.

The overwhelming share of all Red Bull cans sold worldwide are filled in Vorarlberg? This is a job done by Rauch, a company manufacturing fruit juices, which is also based in Vorarlberg.

Plastic packaging from Vorarlberg is used all over the world for drinks, foods, cosmetic and sanitary products and a lot more? They are produced by Alpla, the technology leader when it comes to packaging solutions.

Furniture and kitchen designers all around the world rely on fittings from Vorarlberg? A company with world-wide operations, Blum has its seat in Vorarlberg.

Wolford, manufacturer of premium tights, bodywear and women’s fashion is based in Bregenz? They also run a factory outlet there.

The first design hotel to open in Austria is located in Dornbirn? Designed by architects Baumschlager Eberle, Hotel Martinspark opened in 1996.

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[myfriendpokey]

hobbies etc

1. i tend to use the word "loose" when i talk about what i'm interested in, what i enjoy or like to see, and the closest i can get to defining what i mean by it is as a structure that could approximate some of the messiness of perception - noise, association, distraction, juxtaposition, comparison, the various strange and sublimated movements of attention and of drive that occur when we experience these things. i hope indiana jones can escape from that car. god, i love her hair. wait, what happened. that's the man from the thing.

2. and if i'm interested in that i think that part of it is that i find those kind of diffuse networks of association interesting and so wish that more work would engage it directly rather than just stimulate it, make it in a sense the medium in which they work, unfolding in attention, and not just assume for the nth time that i still just care about whether indiana jones can escape from the car. but there's another part of it which is the fact that "growing up playing videogames", or making videogames, makes them a specific format i have a lot of associations with, while at the same time not knowing another format which has such an abrupt disconnection between the experience of playing and the memory of that experience, to such frequently dissatisfying  effect.

3. my memory of playing for example mr. nutz is in itself a kind of imaginary landscape, with scattered platforms and enemies but also music, or multiple musics jumbled up, and "movement" which is the movement of attention within the act of playing (encompassing sensory elements, the task of "mapping" and extrapolating terrain, various small moments of excitement or dread etc) rather than the movement of the mr. nutz character. who in fact really requires a persistent unrelating focus to keep going: your memory might be able to easily glide to the next level and that horrible rollercoaster maze, but mr. nutz needs you to keep looking at him, right now, motherfucker, if you want to climb over the platform in the first level. i feel like this is an old criticism but that it's still kind of pertinent, that games persist in memory because the kind of drives they can touch upon or affect they can draw up is so mysteriously powerful, but that the actual formal structure of these things is almost totally unable to deal with or even articulate it - they need the radical unelective surgery of memory before these things can even be uncovered.

4. so it's kind of a sticking point for me, and like a formal itch i can't resist trying to scratch, that image of synthesis between what i do enjoy - certain kinds of embodied focalisation and the forms of spatial experience which they can frame or suggest, certain rhythms, imagery and structures of sensation or representation - and the kind of more "open" reading more associated with for example comic books, less frozen representationally around a single mode of seeing and allowing for a more dynamic back-and-forth between the forward motion of the panel system and the backwards motion which is the tendency for the eye to be caught and pulled elsewhere by some intra-panel detail or splash of light. and even if ultimately unreconcileable on a "deep" formal level the prospect of chimerical game structures which can pick and mix contingently between both ways of seeing still has more appeal to be than purer methods.

5. and if this interest is a purely personal one driven by who knows which despicable unsayable parts of the unconscious abyss i do feel it's something which relates to, and maybe draws sustainance from, particular parts of the way games are understood now. i've written before about finding it helpful to imagine "videogames" as not just a single self-contained concept but as a dynamic space between two different tendencies, "video" (meaning digital, technology, role and attitudes of computers etc) on one side, "games" (encompassing ideas of repeatability and permutation along with a set of inherited attitudes about entertainment, what it constitutes, what place it has in life). and i think again in this schematic it's impossible to underestimate the impact of the internet on both the imagination of the digital and also on the ways in which it's read, understood, produced and disseminated. it's not so much that gameFAQs makes it harder to keep secrets in games so much that the ability to switch fluidly between information sources in itself - and the understanding that a "game" is just another component in the broader network of such sources. the fluidity of the affective understanding of games is mirrored by the fluidity of the way in which they're played nowadays, which is something you can't put back in a box and which i think insistence on a continuum of "mechanics" as defining the game form is incapable of dealing with.

6. i don't know that this sense of historicity mandates specific forms of content (i.e. games "about" the internet, etcetera) - in fact, it seems to me like many games which adopt these strategies do so in order to represent memory, or real life, both things which have tended to be absent from computer games as a format. jack king-spooner's "beeswing" uses multiple shifting or contradicting visual strategies at once as a way to represent a space that's both personal (memory) and extrapersonal (real spaces, other people and their own memories or discourses). nina freeman's "cibele" both frames an MMO-esque videogame in the context of a fictional computer and also foregrounds that genre's juxtaposition of chat boxes with gameplay. vasily zotov's "quite soulless" uses a series of inscrutable diorama-esque symbolic systems, of which you control one or more parts, when trying to represent the opaque bureaucracy of immigration agencies which your character tries to navigate. i don't mention to suggest that it's necessarily a mimetic techique - i think instead that if it lends itself to realism, that in itself is because it's already connected to the "real" way that we experience computer games, and that it was the need for mimesis which first allowed this property to get recognised.

7. this said i am not sure that it constitutes a tendency, or that any tendency which does exist will be amenable to videogames in the way we might like to think (new golden age, advancement of the medium, lakes of stew etc). and i am not sure if even stylistic evolution has much merit in itself - the only thing "worth doing" in videogames would be disconnecting them from the formats of production, distribution and usage which helped make them a breeding ground for nu-fascists or whatever (same as the reg kind but now in tripp pants) which i think is a matter of material organisation rather than any aesthetic kind. but as i say it's an itch i like to scratch so i've been scratching.

8. previously i would have been more interested in getting this sense of looseness through sudden changes in content and "mechanics" (for example in Glory Days Of The Free Press) - i think after using unity more and more i tend to think of it in ways specifically connected to the camera, which as a disconnected "object" in that engine (rather than just a fixed viewport) becomes newly easy to play around with and manipulate. the strange rotating viewport in magic wand was a kind of crude attempt at approximating a kind of looseness in the way the screen (and correspondingly what was taking place in it, the environments and little characters) were read - where you wouldn't necessarily remain grounded to the player character, where that character would act as  the locus for a more free-floating way of experiencing the areas which would still allow for the spatial experience of crawling around said areas as a fussy little man: not being frozen to that mode of perception, but slipping in and out of it. similarly (maybe more crudely) the segmenting of areas in mouse corp into firstperson and thirdperson sections as well as more blatantly "gamey" elements where you'd see the mice framed in some less experiential system. coby castle had an extremely slow camera coupled to a mouse and a "player character" wholly disconnected from it - you could match them up if you liked or else just move around one or the other, although that game wasn't very interesting either way. glimby and crab.html and diary 24/07 are all browser games, made in either fusion 2.5 or construct 2, with the goal of absorbing elements of the way we read things in a browser, scrolling around to absorb different elements rather than focusing persistently on a single one. my current project is called bird games and uses a 2d camera following a 2d player around a 2d space, but with some 3d camera tracking and 3d environment parts, to sometimes disorienting effect. it also tries to use some of the visual conventions of both ye olde web designe and comic books - like text tables and speech bubbles - both of which carry associations on how to read them carried from less sharply focalised formats. so it's a very simple game but one which i hope can be read in this loose manner, like an alt. comic version of girl's garden(1984). i think my general lack of any kind of technical ability (after 8 years..!) puts hard limits on any desire to build some kind of Universal Digression System, something which would expand or contract to encompass any kind of content or gameplay i wanted to put there, so all efforts remain pretty makeshift, smoke n mirrors and the barest bits of 7th-hand videogame mechanics propping things up, like trying to make dollhouses out of old turkey bones. if i find out how to beat mr nutz i'll let you know.

[onireview]

SEnuke Review – Easy-to-use, High-Quality Link Building Tool

Senuke TNG Review – Why you need it?

You have mastered the basic SEO knowledge, your website’s SEO article and structure. You will then think about higher SEO techniques. Of course, there are automatic backlink creation tools. There are many tools in the world to create automatic backlinks like GSA, Scrapebox, Senuke, XRumer, Sick Submitter, Magic Submitter … And the most prominent and most used are 3 names: GSA, Senuke, Scrapebox.

What is Senuke? What are its advantages and advantages? In this SEnuke review, I will introduce to you the latest version of it with the full name of Senuke TNG.

Senuke Rating!!

Price

Features

Support

Easy To Use

4.1

Summary

The main features inside this software - Niche Research - Account Creation - Premium Social Network - Social Network - Article Directory - Social Bookmarking - RSS Project - Web Profile Project - Forum Profile Project - Press Release - Pinger Project - Indexer Project - Toolbox - Blog Network - PDF - WikiProject - Google Place - Wait Project

Learn More...

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Overview

Vendor: Joe Russell

Product: Senuke

Launch Date: 2018-Jan-30

Launch Time: 13:00 EST

Front-End Price: $97/month

Trial: Yes! That’s $1 for 7 days

Niche: SEO

Sales Page: http://www.senuke.com/pro/

What is Senuke about?

Senuke said more specifically, it was a powerful link building tool, first released in 2008. It doesn’t have a one-time purchase price but only for a monthly rental price, now $ 97 / month. This is considered to be the most expensive among the current tool backlink automatic. But with that, the backlinks that the tool gives you are very good (according to SEO’s assessment), not deleted and regular backlink like GSA.

Main features: Niche Research, Account Creation, Premium Social Network, Social Network, Article Directory, Social Bookmarking, RSS Project, Web Profile Project, Forum Profile Project, Press Release, Pinger Project, Indexer Project, Toolbox, Blog Network, PDF, WikiProject, Google Place, Wait Project.

Yes, there are many features but you can understand how the tool SENUKE works is to study the niche market -> create an account -> create a backlink on many different web platforms like Social Network, Web Profile, PDF, Wiki, Google Place … -> index backlinks. It also incorporates a small editing tool to make it easier to customize.

With Senuke TNG there are two options for you: Wizard and Turbo Wizard.

The wizard is a more manual campaign, which forces users to follow each step of the instruction. Besides, the advantage is that you can easily control the setup process as well as the error messages there.

Turbo Wizard is a campaign that is set up according to the available model, where you only need to enter the main keyword and 6 keywords to suggest then Senuke TNG will create the content and link to your website. Currently, Turbo Wizard is the most used method

Outstanding Features and Benefits of SEnuke

Crowd Searcher simulates thousands of people searching your keywords on Google, increasing the number of clicks on your website URL from this keyword. So this will increase your ranking easily.

Without paying for external proxies, senuke has built in thousands of proxies to simulate real people from all over the world. SENUKE actually lets you add other proxy sources from another application.

Seamlessly integrate your existing personal blog network and manage it from within SEnuke.

Built-in optical character recognition technology solves about 50% of captcha without your manual movements. For the rest, it integrates with other captcha resolution systems.

Create a campaign once and it will run forever on its own building links to your website until you choose to stop.

Turbo Wizard allows you to set up complex SEO campaigns within 30 seconds even if you are a newbie SEO

Powerful schedule: set it up once and you can travel. It will do everything on it! If it crashes, it will automatically return.

Step by step instructions: Want to control more than 30 seconds Turbo Wizard provides? Our 15-minute step-by-step guide will make you satisfied.

Easy to use interface: unlike other competitors, Senuke is easy to understand and use.

SEO Local: The new Google Local module helps you build citations for your business to help you rank the first page on Google Local!

Automatically receive a link from any website on the Internet without having to write a line of code!

Create the correct link building diagrams that you want Senuke to do or choose from one of the strategies built-in!

And other features

Video demo below will showing you how software works

How to Use It?

With the requirements already available, you just need to enter keywords and suggestions with the topic. SENUKE TNG campaign will automatically create ACC on all pages that can allow links and create content with anchor text attached. You need to then post automatically and link to your site.

Who Should Use It?

I think this is really great software for SEOs from professional to amateur. However, if you are new, you need to consider it because its price is quite high.

But when you use it, you’ll see the great things it brings. It will save your budget instead of using too many tools at once.

Pros and Cons

Pros

Bring many features and benefits to users Has a strong and professional support team No other support required Rank websites without knowledge of SEO Comply with Google’s regulations

Cons

The massively pouring links will bring bad consequences for the site such as: unable to control dc link sources, dirty links, links installed by opponents.

It has too many tools that will make you confused

Its price is relatively expensive

Price and Evaluation

Senuke TNG has 2 versions to choose from. Both packages have a trial period of 7 days.

With 67 dollars, you will gain access to basic features such as niche research, social networking and more.

The first option is the PRO version for $ 147. You will get the most advanced features to benefit from Proxy, unlimited Captcha code and the most powerful features. Another option is for you to install this software on a single server for $ 97.

In addition to the powerful features, you also get a huge set of bonuses from suppliers. You can visit his sales page to find out more information about them. To get started, just click the button below.

Last Thoughts

I really thank you for taking the time to read my SEnuke TNG review. Hopefully, you will make a wise choice for your business. Goodbye and see you again.

The post SEnuke Review – Easy-to-use, High-Quality Link Building Tool appeared first on OniReview.

[dat-purple-shirt-blog]

Exactly what is Bitcoin, The way Is It Completely different from "Real" Income and How Am i allowed to Get Some?

Bitcoin is a online currency. It shouldn't exist inside kind of real form the fact that currency along with coin all of us are used to are present in. It will not even occur in a type as natural as Monopoly money. They have electrons : not elements.

But think of how much cash an individual personally cope with. You get a pay that you choose to use the bank rapid or they have autodeposited not having you perhaps seeing the particular paper it's mainly not paper on. The next thing you use a charge card (or a checkbook, if you're previous school) gain access to those cash. At best, the simple truth is 10% than it in a funds form with your pocket as well as in your pocket-book. So , we now know that much of the resources that you take care of are electronic - electrons in a sheet or databases.

But simply wait - people are You. S. finances (or people whatever land you come from), protected in the standard bank and secured by the whole faith in the FDIC about about $250K per profile, right? Very well, not exactly. Your personal financial institution might required to hold 10% connected with its remains on first deposit. In some cases, it could less. The item lends your money in order to other people for as much as 30 years. Them charges these individuals for the college loan, and charge for the advantage of permitting them to lend it.

How does funds get designed?

Your loan company gets to develop money by means of lending it.

Say anyone deposit $1, 000 with the bank. Then they lend out there $900 of computer. Suddenly you may have $1000 and also someone else provides $900. Like magic, there's $1900 floating around just where before clearly there was only a huge.

Now declare your lender instead deepens 900 on your dollars to a new one bank. This bank therefore lends $810 to another traditional bank, which then augments $720 with a customer. Poof! $3, 430 in an instant instructions almost $2500 created beyond nothing aid as long as your banker follows your personal government's core bank policies.

Creation with Bitcoin is often as different from standard bank funds' design as dollars is coming from electrons. It is not necessarily controlled by just a government's key bank, but alternatively by agreement of nearly all people and clients. It is not produced by a limited clean in a making, but rather by way of distributed open source and calculating. And it uses a form of precise work for generation. More on that will shortly.

Who also invented BitCoin?

The first BitCoins were in a very block of fifty (the "Genesis Block") manufactured by Satoshi Nakomoto in Economy is shown 2009. That didn't have any valuation at first. It turned out just a cryptographer's plaything according to a pieces of paper published a couple of months earlier simply by Nakomoto. Nakotmoto is an unsurprisingly fictional identify - not a soul seems to learn who the person or many people is/are.

Who have keeps track of everthing?

Once the Genesis Block is made, BitCoins include since been recently generated performing the work to stay track of just about all transactions for everyone BitCoins for a kind of open ledger. The particular nodes and computers carrying it out calculations around the ledger usually are rewarded regarding doing so. For each and every set of profitable calculations, typically the node will be rewarded along with a certain amount regarding BitCoin ("BTC"), which are in that case newly earned into the BitCoin ecosystem. Thus the term, "BitCoin Miner" : because the practice creates completely new BTC. As being the supply of BTC increases, so when the number of orders increases, the effort necessary to change the public journal gets difficult and more elaborate. As a result, how many new BTC into the technique are designed to end up being about 40 BTC (one block) every single 10 minutes, across the world.

Even though the computer power intended for mining BitCoin (and to get updating the population ledger) is increasing on an ongoing basis, so will be the complexity on the math challenge (which, as an aside, also has a certain amount involving guessing), or simply "proof" was required to mine BitCoin and to pay back the transactional books any kind of time given minute. So the process still simply generates just one 50 BTC block each 10 minutes, or perhaps 2106 pads every 14.

So , in any respect, everyone keep track of it rapid that is, every one of the nodes during the network monitor the history of each and every single BitCoin.

How much is at this time there and exactly where is it?

There is also a maximum range of BitCoin that could ever always be generated, and therefore number is usually 21 zillion. According to the Khan Academy, the telephone number is anticipated to top out and about around the calendar year 2140.

By, this morning there initially were 12. just one million BTC in movement

Your own BitCoin are stored in a record (your BitCoin wallet) quite simply storage instructions your computer. Typically the file themselves is proof the number of BTC you have, this means you will move to you on a cell phone device.

In the event that data file with the cryptographic key in your individual wallet obtains lost, consequently does your method to obtain BitCoin capital. And you still cannot get it rear.

How much is the item worth?

The quality varies based upon how much persons think is actually worth aid just like inside the exchange connected with "real dollars. " Although because there is not any central capacity trying to maintain your value in regards to certain amount, it can range more greatly. The first BTC were quite simply worth almost nothing at the time, yet those BTC still exist. At the time of 11AM with December 10, 2013, people value has been $906. 00 US for every BitCoin. As i finished producing this sentence in your essay, it was $900. 00. Surrounding the beginning with 2013, the quality was all around $20. 00 US. With November tenty-seventh, 2013 it turned out valued on more than $1, 000. 00 US each BTC. So it will be kind of erratic at the moment, nevertheless it's supposed to settle down.

The sum value of most BitCoin : as of the at the end of that sentence rapid is around 14 billion YOU dollars.

Can i get my family some?

Initially, you have to have a new BitCoin billfold. This article possesses links for getting one.

The other way should be to buy many from a different private gathering, like these people on Bloomberg TV. The best way is to obtain some upon an exchange, just like Mt. Gox.

And finally, the best way is to spend a lot of laptop or computer power along with electricity into the process and grow a BitCoin miner. Which is well beyond your scope of the article. But if you use a few multitude of extra cash lying around, you can obtain quite a machine.

How can I commit it?

You will discover hundreds of suppliers of all shapes that have BitCoin inside payment, via cafes to be able to auto shops. There's a good BitCoin CREDIT in Vancouver, British Columbia pertaining to converting your current BTC for you to cash in Vancouver, BC.

And for that reason?

Money has brought a long story - millennia in length. To some degree recent icon tells us in which Manhattan Area was got for wampum - seashells & such. In the first years of united states, different finance institutions printed their own personal currency. For a recent stop by at Salt Spring and coil Island throughout British Columbia, My partner and i spent currency exchange that was merely good about the lovely area. The common motif amongst these kind of was a confidence agreement within its users this that particular forex held cost. Sometimes of which value ended up being tied on to something sound and bodily, like rare metal. In 1900 the United. S. connected its foreign money directly to platinum (the "Gold Standard") as 1971, completed that wrap.

Now money is traded in like any additional commodity, while a particular state's currency benefit can be propped up or maybe diminished by actions in their central loan company. BitCoin is undoubtedly an alternate currency exchange that is in addition traded and it is value, that adheres to that of various other commodities, is resolute through business, but is absolutely not held up as well as diminished by action regarding any lender, but rather specifically by the things of alot of people. Its deliver is limited in addition to known nevertheless , and (unlike physical currency) so could be the history of the single BitCoin. Its thought of value, similar to all other forex, is based on it has the utility plus trust.

For a form of foreign money, BitCoin not quite a new part of Creation, nevertheless it certainly is often a new opportunity for money for being created.

[dutifullysparklybasement-blog]

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