#Detailed Project Report Preparation in India

[neeraj943]

Foreign Investment Approvals in India: A Strategic Guide for International Investors

India continues to be a top destination for global investors, thanks to its robust economy, large consumer base, and pro-business reforms. However, before stepping into the Indian market, foreign businesses must familiarize themselves with a key requirement: foreign investment approvals. This process determines whether an overseas investment aligns with India's regulatory and sectoral framework.

If you're planning to invest in India, understanding how these approvals work is vital to avoid legal hurdles and ensure a smooth entry into the market.

What Are Foreign Investment Approvals?

Foreign investment approvals refer to the clearance granted by Indian authorities allowing foreign entities or individuals to invest in Indian businesses. These investments are regulated under two main categories:

Automatic Route – No government approval is required. Foreign investors can invest directly, provided they report the transaction to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) afterward.

Government Route – Certain sectors need prior approval from the central government, particularly those deemed sensitive to national interests.

The route you must follow depends on the sector in which you plan to invest and the percentage of foreign ownership involved.

Why Does India Require Foreign Investment Approvals?

India encourages foreign capital but also seeks to safeguard its strategic sectors. Approvals help the government:

Monitor foreign control in critical industries

Ensure that national security is not compromised

Protect domestic companies from unfair foreign competition

Maintain control over capital flow and economic priorities

These checks strike a balance between attracting global investment and maintaining sovereignty over vital industries.

Sectors Requiring Government Approval

Several sectors are not fully open under the automatic route and require foreign investment approvals via the government route. These include:

Defense and arms production

Telecom and satellite communications

Print and digital media

Civil aviation (in some sub-segments)

Pharmaceuticals involving existing businesses (brownfield)

Multi-brand retail and real estate activities

If your investment plan involves any of these industries, you must first apply for approval through the appropriate government channel.

How to Apply for Foreign Investment Approvals in India

Follow this step-by-step guide to initiate the approval process:

Determine the Investment Route Use India’s FDI policy to check if your sector falls under the automatic or government route.

Apply Online via FIFP Applications for the government route must be submitted through the Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal (FIFP).

Upload Required Documents Prepare business incorporation documents, investor identification, project details, sector-specific declarations, and financial statements.

Government Review and Clarifications The designated ministry will review your application. They may request clarifications or additional documentation.

Approval or Rejection If your proposal meets the criteria, approval will be granted. If not, a rejection notice with reasons will be issued.

List of Important Documents

Here are the essential documents you should have when applying for foreign investment approvals:

Certificate of incorporation and company charter

Investor identity documents (passport, nationality proof)

Business proposal or project plan

Financial statements and shareholding patterns

Board resolutions for investment

Sector-specific compliance forms

FAQs on Foreign Investment Approvals

Q1. Is prior approval required for all foreign investments in India? No. Many sectors allow 100% foreign direct investment through the automatic route. Approval is required only in regulated sectors.

Q2. How long does it take to receive an approval? It usually takes around 6 to 10 weeks, depending on the sector and clarity of documentation.

Q3. Can a foreign investor invest in Indian real estate? Only under certain conditions. Real estate development is regulated and typically requires government clearance.

Q4. What happens if I invest without approval where it is required? Unauthorized investments can lead to penalties, regulatory action, and even cancellation of the investment.

Q5. Where do I apply for government route investment approvals? You must submit your application through the Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal at fifp.gov.in.

Conclusion

Navigating the foreign investment approvals process in India is an essential part of doing business in the country. With accurate information, the right documentation, and an understanding of India’s FDI policies, foreign investors can make confident and compliant investments. India welcomes global capital—but with a clear expectation of transparency and regulatory adherence.

For a smooth investment journey, always start with approval.

[sylfen]

Inversion: Ch. 1 - In Pursuit

Next→ On Ao3.

Relationships: Ramattra/Genji Shimada, Cole Cassidy/Hanzo Shimada

Summary: Following a skirmish at Suravasa Temple, an Overwatch strike team is led to Null Sector’s base of operations. During infiltration, Genji quickly understands things are not what they seem to be. Caught between loyalty to their causes, stopping an emergent threat and wishing to save a subjugated Zenyatta from the clutches of Talon, Genji and Ramattra both face an ultimatum: Stay the course or tempt fate and act outside set confines. What follows is a choice made in desperation, putting in motion a dance of manipulation and revelation. Figures from the past return, a global conspiracy is laid bare, and the future is more uncertain than ever. In between it all, Genji and Ramattra come to learn they are opposites only in part—and what should be crystal clear becomes exacerbated by budding feelings.

The atmosphere of the aircraft was quiet, pregnant, as if the pressurized cabin encumbered even the moods of its passengers. A low, incessant whine from the Orca’s engines drilled into Genji’s head, yet even that felt muted under the tension.

His gaze remained locked to the holotable, at the projected map and the pulsing sphere floating above it. A flicker distorted the rendered orb, Genji’s heart skipping a beat.

The signal of the fleeing ship could not fail. Not now. His fingers dug into his folded arms at the thought, restlessly tapping a foot against the floor.

Next to him, Angela pored over the data streaming across the displays. She had not looked up at the holographic render, not since they had left the safety of India's coast a while ago. The wireframe forests and valleys were now the endless expanse of the Bay of Bengal, its flat terrain offering no tangible reference of movement. Only a dreadful yawn of nothing above and beneath the water.

“Target stationary,” Angela reported, breaking the incessant quiet.

“Roger,” Lena crackled through the comms, her voice level but focused. "Decelerating.”  

“Were we spotted?” Brigitte asked. She anxiously weighed her heavy mace and leaned in to peruse the data for any potential hostile reaction. 

“No signs of yawing or a counterattack.” Angela shook her head. “It’s just… Hovering.”  

“Be prepared,” Genji warned, finally speaking since boarding the ship. He rubbed at his arms, displacing small wisps of ash from his singed jacket, frowning when they swirled and coiled in his vision. “...I was given no quarter.” 

“It is a civilian aircraft, is it not? Could it possibly have weapons?” Reinhardt left his seat to aid the three younger agents, squinting at the instruments in search of an overlooked detail. 

“Maybe it’s a bluff.” Brigitte pursed her lips. 

“Deception!” Reinhardt bellowed, slamming a fist on the table, thrilled by the theory. “Yes, a wise tactic!” 

Angela’s mouth twitched in a faint smile at the boisterous attitude. “Don't get excited just yet, Reinhardt. We haven't confirmed anything.” 

Momentum shifted with the slowing ship. Genji braced himself to avoid falling over, ignoring the dull aches clinging to his body and prickling the sensors of his cybernetics. All the while, he watched the rendered signal as if its tracker might cease transmitting, even though the lights had long since turned loud in his eyes, stinging them.

In the same moment equilibrium returned, the hologram changed.

A formation ascended from under the static sphere, too large to possibly gauge. For the onlookers, it could very well be the ocean floor shifting upwards, rushing to meet them.

Winston's voice filled the communications channel, his words calm but weighted under pressure.  

“We need eyes on this.”

The holotable’s map shrank to a corner, a live view from the cockpit taking its place. Whatever Winston was referring to was hard to see at first; it blended well, the small gloomy blur beneath the restless water. While the rendered formation continued to rise in the map, the small shape grew and darkened. 

The cabin hushed. Breaths hitched. 

In front of them, the ocean bulged upwards. A monster of liquid, distending upwards and upwards. Then, suddenly, the surface tension broke. Water parted aside, cascading down white metal.

“It's rising straight outta the ocean!” Tracer exclaimed. 

No one responded. All eyes remained transfixed on the slowly emerging behemoth. It revealed itself as an ivory halo, irregular and lined with glowing blue. It continued its path into the sky, eclipsing the setting sun. A separate crescent traced its inner circumference, dancing against its solar backdrop.

The iconography was telltale. Genji clenched his jaw.

“We have been brought straight to the lion's den,” Reinhardt said gravely. No shock nor awe, only composure, honed and sharpened during the terrors of the Omnic Crisis. It anchored the team, pulling them back into the moment.

Throughout the harrowing reveal, the civilian craft had been stationary and unresponsive. Now it moved swiftly, straight for the metal beast.

“Any plans?” Lena requested. The edge to her voice suggested she wished to act, but did not want to endanger her comrades. 

Genji could empathize. Urgency prickled his skin.

“Yes. Approach the ship but keep an escape route ready,” Winston ordered, already one step ahead of everyone else. “Athena, scan for any points of entry.”  

“Gotcha. Hang tight, loves!”

The ship lurched with sudden acceleration, wrenching everyone back. The holotable's live feed scattered, replaced with a diagram of the Null Sector ship. A supplemental quadrant provided a closer look, locking on to a row of large hatches. One was in the midst of opening for the civilian craft. 

“That port’s armed to the teeth. It’ll chew us up before we can shoot,” Brigitte observed. Emerging details agreed, emphasizing defensive measures along the hatch.

“Yes, I’m afraid this requires a more pragmatic angle,” Angela's eyes darted around as she thought out loud. “We need another means of entry.” 

As their distance to the behemoth decreased, the holographic figure turned more elaborate. Athena highlighted points of interest, presenting potential means of infiltration. A list blipped into existence, and in a flash the AI had ordered them by probable usage. The most promising were the narrow inlets running along the length of the ringed hull. Yet they were too small for the Orca.

Chatter continued, juggling strategies and concerns. Genji’s eyes narrowed. 

He had already decided. 

“Bring me close,” he said, moving toward the craft’s rear exit. “I’ll disable the defenses from the inside.” 

“That’s suicide!” Angela swiftly dislodged herself from the holotable. A pallor beset her face, eyes wide. “I know this is personal to you but there has to be another way.” 

Genji stood fast. “We risk detection every moment we hesitate,” he said firmly. “This is our only window.”

“He’s right. Let him go,” Winston interjected, voice strained but decided. “Brigitte, inform Sojourn. Request immediate backup. Tracer, rendezvous.”

“Roger, getting even closer.”  

Angela hugged her arms close to herself. Brigitte stepped beside her, touched a hand to her shoulder. Genji entered the airlock and turned around, locking eyes with Angela. She did not protest further; the pained look said everything, and it twinged his chest.

Winston scrambled from the cockpit, rifling through a compartment on his armor. He took a deep breath as he approached the stern.

“We don’t know what to expect from here,” the gorilla explained, opening his balled fist to present a small device to Genji. “It’s a partial module of Athena. In case we lose contact, she’ll still be able to assist you.” 

Genji nodded, slotting the chip into a hidden port in his helmet. 

The airlock slipped shut with a hiss, separating the team. They gathered behind the glass, beside Angela, Brigitte still comforting her.

Though Genji’s stance remained strong, his heart thrummed loudly. Nevertheless, the icon lighting up in his HUD coaxed a small smile.

“Hello Genji,” Athena greeted.

“Hi Athena.” He replied, giving the agents a thumbs up. “Let’s give it our best.” 

“Opening stern,” Lena announced. “Good luck, Genji!” 

Brigitte raised a fist. Reinhardt and Winston both gave a solemn nod. Angela extended a hand toward the glass.

The rear hatch slid open. Wind and chill blasted into the chamber. Genji clutched onto a bar, steadying himself.

Ahead, the leviathan drew ever closer. Expanding as if to bathe reality itself in devout metal. 

Genji slotted his shuriken. Reached for his wakizashi. 

He inhaled. Cast off the lingering doubts shackling him. 

In his mind, the resonant voice from the hijacked city systems echoed. Null Sector’s holy message tingled his spine.

We welcome you into the Iris.

Genji would heed it. His feet left the threshold.

[thoughtportal]

In 2010 I interviewed the artist Gieve Patel in his studio in Mumbai. It was a bare, spartan room with a balcony open to thick tropical foliage. A few feet behind Patel, a human skull lurked on a trolley arranged with his paints and brushes. He liked having it around, he said, because it reminded him of his medical college days in the sixties. My pulse quickened—the protagonist of my then unpublished novel, Inside the Mirror, was an aspiring artist, unhappily studying medicine at her father’s direction. I questioned him further, and Patel told me something I’d never heard during all my research into art and medicine in mid-century India.

When I returned to the United States, I immediately rewrote the first pages of my novel using what I had learned. Readers now tell me they’re pulled into the opening scene of Inside the Mirror, which was published last year by the University of Nebraska Press, as my protagonist, Jaya, warily removes human bones from a gunny sack and assembles them on the floor to sketch. It’s a scene I couldn’t have invented if Gieve Patel had not recalled that every medical student in his time was given a human skeleton to study at home, a bundle of bones culled from the unclaimed bodies of the poor found in the streets.

The interview is every journalist’s primary investigative tool, and as a longtime freelancer I often use it as an integral part of my research for a fiction project. Nothing injects vitality into a manuscript like information drawn from someone’s lived experience. I always arrive at an interview (over)prepared with a long list of questions pertaining to my story, so my challenge is to recognize the opportunity to set aside my script and pursue the unexpected—like the skull.

Apart from interviews, reporters might consult original documents and records to get to the truth of a matter. Tasked with accuracy, they strive to write stories that are also palpable and immediate, often shot through with the human voice in the form of direct quotes. A fiction writer shares some of the journalist’s aims but probes, examines, invents, and elaborates narratives to create worlds and works of art.

Not all fiction requires research, of course. If a story hews close to the world you know, your insider understanding is sometimes enough. It’s when you venture to inhabit identities and communnities well beyond your experience that speaking to people and visiting places matters. A variety of primary sources can enrich fiction: diaries, journals, autobiographies, and personal blogs; original papers, transcripts, and documents; artifacts; photographs and paintings; recordings; amateur videos such as those found on YouTube; scientific papers and newspaper articles of the time. Books can ground an author in their subject, but nothing sparks the imagination like original materials and experiences laden with emotion and surprise.

Journalistic methods of discovery can benefit any genre, from historical to speculative fiction. Octavia E. Butler, the doyenne of Afrofuturism and the first science fiction writer to win a MacArthur “Genius” Fellowship, was a scrupulous world-builder and researcher who monitored rainfall levels and plant growth in her southern California neighborhood for her climate-catastrophe novel Parable of the Sower (Four Walls Eight Windows, 1993), and traveled to the Peruvian jungle to discover a model for the postapocalyptic rainforest in her Xenogenesis trilogy. William Faulkner mined multiple volumes of a plantation diary kept by a close friend’s ancestor for his novels, copying long passages by hand. Scholars now trace many incidents and details in the Nobel laureate’s fictional Yoknapatawpha County to the plantation owner’s records.

Min Jin Lee has spoken of abandoning a dry first draft of her acclaimed epic, Pachinko (Grand Central Publishing, 2017), which she had based solely on archival research, for almost twenty years until her husband’s job took her to Japan. Immersing herself in the Korean Japanese community—her novel’s subject—she discovered her central characters by interviewing people and developed a compelling narrative. Technology offers vicarious connections when direct access to a subject isn’t available. British author Samantha Harvey won the 2024 Booker Prize for Orbital (Grove Press, 2023), a brief, meditative novel on space travel that is based on countless hours she spent viewing live-stream footage from the International Space Station during the COVID lockdown.

I spoke with eight fiction writers, including winners of major literary awards, who are all journalists and whose gift for storytelling is enhanced by their skillful reporting. I wanted to learn about how they investigate their fictional stories and conjure riveting characters and scenes from complex real-world information. The trick for any writer, a few of them told me, is not to confuse the gains of research for story. Research can illuminate and lend credibility to a story, yes, but that story must first arise from fictional characters and their struggles. V. V. Ganeshananthan’s acclaimed second novel, Brotherless Night (Random House, 2023), examines the devastating costs inflicted on one family by a violent Tamil separatist movement that erupted in response to murderous government oppression in 1980s Sri Lanka. Her commitment to her story and patient craftsmanship over eighteen years won Brotherless Night the 2024 Carol Shields Prize for Fiction, one of the richest awards in literature, and the U.K.’s prestigious Women’s Prize for Fiction. From left: V. V. Ganeshananthan, Alisa Alering, and Miles Harvey. (Credit: Ganeshananthan: Sophia Mayrhofer; Alering: Lance Thorn; Harvey: Anne Ryan) 

Born in the United States, Ganeshananthan, who began her career as a higher-education reporter at the Atlantic, crafts fiction that reveals a deep emotional connection to her family’s homeland. Moved by a human rights document called The Broken Palmyra, written in real time by Sri Lankan academics who witnessed a brutal phase of the civil war, she fully imagined her teenage female protagonist, Sashi. The complex novel of a shattered society emerged from information Ganeshananthan gathered over the years from a multitude of people.

“A lot of interviews were conducted in the diaspora,” Ganeshananthan says, referring to the Sri Lankan American Tamil community. “Many of the people who lived through that time period have emigrated [to the United States].” Among those she spoke to through networking in her community were former militants and those who had suffered horrific tragedies during the conflict. While journalists are cautioned not to retraumatize subjects, Ganeshananthan found that many of the people she interviewed “really, really wanted to talk, including about terrible traumatic things that had happened to them,” she says. “They had, in some cases, never been asked.”

Ganeshananthan recognized the Sri Lankan immigrant community as a valuable reservoir of knowledge. Often she connected to sources through messaging apps like WhatsApp and Signal; occasionally a translator accompanied her because she isn’t fluent in Tamil. The United States contains a wealth of such diasporas and immigrant groups, communities any writer interested in writing about can contact through their cultural associations, newspapers, local businesses, and other channels. As Min Jin Lee said on an American Masters podcast in 2024, writers must have the freedom to write stories outside their experience, with one caveat: “You need to do the homework. You need to really do the work before you write it.”

Phil Klay, a former Marine, put in much shoe-leather reporting for his National Book Award–winning debut story collection, Redeployment (Penguin Press, 2014), and subsequent novel, Missionaries (Penguin Press, 2020), which consider the human toll of warfare. In 2008, Klay returned home from a tour with the U.S. Marine Corps in Anbar province, Iraq, where he served as a public affairs officer herding journalists. Haunted by “this very fascinating, troubling, confusing world of experiences,” he was left with questions: “What is this thing that I am a part of? What is this war?”

Klay distinguishes between a “thin” and “thick” understanding of subject matter. As a press liaison in Iraq, he had a broad overview of the many moving parts of conflict, but a shallow, or “thin,” understanding of the specifics. When he sat down to write what became the title story of Redeployment, he recognized the inadequacy of his personal experience of war. “I wanted to write about it from the inside, as if I were an artilleryman, as if I were a mortuary officer, as if I were an adjutant or a foreign service officer.” So he dug deeper. “When you interview somebody in real life, it gives you a different relationship to the material, right? You feel a different level or responsibility and a certain emotional charge that changes the way you write.”

While Klay had an insider’s edge in finding Marines to talk to, he advises fiction writers to seek out interview subjects “any way you can, any connection is useful.” Cold e-mailing people is an option, as is reaching out to an academic in your subject area who might provide an introduction. For Missionaries, which delves into paramilitary operations in Colombia, Klay relied on his wife’s Colombian family to help him make connections. “It’s important to me that I do research,” says Klay, “not so that I can faithfully transfer things from the real world into the work, but so that I feel comfortable enough with the material that I can invent.”

The collision of two worlds—coconut farming in India and the ascent of AI in America—supercharge Vauhini Vara’s dystopian debut novel, The Immortal King Rao (Norton, 2022), a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize set in both Vara’s ancestral home of Andhra Pradesh, India, and the tech hub of Seattle. As a former technology reporter for the Wall Street Journal and contributor to prominent national magazines, Vara had access to tech CEOs—including Sam Altman, head of OpenAI—whom she interviewed for articles while deftly slipping in questions related to her fictional side hustle. For the India sections, Vara spoke to family members for their recollections of village life in the past. Google searches and human connections led her to experts in caste politics and the coconut industry.

For writers interested in exploring big tech or big business in fiction, Vara suggests contacting employees in middle management who are knowledgeable about their industry and more likely to be open to off-the-record conversations. While journalists must avoid conflicts of interest, fiction writers are free to find connections through friends and family members. To expand your network as you interview, she recommends asking the person you’re speaking to, “Who else should I be talking to?” She always does.

To create richer scenes in fiction, Vara advises writers to deepen the conversation with questions of context as a journalist writing a feature does. Of someone recalling past events, Vara might inquire: “What were people wearing back then?” or “What was the broader political context in which these things were happening?”

Debut author Alisa Alering began writing Smothermoss (Tin House, 2024), their surrealist Gothic tale of two sisters in Appalachia, about seven years ago, at the same time the writer started a reporting job at Science Node magazine (since shuttered). Journalistic deadlines quickly taught Alering the discipline to dispense with their tendency for ornamental writing and obsessively perfecting paragraphs in all their creative writing as well. Alering was also astonished to discover what a fertile arena science presented for fiction. An inspiring conversation with a computational biologist sowed the seeds for a future novel, which Alering anticipates will take a great deal more research before they can begin drafting.

In this era of environmental crisis and warp-speed technological change, Alering suggests writers interested in scientific discoveries consult websites like ScienceDaily and EurekAlert!, which report on the latest scientific papers across fields. Research scientists are credited on the papers and their contact information can be searched online. Many scientists are affiliated with universities, and most are passionate about their work. If the lead researcher won’t speak to you, Alering advises you work your way down the pecking order. Even a graduate research assistant can tell you a great deal. Speaking to an actual scientist, Alering says, “will remind you to think about your topic through a human lens, instead of an intellectual one.”

To build trust with strangers, Miles Harvey instructs his creative writing students at DePaul University on gathering oral histories through the art of “deep interviewing.” This involves repeated meetings with a subject to learn about their life and community. (Harvey edited a student anthology of the oral histories of Chicago gang members in 2013.) The author of several nonfiction books, one of which is about a con man, and a recent short story collection, The Registry of Forgotten Objects (Mad Creek Books, 2024), which continues his fascination with deception and illusion, Harvey believes the methods of oral history can be useful to fiction writers who seek to understand a particular environment and people. “Creative writing programs often fail their students by not giving them basic research and interview skills,” Harvey says. “I try to make sure that doesn’t happen in my own workshops.”

Ganeshananthan also told me of repeatedly going back to certain sources over the years as she composed Brotherless Night, particularly those who possessed sensitive information and did not easily trust a writer. She likened it to a beat reporter’s strategy of regularly calling their key contacts, say, the president of the city council. I find checking in occasionally with contacts over a yearslong novel project helps maintain a core group I can rely on as new questions come up.

While some writers limit research before they begin drafting a novel—filling in the blanks as they go along—Harvey enjoys plunging in. “Rabbit holes are where I live, the deeper the better,” he says with delight. Searching through old newspapers led him to some of his short stories. Newspaper databases like LexisNexis are especially useful to him. “I love the way newspaper stories place something not only in space but in time…. I’d look up a story about a con man I was writing about and see all the other stories on that page and get a real sense of the time.”From left: Cheryl Lu-Lien Tan, Rebecca Johns, and Maura Cheeks. (Credit: Johns: Kelly Dougherty; Cheeks: Adélaïde Chantilly) 

On the other end of the spectrum, reporting from life is a practice well known to Cheryl Lu-Lien Tan. Her debut novel, Sarong Party Girls (William Morrow, 2016), a dissection of sexual politics in Singapore, emerged from nights out clubbing with friends in her home city. Prohibited from entering elite gentlemen’s clubs, Tan, a New York City–based veteran of the Baltimore Sun and the Wall Street Journal, tenaciously debriefed male acquaintances about what happens behind closed doors. The result is a stunning and nuanced fictional scene of female degradation. It’s also a testament to the power of a writer listening intently to another person’s experience.

Now the inaugural George R. R. Martin Chair in Storytelling at Northwestern University, Tan retains the journalistic habit of “gathering string”—collecting details that might serve a future story. Anything that strikes her interest is memorialized: overheard conversations jotted down, umpteen photos and videos shot of passing sights. Visual cues can instantly provoke memories and emotions. “This kind of daily reporting,” Tan says, “helps me when I’m writing fiction to make the scenes come alive a bit more.”

Rebecca Johns, director of the writing and publishing program at DePaul University and a former reporter with small-city newspapers, brings a journalist’s pragmatic approach to historical research: targeted and economical. For her the publisher’s deadlines are always appreciated. “If I have unlimited time, I will take unlimited time,” she admits.

When early readers of her debut novel, Icebergs (Bloomsbury, 2006), a family saga, pointed to problems in the opening scene of a plane crash in the frozen wasteland of northern Canada, Johns realized she needed better information. Her grandfather’s tale of his World War II experience and a few newspaper clippings didn’t suffice as research. “Creative Googling” led her to a group of B-24 Liberator history buffs who took her on a ride in a restored plane, giving her a clear understanding of the bomber her grandfather flew. Another group, connected to the Royal Canadian Air Force, miraculously put her in touch with the copilot who had saved her grandfather’s life. A local reference librarian in Gander, Newfoundland, sent Johns a trove of scanned newspaper articles and personally showed her around the area when she visited. Filled with new knowledge, Johns dreamed up a spectacular fictional crash much worse than the real one.

Research librarians and archivists are invaluable resources, as are small museums and historical societies devoted to specific subject areas. Some have tucked-away libraries containing rare scrapbooks of original material. Ask if they do. Archivists figured large in the writing of Acts of Forgiveness (Ballantine Books, 2024), Maura Cheeks’s debut novel about a future America in which Black citizens are offered reparation payments. Building upon a 2019 article she wrote for the Atlantic, Cheeks wrote three drafts based on streamlined academic research and interviews with experts on her subject matter. But she got stuck when her protagonist, Willie Revel, must prove she is descended from slaves to qualify for payments. The nuts and bolts of genealogical research through slaveholder records was a mystery to Cheeks, so she traveled to two archives in Mississippi, just as Willie does.

“They were pulling out documents and walking me through [the research] as if I was Willie,” Cheeks recalls of the warm, helpful archive employees. Never had she had such heartfelt conversations about race and slavery as she had with the archivists in the Deep South. “It was a very spiritual journey,” Cheeks says. Her real-life experience carries into her novel when Willie participates in a church ritual with archive employees and “felt a part of her spirit lift, freed.” The author, who is also the owner of Liz’s Book Bar in Brooklyn, New York, advocates drafting a novel first and investigating all the questions that come up afterward. But it was in her ultimate encounter with people, not books, that Cheeks discovered the most profound moments in her story.

Endless research can be an occupational hazard. Johns taught a summer historical fiction workshop where only one writer out of ten brought pages for critique—the other nine had spent years absorbed in research. One woman had spent a decade. “I feel like I have to know everything before I can start,” Johns recalls her saying.

On the flip side are writers who consider their imagination a superpower that allows them to take on any identity they please—call it the Lionel Shriver perspective. (“I am hopeful the concept of ‘cultural appropriation’ is a passing fad,” Shriver said in 2016.)

“Writers sometimes feel too confident in their ability to imagine what it’s like to be someone else,” Vara tells me. “If you’re going to try to write outside of your experience, there’s an obligation to do research of some kind, because people read fiction with somewhat of an expectation that they’re learning something about the world we actually exist in. So if you’re writing a novel set in—I don’t know—Nova Scotia, and you’ve never been to Nova Scotia, that’s fine, but it feels to me like you need to do some work to figure out what life in Nova Scotia is like.”

Once you figure it out, you can invent. From truth emerges the fictional dream.

Parul Kapur’s debut novel, Inside the Mirror (University of Nebraska Press, 2024), winner of the AWP Prize for the Novel, was longlisted for the Center for Fiction’s 2024 First Novel Prize and the 2024 New American Voices Award. As a journalist and critic, she has written for the New Yorker, the Wall Street Journal Europe, Newsday, Esquire, GQ, and the Paris Review.

[scbhagat]

Comprehensive USAID Audit in Delhi India by SC Bhagat & Co.

When it comes to USAID-funded projects, compliance and accountability are critical. Organizations receiving grants or contracts from USAID (United States Agency for International Development) are subject to stringent audit requirements, ensuring funds are used as intended and meeting international standards. In Delhi, India, SC Bhagat & Co. stands out as a top provider for USAID audits, helping organizations navigate these complexities with precision and expertise.

Why USAID Audits Are Essential USAID audits are designed to ensure the proper use of funds allocated for developmental and humanitarian initiatives across the globe. These audits check compliance with USAID regulations, financial management practices, and project effectiveness. Organizations that meet these standards continue to foster positive relations with donors and often qualify for further funding. Non-compliance, however, may lead to significant financial and reputational consequences. For recipients in Delhi, India, an experienced audit firm like SC Bhagat & Co. ensures the audit process is seamless and thorough, maintaining the highest levels of accountability. SC Bhagat & Co.: Leaders USAID Audit in Delhi India SC Bhagat & Co. brings extensive expertise to USAID audits, with years of experience working with organizations that receive funding from international entities. Their audit team is well-versed in USAID’s specific audit requirements, offering: Comprehensive Financial Analysis SC Bhagat & Co. conducts detailed financial reviews, examining all grant allocations, expenditures, and supporting documents to ensure accurate reporting and full compliance. Compliance Verification USAID audits require adherence to specific regulations regarding expenditure, procurement, and reporting. SC Bhagat & Co. performs in-depth compliance checks to help organizations avoid costly errors. Internal Control Assessment The firm assesses the effectiveness of an organization’s internal controls, ensuring that proper safeguards are in place to manage USAID funds responsibly and transparently. Risk Management and Fraud Detection Detecting and mitigating risks, especially in high-stakes projects, is a priority. SC Bhagat & Co. identifies potential risks, focusing on fraud prevention and promoting a strong culture of ethical financial management. Audit Reporting and Recommendations Once the audit is complete, SC Bhagat & Co. provides a comprehensive report, highlighting any areas needing improvement and offering actionable recommendations to maintain compliance with USAID guidelines. Key Benefits of Choosing SC Bhagat & Co. for USAID Audit in Delhi India Localized Expertise with Global Standards: With an in-depth understanding of local business environments and USAID’s international requirements, SC Bhagat & Co. bridges local operations with global standards. Proven Track Record: SC Bhagat & Co. has a history of successful audits for USAID-funded projects, ensuring each client achieves full compliance without unnecessary delays. Personalized Service: Each organization is unique, and SC Bhagat & Co. tailors its audit approach to address specific funding structures, operational challenges, and compliance needs. How to Prepare for a USAID Audit in Delhi India While SC Bhagat & Co. takes the lead in ensuring compliance, organizations can take proactive steps to streamline the process: Organize Financial Documentation Having clear and organized records of all transactions related to USAID funding makes it easier to verify expenditures and compliance. Review Compliance Standards Regularly USAID guidelines can change, so staying updated on the latest compliance standards is crucial. Implement Strong Internal Controls Effective internal controls reduce the risk of errors and non-compliance, promoting financial responsibility within the organization. Engage Early with Auditors Early communication with SC Bhagat & Co. allows organizations to clarify audit requirements and address any potential issues upfront. Trust SC Bhagat & Co. for USAID Audit in Delhi India For USAID audits in Delhi, SC Bhagat & Co. offers unmatched expertise and a commitment to helping organizations achieve financial transparency and regulatory compliance. With SC Bhagat & Co. as your audit partner, your organization can focus on making an impact while they handle the complexities of USAID audit requirements.

[acquisory]

IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW IFRS REVENUE RECOGNITION STANDARD

India will have a new revenue recognition standard outlining a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. This supersedes most current revenue recognition standard.

In brief, the new standard seeks to streamline, and remove inconsistencies from, revenue recognition requirements; provide a more robust framework for addressing revenue issues; make revenue recognition practices more comparable; and increase the usefulness of disclosures.

Introduction

The Government has introduced two significant game-changers to financial reporting standards in 2018 to effective communication to investors by corporates.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) accounting framework replaces extant revenue and lease standards effective financial periods commencing from January 1, 2018. Both the new standards have a significant impact on financial statements for majority of sectors. Indian companies too have to brace up for the new Indian Accounting Standards (IND-AS) on revenue that would go live shortly.

The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), as part of a joint convergence project with its United States Counterpart, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has re-modeled the revenue recognition guidance. The new IFRS 15 — Revenue From Contracts With Customers replaces prevailing IAS’s and related interpretations, primary of them being (1) IAS 11- Construction Contracts and (2) IAS 18 — Revenue. A new principle for revenue recognition has emerged with the emphasis on the concept of transfer of control and a detailed accounting model, it has been launched as the Five Step Revenue Recognition Model and is to be followed for every revenue contract to account for the financial statement reporting consequences.

“IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers provides a single revenue recognition model based on the transfer of control of a good or service to a customer. The new revenue standard marks a significant change from current requirements under IFRS. It provides a more structured approach to measuring and recognizing revenue, with detailed application guidance. Therefore, adoption may be a significant undertaking for many entities. Early assessment will be key to managing a successful implementation.”

Evaluation of contracts, customer agreements, pricing models, side-arrangements, revenue and delivery models, contractual clauses, underlying economics, deliverables analysis, et al, become very critical as companies’ transition to the new revenue recognition standard.

Standard operating procedures and internal controls also need to be geared up and fine-tuned to comply with this critical financial reporting standard.

The Exposure Draft on clarifications to Ind AS 115 proposes that Ind AS 115 would be applicable for accounting periods beginning on or after 1st April, 2018. The MCA is expected to notify the standard soon.

The effect on entities will vary, and some may face significant changes in revenue recognition. Entities should now be assessing how they will be affected so they can prepare an implementation plan for the new standard.

Core Principle of Revenue Recognition Changes

The global reporting standard moves from a “transfer of risks and rewards” model to a “transfer of control” model. This model determines the timing of revenue recognition. The new timing is when there is a transfer of control of promised deliverable by the seller (reporting entity).

The core principle of the new revenue standard under both IFRS and United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (USGAAP) is that an entity recognized revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for such promised goods and services. Henceforth, revenue needs to be recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those products or services.

Where a company enters into contracts that could include various combinations of products and services, the company needs to isolate the various revenue components, based on whether each component is generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. IFRS reporting entities need to follow a detailed 5-step model to account for revenue as follows…

Read More: https://www.acquisory.com/ArticleDetails/67/Implementation-of-new-IFRS-Revenue-Recognition-Standard

[mktspectra23]

Honda hi Honda!!

Honda has revealed its second fully electric vehicle in the global market. It is called e.Ny1 and was showcased at its European Media Event in Offenbach, Germany. The first fully-electric Honda car that is on sale in Germany is the e city car which is known for its quirky design language.  

Task at hand- You are the CMO of Honda Cars India Ltd. and you have to launch the same car in the Indian segments with various marketing strategies and prepare the phase wise marketing plan and also choose the ambassador you’ll choose for the campaign of honda in the above ad.

Deliverables- 

Detailed report on the different marketing strategies catering to the target audience (include the brand ambassador )

Marketing campaign

Phase Wise implementation plan

Project’s budget sheet for the marketing expenses

PPT including STP, SWOT, PESTLE analysis and Product Life Cycle

Deadline:- 11:00 PM ( 17th October)

[slacourses]

Business Analyst Course for Freshers in Delhi, Independence Day Offer till 15 Aug, Free Data Science Training Certification by SLA Consultants India,

SLA Consultants India offers a Business Analyst Course in Delhi specifically tailored for freshers who wish to launch a rewarding career in analytics and business intelligence. The program is designed with a practical, industry-oriented approach, covering essential tools such as Advanced Excel, SQL, Tableau, Power BI, Python, and R. These modules ensure that students with little or no prior analytics experience develop the necessary technical skills and data-driven mindset required by top employers. The course structure is beginner-friendly, emphasizing live projects and real business case studies to help freshers bridge the gap between academic learning and professional demands.

Business Analyst Training Course in Delhi

In celebration of Independence Day, SLA Consultants India is presenting a special offer for all new applicants enrolling before August 15. This limited-time promotion provides attractive fee concessions, lowering the entry barrier for aspiring analysts and recent graduates. The offer not only makes high-quality career training more affordable but also guarantees 100% placement assistance. After completing 70% of the course content, freshers gain access to SLA’s extensive recruiter network, including leading MNCs and consulting firms in the Delhi-NCR region. The placement team provides support with resume building, interview preparation, and ongoing job search assistance until successful employment is secured.

Business Analyst Certification Course in Delhi

A notable feature of the Independence Day campaign is the inclusion of a Free Data Science Training Certification with the Business Analyst course. This additional certification exposes freshers to practical modules in Python programming, machine learning, SQL automation, data visualization (Power BI, Tableau), and advanced Excel—all highly sought after in today’s competitive job market. The project-based data science modules, taught by industry veterans and IIT/NIT alumni, equip students with the ability to solve real-world analytics problems and significantly boost their employability. This dual qualification positions graduates as versatile professionals ready for roles in business analytics, data science, and business intelligence.

Business Analyst Programme Modules Module 1 - Basic and Advanced Excel With Dashboard and Excel Analytics Module 2 - VBA / Macros - Automation Reporting, User Form and Dashboard Module 3 - SQL and MS Access - Data Manipulation, Queries, Scripts and Server Connection - MIS and Data Analytics Module 4 - Tableau | MS Power BI ▷ BI & Data Visualization Module 5 - Python | R Programing ▷ BI & Data Visualization Module 6 - Python Data Science and Machine Learning - 100% Free in Offer - by IIT/NIT Alumni Trainer

SLA Consultants India’s Business Analyst Training Institute in Delhi is ISO 9001:2015 certified and approved by Skill India, ensuring adherence to high standards of teaching and curriculum design. The faculty consists of experienced industry practitioners who impart both conceptual knowledge and hands-on skills. Freshers benefit from modern lab facilities, interactive workshops, and access to a technical test series, helping them adapt quickly to workplace challenges. The small batch sizes foster personalized mentorship and active doubt-solving, making the transition from campus to corporate smoother. On successful completion, participants receive widely recognized certification, increasing their chances of placement in reputable organizations across Delhi and beyond. For ambitious freshers, the Independence Day offer by SLA Consultants India stands out as an exceptional opportunity to gain job-ready analytics skills with bonus data science expertise and comprehensive placement support. For more details Call: +91-8700575874 or Email: hr@slaconsultantsindia.com

[sunalimerchant]

Navigating Solar Regulations in India: How EPC Companies Ensure Compliance

India’s solar energy sector is rapidly expanding, fueled by government initiatives, falling technology costs, and growing awareness of sustainability. However, setting up a solar power system is not as simple as mounting panels and flipping a switch. Regulatory compliance is one of the most complex and critical parts of a successful solar project. This is where an EPC Solar Company plays a vital role.

EPC stands for Engineering, Procurement, and Construction. EPC companies are responsible for end-to-end execution of solar projects—from initial design and procurement of components to final installation and commissioning. But beyond the technical work, one of the most underestimated yet essential aspects of their job is ensuring full regulatory compliance.

Understanding India’s Solar Regulatory Landscape

India's regulatory environment for solar energy is multi-layered, involving central, state, and local authorities. There are variations across different states in terms of policies, approval procedures, and timelines. Key regulatory aspects include:

Net Metering Policies: Different states have unique frameworks for net metering, including eligibility, capacity limits, and compensation mechanisms.

DISCOM Approvals: Distribution companies (DISCOMs) must approve connections to the grid. This requires documentation, feasibility checks, and often, site inspections.

CEA and CEIG Certifications: The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and Chief Electrical Inspector to the Government (CEIG) require safety and compliance clearances before energizing large solar installations.

Environmental and Land Use Clearances: Depending on the size and location of the solar plant, environmental impact assessments and land conversion permits may be necessary.

Without deep familiarity with these regulations, project developers can face costly delays, penalties, or even project cancellations.

How an EPC Solar Company Simplifies Compliance

An experienced EPC Solar Company brings technical expertise and regulatory know-how, ensuring that every stage of the project meets statutory requirements. Here’s how they make a difference:

1. Regulatory Pre-Assessment

Before a project begins, the EPC team conducts a thorough feasibility and compliance review. They examine applicable state and central policies, assess site limitations, and identify required permits. This step helps avoid regulatory roadblocks later in the process.

2. Document Preparation and Submission

Navigating government portals and submitting correct documentation can be a bureaucratic nightmare. EPC companies handle this by preparing detailed project reports, load flow studies, safety declarations, and net metering applications—ensuring accuracy and completeness.

3. Coordination with Authorities

Whether it's interacting with DISCOM officials for connectivity approvals or coordinating with CEIG inspectors for site inspections, an EPC company acts as the project’s legal and technical representative. Their relationships with regulatory bodies often accelerate approval timelines.

4. Grid Compliance and Safety Standards

Solar installations must follow strict safety and performance standards as mandated by the CEA and local electrical codes. An EPC firm ensures that inverters, wiring, grounding, and switchgear adhere to compliance norms, minimizing the risk of rejection or rework.

5. Post-Commissioning Compliance

Even after installation, projects require ongoing regulatory reporting, such as meter reading submissions, performance declarations, and maintenance logs. EPC firms often offer operation and maintenance (O&M) services that include these compliance tasks.

The Cost of Non-Compliance

Non-compliance can be financially and reputationally damaging. Fines, project delays, denied subsidies, or even legal action can derail solar initiatives. Moreover, grid safety violations can lead to disconnections or blacklisting by DISCOMs. For businesses and developers, partnering with a skilled EPC Solar Company is not just beneficial—it’s essential.

Conclusion

India's solar market holds enormous promise, but regulatory hurdles can pose significant challenges. Navigating this complex framework requires in-depth understanding and proactive engagement with authorities. An EPC Solar Company acts as both a builder and a compliance specialist, ensuring that your solar project is not only technically sound but also legally secure.

Whether you’re installing a rooftop system or a utility-scale plant, regulatory compliance is the backbone of project success—and a trusted EPC partner ensures you stay on the right side of the law while moving toward a sustainable future.

[top-dental-clinic-in-hyderabad]

Real Results: Before and After Invisalign Treatment at Avighna’s Dental Care

If you’ve ever dreamed of achieving a perfect smile without the hassle of traditional braces, then the future of orthodontics is already within your reach. In India, where technological advancements in healthcare are accelerating, more and more people are turning to modern, non-invasive solutions. One such revolutionary treatment capturing attention across all age groups—from ambitious students and tech-savvy developers to dynamic entrepreneurs and seasoned professionals—is Invisalign aligners Treatment in Miyapur .

 an advanced dental clinic in Hyderabad known for delivering exceptional aesthetic and orthodontic results using cutting-edge Invisalign technology.

The New Era of Smiles: Why Invisalign?

Gone are the days when metal brackets and wires were the only option for achieving aligned teeth. Invisalign aligners are transparent, comfortable, and custom-designed to fit your unique dental structure. These clear aligners gently shift your teeth into place, without the need for painful tightening or adjustments.

India’s urban and suburban populations are embracing this method for its aesthetic appeal and time-efficiency. In professional settings or educational institutions, people prefer discreet solutions—making Invisalign a game-changer.

What Makes Invisalign So Effective?

Invisalign isn’t just about straight teeth—it’s about transforming lives. Patients at Avighna’s Dental Care have reported improvements not just in their appearance but in their self-esteem, speech clarity, and overall oral health.

Each aligner is digitally crafted based on a detailed 3D scan of the patient’s mouth. The aligners are then replaced every one to two weeks as the treatment progresses. Unlike traditional braces, these aligners are removable, allowing flexibility during meals, meetings, or social gatherings.

Key highlights of the Invisalign aligners Treatment in Miyapur at Avighna’s Dental Care:

Precise Digital Planning: Advanced 3D imaging ensures a tailored treatment plan.

Enhanced Comfort: Smooth plastic trays reduce gum irritation.

Removable Convenience: Maintain oral hygiene and dietary freedom.

Minimal Lifestyle Disruption: Continue work, studies, or travel without concern.

Real Transformations: What Patients Are Saying

Though we maintain patient confidentiality, the overall feedback we’ve gathered speaks volumes. Adults who once hesitated to smile are now confidently networking, attending meetings, or teaching classes without inhibition. Younger patients preparing for careers in business or development report greater self-assurance during presentations and interviews.

A growing number of case studies from Hyderabad and particularly Miyapur show remarkable progress—ranging from correction of minor gaps to full alignment of complex dental structures. These changes are evident within just a few months, depending on the individual’s dental condition.

Experts Weigh In: Dental Insights from Avighna’s Professionals

Invisalign is more than a cosmetic fix—it's a long-term investment in oral wellness. According to the expert team at Avighna’s Dental Care, the holistic approach they use allows them to focus not only on aesthetics but also on structural improvements.

Their philosophy is simple yet powerful: "A confident smile can unlock new opportunities—whether you're walking into a boardroom, preparing a project pitch, or attending your convocation."

With a track record of successful Invisalign cases, their team uses AI-assisted planning software to fine-tune each stage of the alignment journey, ensuring that every patient gets predictable and effective results.

The Indian Outlook: Why More People Are Choosing Invisalign

India’s healthcare landscape is rapidly evolving, and dental care is no exception. Educated individuals are now prioritizing preventive care and cosmetic dentistry as part of their lifestyle.

Whether you’re an MBA student, a software engineer, or a young business owner, time is a valuable asset. Invisalign offers the flexibility that busy Indian lives demand. With shorter chair time, fewer clinic visits, and minimal interference in daily activities, it’s become the preferred choice.

Recent surveys across metro areas like Hyderabad reveal:

Over 70% of Invisalign patients are working professionals aged 22–40.

85% report improved self-confidence post-treatment.

A significant number recommend it to peers for its discretion and efficiency.

Your Smile Timeline: What to Expect

At Avighna’s Dental Care, the process begins with a personalized consultation. Here’s a simplified step-by-step journey for patients undergoing Invisalign aligners Treatment in Miyapur:

Initial Consultation & Digital Scan

Discuss goals and scan your teeth using a 3D scanner.

Custom Treatment Plan

Get a visual preview of your future smile.

Aligner Fabrication

Receive custom-designed aligners from Invisalign labs.

Wearing Phase

Wear each aligner set for 20–22 hours daily.

Monitoring & Adjustments

Periodic check-ins at Avighna to monitor progress.

Completion & Retainers

Final evaluation and provision of retainers to maintain the results.

The duration can vary from 6 months to 18 months depending on complexity—but every day of commitment brings you closer to your best smile.

The Rise of Smile-Conscious India: A Cultural Shift

In a culture where smiles are symbolic of hospitality and warmth, having straight, healthy teeth is increasingly becoming a matter of personal and professional importance. Job interviews, matrimonial meetings, video conferencing, and digital content creation are moments where confidence makes a lasting impression.

This shift is seen not only in metros but also in suburban localities like Miyapur, where access to premium healthcare is improving. Avighna’s Dental Care has been pivotal in driving this change, combining international-grade technology with Indian sensibilities.

Answers to Common FAQs

Q: Is Invisalign painful? A: Mild discomfort is expected in the initial days, but it’s far less than metal braces.

Q: Can I eat with Invisalign? A: You must remove them before eating or drinking anything except water. This prevents staining and breakage.

Q: How often should I visit the clinic? A: Once every 6–8 weeks, depending on your treatment stage.

Q: Is Invisalign suitable for all ages? A: Yes. It’s popular among teens and adults alike, especially those aged 18–45.

Q: Are the results permanent? A: With consistent retainer use post-treatment, results can be long-lasting.

Embracing the Future: The New Smile Standard

In a digitally connected world, visual impressions matter. Whether you’re networking on LinkedIn, teaching an online course, or simply engaging in a video call with clients, a bright and balanced smile adds credibility.

Avighna’s Dental Care has built a reputation on trust, expertise, and empathy. They understand the Indian patient’s expectations and design treatments accordingly—offering a fine blend of precision and personalization.

As one of the top-rated providers for Invisalign aligners Treatment in Miyapur, they cater to working adults, university students, and even retired professionals looking for gentle, lasting improvements.

Ready for Your Smile Transformation?

India is stepping into a new age of oral aesthetics, and Invisalign is leading the way. If you’re ready to explore your best smile—whether for professional reasons, social confidence, or personal satisfaction—now is the time to act.

Visit https://www.avighnascompletedentalcare.com/ to book your Invisalign consultation and take the first step toward a smile that truly speaks for you.