#Data Base Administrator in Assam

[northguwahati]

Top 10 Common Mistakes in Software Project Management

Top 10 Common Mistakes in Software Project Management. Why do software projects fail? An Audio Tutorial Presentation in the Assamese language by Shyamalendra N Baruah of North Guwahati, Assam. Top 10 Common Mistakes in Software Project Management 🚨 Top Reasons Why Projects Fail and How to Avoid Them In the world of project management, failure is often more common than success. Missed…

[hiimanshiiitsolutions]

Free Job Alert Vacancy in Sivasagar, Assam: Exploring Opportunities for Career Growth

Sivasagar, a picturesque town nestled in the heart of Assam, is not just known for its historical significance and rich culture but is also an emerging hub for employment opportunities. With the growth of various industries and sectors in the region, residents and job seekers have numerous chances to build rewarding careers in Sivasagar. If you're looking for a way to stay updated with job openings in the area, a Free Job Alert Vacancy in Sivasagar, Assam could be your gateway to exciting career prospects.

Why Sivasagar? Sivasagar, located in the eastern part of India, offers a unique blend of natural beauty and industrial development. As Assam’s cultural and historical center, the region has seen a steady growth in various industries like oil and gas, agriculture, education, and public services. Many sectors in Sivasagar are actively recruiting, offering positions that suit a wide range of skill sets.

The increasing government initiatives and infrastructural development have paved the way for new job opportunities. Whether you're a fresher looking to make your mark or an experienced professional exploring career shifts, the job market in Sivasagar has something for everyone.

The Importance of Free Job Alerts A Free Job Alert Vacancy in Sivasagar, Assam, can significantly ease the job search process. The digital era has brought about numerous platforms that send job alerts directly to your email, SMS, or app notifications. These alerts keep you updated with the latest vacancies, ensuring you never miss an opportunity.

What Does a Free Job Alert Include? Job alert platforms send notifications about the following types of opportunities:

Government Jobs – Sivasagar, like many other parts of Assam, offers several government job openings in sectors such as education, healthcare, law enforcement, and administration. With government jobs, candidates can enjoy job security, good benefits, and the chance to serve the community.

Private Sector Jobs – As the private sector grows, companies in areas like hospitality, retail, technology, and construction are consistently seeking new talent. From entry-level roles to managerial positions, there are abundant opportunities in the private sector in Sivasagar.

Freelancing and Remote Jobs – The digital world has opened the door for remote work, and Sivasagar residents are not far behind. Freelancing in fields such as content writing, graphic design, data entry, and digital marketing is growing. You can often receive job alerts for remote or part-time positions that offer flexibility and competitive pay.

Internships and Trainee Roles – For fresh graduates or students, internships and trainee roles are a stepping stone to gain experience in the professional world. Job alert services notify candidates of such opportunities, helping them build their resumes and gain practical knowledge.

Contract-Based Jobs – Contractual jobs, especially in the construction and oil sectors in Sivasagar, are frequently available. Many companies hire workers on short-term contracts to complete specific projects. These jobs can be an excellent option for those looking for flexibility and to gain experience in different industries.

Benefits of Free Job Alert Vacancy Services Instant Notifications: One of the main advantages of subscribing to a Free Job Alert Vacancy in Sivasagar, Assam, is the immediate notification of job openings. No longer will you have to keep checking multiple job boards or websites, as these alerts send timely information right to your inbox or phone.

Customizable Alerts: Many job alert services allow you to personalize your preferences, such as job type, location, and industry. You can filter the results to focus on the roles that best match your skills, experience, and career goals.

Saves Time and Effort: With the help of job alerts, you don’t have to manually search for jobs. This automated system saves you time and lets you concentrate on preparing applications, improving your skills, and expanding your professional network.

Access to a Wide Range of Jobs: Job alerts give you access to a wide range of vacancies, from government to private sector jobs. You can explore opportunities across different industries and fields, enabling you to make informed decisions based on your career aspirations.

How to Make the Most of Free Job Alerts Create a Strong Resume: Before signing up for job alerts, make sure your resume is polished and up to date. Many job alerts will provide links to job applications, and having a ready resume will allow you to apply quickly when you spot a vacancy of interest.

Sign Up for Multiple Platforms: While you might get job alerts from one source, it’s wise to sign up for multiple platforms. The more sources you have, the better your chances of finding the perfect job.

Stay Active and Apply Early: Receiving alerts is only half the battle. When a new opportunity arises, don’t wait too long to apply. Many positions are filled quickly, so taking prompt action can give you a competitive edge.

Keep Your Skills Updated: Keep an eye on the skill sets required in the job alerts. If you find that a particular skill is frequently mentioned but you lack it, consider taking online courses to upgrade your expertise.

Conclusion Sivasagar, Assam, has a dynamic and ever-expanding job market. With a Free Job Alert Vacancy in Sivasagar, Assam, you can stay ahead of the curve and apply for jobs that match your career interests and skills. Whether you're aiming for a government job, a role in the private sector, or a remote freelance position, timely updates can help you discover the right opportunities at the right time.

Don't miss out on the chance to build your career in Sivasagar. Leverage free job alerts to find vacancies that align with your professional goals, and take the next step in your career journey today!

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Tuesday, May 4, 2021

Employers, insurers push to make virtual visits regular care (AP) Make telemedicine your first choice for most doctor visits. That’s the message some U.S. employers and insurers are sending with a new wave of care options. Amazon and several insurers have started or expanded virtual-first care plans to get people to use telemedicine routinely, even for planned visits like annual checkups. They’re trying to make it easier for patients to connect with regular help by using remote care that grew explosively during the COVID-19 pandemic. Advocates say this can keep patients healthy and out of expensive hospitals, which makes insurers and employers that pay most of the bill happy. But some doctors worry that it might create an over-reliance on virtual visits. “There is a lot lost when there is no personal touch, at least once in a while,” said Dr. Andrew Carroll, an Arizona-based family doctor and board member of the American Academy of Family Physicians.

Landlords and renters both struggling (Washington Post) In the covid economy of 2021, the federal government has created an ongoing grace period for renters until at least July, banning all evictions in an effort to hold back a historic housing crisis that is already underway. More than 8 million rental properties across the country are behind on payments by an average of $5,600, according to census data. Nearly half of those rental properties are owned not by banks or big corporations but instead by what the government classifies as “small landlords”—people who manage their own rentals and depend on them for basic income, and who are now trapped between tenants who can’t pay and their own mounting bills for insurance, mortgages and property tax. According to government estimates, a third of small landlords are at risk of bankruptcy or foreclosure as the pandemic continues into its second year.

Pandemic baby bust unprecedented in Bay Area, California history (San Francisco Chronicle) U.S. residents are having fewer babies this year. And California’s birth rates in January and February—around the time when early pandemic babies would be due—declined by 15% compared to the same period last year, the steepest year-over-year decline for those months since at least 1960, according to a Chronicle analysis. We used data from California’s Health and Human Services department, which collects monthly birth totals per county. We found that the state’s births declined from nearly 70,000 in the first two months of 2020 to fewer than 59,000 in the same period in 2021.

Zoom Court Is Changing How Justice Is Served (The Atlantic) Last spring, as COVID‑19 infections surged for the first time, many American courts curtailed their operations. As case backlogs swelled, courts moved online, at a speed that has amazed—and sometimes alarmed—judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys. In the past year, U.S. courts have conducted millions of hearings, depositions, arraignments, settlement conferences, and even trials—nearly entirely in civil cases or for minor criminal offenses—over Zoom and other meeting platforms. As of late February, Texas, the state that’s moved online most aggressively, had held 1.1 million remote proceedings.

Mexico City metro overpass collapses onto road; 20 dead (AP) An elevated section of the Mexico City metro collapsed and sent a subway car plunging toward a busy boulevard late Monday, killing at least 20 people and injuring about 70, city officials said. Mayor Claudia Sheinbaum said 49 of the injured were hospitalized, and that seven were in serious condition and undergoing surgery. The overpass was about 5 meters (16 feet) above the road in the southside borough of Tlahuac, but the train ran above a concrete median strip, which apparently lessened the casualties among motorists on the roadway below. “A support beam gave way,” Sheinbaum said, adding that the beam collapsed just as the train passed over it.

El Salvador’s judiciary (Foreign Policy) Lawmakers in El Salvador voted to remove five influential Supreme Court judges and the attorney general over the weekend in a move U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken has noted with “grave concern.” The motions to remove the officials passed with a supermajority in El Salvador’s legislature, now ruled by President Nayib Bukele’s New Ideas party following a sweeping victory in February’s elections. Addressing the international community on Twitter Bukele dismissed rebukes over the move. “With all due respect: We are cleaning house … and this doesn’t concern you,” Bukele said.

‘Hospitals are full’ as Argentina COVID-19 cases hit 3 million (Reuters) Argentina coronavirus cases hit 3 million on Sunday since the pandemic began, as medical workers said hospitals were full to capacity despite toughened government measures to bring down the spread of infections. The government of President Alberto Fernandez this week unveiled a new round of tougher restrictions as a second wave of infections has battered the country, filling up intensive care units and setting new daily records for cases and deaths. Marcela Cid, owner of a business on the outskirts of Buenos Aires, said that Argentines were increasingly “locked into a situation” that while necessary, was of little help to anyone trying to move beyond the pandemic.

EU proposes reopening external borders (AP) In an announcement sure to be welcomed by travelers worldwide, EU officials on Monday proposed easing restrictions on visiting the 27-nation bloc as vaccination campaigns across the continent gather speed. Travel to the European Union is currently extremely limited except for a handful of countries with low infection rates. But with the summer tourist season looming, the bloc’s European Commission hopes the new recommendations will dramatically expand that list. The Commission hopes the move will soon allow travelers reunite with their friends and relatives living in Europe and support the bloc’s economy this summer. Under the Commission’s proposal, entry would be granted to all those fully vaccinated with EU-authorized shots. Coronavirus vaccines authorized by the European Medicines Agency, the bloc’s drug regulator, include Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson.

Indian leader’s party takes electoral hit amid virus surge (AP) India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi suffered a resounding defeat in a key state election on Sunday, indicating his Hindu nationalist party’s political strength may be slipping as the country struggles to contain an unprecedented surge in coronavirus cases. Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was unable to dislodge West Bengal state’s firebrand chief minister, Mamata Banerjee, after a hard-fought campaign. His party also failed to win in two southern states, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. But the BJP secured a second term in the northeastern state of Assam and an alliance with regional parties led it to victory in the union territory of Puducherry. Even before the current virus surge, Modi’s party faced stiff challenges in these local legislative elections. Following the disappointing results, Modi stands weakened but faces no threats to staying on as prime minister until his term ends in 2024.

Formal Withdrawal from Afghanistan Begins (AP) US and NATO troops stationed in Afghanistan formally began the withdrawal phase over the weekend, a process that is expected to last through the summer and officially end Sept. 11. Roughly 3,000 US troops and 7,000 coalition troops remain in the country, along with a reported 18,000 Pentagon-employed contractors. The exit has been framed as nonconditional—meaning ongoing attacks by the Taliban against the Afghan government won’t delay the withdrawal. Many have questioned the ability of the Afghan National Army to provide security against the Taliban absent international forces. Despite assurances by Afghan officials, Taliban forces have established themselves across most of the country. Afghan forces control an estimated one-third of the country’s districts, with the Taliban controlling about 10%, and nearly half—areas that include a total of roughly 14 million people—currently contested.

Chinese man crosses Taiwan Strait by rubber dinghy, seeking ‘freedom and equality’ (Washington Post) A Chinese man appeared to sail undetected through the highly militarized Taiwan Strait in a rubber dinghy, fleeing his native China for Taiwan in search of “freedom,” according to Taiwan’s Coast Guard Administration. The man, identified only by his surname, Zhou, left Shishi county in Quanzhou, a port city in Fujian province, at 10 a.m. on Friday, arriving more than 10 hours later at Taichung port on Taiwan’s western coast, Taiwan’s Coast Guard said on Monday. Officials said they were still investigating Zhou’s journey over the 100-mile stretch of sea between China and Taiwan, which is patrolled by hundreds of Chinese and Taiwanese coast guard ships and naval vessels. Coast Guard officials, relaying Zhou’s account of his journey, told reporters he had traveled in a rubber raft measuring 8.8 feet by 5 feet that he bought on the Chinese e-commerce site Taobao and fitted with an outboard motor. The incident has prompted concerns about the security of the contentious waterway at a time when military observers worry that long-standing tensions between the governments of China, Taiwan and the United States, which is committed to defending Taiwan, could boil over into military conflict.

Australia warns its citizens of jail and $50,000 fine if they return from India (Washington Post) Even in the pandemic era of closed borders, Australia’s latest travel restriction stands out: Anyone, including Australian citizens, who arrives in the country after visiting India in the previous 14 days can face up to five years in jail, a $50,000 fine or both. On Monday, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison defended the move. Australia had seen a sevenfold increase in the percentage of people traveling from India who tested positive for the coronavirus, the prime minister told Sydney’s 2GB radio station. The decision to threaten even Australian citizens with jail time if they return home from India during its record-breaking coronavirus surge is a significant escalation of border restrictions for Australia, an island nation that had already mandated strict controls at its borders throughout the pandemic.

DR Congo declares state of siege over eastern bloodshed (Reuters) Militants killed at least 19 people, including 10 soldiers, in raids on two villages in the east of Democratic Republic of Congo on Saturday, hours after President Felix Tshisekedi declared a state of siege in two provinces. A surge in attacks by armed militias and inter-communal violence in the east have killed more than 300 people since the start of the year as government troops and U.N. peacekeepers struggle to stabilize the situation. The most recent attacks took place early on Saturday when militants raided two villages in North Kivu’s regional hub of Beni, local authorities said. Tshisekedi had declared a state of siege in North Kivu and Ituri provinces on Friday.

[shekharkantisarkar]

Bharat Vidya Ratan Award and Iconic Brand Award (IBGW) 2022 Northeast Edition for Academic Innovation goes to Dr. Shekhar Kanti Sarkar

Dr. Shekhar Kanti Sarkar, Dy. Registrar( Administration) of Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya of Assam is largely good and holds degrees in B.Sc., PGDM, LL. B, LLM and PhD in Law. He’s been working towards the betterment of society by easing access to advanced education in different corridor of Assam.

He’s also known for his notable workshop and exploration in the field of cybercrime and its impact on the diurnal lives of social media druggies. The study highlights the impacts of data pitfalls on common people and their unborn counteraccusations. He has also participated detailed suppositions on ways to help these data pitfalls and other cybercrimes and how an existent can use these platforms responsibly to stay safe from online birders. In this way, Dr. Shekhar Kanti Sarkar is working on colorful aspects with the end to produce mindfulness among the millions while bridging the knowledge gap.

Considering his vast benefactions to the betterment of society, from the field of advanced education this time,Dr. Sarkar was named for Bharat Vidya Ratan Award. His name was declared by International Business Council( IBC), an organisation that works cooperatively with the Government and other original and transnational organisations to develop society, and to change laws and practices that stymie social or profitable justice.

Every time, eligible persons from colorful fields are named like health, structure, education etc on the base of field check reports and other parameters. This timeDr. Sarkar was named for his exemplary donation to the advanced education field where he eased the university in association with the Assam government to open five number of constituent units of the university, among which, there's a Dhubri unit, a backward quarter for advanced education institution, which will bridge the education gap.

The award form took place in Delhi on 24th September 2022 and was graced by top government high officers and dignitaries of the Supreme Court of India. The alternate event, which was the IBGW Iconic Brand Award, northeast edition Awards & Business conclave 2022 was organised by Guruqul in association with Edu India Foundation and NES Media Network. Primarily this event was organised to promote the charge" Make in North East" and “ Start- up North East".

The conference cum Business peak handed excellent networking openings for those looking to start and grow their own platform in colorful arenas starting from Academic, Education, Health, structure, and Tourism, to Assiduity.

A many personalities from colorful fields were named for their exemplary work in their separate fields by the jury members and the field check professional of the association. Their donation to society made them reach a great horizon with an ICONIC BRAND AWARD on 11th December 2022 at the Conference Hall of a five- star hostel at Guwahati RADISSON BLU.

There were different award orders, and in the field of advanced education, again,Dr. Shekhar Kanti Sarkar, Dy Registrar( Admin of Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva University( MSSV) was conferred and awarded with the ICONIC BRAND AND GREAT Plant AWARD 2022 ( NORTHEAST) and the Academic inventor of North East for his great donation and work done for the society.

The organisers and platoon members of IBGNA have expressed that this conference and peak have handed an excellent common platform for all businesses, which works for society as a whole. The action brought together allowed leaders from notable fields and service sectors, including leaders, crucial decision makers, members of Government organisations, NGOs, creation agencies and the ecosystems to connect, learn and partake their stylish practices for the betterment of society.

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Sarkari results, Latest Online Form Result 2023

Sarkari Result Rail route Occupations: Indian Rail lines offers work to the biggest level of Indian youth. 21 RRB regions extend to rail route employment opportunities. Tests are stood firm on for different situations, including RRB High mountain (Right hand Crazy Pilot and Experts), RRB JE [Junior Engineer], RRB NTPC ("Non-specialized Famous Classifications"), Rail route Gathering D, RRB Ecclesiastical, and Sarkari Result Notification so on. Educating position: The showing position is a profoundly renowned one in India. Every year, a large number of individuals apply to be instructors. On WWW Sarkari Results, up-and-comers can track down all data about UPTET and CTET as well as REET.

The most lofty positions in the nation are those in safeguard. SarkariResult up-and-comers can apply for the Indian Armed force, Focal Hold Police Force(CRPF), Indian Coast Watchman/ICG, Indian Flying corps/IAF, Indian Naval force, Public safety Gatekeeper/NSG, Sashastra Seema Bal/SSB, Focal Modern Security Force(CISF), Line Security Power/BSF, and other Paramilitary powers, for example, Assam Rifles or Extraordinary Wilderness Power. You can secure the position warning here.

Police Occupations: Numerous Indian applicants are going after positions in India as cops. Many individuals need to work in the police office. Sarkari Result refreshes the UP Police and Rajasthan Police, Haryana Police and Haryana Police, as well as Bihar Police and Maharashtra Police. Sarkari Result 2022 can be extremely valuable for applicants as it gives simple and ideal data pretty much all govt open positions. It can likewise assist up-and-comers with saving a ton of time as they continued looking for the ideal govt work.

Why Pick Sarkariresultlists for Sarkari Result? Sarkariresultlists.com is a trustworthy entry giving all the data connected with Government Occupations. We give data about the most recent Sarkari results and Sarkariexam concedes cards. You will track down the latest notice about Sarkari Occupations Opportunities soon. You will track down the most recent data about Sarkari Occupation Warnings and the latest internet based structures. You ought to visit the Sarkari result page to get to all the necessary data.

Up-and-comers intrigued by Sarkari Test, new enrollment, or a concede card from the state or focal government can get to this site to see all data and the Best Sarkari Results. For all notices about government occupations, interface with Sarkari Results 2022. The Indian government gives people who have finished their tenth, twelfth, graduation, expert's, or p.h.D with various government open positions. We cover the RPF Constable, Uncertainties, NDA, SSC CHSL, SSC CGL, RRB NTPC, RPF SI, RRB Gathering D, Indian Naval force enlisting, UGC NET, RRB JE, SSC JE, UPSC IAS, IES, and a few additional assessments on our site.

Most of tests include at least one stages. These tests fill different posts inside different government organizations. We keep up-and-comers educated regarding any new test related data, for example, application cutoff times, the arrival of concede cards, and Sarkari Result 2023-23. We just utilize official sites as data sources.

Banking Test Result 2023 For a protected and promising position, lakhs of individuals mean to breeze through a financial assessment every year. You can find all the data with respect to banking position and other PSU positions at NABARD (Public Bank for Farming and Rustic Turn of events), RBI (Save Bank of India), SBI (State Bank of India), IBPS (Organization of Banking Staff Choice), and other critical/minor confidential area and administrative banks here on our page. Occupations in the financial business are a fantasy for the overwhelming majority understudies in India.

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Sarkari Result for Civil services Job

Common Administrations is the most elevated level of government occupations. It is sarkari result finished by the Association Public Help Commission (UPSC). Consistently, a huge number of competitors apply for UPSC's enrollment assessments, including IAS (Indian Managerial Help), IPS (Indian Police Administration), and Uncertainties (Indian Unfamiliar Help). The UPSC Common Administrations assessments have a more great standing than others since they offer a significant compensation and esteemed posts.

UPSC tests are the most difficult and complex. Applicants for the UPSC Common Administrations work should initially get all levels free from UPSC Enrollment tests. Many establishments and training focuses in India offer classes for up-and-comers, particularly for UPSC tests. Applicants have settled on internet based examinations their most memorable decision, alongside customary disconnected techniques.

India's guard area occupations are a great choice for the people who need to significantly impact their nation and serve their country. sarkariresultlists.com gives you all the most recent and ongoing data in regards to the enrollment in Indian Safeguard Administrations/Powers like Indian Armed force, ITBP (Indo-Tibetan Line Police), Indian Naval force, Indian Armed force, IAF (Indian Flying corps), CISF (Focal Modern Security Power), CRPF (Focal Hold Police Power), NSG (Public safety Gatekeeper), BSF (Boundary Security Power), ICG (Indian Coast Watchman), SSB (Sashastra Seema Bal), and Other Indian Powers like Extraordinary Boondocks Power and Assam Rifles.

You can likewise seek after a lifelong in the safeguard area. You can appreciate many advantages from a task in the guard area, for example, a decent compensation, clinical help offices, official government quote houses, and so on. This is an amazing field for individuals who are looking for government occupations.

Throughout recent years, there has been a change in mentality towards Indian youth working in the financial area. The bank has been available to ladies and individuals for a long time. Online applications can be utilized for positions in the bank area, like Representative, PO (Trial official), and Expert Official (SO). Consistently, the bank area likewise delivers large number of occupations. Banks are currently accessible in virtually all aspects of the country. Because of how much work required, it takes an additional labor force, expanding the opportunities in Bank Areas. It tends to be expressed that bank occupations are among the most pursued positions in India.

sarkariresultlists.com gives you all crucial data in regards to bank enrollment notices in a few fields like IBPS (Establishment of Banking Faculty Choice), SBI (State Bank of India), NABARD (Public Bank for Horticulture and Country Improvement), RBI (Save Bank of India), and other Government Area Banks.

Two channels are utilized to enlist in India's financial area. One is the point at which the bank gives a notice about filling empty situations in its branches. IBPS (Establishment of Banking Faculty Determination) is the second most critical channel for bank enlistment. This is where graduate competitors are selected. IBPS additionally directs a web-based test. IBPS initiates numerous administration banks in India, like the Indian Bank, Allahabad Bank, and Oriental Bank of Trade. All are incorporated. Bank occupations are accessible to graduates who have finished essential instruction. Bank occupations are the best option for youth the nation over.

Rail line Enlistment: This is an alternate sort of enrollment from all others. A wide range of competitors are qualified to apply for the tenth, twelfth, and graduate levels. We as a whole realize that the rail line is the biggest undertaking in our country. Thusly, there are more enrollments for all capabilities. Graduate applicants can apply to posts like Rail line NTPC, and Recognition understudies can apply for Rail route Gathering C posts. These enrollments have large number of candidates. The quantity of accessible posts is likewise in the large numbers, while graduate competitors can go after Railroad NTPC jobs. Assessments for these positions are done online by means of CBT.

[govashikaranspecialistastro-blog]

Vashikaran Specialist Astrologer

Vashikaran Specialist Astrologer method that utilization to defeat to our opponent or to beat certain issues that related to our lives. Soothsayer sonu Sharma is a Vashikaran Specialist Babaji referred to by the general population as a best Vashikaran Specialist can illuminate any kind of issues in your existence with the assistance of their vashikaran abilities and learning.

How VVashikaran Specialist Astrologer Can Help to Overcome Dead End Position.

Vashikaran is performed to control or defeat on others individuals mind with various vashikaran Yantra and Mantra. Our Vashikaran Specialist encourages you to perform correct and revises Tantra and Mantra to control the psyche of others, presently such huge numbers of vashikaran mantra utilized by the general population uncommonly by those ladies’ who need to control their better half, and furthermore by the darlings to control their adoration issue arrangement.

Crystal gazer sonu Sharma is the best vashikaran expert in Delhi gives you such a large number of Vashikaran administrations to tackle your issues these administrations are as per the following:-

Vashikaran For Love Back:- the Vashikaran authority fundamental need is to help the darlings and unite them, he causes them to tackle any debate touches base in their life and ensures that any contention does not land throughout their life again with the assistance of vashikaran mantra and tantra.

Spouse – Wife Relationship:– Multiple times due to a rushed timetable and a remaining task at hand a couple not ready to give plentiful time to one another thus they not ready to comprehend the interest of their relationship hence such a significant number of contention arrive between their relationship. Our Vashikaran expert in Delhi takes care of these issues through their vashikaran Tantra and Mantra and ensures that these circumstances did not end on the entryway of separation.

Spouse Vashikaran :- Sometimes a lady not ready to trust on their significant other because of their obliviousness, this numbness might be a direct result of the outstanding burden or because of some other ladies impact consequently she feels herself uneasy and utilized vashikaran to pull in her better half again and ensures that her significant other not disregard her once more.

Vashikaran to Get a Good Job :- If you are not ready to land the coveted position as indicated by your insight and experience then you expected to contact our Vashikaran Specialist in Delhi to beat this circumstance, he encourages you to gives the correct tantra-mantra and technique that causes you to enhance your certainty and causes you to clear the hindrance of meetings.

How Position of Star and Planets Effects Vashikaran in Our Life

A position of planets, stars, and moons play an exceptionally critical and crucial job in any vashikaran action. Vashikaran expert feels that the without moon night is the darkest night on the earth and it is the most ground-breaking night for the negative vitality on the other site the evening of a full moon is the most ground-breaking night for the positive vitality and that time positive vashikaran mantra impacts more than some other time.

Each individual has distinctive Janam-Kundli because of the situation of earth stars, moon and other planet position of the time when that individual conceived and each vashikaran mantra viable as per the Janam Kundli and position of these stars, moons, and planets.

How our Vashikaran Specialist Helps with his Vashikaran.

Our Vashikaran Specialist Astrologer sonu Sharma will cause you to give the correct way and mantra to take care of your concern he additionally organizes a couple of unique vashikaran strategy as indicated by your concern.

Vashikaran mantra is old-fashioned systems, which is extraordinarily made to have needed one identity, gain control on them and get the thing as we require from that, as indicated by the name of Vashikaran. This old strategy is an answer of the impressive number of issues and obstructions, which is consistently looked in the present time frame.

Our Vashikaran Specialist Astrologer is the one, who have significant data of out of date mantra close by Vedic gem looking, infers they gather the most grounded power, which is used for make life liberated from obstacles and irritates. They are considerably luckier among divine prophets since they got win to get whole and significant data of Vedic gem looking.

There are gigantic quantities of the precious stone gazers, who gain the data of soothsaying, anyway, they use it for wrong philosophies. Regardless, Vashikaran Specialist Astrologer Sonu Sharma isn’t from that. They have left normal Illusion and have only a solitary point that all people benefit as much as possible from their wonderful life and no one needs to go ever through intricacy and impediments.

Vashikaran is the bit of Vedic soothsaying, which is consistently used for stances needed identity and accomplishes needed dreams as people require yet encountering through issues to get that point. In case any of you, ever encounter a couple of issues, creating well ordered by then we should make an insight with an ace and take advantage of your staggering life and paint your life by reverence shades.

Vashikaran Specialist Astrologer completes all works from dependability, subsequently, they got a reputation in the whole world. The client base is consistently creating, uncountable individual and families are related with them because of their magnificent organizations.

Vashikaran Specialist Astrologer for love issues

The present love issues end up being unreasonably gigantic in light of the way that on the minor issues couple escapes association completely never get that point which is a devastating association. The purpose behind this reality, stores of couples is encountering love related issues. In case you ever experience such condition then here is Love precious stone looking, which will make your help and propose fixes get annihilation of veneration issues until the finish of time.

Vashikaran Specialist Astrologer for Marriage

Marriage is the second time of the overall public if a few gets a lively life then okay; something unique, their life gets decimated until the finish of time. In any case, obstacles and battle occur in all people life, anyway more helpful couple gets vanquished it easily and another isn’t. In reality, all have a substitute technique to get thrashing of issues. In case you ever envision that, something is running your marriage by then takes help of a Vashikaran professional.

Vashikaran for business or occupation

There are various people who are stress over their business and occupation, an explanation behind having such countless. If you are not getting much advantage or your calling at the last stage by then take help of a Vashikaran expert. They will impact you to prescribe fixes through which all issues and check will get away from your business/work and you will get another shot. Vashikaran Specialist Astrologer

Vashikaran for fight off severe dislike soul

As a general rule, people life turn towards conflict and crisis because of having a noxious soul, yet individual can’t research that centers, So to shield your life from the loathsome soul and battle off it from your life take help of a Vashikaran ace. They will propose you fixes and shield your life from perniciousness spirits until the finish of time.

Vashikaran Specialist Astrologer

Vashikaran Specialist Astrologer

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An example of a management system is a library management system. A computerized or non-computerized information system is a system that represents objects in a physical system, such as information resources in a library collection. The catalogue, as discussed in the previous chapter, is a system that represents a library's actual information resources, whether that representation is marks on a card, marks on a microfiche sheet, or data stored in a computer.

KOHA LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The number of users who can access the system is not limited by KOHA. There is no need to purchase separate licenses for each user. That means the library can have an almost limitless number of users. And these users can be given varying levels of access. As a result, users of the circulation system will have rights related to the circulation of books, while users of the cataloging systems will only have rights related to the cataloging systems. Library robotization programming is responsible for regulating library activities. It will without a doubt furnish you with a degree of solace that you have never felt. The vital advantage of this item is that its UI is configurable and can be converted into any language-dependent on our requirements. The Koha program incorporates different interesting provisions, like MARC 21 computerized design, Z39.50 search, and full development search. It can produce standardized tag names and records that may then be printed. One of the most significant parts of the Koha program is the virtual shelf portrayal.

A RFID-based mechanization framework is connected to Koha. On a similar stage, on the web and disconnected assets might be controlled, and reports can be conveyed in an assortment of arrangements. Koha is amazingly versatile, permitting it to be custom fitted to the particular requests of your library. This application runs on Linux, Unix, Windows, and Mac OS. Full MARC21 and UNIMARC support is accommodated proficient listing. The alternative to assemble your own scanner tags, spine marks, and personality cards is one of Koha's most critical provisions. It additionally upholds a wide scope of dialects and clients. Utilizing the full-included ZEBRA internet searcher, send E-sends and SMS for past due and different takes note.

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Digitizing Process of old University Records

Digitizing Process of old University Records: A Step Toward Smart Academic Management. Educational Sector Data Archive. Historical Data Preserve Techniques. In the modern era of education, digitization is not just a trend but a necessity. Universities across the globe are moving towards a digital-first approach to manage their records. Digitizing old physical records of students is a…

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Apply Ration Card Online

New Delhi, Mar 24 (PTI) Raising basic issues with the Delhi government's doorstep proportion conveyance plot, Union Food Secretary Sudhanshu Pandey on Wednesday said 72 lakh Ration Cardholders in the public capital may wind up purchasing foodgrains at a higher rate than Rs 1-3 for each kg fixed under a focal law if the proposed conspire is executed. Additionally, Delhi recipients who continue to change their home starting with one region then onto the next will get an alternative to pick just once per year the reasonable value shop (FPS) from where they mean to purchase the financed foodgrains,

while such choice is being given each month under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) ordered by the focal government, he said. Additionally, biometric confirmed appropriation of proportion isn't going on in Delhi regardless of the Center guaranteeing establishment of electronic retail location (ePoS) machines in around 2018 FPSs in the Union Territory, Pandey said and raised worry about supposed redirection of foodgrains.

Pandey said the Center has effectively hailed worries with the Delhi government and requested that not carry out the 'Mukhya Mantri Ghar Ration Yojana' - which is planned to begin from March 25 - saying it goes amiss from the NFSA. A day after the Center mentioned criticisms, Delhi C.M  had on March 20 said the plan of his administration would not have any name. He, in any case, affirmed, 'We will acknowledge all states of the Center yet won't permit any block in execution of the plan.' However giving point-by-direct complaints toward the Delhi's proposed conspire, Pandey told PTI: '

This is a finished deviation from NFSA. This isn't admissible.' Firstly, the Delhi government can't dispatch its own plan utilizing the financed foodgrains given by the focal government under NFSA, he said. Also, it can't be quiet on rates at which it will sell apportion under the proposed plot as its February 20 warning obviously says that 'the expense of sponsored foodgrains, and a predetermined sum as processing/change charges will be gathered from the recipients.' 'This implies transformation and bundling charges will be gathered from the recipients....

The cost at which proportion will be offered to recipients will be more than what has been fixed under NFSA,' he said. Additionally, the processing and bundling charges would continue to change each year with change in project worker. There is no fixed rate as it continues to change each year, he clarified. While under NSFA, the Center has fixed a uniform sponsored rate for foodgrains at Rs 1-3 for every kg the nation over.

The rates have not been changed since 2013 when the law was passed in Parliament. The Delhi government's Mukhya Mantri Ghar Ration Yojana plans to appropriate 'bundled wheat flour rather than wheat and cleaned/bundled rice' at the doorstep of recipients at 'moderate costs'. Inquired as to why the Center was mentioning criticisms in front of the dispatch of the plan as the Delhi warning was given a month ago, the Secretary said: 'The Delhi government had not sent the notice with any letter. It came as a daily practice. It was set up and the office inspected and from that point we came to think about the holes.'

The Delhi government has 'misconstrued' Section 24 of the NFSA on doorstep conveyance. The Act plainly expresses a doorstep conveyance is to a FPS outlet and not the recipient's home. On the choice to pick FPS, the Secretary said while NFSA gives a decision to a recipient to pick FPS consistently, the Delhi government is confining it to once per year despite the fact that the information shows high intra-state development of recipients structure one territory to another for occupations or different reasons.

Around 35% convenient exchanges were recorded among January and April of 2018 in the public capital when the proportion card movability conspire was first dispatched here, before the 'One Nation, One Ration Card' plot was presented, he said. 'On the off chance that the recipient is given an alternative to change just once per year then it turns into an interesting circumstance,' he noted. On biometric verified dispersion of apportion, the Secretary said in spite of ePoS machines introduced,

The Delhi government has not yet initiated them despite the fact that it doesn't have any web or broadband related issues. 'In Delhi, not so much as one gram foodgrain is dispersed with biometric validation. There is 100% biometrically verified conveyance in Delhi and different states,' he said, adding that few gatherings have been held with the UT mentioning it to assist the execution. Pandey likewise saw that working through FPSs is more advantageous in Delhi as it has a higher number of FPS for covering 72 lakh recipients when contrasted with different states where recipients are a lot higher.

Expressing that dispersion of financed foodgrains to the poor ought not turn into a 'setback' with execution of this new plan, he said, 'Subsequently, we have advised the Delhi government unmistakably to one or the other come out with its own plan or can add to a focal plan, parts like appropriation of palatable oil, sugar and different things which some others states are doing.' Currently, NFSA gives inclusion to around 81 crore individuals, involving 67% of the nation's complete populace. In Delhi, there are 72 lakh recipients.

An Ration Card is an authority archive gave by the state government to families qualified for financed food grain from the Public Distribution System (PDS) under the National Food Security Act. It can likewise be utilized as ID confirmation for making a Domicile declaration, Birth testament, and Voter ID card, in addition to other things.

The proportion card structure would now be able to be acquired on the web. Furthermore, people can likewise check proportion card status, add names, download e-apportion card, and connection proportion card with Aadhaar card through the individual express government's sites. In case you're thinking about how? Fret not, we have you covered. Here is the way to apply for an Ration Card on the web, check its status, and that's just the beginning.

Who is qualified for Ration Card in India?

(1) Should be a resident of India and not hold an Ration Card of some other state

(2) User ought to be over 18 years old to apply for a proportion card – minors/kids under 18 years old can be incorporated under their folks' apportion card

(3), Should live and cook independently

(4), Applicant and individual from the family should be close family members and ought not have some other family card in a similar state.

All things considered, the public authority issues two kinds of proportion cards: the Below Poverty-Line (BPL) Ration Card and the non-BPL proportion card. The BPS proportion card contains Blue/Yellow/Green/Red Ration cards isolated by colors relying on privilege to different sponsorships on food, fuel and different products. The non-BPL apportion cards are white in shading and gave to individuals over the destitution line.

Ration Card Status: how to check proportion card list

Since the state gives the apportion card, the URL you need to visit to check proportion card status shifts. The URL for UP's Ration Card site, for instance, will be not the same as that of Delhi. You can search for the URL of your separate state, regardless of whether it's Bihar, Delhi, Arunachal Pradesh (AP), Assam, or West Bengal, through National Food Security Portal (NFSA). Here are Ration Card site connections of a portion of the well known states:

One Nation One Ration card

One Nation One Ration card is the public authority of India activity for transient laborers or any individual who avoids their home state.

(1), Through this plan, recipients can guarantee their proportions anyplace in the country.

(2), The One Nation One Ration card has been executed across India in 32 states up until this point.

(3), The Union Government as of late dispatched Mera Ration application to help the plan.

(4), The application permits clients to check what they are qualified for, find close by proportion shops and so forth It additionally upholds biometric verification.

(5), The Mera Ration application is just on Android for the time being. All Indian residents can enlist themselves on the application to get food grains at sponsored costs.

(6), The application accompanies Aadhar-based login and is accessible in both Hindi and English. Backing for 14 territorial dialects is relied upon to come soon.

FAQs

Step by step instructions to add name in proportion card

Recipients can add another name to a current Ration Card by visiting their express government's true food and common inventory division site. Search for the 'expansion of new individuals' connection. On the off chance that, you can't discover the connection, head to your close by zonal office. Download the online frame and submit it with the fundamental records to the close by Zonal/Mamlatdar office. When the confirmation of records and data is finished, the name will be added to the apportion card.

e-Ration card: How to download apportion card

You can download the e-Ration card on your gadget for online use. For this, head to your express government's food and common inventory division site – > select 'Get e-Ration Card' – > Enter your subtleties like Ration Card number, name of the top of the family (HOF), and year of birth of HoF, in addition to other things – > and click on Continue. In the event that the subtleties are right, you'll get the choice to download an Ration Card on the gadget.

The most effective method to interface proportion card with Aadhaar

To connect your Ration Card with Aadhaar, go to the close by PDS focus or proportion shop

Convey copies of your proportion card alongside duplicates of Aadhaar Card of all your relatives and a visa size photo of the top of the family.

You may likewise need to deliver a duplicate of your bank passbook, if the ledger isn't connected with Aadhaar.

The agent may ask you for unique mark confirmation to interface the Ration Card with Aadhaar. An OTP would likewise be shipped off your enlisted versatile number.

The specialists will handle every one of your archives and the notice will show up once your Ration Card is effectively connected to the Aadhaar cards.

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The practice of building ties to customers based on a salesperson's attention and commitment to customer needs over time is A) Selling to Relatives B) Tele Selling C) Knowledge Selling D) Relationship Selling 8. ........................................ acquired 26 percent stake of Krishna Godavari basin of deep sea block of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) in November 2012. a) Zenzo Exploration b) Cosmo Company c) Inpex Corp d) Maruzen 9. Odisha slapped a fine of .................. on Tata Steel for illegal mining in the month of November 2012? A) 6000 crore rupees B) 5000 crore rupees C) 4000 crore rupees D) 3000 crore rupees 10. ........................ recently tied up with ICICI Bank for launching its Mobile Payment Services. a) Airtel b) Idea c) Vodafone d) Aircel Answers 1) b, 2) c, 3) c, 4) a, 5) c, 6) b, 7) d, 8) c, 9) a, 10) c 1. Nokia's mobile map services in the Indian market is known as ............ a) NMaps b) NokiaMAPS c) DIRECT d) HERE 2. ............. operates in 20 countries across South Asia, Africa and the Channel Islands. In 2010, it acquired the African operations of the Kuwait based Zain Telecom. A) Vodafone B) Bharti Airtel C) Aircel D) Virgin 3. Penguin Books has tied up ................. for release of its books at the latter's selected cafes across the country. A) Café Coffee Day B) Hot Millions Coffee C) Barista Lavazza D) None of Above 4 ................... become the Chief Minister of a State in India third time consecutively. a) Vishwanath Pratap Singh b) Mamta Banerjee c) J. Jayalalitha d) Nitish Kumar 5 ................. was an Indian independence activist and political leader, remembered especially for leading the opposition to Indira Gandhi in the 1970s. The airport of Patna is also named after him. A) Devraj Pandhi B) Saran Kumar C) Jayaprakash Narayan D) M K Gandhi 6 ................. got Man Booker International Prize in 2011. A) Philip Roth B) Herman Roth C) Lucy Nelson D) Linda Samuel 7. NEFT means A) National Emblem and Fund Token B) Negotiated Easy Fund Transfer C) National Econimic Fund Transfer D) National Electronic Funds Transfer 8. ............. remained under the President's rule under President Pranab Mukherjee from 18 Janruary,2013. A) West Bengal B) Karnataka C) Jharkhand D) Orissa 9. During the April-June 2010 period, Personal computer sales in India touched ________units. a) 2.69 million b) 2.37 million c) 4.76 million d) 3.25 million 10. Which of the following is / was not an Airline in India A) Club One B) Air India Regional C) GoAir D) Club All Answers 1) d, 2) b, 3) c, 4) d, 5) c, 6) a, 7) d, 8) c, 9) b, 10) d 1. On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act merging the Malabar district, The state of kerala was formed on ......... A) 1 November 1956 B) 1 November 1966 C) 1 November 1952 D) 1 November 1949 2. Banda Singh Bahadur (1670–1716), a military commander, was also known by the name of A) Hira Lal B) Hira Gupta C) Laxman Das Bhardwaj D) Laxman Das Gupta 3. Which of the following city is not in Punjab. A) Amritsar B) Ambala C) Jalandhar D) Ludhiana 4. ............. also categorized as a wetland, is the largest fresh water lake in Kerala, A) Jheluman B) Punnamadda C) Munroethuruth D) Sasathamkotta Lake 5. Godavari river originates near Trimbak in Nashik District of Maharashtra state. A) True B) False 6. In the 2009 general elections, the Congress party emerged as the single largest party (in the Lok Sabha) with .......... of its candidates getting elected to the 543-member house. A) 204 B) 205 C) 206 D) 207 7. 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President's Rule was imposed in Jharkhand (a state in eastern India) on ......, 2013. A) January 18 B) January 19 C) January 20 D) January 21 4. Jamshedpur is the first planned industrial city of India, founded by the late ........... It is also known as Steel City or TataNagar. A) Jamshedji Wasabi B) Jamshedji Jhunjhunwala C) Jamshedji Nusserwanj D) Jamshedji Narrerwanj 5. ................ was conferred with Arjuna Award, India's second highest sporting award in the year 2012 by President of India Pranab Mukherjee. A) Deepika Kumari B) Deepika Popat C) Deepika Sahai D) Deepika Ghai 6. Indian Oil Corporation Limited, or IndianOil, is an Indian ........ oil and gas corporation with its headquarters in New Delhi. A) center-owned B) state-owned C) Public-owned D) Private-owned 7. Haryana state in India was formed on .............. A) 1 November 1965 B) 1 November 1966 C) 1 November 1967 D) 1 November 1968 8. PSU companies are divided into three categories: Maharatna, Navratna, Miniratna CPSEs. A) True B) False 9. .............. first novel A Case of Exploding Mangoes was shortlisted for the 2008's Guardian First Book Award and also longlisted for the 2008 Man Booker Prize. A) Salman Rushdie B) Mohammed Khalid C) Meera Nair D) Mohammed Hanifs 10. Pranab Kumar Mukherjee is the ......... President of India, in office since July 2012. A) 11th B) 12th C) 13th D) 14th Answers 1) b, 2) d, 3) a, 4) c, 5) a, 6) b, 7) b, 8) a, 9) d, 10) c 1. Former name of Grand Trunk Road was ....... A) UttaraPatha B) Shah Rah-e-Azam C) Sadak-e-Azam D) Badshahi Sadak E) All of Above 2. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is an apex development bank in India having headquarters based in ........... A) New Delhi B) Mumbai C) Hyderabad D) Bangalore 3. The RBI is not a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union. A) True B) False 4. Notable coal-mining areas in India include: A) Andhra Pradesh B) Maharashtra C) Haryana D) Jharkhand 5. ................ is the 22nd and current Governor of Reserve Bank of India, serving under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. A) S. Jagannathan B) M. M iyer C) Duvvuri Subbarao D) None of Above 6. ............was the second Chief Minister of West Bengal in India A) Bidhan Chandra Roy B) Buddhadeb Bhattacharya C) Jyoti Basu D) Mamata Banerjee 7. The concept of IITs was first introduced in a report in the year 1945 by ............., then member of Education on Vicerory's Executive Council. A) Sh. R. M. Sharma B) Sh. K. K. Boparai C) Sh. P. C. Nanda D) Sh. N. M. Sircar 8. Nabha was founded by the great-grandson of Phul in ....... A) 1753 B) 1754 C) 1755 D) 1756 9. ........... is an Indian self-taught artist, famous for building the Rock Garden of Chandigarh. A) Nek Chand Sharma B) Nek Chand Saini C) Nek Chand Sundar D) Nek Chand Kundra 10. Bombay Stock Exchange, commonly referred to as the BSE is a stock exchange located on Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. It is the ....... largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization. A) 10th B) 11th C) 12th D) 13th Answers 1) e, 2) b, 3) b, 4) a,b,d, 5) c, 6) a, 7) d, 8) c, 9) b, 10) a 1. Which of the follwoing is the Sarala Puraskar awardee: A) Hrusikesh Dhall B) Hrusikesh Gupta C) Hrusikesh Panda D) Hrusikesh Sharma 2. The longest women's tennis match (by time) took place at a tournament in ........... in 1984, when Vicki Nelson took 6 hours, 31 minutes to defeat Jean Hepner 6–4, 7–6(11–9). A) Seattle B) Richmond C) Las Vegas D) San Diego 3. ......... is a third generation "Fire-and-forget" anti-tank missile developed in India by the Defence Research and Development Organisation. A) Nagesh B) Nag C) Aag D) Nishana 4. .......... is a Hindu folk–deity of Rajasthan in India. He was a Rajput ruler of the fourteenth century, said to have miraculous powers who devoted his life for the upliftment of poor people of the society, and revivalism of Hinduism (which were marginalized by invaders). A) Ramdeo Pir B) Krishna C) iyer Guru D) Raja Jadeja 5. .......... is a city and a municipality located in Jaisalmer district in the India. It served as the test site for India's first underground nuclear weapon detonation. A) Ramsinghpur B) Mundawar C) Hamirgarh D) Pokhran 6. Indira Awaas Yojana (1985) was related to A) Housing for the rural poor B) Rice for the rural poor C) Wheat for the rural poor D) Farming for the rural poor 7. The postal service is under the ................, which is part of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of the Government of India. A) Department of Communication B) Department of Affairs C) Department of Posts D) Department of Service 8. ........................... would give an opportunity to the income tax/ wealth tax defaulters to disclose their undisclosed income at the prevailing tax rates. This scheme was launched on June 18, 1997 A) VDIS B) VVS C) VRS D) VRIS 9. The ................. of India is an authority, established by the Constitution of India under Chapter V, who audits all receipts and expenditure of the Government of India and the state governments. A) CAG B) CCG C) CDG D) CDD 10. Who among the following was chief 'justice of India and was also the sixth Vice-President of India. A) Raja Ram Kumar B) V. V Giri C) Mohammad Hidayatullah D) C.K Pradhan Answers 1) c, 2) b, 3) b, 4) a, 5) d, 6) a, 7) c, 8) a, 9) a, 10) c 1. The current CAG of India is .........., who was appointed on 21 May 2013. He is the 12th CAG of India. A) Shashi Kumari Bhallla B) Jyoti Mishra C) Shashi Kant Sharma D) R. N. Sharma 2. A ......... is a written document prepared by police organizations in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Japan when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence. A) CGR B) FIR C) TTR D) MKR 3. The ............... is an agency within the United States Department of State charged with investigating and creating programs to prevent human trafficking both within the United States and internationally. A) Office to JMP and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) B) Office to Joepardy and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) C) Office to Joint and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) D) Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) 4. Sunil Gavaskar held the record of 34 Test centuries for almost two decades before it was broken by .......... in December 2005. A) Rahul Dravid B) M. S Dhoni C) Sachin Tendulkar D) Yuvraj Singh 5. The highest post office in the world is in .......... Himachal Pradesh, India at a height of 15,500 ft. A) Rohtang Pas B) Manali C) Shimla D) Hikkim 6. ............... The largest cricket stadium in India and second-largest in the world by seating capacity, it is widely acknowledged to be the most iconic cricket stadium in India. ...... has been called "cricket's answer to the Colosseum". A) Eden Gardens B) Feroz Shah Kotla C) Wankhede Stadium D) JSCA International Cricket Stadium 7. .............. is a cricket franchise representing Kolkata in the Indian Premier League and owned by Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan's company Red Chillies Entertainment in partnership. A) Chennai Super Kings B) Kolkata Knight Riders C) Mumbai Indians D) Rajasthan Royals 8. ............ was the Parliamentary Affairs Minister of India in the government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh until October 27, 2005, when he was appointed as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. A) Farooq Abdullah B) Sheikh Abdullah C) Ghulam Nabi Azad D) None of Above 9. The ........................ Party is a state political party in Jammu and Kashmir (founded in 1999) by the former Union Home Minister, Mufti Mohammed Sayeed. A) National Conference B) Indian National Congress C) Jammu and Kashmir National Conference D) Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic 10. The Vice President of India is the second-highest office in India, after the President. A) True B) False Answers 1) c, 2) b, 3) d, 4) c, 5) d, 6) a, 7) b, 8) c, 9) d, 10) a GENERAL AWARENESS Questions and Answers pdf Download Read the full article

[companysetupindia-blog]

Simplicity, Uniformity Take a Back Seat Amid Frequent Tweaks in GST

While rolling out the goods and service tax (GST) from the central hall of Parliament at midnight of 30 June 2017, Prime Minister Narendra Modi told the nation that the new indirect tax system will unify its divergent state economies with ‘one nation, one tax’ right from Leh to Lakshadweep. About 18 months later, the biggest tax reform since India’s independence is still in a fluid state of continuous change as businesses, especially the small ones, struggle to cope with the rigours of a technology-driven and transparent tax system that has cast its net far and wide to bring at least 3.4 million new indirect taxpayers. Some of the concessions to small businesses announced earlier this month by federal indirect tax body, the GST Council, ahead of parliamentary polls due by April-May, raise fears about sacrificing some of the basic design advantages of GST over the previous regime— simplicity and uniformity. The changes imply that policymakers are still struggling to make the reform acceptable to a large number of small taxpayers without a backlash in a market where the culture of tax evasion is rampant.

GST REGISTRATION: The GST Council at its last meeting on 10 January decided to let states choose between two possible criteria—?20 lakh or ?40 lakh annual sales—for businesses to get GST Registration as it could not arrive at a consensus on doubling the current threshold level to ?40 lakh for all. This brings back divergent tax base for states, somewhat similar to what existed in the pre-GST era where small businesses with sales ranging from ?5 lakh to ?40 lakh needed registration for value added tax (VAT) depending on the state.

“Having two state-specific turnover threshold limits can shake the foundations of GST. One can only hope that local businesses will put pressure on those states that refuse to raise the threshold, to eventually raise it to ?40 lakh and bring it at par with the other states,” said a member of the Council, who asked not to be named.

The states are currently in the process of taking a call on the threshold that suits their local economy. Kerala, which is recovering from the worst floods in a century that submerged large parts of the state last year, will opt to retain ?20 lakh annual sales threshold for GST Registration, while Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Assam have opted for ?40 lakh. Another member of the Council, however, said concessions aimed at giving compliance relief to small businesses were a necessity. “Even in most advanced countries, it took two to three years for GST to stabilize. India is far more diverse. Besides, in election time, we have to be sensitive to the aspirations of people,” said the person, who also spoke on condition of anonymity.

“When there are different legal provisions in different states, uniformity takes a hit which is a step backwards,” said R. Muralidharan, senior director at Deloitte India. This could also encourage some units to move to other states for staying out of tax net, the kind of distortions India tried to address with the tax reform. Senior director, Deloitte India

RETURN OF THE CESS: In the first case of introducing a state-specific cess to mobilize funds for reconstruction after a calamity, the Council allowed Kerala to levy a 1% additional tax on supplies within the state. Considering floods, cyclones, landslides and draught that occur in different parts of the country from time to time, this could set a precedent for other states to go for similar levies in addition to GST with the permission of the Council. “Though the cess is for a noble cause and for a limited period of up to two years in the case of Kerala, it dilutes the concept of ‘one nation, one tax’. Businesses have to make changes in their IT systems and in invoicing,” said Abhishek Jain, tax partner, EY India. These changes follow either suspension or dilution of some of GST’s anti-evasion features that businesses claimed were onerous. These include a provision for matching the invoices of suppliers and buyers and making large businesses responsible for collecting and paying taxes on behalf of unregistered vendors. Besides, those entities that sign up for a concessional flat tax scheme called composition scheme can now file annual tax return while paying taxes on a quarterly basis.

REFORM GOALS ACHIEVED: GST has, however, helped in adding 3.4 million new indirect taxpayers, according to Economic Survey of FY18 and has helped in formalizing the economy. It has also improved transparency in the tax system and reduced the tax incidence on a host of products and services. This, despite the fact that the administration is not on a tax enforcement drive. The number of items in the highest slab of 28% has also been brought down. The Council is now working on using data from radio frequency identification tags attached to vehicles to verify whether e-way bills or electronic permits issued for goods shipment are misused. The idea is to collect data passively to check tax evasion and boost revenue receipts. GST could see further changes with the opposition Congress party making it an election issue, arguing a revamp is needed.

[focuzinfotech]

KOHA LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

IMPORTANCE OF LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

 A lms is an ERP system that is built and developed to manage all of a library's internal functions. A librarian is responsible for keeping records of new books as well as books that are borrowed by users, as well as their due dates. All of your library's activities are totally automated using this system. The easiest method to keep track of, organise, and manage a large number of books is to use a system. Implementing library management system software is the best way to keep, organise, and handle a large number of books in a systematic manner. A library management system's goal is to give real-time, accurate information about any type of book, saving time and effort.

KOHA LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A library automation software is used for the management of library activities.it provides you with a comfort you haven't experienced before, we guarantee. This main feature of this product is this software's user interface is customizable and may be translated into any language based on our requirements. Unique characteristics of the Koha program include MARC 21 digital format, Z39.50 search, and a complete advance search. It can be used to create bar code labels and records for printing. The virtual book shelf depiction is one of the key features of the Koha program. Koha is linked to an RFID-based automation system.

Online and offline resources can be managed with the same platform, and reports can be generated in a variety of ways. Koha is very flexible enough to be customized to your library's needs. Linux, Unix, Windows, and Mac OS are all supported in this software. For professional cataloguing, full MARC21 and UNIMARC support is provided.one of the most important uses of koha is it can create your own barcodes, spine labels, and identification cards. Also, it can support for several languages and users. Use the full-featured ZEBRA search engine and for overdue and other notices, send E-mails and texts.

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 Baksa Polytechnic is an AICTE approved institute for Polytechnic and Government institution affiliated to Directorate of Technical Education, Assam situated at Belguri Pathar, Baksa. This institute offers polytechnic diploma course in India for technical education. They are using Koha library  management software as their library management software. so that they can easily manage their library. They are very happy with our product. If you want to know more about the installation and support, please contact us.

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Coronavirus LIVE Updates: Over 10 lakh COVID-19 samples tested for first time in single day, says health ministry

07:43 (IST)

Coronavirus Outbreak in India LATEST Updates

EC issues polling guidelines amid COVID-19 

The Election Commission issued broad guidelines for conducting polls during the coronavirus pandemic on Friday. As per the new guidelines, voters will be provided gloves while using EVMs and COVID-19 patients in quarantine will be allowed to vote in the last hour of the polling day.

A separate set of guidelines would be issued for voters who are residing in areas notified as "containment zone", the Election Commission said.

The poll panel has also extended the option of postal ballot for electors who are marked as persons with disabilities and those above 80 years.

07:41 (IST)

Coronavirus Outbreak in Assam LATEST Updates

Nearly 88,000 COVID-19 cases in Assam; recovery rate at 73.40%

Assam registered 1,856 fresh COVID-19 infections, taking the overall count to 87,908, said Health Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma on Saturday.

So far, 63,120 people have recovered from the disease, while three migrated out of the state. The recovery rate in the state is 73.40 percent, and the doubling rate of cases has increased to 17.7 days from 15.8 last week, as per official data. 

07:36 (IST)

Coronavirus Outbreak in India LATEST Updates

Over 10 lakh COVID-19 tests in a day: health ministry

More than 10 lakh samples were tested for the novel coronavirus in a day for first time, said the Union Health Ministry on Saturday.

India crosses the milestone of 1 million #COVID19 tests a day. More than 10 lakh people tested in the last 24 hours: Ministry of Health pic.twitter.com/FrhsQcWLgy

— ANI (@ANI) August 22, 2020

07:33 (IST)

Coronavirus Outbreak LATEST Updates

WHO expects COVID-19 to end within two years

The World Health Organization hopes the coronavirus pandemic will be shorter than the 1918 Spanish flu and last less than two years, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said on 21 August, if the world unites and succeeds in finding a vaccine.

Tedros said the 1918 Spanish flu "took two years to stop".

"And in our situation now with more technology, and of course with more connectiveness, the virus has a better chance of spreading, it can move fast because we are more connected now," he told a briefing in Geneva.

"But at the same time we have also the technology to stop it and the knowledge to stop it. So we have a disadvantage of globalisation, closeness, connectedness but an advantage of better technology. So we hope to finish this pandemic (in) less than two years."

Coronavirus LATEST Updates: India's COVID-19 tally crossed 29 lakh after registering a single-day spike of 68,898 new cases. Meanwhile, the number of recoveries rose to 21,58,946 on Friday, pushing the recovery rate to over 74 percent, the Union Health Ministry said .

The total cases of coronavirus infections mounted to 29,05,823, while the toll climbed to 54,849, with 983 new fatalities being reported in a span of 24 hours, the data updated at 8 am showed.

The case fatality rate declined to 1.89 percent while the recovery rate rose to 74.30 percent. There are 6,92,028 active cases of coronavirus infection in the country which is 23.82 percent of the total caseload, the ministry said.

According to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), a cumulative total of 3,34,67,237 samples have been tested up to 20 August with 8,05,985 samples being tested on Thursday.

EC issues polling guidelines amid COVID-19 pandemic

The Election Commission issued broad guidelines for conducting polls during the coronavirus pandemic on Friday. As per the new guidelines, voters will be provided gloves while using EVMs and COVID-19 patients in quarantine will be allowed to vote in the last hour of the polling day.

A separate set of guidelines would be issued for voters who are residing in areas notified as "containment zone", the Election Commission said.

The poll panel has also extended the option of postal ballot for electors who are marked as persons with disabilities and those above 80 years.

Electors who are COVID-19 positive or are suspected of having the infection and in quarantine at home or at an institution can also exercise the postal ballot option.

An official explained that this postal ballot facility is different from the one extended to service voters.

Here, those willing to use the facility have to fill up a form. Officials then carry the ballot to the residence of such voters and videograph the voting to ensure transparency.

"COVID-19 patients who are quarantined will be allowed to cast their vote in the last hour of the poll day at their respective polling stations, under the supervision of health authorities... Sector magistrates shall coordinate this in their allocated polling stations," the guidelines said.

Bihar may become the first state to go for Assembly elections amid the pandemic. The polls are due in October-November.

Asked why the norms have no mention of "virtual" or "digital" campaigning, another official said the "broad guidelines have been framed based on COVID-19 guidelines issued by the Health Ministry and the Home Ministry to prevent the spread of the virus."

"Based on our guidelines, states will prepare their own set of three-layered comprehensive guidelines at the state, district and Assembly constituency level." The state specific guidelines may talk of virtual campaign, he said.

Haryana govt says offices, shops to remain closed on weekends

Haryana minister Anil Vij said all offices and shops, except those dealing with essential services, will remain closed on weekends in the wake of a sudden spike in COVID-19 cases in the state.

"All offices and shops except essential will remain closed in Haryana on every Saturday and Sunday due to COVID-19," Vij said in a tweet.

The home and health minister later told PTI that the decision was taken due to a sudden spike in the number of coronavirus cases in the state during the past few days.

Meanwhile, the Punjab government on Friday imposed restrictions under Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) in the state amid rising COVID-19 cases.

Delhi jails say no new COVID-19 case reported

No prisoner is COVID-19 positive and the situation in jails has much improved, the Delhi Prisons Department said.

So far, 63 inmates of the three jails — Tihar, Rohini and Mandoli — have tested positive for the infection. Sixty-one of them have recovered and two died, the officials said.

In August, only the Tihar Jail reported two cases and both the inmates have recovered. On Friday, there was no inmate who was COVID-19 positive in the three jail complexes of Delhi, PTI reported.

SP Balasubrahmanyam 'stable', says hospital

Veteran playback singer SP Balasubrahmanyam, battling COVID-19 and on ventilator was 'stable', the hospital treating him said. The 74 year-old actor-singer "continues to be on ventilator and ECMO support in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)," Dr Anuradha Baskaran, assistant director-medical services, MGM Healthcare said in a bulletin.

"His condition currently is stable. Our multi-disciplinary team of medical experts is keeping a very close watch on the vital parameters and has been constantly updating Thiru SP Balasubrahmanyam's family regarding his clinical status and progress," Baskaran added.

His son SP Charan thanked all for the prayers and pointed out his father was 'stable' today though he was 'critical' on Thursday.

State-wise cases and deaths

Maharashtra continues to be the state with the highest number of COVID-19 cases. The state reported as many as 14,161 new cases while 11,749 patients recoved from the virus on Friday. However, 339 died from COVID-19 in the state, the  Maharashtra health department said.

The total number of cases rose to 6,57,450 as of Friday, which included 4,70,873 recoveries, 1,64,562 active cases and 21,698 deaths till date.

Tamil Nadu reported 5,995 new cases, 5,764 recoveries and 101 deaths, taking the total number of cases to 3,67,430, including 53,413 active cases, 3,07,677 discharged cases and 6,340 deaths.

Delhi reported 1,250 new COVID-19 cases, 1,082 discharges/recoveries and 13 deaths. The total number of cases in the National Capital is now at 1,58,604, including 1,42,908 recovered cases, 11,426 active cases and 4,270 deaths.

As many as 6,086 RTPCR/CBNAAT/TrueNat tests and 11,649 Rapid antigen tests were conducted in Delhi on Friday. So far, 1,392,928 tests were conducted so far and Tests Per Million (TPM) stood at 73,312, according to the Delhi health department.

Kerala reported 1,983 new COVID-19 cases, 1,419 recoveries and 12 deaths in the last 24 hours, taking active cases to 18,673 and total recoveries to 35,247.

Karnataka reported 7,571 cases (2,948 in Bengaluru), 6,561 discharges and 93 deaths, taking total cases to 2,64,546 including 1,76,942 discharges and 4,522 deaths, as per the state's health department.

Uttar Pradesh reported 4,991 new COVID-19 cases and 66 deaths in the last 24 hours, taking active cases to 47,785 and death toll to 2,797, as per the State's Health Department.

In Jammu and Kashmir, 654 new cases of coronavirus reported — 114 from Jammu division and 540 from Kashmir division — taking the total number of cases in the Union Territory to 31,371. The toll is at 593, as per the Jammu and Kashmir administration.

Punjab reported 1,513 new cases, 856 cured cases and 34 deaths on Friday. The total number of cases rose to 39,327, including 14,443 active cases, 23,893 recovered cases. The toll is at 991, as per state's health department.

In Mizoram, the number of COVID-19 active cases stood at 475, the state government said. The total number of COVID-19 cases stands at 895, while 420 patients have been cured/discharged.

As US deaths mount, COVID-19 takes outsize toll on minorities

As many as 2,15,000 more people than usual died in the US during the first seven months of 2020, suggesting that the number of lives lost to the coronavirus is significantly higher than the official toll, AP reported.

And half the dead were people of colour — Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans and, to a marked degree unrecognised until now, Asian Americans.

The new figures from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention highlight a stark disparity: Deaths among minorities during the crisis have risen far more than they have among Caucasians.

As of the end of July, the official death toll in the US from COVID-19 was about 1,50,000. It has since grown to over 1,70,000.

Earlier data on cases, hospitalisations and deaths revealed a especially heavy toll on Black, Hispanic and Native Americans, a disparity attributed to unequal access to health care and economic opportunities.

But the increases in total deaths by race were not reported until now; nor was the disproportionate burden on Asian Americans.

With this new data, Asian Americans join Blacks and Hispanics among the hardest-hit communities, with deaths in each group up at least 30 percent this year compared with the average over the last five years, the analysis found.

Deaths among Native Americans rose more than 20 percent, though that is probably a severe undercount because of a lack of data. Deaths among Caucasians were up 9 percent.

The toll on Asian Americans has received far less attention, perhaps in part because the numbers who have died — about 14,000 more than normal this year — have been far lower than among several other groups.

Still, the 35 percent increase in Asian American deaths is the second-highest, behind Hispanic Americans.

With inputs from agencies

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[margdarsanme]

NCERT Class 12 History Chapter 8 Peasants, Zamindars and the State Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire

NCERT Class 12 History Solutions

Chapter 8 Peasants, Zamindars and the State Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Q 1. What are the problems in using the Ain as a source for reconstructing agrarian history? How do historians deal with this situation?

Ans.

(a)  The Ain-i Akbari written by Abu’l Fazl in 1598 contains invaluable information for reconstructing the agrarian history of the Mughals. But it has its own limitations.

(b) Numerous errors in totalling have been detected. These are, however, minors and do not detract from the overall quantitative accuracy of the manuals.

(c) Another limitation is the skewed nature of the data. Data was not collected uniformly from all provinces. For example, Abu’l Fazl has not given any description regarding the caste composition of the zamindars of Bengal and Orissa (Odisha).

(d) The fiscal data collected from various sources is in detail yet some important parameters such as, wages and prices have not been incorporated properly.

(e) The detailed list of prices and wages found in the Ain-i Akbari have been acquired from data pertaining to the capital Agra and its surrounding regions. It is, therefore, of limited value for the rest of the empire.

(f) Historians have dealt with the situation by supplementing the account of the Ain by information got from the provinces. These include detailed seventeenth- eighteenth centuries revenue records from Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra. These have been also supplemented by records of the East India Company.

Q 2. To what extent is it possible to characterise agricultural production in the sixteenth- seventeeth centuries as subsistence agriculture? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans. 

(a) During Mughal, India was basically an agricultural country. In the Mughal state of India a different varieties of crops were produced. In Bengal two varieties of rices were produced. But the focus on the cultivation of basic crops does not mean that only subsistence agriculture existed in medieval India.

(b) The Mughal state encouraged peasants to cultivate varieties of crops which brought in revenue especially cotton and sugarcane.

(c) Cotton was mainly grown in vast area which was spread over central India and the deccan plateau, whereas in Bengal sugarcane was mainly produced.

(d) Many varieties of cash crops such as oilseeds including mustard and lentils.

(e) An average peasant of that time grew both commercial and subsistence crops. Q 3.Describe the role played by women in agricultural production.

Ans. 

(a) Women played an important role in agricultural production. They worked shoulder to shoulder with men in the fields. The men tilled and ploughed the lands whilethe women sowed, weeded and threshed the harvest. Agricultural production at the time was carried out with the labour and resources of the entire.

(b) The women performed important tasks such as spinning yarn, kneading clay for pottery and embroidery. Thus, the peasant women who were skilled artisans worked not only in the fields but even went to their employer’s houses and even to the markets, if necessary.

(c) Among the landed gentry class women had the right to inherit property. Women, including widows participated in the rural land market. Selling property which they had inherited especially in Punjab.

(d) Both Hindu and Muslim women inherited zamindaris. They were free to sell or mortgage their zamidari rights. In eighteenth century, Bengal had many women- zamindars. In fact, the Rajshah zamindari which was one of the most famous of the time was headed by a woman. Q 4. Discuss, with examples, the significance of monetary transactions during the period under consideration.

Ans. 

(i) The political stability provided by the Mughal helped in establishing hoarsening trade relation with Ming (china), Safavid (Iran) and Ottoman (Turkey) empires. It led to increase in outland trade from China to the Mediterranean Sea.

(ii) The Discovery of new lands and sea routes also gave an impetus to Asia’s trade with Europe. As a result enormous amount of silver entered India as payment for goods bought from India.

(iii) Jovanni Karari, an Italian traveller, who passed through India in 1690 has written how the silver reached India from all parts of the world. From his description, we also came to know how there was an exchange of cash and goods in India in the 17th century.

(iv) This benefitted India as she did not have enough resources of silver. Therefore, from the sixteenth to the eighteeth centuries there was sufficient reserves of silver in India and the silver rupya was available readily.

(v) The mutual exchange in villages took place. As villagers established their links in the urban markets, there was a considerable increase in monetary transactions. In this way, villages became an important part of the monetary market.

(vi) It was due to the monetary transactions, became easier to pay daily wages to the labourers in cash and not in kind. This resulted in an unprecedented expansion in the minting of coins and circulation of money allowing the Mughal state to extract taxes and revenues in cash. Q 5. Examine the evidence that suggests that land revenue was important for the Mughal fiscal system.

Ans. 

(i) Agriculture was the mainstay of the economy. Land Revenue collected was used to pay salaries and to meet different kinds of administrative expenses. So it was considered important to establish an administrative apparatus to ensure control over agricultural production.

(ii) Thus, before fixing land revenue, Mughal state first acquired specific information about the extent of agricultural lands and their produce.

(iii) Land revenue collection arrangements was consisted of two stages of assessment. These were Jama and hasil. Cultivators were given the choice to pay land revenue either in cash or kind. The state preferred to collect land revenue as cash. Attempts were made to maximize profits from the land revenue collection.

(iv) Both cultivated and cultivable lands were measured in each province to fix land revenue. According to a decree of Akbar, it was the responsibility of malguzar to make cultivator pay land revenue in kind and it was also kept open. Thus, it is clear from the evidence that the monetary transactions were very important. To continue this policy efforts by subsequent emperors like Aurangzeb continued to measure land for collection of land revenue. Q 6. To what extent to do you think caste was a factor in influencing social and economic relations in agrarian society?

Ans. 

(i) Cultivators were divided on the basis of their caste and other caste-like distinctions or caste-based distinctions. Thus, among the peasants were many who worked as agricultural labourers (majurs) or worked as manacles. Thus, they were not allowed to live in villages. They resided outside the village and were assigned to do menial tasks and lacked resources. Thus, they were poverty-stricken.

(ii) Caste distinctions had also begun to permeate other communities as well. In Muslim communities menials were like halkhoron (scavengers). A direct relation existed between caste poverty and social status.

(iii) In the seventeenth century Marwar Rajputs are described as peasants and equated with jats. They were given an inferior status in the caste hierarchy.

(iv) Castes like Ahirs, Gujjars and Malis reached and elevated status in the eastern regions.

(v) The pastoral and fishing castes like the Sadgops and Kaivatas acquired the status of peasants. Q 7. How were the lives of forest dwellers transformed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?(or) Describe the lives of forest-dwellers in the 16-17th centuries. 

Ans. Transformation in the lives of forest-dwellers (sixteenth and seventeenth centuries):

(i) Huge areas were covered with forests in the various parts of India in the 16th and 17th country. Forest-dwellers were called Jangli. The term ‘Jungli’ was used to describe those whose occupations included activities such as hunting, gathering of forest produce, and shifting cultivation. These activities were performed according to a specific reason in the various regions. Consider the example of the Bhils who fished in summer and collected forest produce in spring. Such activities enabled the forest tribes to be mobile which was a characteristic feature of their life.

(ii) As the state required elephants for the consolidation of mighty army, the peskesh levied on the forest people to supply of elephants.

(iii) The lives of the forest-dwellers led to the spread of commercial agriculture. Forest products like honey, beeswax, gum and lac were in huge demand. Gum and lac became major items of overseas exports in the seventeenth century, and earned valuable foreign exchange.

(iv) Elephants were also captured and sold.

(v) Tribes like the Punjab Lohanis engaged in overland trade with Afghanistan and internal trade in Punjab as well.

(vi) Social factors were also responsible for transforming the lives of the forest- dwellers.

(vii) Many tribal chiefs became zamindars, some even became kings. They recruit people from their own tribes in their army For example in Assam, the Ahom Kings depended on people who rendered military services in exchange of land.

(viii) By the sixteenth century, the transition from a tribal to a monarchial system had taken place. In Ain-i Akbari description has been mentioned about the existence of tribal kingdoms in north-eastern India. Description is also made regarding the kings who fought and conquered a number of tribes. New cultural influences also entered in the forested areas. Probably sufi saints played a remarkable role in spreading Islam in these areas. Q 8. Examine the role played by zamindars in Mughal India.

Ans. The zamindars were the people who did not directly participate in the processes of agricultural production, but they enjoyed high status in the society.

(i) The zamindars considered their land as their property (milkiyat). They had control to sell, give and mortage their property.

(ii) They enjoyed many social and economic privileges because of their superior status in society.

(iii) The zamindars belonged to the upper caste which added to their exalted status in society.

(iv) The zamindars rendered certain services (khidmat) for the state. As a result of their service they received and attained higher position in the state.

(v) The zamindars had the right to collect revenue on behalf of the state and also received financial compensation for this work.

(vi) The zamindars had kept strict control over the military resources of the state. They kept a fortress and a well knit armed unit comprising cavalry, artillery and infantry.

(vii) The zamindars also played significant role in developing the agricultural land. They helped in the settlements of farmers by lending them money and agricultural instruments. It resulted in an increase in agricultural produce and the sale and purchase of land by the zamindars. There are also evidences that the zamindars held bazaars. The farmers came to these bazaars to sell their crops.

(viii) If we observe social relation of village of Mughal age as a pyramid then zamindars were at the top. They occupied the highest position in the society.

(ix) No doubt the zamindars exploited the people but their relations with the farmers depended on their mutual togetherness and hereditary part on age. So, they were able to get peasants in case of the revolt against the state. Q 9. Discuss the ways in which panchayat and village headmen regulated rural society. (or) Explain the role of Panchayats in the Mughal rural Indian society during 16th-17th centuries. 

Ans. Regulation of rural society by panchayats and headmen:

(i) Meaning of panchayat: The village panchayat consisted of an assembly of elders, they represent different castes and communities except the menial class. Usually important were people of the village with hereditary right over their property.

(ii) General composition and function: In the mixed caste village, the panchayat was usually a heterogeneous body. The panchayet represented different castes and communities in the village. The village panchayat was headed by Muqaddam also known as mandal. He was elected with consensus of the village elders and remained in the office till he enjoyed the confidence of village elders. His function was to prepare village account with the help of patwari.

(a) The main function of panchayat was to ensure that caste boundaries among the various communities inhabiting the village were upheld. (b) It had also the authority to levy fines and taxes.

(iii) It can also give punishment like expulsion from the community.

(iv) Each Jati in the village had its own Jati panchayat. Jati Panchayat wielded considerable power in the society. In Rajasthan, the Jati panchayats arbitrated civil disputes between members of the different castes. It also mediated in disputes claims on land, decided whether marriages had been performed according to that castes norm, etc. In most cases, the state respected the decisions taken by the Jati Panchayat.

(v) The panchayats were also regarded as the court of appeal, that would ensure that the state carried out its moral responsibilities.

(vi) For justice petitions were often made to the panchayat collectively by a group of caste or a community protesting against what they considered to be morally illegitimate demands on the part of elites.

(vii) In cases of excessive revenue demands, the panchayat often suggested a compromise. If this failed, the peasants took recourse to more drastic forms of punishment such as deserting the village. Q 10. On an outline map of world, mark the areas which had economic links with the Mughal Empire, and trace out possible routes of communication.

Ans. Iran, Afghanistan, China, the countries of Central and Western Asia, Italy, Portugal, France, Britain, Holland, etc. Possible Routes : Trade that linked to Mughal Empire in India.

(i) Sea route via Atlantic ocean to Cape of Good Hope (South Africa), Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean.

(ii) Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal to China Sea.

(iii) Land Route from Central Asia to Afghanistan through modem Pakistan upto Kerala or Goa.

from Blogger http://www.margdarsan.com/2020/08/ncert-class-12-history-chapter-8.html

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MarginalizedAadhaar: Digital identity in the time of COVID-19

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MarginalizedAadhaar: Digital identity in the time of COVID-19

The use of Aadhaar-based authentication makes exclusions more likely

Banner image credit: Corona crisis in Kolkata 14. Indrajit Das (CC-BY-SA-4.0)

This post was first published at Yoti as a part of Subhashish Panigrahi's Digital Identity Fellowship. It has been edited for Global Voices. Before Indian society had the chance to recover from the hardship of both a financial slowdown and the controversial amendment to the Citizenship Act, it got hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. At the time of reporting, 16,568 Indians have died of COVID-19 and 554,386 have tested positive. By mid-May, twenty-four people, mostly migrant workers who were desperately trying to return to their own houses, were also reported to have died recently because of the lockdown. Most of them died in an attempt to walk hundreds of kilometres, in hunger and illness, and some as a result of indiscriminate attacks. However, a curated database maintained by open data community Datameet suggests that more 882 Indians have died of non-coronavirus reasons (mostly starvation and financial distress, exhaustion, accidents during migration, lack or denial of medical care, suicides, police brutality, crimes, and alcohol-withdrawal) during the lockdown. Many marginalized communities were already struggling to survive poverty, hunger and systemic exclusions, and life got even harder due to social distancing and lockdown regulations. India's digital identification system—which faced scrutiny over privacy concerns and exclusion— has further put marginalised communities at a greater disadvantage during the pandemic. There have been concerns that fingerprint-based authentication (as used by Aadhaar, India’s national biometrics-based digital identity program) can increase the risk of further spreading COVID-19, and India’s Public Distribution System (or PDS, India's social welfare service) predominantly uses Aadhaar for authentication. The state of Kerala identified this risk early on and suspended the use of all biometric authentication systems. This, and all the other social, political and transactional risks linked to Aadhaar — because of COVID-19 — have put marginalized communities at much higher risk, and furthered calls for a revised look at the digital ID ecosystem. While migrant workers in the cities of Delhi, Mumbai and Surat desperately try to return back to their native homes, many struggle to get the COVID-19 relief and regular support of food grains and rations that they are entitled to – all because PDS is yet to be made universal to ensure an equitable public benefit.

Aadhaar and social services

The use of Aadhaar-based authentication – or linking the use of Aadhaar with essential social services – makes exclusions more likely than ever. A 68-year-old disabled woman from the Indian state of Odisha with missing fingers was denied enrolment in Aadhaar, and as a result she received no food grains for 11 months. Another disabled person was denied rations for three years, and a five-member family, including an elderly couple, have been in a similar situation for the past six months. There are over 100 such individuals from one tiny administrative region in the same province who did not receive the food grains or rations that they are entitled to.

Harshabati Kheti of Lachipur, Sonepur distt., Odisha was denied of Aadhaar first for not having fingers intact. She hasn’t received any food grains or other ration for 11 months, or #COVID19 relief. https://t.co/LXCZYwcyKo @Food_Odisha @rajaaswain @CMO_Odisha #MarginalizedAadhaar pic.twitter.com/W4sC2VduAO — Subhashish P. ସୁଭ (@subhapa) April 30, 2020

From public welfare to mass surveillance

National Register of Citizens

India is in the middle of the National Register of Citizens (NRC), an effort to identify and build a database of “legal citizens” which, in the first rollout in the state of Assam, declared 31 million people out of a total population of 33 million as “legal” while leaving 1.9 million, mostly Muslims, as stateless. The government has plans to implement NRC across the country. 

The use of personal data lies at the center of everything — from identifying protesters using facial recognition, or selectively-identifying vehicles owned by Muslims from a government database during a communal pogroms, or even tracking people who have traveled to a coronavirus-affected country. The government is reportedly in the process of developing a geo-fencing app that can alert local authorities if a person in COVID-19 quarantine or isolation attempts to ‘escape’, using the affected person’s cell tower location. Attempts to deal with COVID-19 have also resulted in a provincial government agency sharing personal data publicly — including legal names and complete addresses — of 19,240 individuals who were under home-isolation post-foreign travel. Lawyer Rahul Matthan cites the lack of appreciation of personal privacy by the government as a reason for this. Aadhaar plays a key role in most large-scale identification initiatives. A recent three-part investigation report reveals that the Indian government is planning to build an “all-encompassing, auto-updating, searchable database to track every aspect of the lives” of all 1.2 billion residents. The shift from Aadhaar being an identity in its initial design to a system for bettering public welfare to its use in mass surveillance is worrisome. In 2016, India’s then finance minister Arun Jaitley even renamed the Aadhaar Bill of Indian constitution “Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act”. The civil rights of individuals can become compromised when a securitarian state – with a Hindu right-wing political party in power – requests Muslim Aadhaar-holders to prove their citizenship. Prior to the pandemic, there were large-scale protests around the country against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), a controversial amendment to the 1955 citizenship law that promises citizenship to some undocumented migrants on the basis of their religious faiths, while denying Muslim immigrants and several other minorities the same right. The fear of statelessness and another Rohingya-like situation led to nationwide protests lasting for 100 days in which 65 people were killed.

Special Hospital for Corona patients, photo credit: Government of Odisha (CC-BY-4.0)

The Indian government maintains that Aadhaar-based biometric authentication (ABBA) has helped reduce errors and corruption in the distribution of  benefits. However, a recent study by academic researchers suggests otherwise. The study found that the use of Aadhaar adds an additional financial burden of 17% that the beneficiaries had to incur to collect their benefits, with 10% of genuine PDS holders denied their benefits because of false authentication errors.  The use of Aadhaar by Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), a government scheme for direct-to-bank-account transfer, also resulted in a failure of 690 million INR (9.08 million USD) worth of transactions, according to Indian news agency Economic Times.  Apart from the authentication failures, cases of stolen fingerprint casts being used for fraud have also surfaced — these did not exist before Aadhaar-based authentications were rolled out on such a scale. Also, considering the uncertainty of a return to normality post-COVID-19, it might be wiser to avoid physical contact by using alternative methods of authentication — instead of fingerprint scanning where the forced use of Aadhaar for public welfare payments would be problematic. Many isolated indigenous communities may not have immunity to even the most common diseases and extra precautions need to be taken in case of non-indigenous persons involved in the distribution of resources. Lack of access to emergency healthcare information in native languages also remains a huge obstacle.

To learn more about marginalisation and exclusion caused by digital identity in India, listen to MarginzalizedAadhaar, a podcast by the author, in which human rights lawyer and researcher Dr. Usha Ramanathan rights, and activist and author Raghu Godavar dissect Aadhaar’s fundamental design to provide insights on the systemic exclusions in the use of Aadhaar. 

Written by Subhashish Panigrahi · comments (0) Donate · Share this: twitter facebook reddit