#Expanded Polystyrene Price Monitor

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chemanalystdata · 10 months ago

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Expanded polystyrene (EPS) prices is a widely used material in the construction, packaging, and manufacturing industries due to its excellent insulation properties, lightweight nature, and versatility. Over the years, the price of expanded polystyrene has fluctuated due to various market factors, including changes in raw material costs, supply chain dynamics, and demand across different sectors. Understanding these fluctuations is essential for businesses that rely on EPS in their operations, as it can directly impact their bottom line.

The primary raw material used in the production of expanded polystyrene is styrene, a derivative of petroleum. Therefore, the price of EPS is closely linked to the global price of crude oil. When oil prices rise, the cost of styrene increases, leading to higher prices for expanded polystyrene. Conversely, when oil prices fall, the cost of producing EPS can decrease, allowing manufacturers to lower their prices. However, the relationship between oil prices and EPS is not always straightforward, as other factors can influence the price of styrene, such as regional supply issues, refinery outages, and geopolitical tensions that affect oil supply and demand.

Another significant factor affecting expanded polystyrene prices is the overall demand for the material. EPS is used extensively in the construction industry, particularly in insulation for buildings, as well as in the packaging sector for products like electronics, food, and fragile goods. When the construction industry experiences a boom, driven by economic growth or government infrastructure projects, the demand for EPS tends to rise. This increase in demand can lead to higher prices, especially if the supply of raw materials is constrained or if manufacturers are unable to meet the surge in orders. On the other hand, when the construction industry slows down, the demand for EPS decreases, which can result in lower prices.

Get Real Time Prices for Expanded polystyrene: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/expanded-polystyrene-65

Supply chain dynamics also play a crucial role in determining expanded polystyrene prices. Disruptions in the supply chain, such as those caused by natural disasters, transportation bottlenecks, or labor strikes, can lead to shortages of EPS and its raw materials. These disruptions can cause prices to spike as manufacturers and suppliers scramble to meet demand. For example, if a major styrene production facility shuts down due to a natural disaster, the reduced availability of the raw material can drive up the cost of expanded polystyrene. Similarly, if transportation networks are disrupted, it can become more expensive and difficult to deliver EPS to customers, leading to higher prices.

In recent years, environmental regulations have also started to influence the price of expanded polystyrene. As concerns about plastic waste and environmental sustainability have grown, some regions have introduced stricter regulations on the use of EPS, particularly in single-use packaging. These regulations can affect the supply and demand for EPS, as manufacturers may need to invest in more environmentally friendly alternatives or adapt their production processes to comply with new laws. In some cases, this has led to higher costs for manufacturers, which are passed on to consumers in the form of increased EPS prices.

The global nature of the expanded polystyrene market means that currency exchange rates can also affect prices. Many countries rely on imports of styrene and other raw materials to produce EPS, and fluctuations in exchange rates can impact the cost of these imports. For example, if the value of a country's currency weakens relative to the US dollar, which is often used in international trade for raw materials, the cost of importing styrene can rise, leading to higher production costs and, subsequently, higher prices for expanded polystyrene. Conversely, a stronger currency can make imports cheaper, potentially lowering EPS prices.

Technological advancements in the production of expanded polystyrene have the potential to affect prices as well. Innovations in manufacturing processes can lead to more efficient production, reducing waste and lowering the cost of producing EPS. Additionally, advancements in recycling technologies can help reduce the demand for virgin materials, potentially lowering the price of expanded polystyrene. However, these technological improvements often require significant investment, and the cost savings may not be immediately reflected in the price of EPS. Over time, though, as these technologies become more widespread and cost-effective, they could contribute to more stable and potentially lower EPS prices.

Another key consideration in the pricing of expanded polystyrene is regional variations in supply and demand. Different regions of the world have varying levels of access to raw materials, manufacturing facilities, and markets for EPS. For example, regions with abundant supplies of styrene and well-developed manufacturing industries may be able to produce EPS more cheaply than regions that rely on imports. Additionally, demand for EPS can vary depending on the level of economic activity and construction in different parts of the world. As a result, EPS prices can differ significantly between regions, even if the global market trends are similar.

Looking ahead, the future of expanded polystyrene prices will likely be shaped by a combination of these factors. Global economic conditions, including fluctuations in oil prices, changes in construction activity, and evolving environmental regulations, will continue to influence the supply and demand dynamics of the EPS market. Additionally, technological advancements in production and recycling processes could help stabilize prices over the long term, as manufacturers find more efficient and sustainable ways to produce EPS. However, businesses that rely on expanded polystyrene should remain vigilant and adaptable, as unexpected disruptions to supply chains or shifts in market demand could lead to sudden price fluctuations.

In conclusion, expanded polystyrene prices are influenced by a wide range of factors, including raw material costs, supply chain dynamics, demand from key industries, environmental regulations, and technological advancements. While it is challenging to predict future price trends with certainty, understanding these underlying factors can help businesses make informed decisions about their use of EPS and manage their costs effectively. As the global economy continues to evolve, keeping a close eye on these market forces will be essential for businesses that depend on expanded polystyrene for their operations.

Get Real Time Prices for Expanded polystyrene: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/expanded-polystyrene-65

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#Expanded Polystyrene #Expanded Polystyrene Price #Expanded Polystyrene Price Monitor #Expanded Polystyrene Pricing #Expanded Polystyrene News

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coherentmarketinsights · 1 year ago

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From Insulation to Preservation: Exploring Foam Cooler Box Market Trends

The foam cooler box market has witnessed steady growth in recent years, driven by the increasing demand for convenient and portable cooling solutions across various industries and consumer segments. Foam cooler boxes, also known as coolers or ice chests, are insulated containers designed to keep contents cool or cold for extended periods, making them popular for picnics, outdoor activities, transportation of perishable goods, and medical applications such as vaccine storage. This market has seen a surge in demand, particularly in regions with warm climates and during summer seasons, as people seek efficient ways to keep beverages, food, and other items chilled.

One of the key drivers of market growth is the rising trend of outdoor recreational activities such as camping, hiking, and beach outings. Consumers are increasingly investing in high-performance foam cooler boxes that offer superior insulation, durability, and portability. Additionally, the food and beverage industry relies on foam cooler boxes for safe and efficient transportation of perishable goods, contributing to market expansion.

The foam cooler box market can be segmented based on product type, material, size, end-user, and distribution channel. Product types include hard-sided coolers, soft-sided coolers, and disposable foam coolers, each catering to different preferences and use cases. Materials used in foam cooler boxes range from traditional expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam to advanced materials like polyurethane foam, offering varying levels of insulation and environmental sustainability.

Despite the market's growth potential, there are challenges and restraints to consider. These include increasing competition from alternative cooling solutions such as electric coolers and refrigeration units, concerns about environmental impact due to disposable foam coolers, and price sensitivity among certain consumer segments. Manufacturers are responding to these challenges by focusing on product innovation, eco-friendly materials, and strategic partnerships to expand their market presence and meet evolving consumer demands.

Looking ahead, the foam cooler box market is poised for continued growth, driven by factors such as technological advancements in insulation materials, growing emphasis on sustainability, and expanding applications in healthcare and pharmaceutical logistics. Emerging trends like the integration of smart features such as temperature monitoring and IoT connectivity are also expected to shape the future landscape of foam cooler boxes, providing further opportunities for market expansion and differentiation.

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anantradingpvtltd · 3 years ago

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Price: [price_with_discount] (as of [price_update_date] - Details) [ad_1] Description: Materials Construction:All of our Expandable Polystyrene (EPS) liner is imported from America and built in high density, which creates stronger impact resistant ability. Thicker polycarbonate (PC) outer shell is injection moulded with the EPS liner to provide the helmets with extra protection. Fit System:The backside mini adjust dial is equipped to create smooth size adjustment. It can be easily rotated simply by one hand and is designed with vertical adjustment which offers perfect head fit.Ventilation: 20 Vents provide good aerodynamic and coolest and happy cycling experience Padding Strap Buckle: internal pads are used in larger surface in contact with the head for increased comfort. Detachable for hand wash and anti-allergenic.Nylon Strap breathable and strong.Buckle Locked for your safety.Comfortable and Lightweight: This bike helmet made of lightweight material, only 190g weight. Specification: M Size: 55-60CM / 21.65-23.62inch. Head Width: 17.5cm / 6.88inch. Package Includes: 1 Piece Adults Bike Helmet Note: Please allow 1-10mm measuring deviation due to manual measurement.Due to the different monitor and light effect,the actual color of the item might be slightly different from the color showed on the pictures.Thank you! Fit System:The backside mini adjust dial is equipped to create smooth size adjustment. It can be easily rotated simply by one hand and is designed with vertical adjustment which offers perfect head fit. Ventilation: 20 Vents provide good aerodynamic and coolest and happy cycling experience Padding Strap Buckle: internal pads are used in larger surface in contact with the head for increased comfort. Detachable for hand wash and anti-allergenic.Nylon Strap breathable and strong.Buckle Locked for your safety. Package Includes:1 Piece Adults Bike Helmet [ad_2]

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sweetyiarc · 3 years ago

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Active Insulation Market Size Forecast to Reach $360 Million by 2026

The Active Insulation Market size is forecast to reach $360 million by 2026, after growing at a CAGR of 6% during 2021-2026 due to increasing insulation demand in residential and commercial applications. Active insulation helps to cool down buildings during the summer period without opening windows or doors. Furthermore, glass wool and mineral wool active insulation products can control temperature fluctuations and reduce energy consumption. Hence, growing consumption in residential & commercial buildings is expected to grow the demand for active insulation materials. Active insulation materials prevent loss of heat from walls, roofs, and floors; also help in saving energy by reducing the consumption of electricity. In addition, expanded polystyrene insulation is mostly used in residential and commercial construction. It helps to create an envelope around the structure and covering wall to increase their resistance to heat transfer and moisture penetration. Thus, the market is expected to grow during the forecast period.

The global impacts of coronavirus disease significantly affected the active insulation industry market in 2020. COVID-19 has changed consumer behavior and demand, purchasing patterns, re-routing of the supply chain, dynamics of current market forces, and the significant interventions of government. However, the market is again affected after the second wave in 2021 which reduced the production of insulation materials and hampered the market growth.

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Material

Plastic foam segment held the primary product in the global active insulation market in 2020 due to widely used in the building & construction sector with their various properties such as resistance to heat transfer and moisture penetration. Polystyrene plastic foam is a colorless, transparent thermoplastic, which is commonly used in concrete block insulation. Expanded polystyrene has a closed-cell structure and allows only a little water absorption. Expanded polystyrene is extremely durable and reduces energy consumption. Hence, these are used as flotation material in the building & construction. Hence, plastic foam is widely used as active insulation material.

Request for Sample Report @ https://www.industryarc.com/pdfdownload.php?id=503389

Report Price: $ 4500 (Single User License)

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Application

Building & construction sector held the largest share of the global active insulation market in 2020 and is growing at a CAGR of 6.2% during 2021-2026, as it is primarily used in commercial and industrial buildings for masonry walls. Active insulation materials such as expanded polystyrene are the most popular material used for external wall insulation, because of the low price and the better performance characteristics. Mineral wool and glass wool is also used in buildings due to their cost, easy availability, and excellent insulation performance. Hence, the growing building and construction sector is also estimated to grow the active insulation market. According to the US Census Bureau, new housing unit construction was 11,471 thousand units in 2019 in the United States and reached 3,642 units in 2020. Additionally, according to Central Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee (CSMC), 1,68,606 new homes were approved to construct in urban areas under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana in 2021 in India. The increasing demand for active insulation materials in building applications such as greenhouse gas emissions reduction and cost efficiency is estimated to grow the demand for active insulation materials.

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Geography

Asia Pacific dominated the active insulation market size in 2020 with 30%, due to rapid urbanization, rising infrastructure spending, and growing end-use sectors is expected to grow the consumption of active insulation materials. According to the India Brand Equity Foundation ( IBEF), the textile industry in India is estimated to reach about USD 223 billion in 2021. Additionally, according to the India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), the real state sector in India is expected to reach a market size of US$ 1 trillion by 2030 and will grow to (US$ 9.30 billion) by 2040. Furthermore, according to the National Bureau of Statistics, China's real estate market investment jumped from 15.7% in 2019 to 38.3% in January-February 2021. Furthermore, according to the Central Bureau Of Statistics, the total sales of built houses in Indonesia has increased by 12,033 units in 2018, as compared with 7,884 units in 2017. Thus, rising infrastructure is expected to grow the active insulation market.

Inquiry Before Buying @ https://www.industryarc.com/reports/request-quote?id=503389

Active Insulation Market Drivers

Growing Consumption of Active Insulation Materials

Increasing active insulation materials such as mineral wool, glass wool, polyester, expanded polystyrene, and others in residential and commercial applications due to consuming less energy and cost. Active insulation gives thermal barriers to the wall and for the betterment of the air-tightness of the buildings. In testing, buildings are reducing about 63% of heat with standard active insulation and minimum heat loss reduction was higher than 50% in the cold period. Expanded polystyrene lightweight with very low thermal conductivity (density 20 kg/m3 is 0.035 – 0.037 W/ (m·K) at 10 °C) and 100% recyclability, thus; it is used primarily in packaging. Hence, such properties are growing consumption of active insulation materials.

Robust Growing in Building & Construction

According to the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning, Germany will require about 350,000 new housing units per year by end of 2021. Furthermore, According to the Statics of South Africa, GDP from construction in South Africa increased to ZAR 82,047.74 million (US$5,018.95 million) in the fourth quarter of 2020 from ZAR 79,899.25 million (US$4,887.51 million) in the third quarter of 2020. According to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), real estate investment in China rose 7.0% in 2020. Apart from this, according to the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC), the total construction spending rose by 1.5% (to THB1.321 trillion) including public sector spending rose by 5.0% in 2020 as compared to 3.1% in 2019. Hence, due to reduce maximum heat in the building during the summer is estimated to increase demand for active insulation materials.

Active Insulation Market Challenges

Volatility in Raw Material prices

Active insulation materials such as polystyrene made from styrene monomer which is a liquid petrochemical product. Meanwhile, the volatile crude oil prices in the market are expected to fluctuate the prices of insulation materials. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), crude oil prices were decreased by US$ 41.69 per barrel in 2020 compared to US$ 64.34 per barrel in 2019. According to BP static, Oil prices declined US$64.21/bbl in 2019 as compared with US$71.31/bbl in 2018. Hence, the fluctuation of crude oil prices may hamper the production of active insulation materials.

Active Insulation Market Landscape

Technology launches, acquisitions and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the active insulation market. Major players in the active insulation market are Polartec, PrimaLoft, Inc, W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc., INVISTA, Viridian, BASF Remmers UK Ltd., Unger Diffutherm GmbH, and HD Wool., and among others.

Key Takeaways

The demand for active insulation in Asia Pacific region is rising due to the increasing focus towards modern infrastructural development and rising health awareness in Asian countries.

Increasing demand for active insulation materials such as expanded polystyrene, mineral wool, glass wool, polyester in building applications such as external walls, roofs, and floors. These materials also improve indoor air quality.

Increasing demand for active insulation materials because they maintain an inner temperature in building structures, which will create demand for the active insulation market.

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https://www.industryarc.com/Report/16507/fireproof-insulation-market.html

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#ActiveInsulationMarket #ActiveInsulationMarketShare #ActiveInsulationMarketSize

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industryarcmarketresearch · 3 years ago

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Active Insulation Market Size Forecast to Reach $360 Million by 2026

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Material

Request for Sample Report @ https://www.industryarc.com/pdfdownload.php?id=503389

Report Price: $ 4500 (Single User License)

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Application

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Geography

Inquiry Before Buying @ https://www.industryarc.com/reports/request-quote?id=503389

Active Insulation Market Drivers

Growing Consumption of Active Insulation Materials

Robust Growing in Building & Construction

Active Insulation Market Challenges

Volatility in Raw Material prices

Active Insulation Market Landscape

Key Takeaways

The demand for active insulation in Asia Pacific region is rising due to the increasing focus towards modern infrastructural development and rising health awareness in Asian countries.

Increasing demand for active insulation materials because they maintain an inner temperature in building structures, which will create demand for the active insulation market.

Related Reports

A.Fireproof Insulation Market

https://www.industryarc.com/Report/16507/fireproof-insulation-market.html

B.Sputtering Targets & Evaporation Materials Market

https://www.industryarc.com/Report/1305/sputtering-targets-evaporation-materials-market-analysis.html

For more Chemicals and Materials Market reports, please click here

About IndustryARC Chemicals and MaterialsChemical Industry Market Research

More about IndustryARC Chemicals and Materials

Contact info

Venkat Reddy Sales Director Email: [email protected] Website: https://www.industryarc.com Phone: (+1) 970-236-3677

#Active InsulationMarket #ActiveInsulationMarketshare

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industryarcmarket · 3 years ago

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Active Insulation Market Size Forecast to Reach $360 Million by 2026 IndustryARC

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Material

Request for Sample Report @ https://www.industryarc.com/pdfdownload.php?id=503389

Report Price: $ 4500 (Single User License)

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Application

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Geography

Inquiry Before Buying @ https://www.industryarc.com/reports/request-quote?id=503389

Active Insulation Market Drivers

Growing Consumption of Active Insulation Materials

Robust Growing in Building & Construction

Active Insulation Market Challenges

Volatility in Raw Material prices

Active Insulation Market Landscape

Key Takeaways

The demand for active insulation in Asia Pacific region is rising due to the increasing focus towards modern infrastructural development and rising health awareness in Asian countries.

Increasing demand for active insulation materials because they maintain an inner temperature in building structures, which will create demand for the active insulation market.

Related Reports

A.Fireproof Insulation Market

https://www.industryarc.com/Report/16507/fireproof-insulation-market.html

B.Sputtering Targets & Evaporation Materials Market

https://www.industryarc.com/Report/1305/sputtering-targets-evaporation-materials-market-analysis.html

For more Chemicals and Materials Market reports, please click here

#ActiveInsulationMarket

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marketwire · 3 years ago

Text

Active Insulation Market Size Forecast to Reach $360 Million by 2026

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Material

Request for Sample Report @ https://www.industryarc.com/pdfdownload.php?id=503389

Report Price: $ 4500 (Single User License)

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Application

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Geography

Inquiry Before Buying @ https://www.industryarc.com/reports/request-quote?id=503389

Active Insulation Market Drivers

Growing Consumption of Active Insulation Materials

Robust Growing in Building & Construction

Active Insulation Market Challenges

Volatility in Raw Material prices

Active Insulation Market Landscape

Key Takeaways

The demand for active insulation in Asia Pacific region is rising due to the increasing focus towards modern infrastructural development and rising health awareness in Asian countries.

Increasing demand for active insulation materials because they maintain an inner temperature in building structures, which will create demand for the active insulation market.

Related Reports

A.Fireproof Insulation Market

https://www.industryarc.com/Report/16507/fireproof-insulation-market.html

B.Sputtering Targets & Evaporation Materials Market

https://www.industryarc.com/Report/1305/sputtering-targets-evaporation-materials-market-analysis.html

For more Chemicals and Materials Market reports, please click here

#Active Insulation Market #Active Insulation Market share #Active Insulation Market size

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yash-tiknayat · 4 years ago

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Global Plastic Packaging Market Research Report - Forecast to 2022

Market Snapshot

After careful analysis of the current trends, Market Research Future (MRFR) is of the view that the global injection molded plastic packaging market will prove to be a profitable venture with a lucrative growth rate during the forecast period (2017-2023).

Growth Drivers and Key Challenges

March 2019 – Plastic Components Inc. recently acquired Cary, which is a North Carolina-based company that manufactures engineered as well as high-precision injection molded components. With this acquisition, the company is striving for expansion through expanded geography and an upper hand among its competitors in the market. This instance showcases the continuous efforts being put in by numerous players for expanding their production capabilities, in addition to indulging in various marketing strategies to cater to the growing demand for injection molded plastic.

The injection molded plastic market is projected to go through a tremendous expansion in the years to come, as a result of the increasing demand for plastic parts across a variety of end use sectors such as home equipments, automobile industry, medical instruments, packaging sector, and electronics & electrical sector. Increasing expenditure on construction, particularly in the emerging markets of India, Brazil, Russia, China, Mexico, and South Africa, will serve to be a stimulating factor in the market growth. The market growth trajectory is expected to be further assisted by the versatile features possessed by the end products, including heat resistance and good pressure, which make these items highly applicable to numerous sectors across the globe. However, the volatile price of key raw materials could prove to be an impeding factor in the growth of the market to some extent.

Nevertheless, the overall size of the market is projected to expand relentlessly in the future, with the shifting focus on the production of injection molded plastic by using bio dependent equivalents. The prominent plastic manufacturers are constantly partnering with the biotechnology firms, giving way to joint ventures that help synergize their operations that help in the production of bio dependent plastics as well as finished products.

Market Segmentation

The market for injection molded plastic is segmented on the basis of application and raw material.

The application-wise segments in the global market are consumable & electronics, packaging, building & construction, automotive & transportation, medical, and others. Here, the packaging will be surging at a significant CAGR during the review period, owing to the various properties of injection molded plastic that offer enhanced resistance from wear and tear, in addition to improving the shelf life of the product, which adds to the overall durability of the product packed. Furthermore, the elevated demand from the medical as well as the electronic sector will serve to be beneficial for the market growth as well.

The injection molded plastic market, depending on the raw material, caters to ABS, polypropylene, polystyrene, HDFE, polycarbonate, PEEK, engineering thermoplastic polyurethane, LLDPE, PET, LDPE, and others. Out of these sub-segments, polypropylene is slated to be the dominating segment in the global market, with the prediction of it witnessing strong growth in the next few years. The polypropylene segment held more than 30% of the market share in the year 2016. The relentless growth of the segment has been possible due to the growing demand for the household, packaging and automotive applications.

Regional Insight

The regional analysis of the global injection molded plastic has been done in the prominent regions of Europe, Latin America, Asia Pacific, North America, as well as the Middle East & Africa.

Demonstrating a lucrative growth pattern amongst all the regions is Asia Pacific, which has taken the lead with the majority stake in the global market. The report states that the regional market share was over 30% in the year 2017, with the expeditious rate of urbanization and the growth of numerous industries responsible for the said growth. Additionally, the increasing government regulations like tax benefits and incentives are luring in various manufacturers that are now striving to expand their market presence in the region, resulting in the market development. Not just this but the expansion of the automobile and construction sector will also amp up the demand for injected molded plastic in the region. The countries in the region such as India, China and Japan have established themselves as the primary consumers of injection molded plastic.

The North America region, on the other hand, is making similar stride with a highly established market for injection molded plastic at a global level. The highly advanced end-user industries like construction, electronics and transportation, are fueling the market expansion to a large extent. In addition, the growing funds that are used for the renovation as well as construction of residential and commercial infrastructure will strive to uplift the demand for injection molded plastic in these sectors.

The injection molded plastic market in Europe will showcase positive outlook in the near future, motivated by the expansion and growing demand from the construction and automobile sectors. The countries at the forefront of the regional market include France, Germany and Italy. Other factors working in favor of the regional market are the well-developed pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry coupled with the rising demand for processed food, which in turn, pushes the use of injected molding plastics in the nonfood and food packaging application.

Prominent Industry Vendors

The well-renowned contenders in the global injection molded plastic packaging market size include INEOS Group AG, Reliance Industries Limited, Huntsman Corporation, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC, DuPont, BASF, Dow Chemicals, ExxonMobil, LyondellBasell, SABIC, Eastman Chemical Company, among others.

Recent News

February 2019 - Westfall Technik Inc. has carried out the acquisition of Precision Injection Molding Company, which will help continue the company’s aggressive expansion strategy. The company is making efforts to establish itself as the plastic industry’s strong contender and make further name for itself in the global injector molded plastic market.

Browse Complete Report Details @ https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/injection-molded-plastic-market-5539

About Market Research Future:

Market Research Future (MRFR) is an esteemed company with a reputation of serving clients across domains of information technology (IT), healthcare, and chemicals. Our analysts undertake painstaking primary and secondary research to provide a seamless report with a 360 degree perspective. Data is compared against reputed organizations, trustworthy databases, and international surveys for producing impeccable reports backed with graphical and statistical information.

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industryupdatenews · 5 years ago

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Assessing the COVID-19 Effect: Plastic Tray Production Moderately Disrupted by Labor Shortages of Labor in Pandemic, Says Fact.MR

Fact.MR has come up with a study on Plastic Tray Market and the report is laden with information that can be utilized by stakeholders in the market to make informed decisions. Analysts have widely utilized the well-entrenched and effective market intelligence tools to collect and collate and then present the analysis and assessment of the Plastic Tray Market in an easily understandable format for all. The report includes the major market conditions across the globe such as the product profit, price, production, capacity, demand, supply, as well as market growth structure. In addition, this report offers significant data through the SWOT analysis and Porter’s five forces investment return data, and investment feasibility analysis. The global Plastic Tray market Growth has seen a historical CAGR of nearly XX% during the period (2013-2017) and is projected to create a valuation of about US$ XX Mn/Bn by 2027.

The Plastic Tray Market report offers an in-depth analysis of the cost structure, market size, and PESTEL analysis which offers market outlook. Likewise, the Plastic Tray Market report focuses on the major economies across the globe.

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically changed the dynamics of the Plastic Tray Market. This market research report includes extensive data on the impacts of the market. The research analyst team of the firm has been monitoring the market during this coronavirus crisis and has been talking with the industry experts to finally publish a detailed analysis of the future scope of the Plastic Tray Market. They have followed a robust research methodology and got involved in primary and secondary research to prepare the Plastic Tray Market report.

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The research report of the Plastic Tray Market comprises significant insights for the clients and vendors that are looking to maintain their market position as well as to expand the business in the current and upcoming market scenarios. Furthermore, the report provides a detailed study of the facts and figures, as viewers search for the scope in market growth related to the category of the product.

Competitive Landscape:

Major players in the market are identified through secondary research and their market revenues determined through primary and secondary research. Secondary research included the research of the annual and financial reports of the top manufacturers; whereas, primary research included extensive interviews of key opinion leaders and industry experts such as experienced front-line staff, directors, CEOs and marketing executives. The percentage splits, market shares, growth rate and breakdowns of the product markets are determined through using secondary sources and verified through the primary sources.

· DS Smith Plc

· Huhtamaki Oyj

· RPC Group Plc

· Genpak LLC

Market Segmentation:

The common characters are also being considered for segmentation such as global market share, common interests, worldwide demand, and supply of Plastic Tray Market.

On the basis of end-use industry, the global Plastic Tray market report offers insights into the opportunities and new avenues of following key segments:

· Retail Based

· Food Beverage

· Pharmaceutical

· Cosmetic & Personal Care

In order to analyze growth prospects in the aforementioned segments in the global Plastic Tray market, the study assesses demand and consumption patterns of the following product segments

· Polyethylene Terephthalate

· Polystyrene

· Polypropylene

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To have a better understanding of regional dynamics, the Global Plastic Tray Market covers the following geographies:

· North America (U.S., Canada)

· Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Rest of Latin America)

· Europe (Germany, Italy, France, U.K., Spain, Benelux, Russia, Rest of Europe)

· �� Japan

· APEJ (China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Australia & New Zealand, Rest of Asia Pacific)

· MEA (GCC Countries, Turkey, Northern Africa, South Africa, Rest of Middle East & Africa)

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Offers value chain analysis and price trend analysis of various offering of competitors

Offers data-driven decision to help companies decide strategies that need recalibration

Offers insights into areas in research and development that should attract

Identifies data outliers before your competitors

#Plastic Tray market Growth

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chemanalystdata · 11 months ago

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Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Prices is a versatile and cost-effective material used in various industries, including construction, packaging, and insulation. As with any product, the prices of EPS can fluctuate due to a variety of factors. In this article, we will explore the factors that influence expanded polystyrene prices and how they can impact different industries.

One of the primary factors that affect EPS prices is the cost of raw materials. EPS is made from styrene, a petroleum-based product. Therefore, any changes in the price of crude oil can have a significant impact on the cost of producing EPS. Fluctuations in crude oil prices can be caused by global events, such as political instability or changes in supply and demand. Additionally, the availability of styrene monomer, the primary raw material used in EPS production, can also influence prices. Any disruptions in the supply chain, such as natural disasters or transportation issues, can lead to price fluctuations.

Another factor that affects EPS prices is the cost of energy. The production of EPS requires a significant amount of energy, both in terms of electricity and heat. Any changes in energy prices, such as increases in electricity or natural gas rates, can impact the overall cost of production. Additionally, advancements in energy-efficient technology can help reduce energy consumption during the manufacturing process, leading to potential cost savings.

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Market demand and competition also play a crucial role in determining EPS prices. When the demand for EPS products is high, manufacturers may increase prices to maximize profits. Conversely, during periods of low demand, manufacturers may lower prices to stimulate sales and maintain market share. The level of competition within the EPS industry can also influence prices. In highly competitive markets, manufacturers may engage in price wars to attract customers, resulting in lower prices. Conversely, in markets with limited competition, manufacturers may have more control over pricing.

Government regulations and environmental considerations can also impact EPS prices. In recent years, there has been an increased focus on sustainability and environmental impact. Some countries have implemented regulations and standards to promote the use of environmentally friendly materials and limit the use of certain chemicals in EPS production. Compliance with these regulations can increase production costs, potentially leading to higher prices for EPS products.

The geographical location of manufacturing facilities can also influence EPS prices. Transportation costs can vary depending on the distance between the production site and the end market. Manufacturers located closer to their customers may have a competitive advantage in terms of lower transportation costs, which can translate into more competitive pricing.

In conclusion, expanded polystyrene prices are influenced by several factors, including the cost of raw materials, energy prices, market demand and competition, government regulations, and the geographical location of manufacturing facilities. These factors can fluctuate over time, leading to changes in EPS prices. It is important for businesses in industries that rely on EPS to stay informed about these factors and adapt their strategies accordingly. By understanding the dynamics of EPS pricing, businesses can make informed decisions and effectively manage costs in an ever-changing market.

Get Real Time Prices for Expanded Polystyrene (EPS): https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/expanded-polystyrene-65

ChemAnalyst

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#Expanded Polystyrene #Expanded Polystyrene Price #Expanded Polystyrene Price Monitor #Expanded Polystyrene Pricing #Expanded Polystyrene News

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marketresearchandsurvey · 6 years ago

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Cold Chain Packaging Market: Outlook, Competitive Landscape and Forecasts

Hence, for the logistics of temperature-sensitive drugs, pharmaceutical companies have shifted its focus towards using the cold chain packaging solution that suits a particular situation. Cold chain packaging solutions include different types of refrigerated containers, temperature monitors & integrators for managing product’s life period.

Global Cold Chain Packaging Market: Drivers & Restraints

The demand for cold chain packaging has grown immensely in the healthcare packaging sector. Cold chain packaging finds its applications in supply & logistics of biopharmaceuticals, clinical trials & vaccines, etc. This substantial growth of the cold chain packaging market is due to boost in the sales of medicinal products needing cold chain logistics. Also, governments of various countries coupled with its regulatory agencies have designed several guidelines and have adopted their own “Goods Distribution Practices (GDP)”.

However, one key challenge in the cold chain packaging market is the rising cost of raw material. Polystyrene is the primary raw material used in built-up of cold chain packaging solutions. In the recent times, instability in prices of polystyrene, owing to the increased gap between demands and supply, has surged the price and is likely to continue during the forecast period. Moreover, escalated raw materials cost further leads to raising the overall cost of final product.

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Global Cold Chain Packaging Market: Segmentation

Based on various parameters, global cold chain packaging market can be segmented into various segments such as

Based on material type, global cold chain packaging market can be segmented as

Expanded polystyrene (EPS)

Vacuum insulated panel (VIP) solutions

Polyurethane (PUR)

Others

Fabricated EPS

Molded EPS

Based on Product type, global cold chain packaging market can be segmented as

Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

Gel Packs & Bricks

Insulated shipping containers

Temperature Loggers

Others

Parcel Containers

Pallet Containers

Based on applications type, global cold chain packaging market can be segmented as

Pharmaceutical Packaging

Health care & clinical trial distribution

Medical device Packaging

Others

Global Cold Chain Packaging Market: Regional Overview

Geographically, the global cold chain packaging market is segmented into seven regions, namely North America, Latin America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia Pacific Excluding Japan (APEJ), Japan and the Middle East and Africa (MEA).

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In the near future, the developing economies like India, China, ASEAN, etc. are likely to witness a sizable growth in investments for development of cold storage infrastructure which is expected to drive the overall growth in the cold chain packaging market in the Asia-Pacific region. Moreover, in the Latin America and the MEA region, the cold chain packaging market is projected to witness impressive growth owing to rise in demand for temperature-controlled pharmaceutical packaging solutions during the forecast period.

Overall, the global cold chain packaging market is anticipated to grow at a healthy CAGR during the forecast period.

Global Cold Chain Packaging Market: Key Players

Some key players that currently operate in cold chain packaging market across the globe are Cryopak Industries Inc., Cold Chain Technologies, Inc., Dgp Intelsius Llc., CCL Industries., Sealed Air Corporation, Softbox Systems Ltd., Amcor Limited, Clondalkin Group., Gerresheimer etc.

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marketinsightshare · 3 years ago

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Active Insulation Market Size Forecast to Reach $360 Million by 2026

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Material

Request for Sample Report @ https://www.industryarc.com/pdfdownload.php?id=503389

Report Price: $ 4500 (Single User License)

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Application

Active Insulation Market Segment Analysis – By Geography

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Active Insulation Market Drivers

Growing Consumption of Active Insulation Materials

Robust Growing in Building & Construction

Active Insulation Market Challenges

Volatility in Raw Material prices

Active Insulation Market Landscape

Key Takeaways

The demand for active insulation in Asia Pacific region is rising due to the increasing focus towards modern infrastructural development and rising health awareness in Asian countries.

Increasing demand for active insulation materials because they maintain an inner temperature in building structures, which will create demand for the active insulation market.

Related Reports

A.Fireproof Insulation Market

https://www.industryarc.com/Report/16507/fireproof-insulation-market.html

B.Sputtering Targets & Evaporation Materials Market

https://www.industryarc.com/Report/1305/sputtering-targets-evaporation-materials-market-analysis.html

#Active Insulation Market share Active Insulation Market size Active Insulation Market forecast

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automaticphilosopherfox-blog · 8 years ago

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Polystyrene Market to Register a Healthy CAGR throughout 2017 – 2022

Reports Monitor publishes Global Polystyrene Sales Market Report to its database

In this report, the global Polystyrene (FPDs) market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Request For Sample Report Here :https://www.reportsmonitor.com/request-sample/?post=399210

This report is split area wise globally and has included many important regions. The sales, revenue, market share and Growth rate of Polystyrene of these regions from 2012 to 2022 (forecast) are

North America, Europe, China, Japan, Middle East & Africa, India, South America

The top competitors for Polystyrene according to the sales volume, Price, (K USD /Unit), Revenue (Million USD), and Market Share are as follows-

Americas Styrenics, Resirene, Petrokemya, Styron/Trinseo, Unigel Quimica, Total Petrochemicals, Supreme Petrochem, INEOS Nova, Shanghai Secco Petrochemical, Chi Mei., BASF, Zhenjiang Chi Mei Chemical

Inquiry of Polystyrene Market Report Here : https://www.reportsmonitor.com/check-discount/?post=399210

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

Oriented polystyrene, Copolymers, Extruded polystyrene foam, Expanded polystyrene, Foams, Sheet or molded polystyrene

On the basis of the end users and applications this report throws light on the status and the outlook for major end application users .It also focuses on the market share and growth rate for every application including

Packaging, Tableware, Electronics, Cosmetic

Request for the Full Report Here @https://www.reportsmonitor.com/global-polystyrene-industry-market-research-report/

The above report can be customized according to your needs.

We at Reports Monitor provide a comprehensive analysis by providing in-depth reports of the various market verticals. Our Mission is to provide a detailed analysis of the vast markets worldwide, backed by rich data. Decision makers can now rely on our well-defined data gathering methods to get the correct and accurate market forecasting along with detailed analysis.

Jay Matthews Direct: +1 513 549-5911 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.reportsmonitor.com

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senpai-elsa-blog · 8 years ago

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Recycling

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The three chasing arrows of the international recycling logo. It is sometimes accompanied by the text "reduce, reuse, and recycle". Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help lower greenhouse gas emissions (compared to plastic production,[1][2] for example). Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially useful materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, thereby reducing: energy usage, air pollution (from incineration), and water pollution (from landfilling). Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" waste hierarchy. There are some ISO standards related to recycling such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste and ISO 14001:2004 for environmental management control of recycling practice. Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, and cardboard, metal, plastic, tires, textiles, and electronics. The composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste--such as food or garden waste--is also considered recycling.[2] Materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection centre or picked up from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials destined for manufacturing. In the strictest sense, recycling of a material would produce a fresh supply of the same material--for example, used office paper would be converted into new office paper or used polystyrene foam into new polystyrene. However, this is often difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same product from raw materials or other sources), so "recycling" of many products or materials involves their reuse in producing different materials (for example, paperboard) instead. Another form of recycling is the salvage of certain materials from complex products, either due to their intrinsic value (such as lead from car batteries, or gold from circuit boards), or due to their hazardous nature (e.g., removal and reuse of mercury from thermometers and thermostats). Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Wartime 1.3 Post-war 2 Legislation 2.1 Supply 2.2 Government-mandated demand 3 Recyclates 3.1 Quality of recyclate 3.2 Quality recyclate action plan (Scotland) 4 Recycling consumer waste 4.1 Collection 4.1.1 Curbside collection 4.1.2 Buy-back centers 4.1.3 Drop-off centers 4.1.4 Distributed Recycling 4.2 Sorting 4.3 Rinsing 5 Recycling industrial waste 5.1 E-waste recycling 5.2 Plastic recycling 5.2.1 Physical recycling 5.2.2 Chemical recycling 5.2.3 Waste plastic pyrolysis to fuel oil 6 Recycling codes 7 Economic impact 8 Cost-benefit analysis 8.1 Trade in recyclates 9 Criticisms and responses 9.1 Energy and material flows 9.2 Costs 9.3 Working conditions 9.4 Environmental impact 9.5 Possible income loss and social costs 10 Public participation rates 11 Related journals 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History Origins Recycling has been a common practice for most of human history, with recorded advocates as far back as Plato in 400BC. During periods when resources were scarce and hard to come by, archaeological studies of ancient waste dumps show less household waste (such as ash, broken tools, and pottery)--implying more waste was being recycled in the absence of new material.[3]

An American poster from World War II In pre-industrial times, there is evidence of scrap bronze and other metals being collected in Europe and melted down for perpetual reuse.[4] Paper recycling was first recorded in 1031 when Japanese shops sold repulped paper.[5][6] In Britain dust and ash from wood and coal fires was collected by "dustmen" and downcycled as a base material used in brick making. The main driver for these types of recycling was the economic advantage of obtaining recycled feedstock instead of acquiring virgin material, as well as a lack of public waste removal in ever more densely populated areas.[3] In 1813, Benjamin Law developed the process of turning rags into "shoddy" and "mungo" wool in Batley, Yorkshire. This material combined recycled fibers with virgin wool. The West Yorkshire shoddy industry in towns such as Batley and Dewsbury lasted from the early 19th century to at least 1914. Industrialization spurred demand for affordable materials; aside from rags, ferrous scrap metals were coveted as they were cheaper to acquire than virgin ore. Railroads both purchased and sold scrap metal in the 19th century, and the growing steel and automobile industries purchased scrap in the early 20th century. Many secondary goods were collected, processed and sold by peddlers who scoured dumps and city streets for discarded machinery, pots, pans, and other sources of metal. By World War I, thousands of such peddlers roamed the streets of American cities, taking advantage of market forces to recycle post-consumer materials back into industrial production.[7] Beverage bottles were recycled with a refundable deposit at some drink manufacturers in Great Britain and Ireland around 1800, notably Schweppes.[8] An official recycling system with refundable deposits was established in Sweden for bottles in 1884 and aluminum beverage cans in 1982; the law led to a recycling rate for beverage containers of 84-99 percent depending on type, and a glass bottle can be refilled over 20 times on average.

British poster from World War II Wartime New chemical industries created in the late 19th century both invented new materials (e.g. Bakelite (1907) and promised to transform valueless into valuable materials. Proverbially, you could not make a silk purse of a sow's ear--until the US firm Arhur D. Little published in 1921 "On the Making of Silk Purses from Sows' Ears", its research proving that when "chemistry puts on overalls and gets down to business . . .new values appear. New and better paths are opened to reach the goals desired."[9] Recycling was a highlight throughout World War II. During the war, financial constraints and significant material shortages due to war efforts made it necessary for countries to reuse goods and recycle materials.[10] These resource shortages caused by the world wars, and other such world-changing occurrences, greatly encouraged recycling.[11] The struggles of war claimed much of the material resources available, leaving little for the civilian population.[10] It became necessary for most homes to recycle their waste, as recycling offered an extra source of materials allowing people to make the most of what was available to them. Recycling household materials meant more resources for war efforts and a better chance of victory.[10] Massive government promotion campaigns were carried out in the home front during World War II in every country involved in the war, urging citizens to donate metals and conserve fiber, as a matter of patriotism. Post-war A considerable investment in recycling occurred in the 1970s, due to rising energy costs.[12] Recycling aluminum uses only 5% of the energy required by virgin production; glass, paper and other metals have less dramatic but very significant energy savings when recycled feedstock is used.[13] Although consumer electronics such as the television have been popular since the 1920s, recycling of them was almost unheard of until early 1991.[14] The first electronic waste recycling scheme was implemented in Switzerland, beginning with collection of old refrigerators but gradually expanding to cover all devices.[15] After these schemes were set up, many countries did not have the capacity to deal with the sheer quantity of e-waste they generated or its hazardous nature. They began to export the problem to developing countries without enforced environmental legislation. This is cheaper, as recycling computer monitors in the United States costs 10 times more than in China. Demand in Asia for electronic waste began to grow when scrap yards found that they could extract valuable substances such as copper, silver, iron, silicon, nickel, and gold, during the recycling process.[16] The 2000s saw a large increase in both the sale of electronic devices and their growth as a waste stream: in 2002, e-waste grew faster than any other type of waste in the EU.[17] This caused investment in modern, automated facilities to cope with the influx of redundant appliances, especially after strict laws were implemented in 2003.[18][19][20][21] As of 2014, the European Union has about 50% of world share of the waste and recycling industries, with over 60,000 companies employing 500,000 persons, with a turnover of EUR24 billion.[22] Countries have to reach recycling rates of at least 50%, while the lead countries are around 65% and the EU average is 39% as of 2013.[23] Legislation Supply For a recycling program to work, having a large, stable supply of recyclable material is crucial. Three legislative options have been used to create such a supply: mandatory recycling collection, container deposit legislation, and refuse bans. Mandatory collection laws set recycling targets for cities to aim for, usually in the form that a certain percentage of a material must be diverted from the city's waste stream by a target date. The city is then responsible for working to meet this target.[2] Container deposit legislation involves offering a refund for the return of certain containers, typically glass, plastic, and metal. When a product in such a container is purchased, a small surcharge is added to the price. This surcharge can be reclaimed by the consumer if the container is returned to a collection point. These programs have been very successful, often resulting in an 80 percent recycling rate.[24] Despite such good results, the shift in collection costs from local government to industry and consumers has created strong opposition to the creation of such programs in some areas.[2] A variation on this is where the manufacturer bears responsibility for the recycling of their goods. In the European Union, the WEEE Directive requires producers of consumer electronics to reimburse the recyclers' costs.[25] An alternative way to increase supply of recyclates is to ban the disposal of certain materials as waste, often including used oil, old batteries, tires, and garden waste. One aim of this method is to create a viable economy for proper disposal of banned products. Care must be taken that enough of these recycling services exist, or such bans simply lead to increased illegal dumping.[2] Government-mandated demand Legislation has also been used to increase and maintain a demand for recycled materials. Four methods of such legislation exist: minimum recycled content mandates, utilization rates, procurement policies, and recycled product labeling.[2] Both minimum recycled content mandates and utilization rates increase demand directly by forcing manufacturers to include recycling in their operations. Content mandates specify that a certain percentage of a new product must consist of recycled material. Utilization rates are a more flexible option: industries are permitted to meet the recycling targets at any point of their operation or even contract recycling out in exchange for tradeable credits. Opponents to both of these methods point to the large increase in reporting requirements they impose, and claim that they rob industry of necessary flexibility.[2][26] Governments have used their own purchasing power to increase recycling demand through what are called "procurement policies." These policies are either "set-asides," which reserve a certain amount of spending solely towards recycled products, or "price preference" programs which provide a larger budget when recycled items are purchased. Additional regulations can target specific cases: in the United States, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency mandates the purchase of oil, paper, tires and building insulation from recycled or re-refined sources whenever possible.[2] The final government regulation towards increased demand is recycled product labeling. When producers are required to label their packaging with amount of recycled material in the product (including the packaging), consumers are better able to make educated choices. Consumers with sufficient buying power can then choose more environmentally conscious options, prompt producers to increase the amount of recycled material in their products, and indirectly increase demand. Standardized recycling labeling can also have a positive effect on supply of recyclates if the labeling includes information on how and where the product can be recycled.[2] Recyclates

Glass recovered by crushing only one kind of beer bottle Recyclate is a raw material that is sent to, and processed in a waste recycling plant or materials recovery facility which will be used to form new products.[27] The material is collected in various methods and delivered to a facility where it undergoes re-manufacturing so that it can be used in the production of new materials or products. For example, plastic bottles that are collected can be re-used and made into plastic pellets, a new product.[28] Quality of recyclate The quality of recyclates is recognized as one of the principal challenges that needs to be addressed for the success of a long-term vision of a green economy and achieving zero waste. Recyclate quality is generally referring to how much of the raw material is made up of target material compared to the amount of non-target material and other non-recyclable material.[29] Only target material is likely to be recycled, so a higher amount of non-target and non-recyclable material will reduce the quantity of recycling product.[29] A high proportion of non-target and non-recyclable material can make it more difficult for re-processors to achieve "high-quality" recycling. If the recyclate is of poor quality, it is more likely to end up being down-cycled or, in more extreme cases, sent to other recovery options or landfilled.[29] For example, to facilitate the re-manufacturing of clear glass products there are tight restrictions for colored glass going into the re-melt process. The quality of recyclate not only supports high-quality recycling, but it can also deliver significant environmental benefits by reducing, reusing and keeping products out of landfills.[29] High-quality recycling can help support growth in the economy by maximizing the economic value of the waste material collected.[29] Higher income levels from the sale of quality recyclates can return value which can be significant to local governments, households, and businesses.[29] Pursuing high-quality recycling can also provide consumer and business confidence in the waste and resource management sector and may encourage investment in that sector. There are many actions along the recycling supply chain that can influence and affect the material quality of recyclate.[30] It begins with the waste producers who place non-target and non-recyclable wastes in recycling collection. This can affect the quality of final recyclate streams or require further efforts to discard those materials at later stages in the recycling process.[30] The different collection systems can result in different levels of contamination. Depending on which materials are collected together, extra effort is required to sort this material back into separate streams and can significantly reduce the quality of the final product.[30] Transportation and the compaction of materials can make it more difficult to separate material back into separate waste streams. Sorting facilities are not one hundred per cent effective in separating materials, despite improvements in technology and quality recyclate which can see a loss in recyclate quality.[30] The storage of materials outside where the product can become wet can cause problems for re-processors. Reprocessing facilities may require further sorting steps to further reduce the amount of non-target and non-recyclable material.[30] Each action along the recycling path plays a part in the quality of recyclate. Quality recyclate action plan (Scotland) The Recyclate Quality Action Plan of Scotland sets out a number of proposed actions that the Scottish Government would like to take forward in order to drive up the quality of the materials being collected for recycling and sorted at materials recovery facilities before being exported or sold on to the reprocessing market.[30] The plan's objectives are to:[31] Drive up the quality of recyclate. Deliver greater transparency about the quality of recyclate. Provide help to those contracting with materials recycling facilities to identify what is required of them Ensure compliance with the Waste (Scotland) regulations 2012. Stimulate a household market for quality recyclate. Address and reduce issues surrounding the Waste Shipment Regulations. The plan focuses on three key areas, with fourteen actions which were identified to increase the quality of materials collected, sorted and presented to the processing market in Scotland.[31] The three areas of focus are:[30] Collection systems and input contamination Sorting facilities - material sampling and transparency Material quality benchmarking and standards Recycling consumer waste Collection

A three-sided bin at a railway station in Germany, intended to separate paper (left) and plastic wrappings (right) from other waste (back) A number of different systems have been implemented to collect recyclates from the general waste stream. These systems lie along the spectrum of trade-off between public convenience and government ease and expense. The three main categories of collection are "drop-off centers," "buy-back centers", and "curbside collection."[2] Curbside collection Main article: Curbside collection Curbside collection encompasses many subtly different systems, which differ mostly on where in the process the recyclates are sorted and cleaned. The main categories are mixed waste collection, commingled recyclables, and source separation.[2] A waste collection vehicle generally picks up the waste.

A recycling truck collecting the contents of a recycling bin in Canberra, Australia At one end of the spectrum is mixed waste collection, in which all recyclates are collected mixed in with the rest of the waste, and the desired material is then sorted out and cleaned at a central sorting facility. This results in a large amount of recyclable waste, paper especially, being too soiled to reprocess, but has advantages as well: the city need not pay for a separate collection of recyclates and no public education is needed. Any changes to which materials are recyclable is easy to accommodate as all sorting happens in a central location.[2] In a commingled or single-stream system, all recyclables for collection are mixed but kept separate from other waste. This greatly reduces the need for post-collection cleaning but does require public education on what materials are recyclable.[2][4] Source separation is the other extreme, where each material is cleaned and sorted prior to collection. This method requires the least post-collection sorting and produces the purest recyclates, but incurs additional operating costs for collection of each separate material. An extensive public education program is also required, which must be successful if recyclate contamination is to be avoided.[2] Source separation used to be the preferred method due to the high sorting costs incurred by commingled (mixed waste) collection. Advances in sorting technology (see sorting below), however, have lowered this overhead substantially--many areas which had developed source separation programs have since switched to co-mingled collection.[4] Buy-back centers Buy-back centers differ in that the cleaned recyclates are purchased, thus providing a clear incentive for use and creating a stable supply. The post-processed material can then be sold. If this is profitable, this conserves the emission of greenhouse gases; if unprofitable, it increases the emission of greenhouse gasses. Government subsidies are necessary to make buy-back centres a viable enterprise. In 1993, according to the U.S. National Waste & Recycling Association, it costs on average US$50 to process a ton of material, which can be resold for US$30.[2] In the US, the value per ton of mixed recyclables was US$180 in 2011, US$80 in 2015, and $US$100 in 2017.[32] In 2017, glass is essentially valueless, because of the low cost of sand, its major component; low oil costs thwarts plastic recycling.[32] In 2017, Napa, California was reimbursed about 20% of its costs in recycling.[32] Drop-off centers Drop-off centers require the waste producer to carry the recyclates to a central location, either an installed or mobile collection station or the reprocessing plant itself. They are the easiest type of collection to establish but suffer from low and unpredictable throughput. Distributed Recycling For some waste materials such as plastic, recent technical devices called recyclebots[33] enable a form of distributed recycling. Preliminary life-cycle analysis (LCA) indicates that such distributed recycling of HDPE to make filament of 3-D printers in rural regions is energetically favorable to either using virgin resin or conventional recycling processes because of reductions in transportation energy.[34][35] Sorting

Play media Recycling sorting facility and processes Once commingled recyclates are collected and delivered to a central collection facility, the different types of materials must be sorted. This is done in a series of stages, many of which involve automated processes such that a truckload of material can be fully sorted in less than an hour.[4] Some plants can now sort the materials automatically, known as single-stream recycling. In plants, a variety of materials is sorted such as paper, different types of plastics, glass, metals, food scraps, and most types of batteries.[36] A 30 percent increase in recycling rates has been seen in the areas where these plants exist.[37] Initially, the commingled recyclates are removed from the collection vehicle and placed on a conveyor belt spread out in a single layer. Large pieces of corrugated fiberboard and plastic bags are removed by hand at this stage, as they can cause later machinery to jam.[4]

Early sorting of recyclable materials: glass and plastic bottles in Poland Next, automated machinery such as disk screens and air classifiers separate the recyclates by weight, splitting lighter paper and plastic from heavier glass and metal. Cardboard is removed from the mixed paper and the most common types of plastic, PET (#1) and HDPE (#2), are collected. This separation is usually done by hand but has become automated in some sorting centers: a spectroscopic scanner is used to differentiate between different types of paper and plastic based on the absorbed wavelengths, and subsequently divert each material into the proper collection channel.[4] Strong magnets are used to separate out ferrous metals, such as iron, steel, and tin cans. Non-ferrous metals are ejected by magnetic eddy currents in which a rotating magnetic field induces an electric current around the aluminum cans, which in turn creates a magnetic eddy current inside the cans. This magnetic eddy current is repulsed by a large magnetic field, and the cans are ejected from the rest of the recyclate stream.[4]

A recycling point in New Byth, Scotland, with separate containers for paper, plastics, and differently colored glass Finally, glass is sorted according to its color: brown, amber, green, or clear. It may either be sorted by hand,[4] or via an automated machine that uses colored filters to detect different colors. Glass fragments smaller than 10 millimetres (0.39in) across cannot be sorted automatically, and are mixed together as "glass fines."[38] This process of recycling as well as reusing the recycled material has proven advantageous because it reduces amount of waste sent to landfills, conserves natural resources, saves energy, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and helps create new jobs. Recycled materials can also be converted into new products that can be consumed again, such as paper, plastic, and glass.[39] The City and County of San Francisco's Department of the Environment is attempting to achieve a citywide goal of generating zero waste by 2020.[40] San Francisco's refuse hauler, Recology, operates an effective recyclables sorting facility in San Francisco, which helped San Francisco reach a record-breaking diversion rate of 80%.[41] Rinsing Food packaging should no longer contain any organic matter (organic matter, if any, needs to be placed in a biodegradable waste bin or be buried in a garden[42]). Since no trace of biodegradable material is best kept in the packaging before placing it in a trash bag, some packaging also needs to be rinsed.[43] Recycling industrial waste

Mounds of shredded rubber tires are ready for processing Although many government programs are concentrated on recycling at home, a 64% of waste in the United Kingdom is generated by industry.[44] The focus of many recycling programs done by industry is the cost-effectiveness of recycling. The ubiquitous nature of cardboard packaging makes cardboard a commonly recycled waste product by companies that deal heavily in packaged goods, like retail stores, warehouses, and distributors of goods. Other industries deal in niche or specialized products, depending on the nature of the waste materials that are present. The glass, lumber, wood pulp and paper manufacturers all deal directly in commonly recycled materials; however, old rubber tires may be collected and recycled by independent tire dealers for a profit. Levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the International Resource Panel, hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) published reports on metal stocks that exist within society[45] and their recycling rates.[45] The Panel reported that the increase in the use of metals during the 20th and into the 21st century has led to a substantial shift in metal stocks from below ground to use in applications within society above ground. For example, the in-use stock of copper in the USA grew from 73 to 238kg per capita between 1932 and 1999. The report authors observed that, as metals are inherently recyclable, the metal stocks in society can serve as huge mines above ground (the term "urban mining" has been coined with this idea in mind[46]). However, they found that the recycling rates of many metals are very low. The report warned that the recycling rates of some rare metals used in applications such as mobile phones, battery packs for hybrid cars and fuel cells, are so low that unless future end-of-life recycling rates are dramatically stepped up these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology. The military recycles some metals. The U.S. Navy's Ship Disposal Program uses ship breaking to reclaim the steel of old vessels. Ships may also be sunk to create an artificial reef. Uranium is a very dense metal that has qualities superior to lead and titanium for many military and industrial uses. The uranium left over from processing it into nuclear weapons and fuel for nuclear reactors is called depleted uranium, and it is used by all branches of the U.S. military use for armour-piercing shells and shielding. The construction industry may recycle concrete and old road surface pavement, selling their waste materials for profit. Some industries, like the renewable energy industry and solar photovoltaic technology, in particular, are being proactive in setting up recycling policies even before there is considerable volume to their waste streams, anticipating future demand during their rapid growth.[47] Recycling of plastics is more difficult, as most programs are not able to reach the necessary level of quality. Recycling of PVC often results in downcycling of the material, which means only products of lower quality standard can be made with the recycled material. A new approach which allows an equal level of quality is the Vinyloop process. It was used after the London Olympics 2012 to fulfill the PVC Policy.[48] E-waste recycling Main article: Computer recycling

Microprocessors retrieved from waste stream E-waste is a growing problem, accounting for 20-50 million metric tons of global waste per year according to the EPA. It is also the fastest growing waste stream in the EU.[17] Many recyclers do not recycle e-waste responsibly. After the cargo barge Khian Sea dumped 14,000 metric tons of toxic ash in Haiti, the Basel Convention was formed to stem the flow of hazardous substances into poorer countries. They created the e-Stewards certification to ensure that recyclers are held to the highest standards for environmental responsibility and to help consumers identify responsible recyclers. This works alongside other prominent legislation, such as the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive of the EU the United States National Computer Recycling Act, to prevent poisonous chemicals from entering waterways and the atmosphere. In the recycling process, television sets, monitors, cell phones, and computers are typically tested for reuse and repaired. If broken, they may be disassembled for parts still having high value if labor is cheap enough. Other e-waste is shredded to pieces roughly 10 centimetres (3.9in) in size, and manually checked to separate out toxic batteries and capacitors which contain poisonous metals. The remaining pieces are further shredded to 10 millimetres (0.39in) particles and passed under a magnet to remove ferrous metals. An eddy current ejects non-ferrous metals, which are sorted by density either by a centrifuge or vibrating plates. Precious metals can be dissolved in acid, sorted, and smelted into ingots. The remaining glass and plastic fractions are separated by density and sold to re-processors. Television sets and monitors must be manually disassembled to remove lead from CRTs or the mercury backlight from LCDs.[49][50][51] Plastic recycling Main article: Plastic recycling

A container for recycling used plastic spoons into material for 3D printing Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful products, sometimes completely different in form from their original state. For instance, this could mean melting down soft drink bottles and then casting them as plastic chairs and tables.[52] Physical recycling Some plastics are remelted to form new plastic objects; for example, PET water bottles can be converted into polyester destined for clothing. A disadvantage of this type of recycling is that the molecular weight of the polymer can change further and the levels of unwanted substances in the plastic can increase with each remelt. Chemical recycling For some polymers, it is possible to convert them back into monomers, for example, PET can be treated with an alcohol and a catalyst to form a dialkyl terephthalate. The terephthalate diester can be used with ethylene glycol to form a new polyester polymer, thus making it possible to use the pure polymer again. Waste plastic pyrolysis to fuel oil Another process involves conversion of assorted polymers into petroleum by a much less precise thermal depolymerization process. Such a process would be able to accept almost any polymer or mix of polymers, including thermoset materials such as vulcanized rubber tires and the biopolymers in feathers and other agricultural waste. Like natural petroleum, the chemicals produced can be used as fuels or as feedstock. A RESEM Technology[53] plant of this type in Carthage, Missouri, USA, uses turkey waste as input material. Gasification is a similar process but is not technically recycling since polymers are not likely to become the result. Plastic Pyrolysis can convert petroleum based waste streams such as plastics into quality fuels, carbons. Given below is the list of suitable plastic raw materials for pyrolysis: Mixed plastic (HDPE, LDPE, PE, PP, Nylon, Teflon, PS, ABS, FRP, etc.) Mixed waste plastic from waste paper mill Multi-layered plastic Recycling codes Main article: Recycling codes

Recycling codes on products In order to meet recyclers' needs while providing manufacturers a consistent, uniform system, a coding system was developed. The recycling code for plastics was introduced in 1988 by the plastics industry through the Society of the Plastics Industry.[54] Because municipal recycling programs traditionally have targeted packaging--primarily bottles and containers--the resin coding system offered a means of identifying the resin content of bottles and containers commonly found in the residential waste stream.[55] Plastic products are printed with numbers 1-7 depending on the type of resin. Type 1 (polyethylene terephthalate) is commonly found in soft drink and water bottles. Type 2 (high-density polyethylene) is found in most hard plastics such as milk jugs, laundry detergent bottles, and some dishware. Type 3 (polyvinyl chloride) includes items such as shampoo bottles, shower curtains, hula hoops, credit cards, wire jacketing, medical equipment, siding, and piping. Type 4 (low-density polyethylene) is found in shopping bags, squeezable bottles, tote bags, clothing, furniture, and carpet. Type 5 is polypropylene and makes up syrup bottles, straws, Tupperware, and some automotive parts. Type 6 is polystyrene and makes up meat trays, egg cartons, clamshell containers, and compact disc cases. Type 7 includes all other plastics such as bulletproof materials, 3- and 5-gallon water bottles, and sunglasses.[56] Having a recycling code or the chasing arrows logo on a material is not an automatic indicator that a material is recyclable but rather an explanation of what the material is. Types 1 and 2 are the most commonly recycled. Economic impact Critics dispute the net economic and environmental benefits of recycling over its costs, and suggest that proponents of recycling often make matters worse and suffer from confirmation bias. Specifically, critics argue that the costs and energy used in collection and transportation detract from (and outweigh) the costs and energy saved in the production process; also that the jobs produced by the recycling industry can be a poor trade for the jobs lost in logging, mining, and other industries associated with production; and that materials such as paper pulp can only be recycled a few times before material degradation prevents further recycling.[57] The National Waste and Recycling Association (NWRA), reported in May 2015, that recycling and waste made a $6.7 billion economic impact in Ohio, U.S., and employed 14,000 people.[58] Cost-benefit analysis Environmental effects of recycling[59] Material Energy savings Air pollution savings Aluminium 95%[2][13] 95%[2][60] Cardboard 24% -- Glass 5-30% 20% Paper 40%[13] 73%[61] Plastics 70%[13] -- Steel 60%[4] -- There is some debate over whether recycling is economically efficient. It is said that dumping 10,000 tons of waste in a landfill creates six jobs while recycling 10,000 tons of waste can create over 36 jobs. However, the cost effectiveness of creating the additional jobs remains unproven. According to the U.S. Recycling Economic Informational Study, there are over 50,000 recycling establishments that have created over a million jobs in the US.[62] Two years after New York City declared that implementing recycling programs would be "a drain on the city," New York City leaders realized that an efficient recycling system could save the city over $20 million.[63] Municipalities often see fiscal benefits from implementing recycling programs, largely due to the reduced landfill costs.[64] A study conducted by the Technical University of Denmark according to the Economist found that in 83 percent of cases, recycling is the most efficient method to dispose of household waste.[4][13] However, a 2004 assessment by the Danish Environmental Assessment Institute concluded that incineration was the most effective method for disposing of drink containers, even aluminium ones.[65] Fiscal efficiency is separate from economic efficiency. Economic analysis of recycling does not include what economists call externalities, which are unpriced costs and benefits that accrue to individuals outside of private transactions. Examples include: decreased air pollution and greenhouse gases from incineration, reduced hazardous waste leaching from landfills, reduced energy consumption, and reduced waste and resource consumption, which leads to a reduction in environmentally damaging mining and timber activity. About 4,000 minerals are known, of these only a few hundred minerals in the world are relatively common.[66] Known reserves of phosphorus will be exhausted within the next 100 years at current rates of usage.[67][68] Without mechanisms such as taxes or subsidies to internalize externalities, businesses may ignore them despite the costs imposed on society. To make such nonfiscal benefits economically relevant, advocates have pushed for legislative action to increase the demand for recycled materials.[2] The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded in favor of recycling, saying that recycling efforts reduced the country's carbon emissions by a net 49 million metric tonnes in 2005.[4] In the United Kingdom, the Waste and Resources Action Programme stated that Great Britain's recycling efforts reduce CO2 emissions by 10-15 million tonnes a year.[4] Recycling is more efficient in densely populated areas, as there are economies of scale involved.[2]

Wrecked automobiles gathered for smelting Certain requirements must be met for recycling to be economically feasible and environmentally effective. These include an adequate source of recyclates, a system to extract those recyclates from the waste stream, a nearby factory capable of reprocessing the recyclates, and a potential demand for the recycled products. These last two requirements are often overlooked--without both an industrial market for production using the collected materials and a consumer market for the manufactured goods, recycling is incomplete and in fact only "collection".[2] Free-market economist Julian Simon remarked "There are three ways society can organize waste disposal: (a) commanding, (b) guiding by tax and subsidy, and (c) leaving it to the individual and the market". These principles appear to divide economic thinkers today.[69] Frank Ackerman favours a high level of government intervention to provide recycling services. He believes that recycling's benefit cannot be effectively quantified by traditional laissez-faire economics. Allen Hershkowitz supports intervention, saying that it is a public service equal to education and policing. He argues that manufacturers should shoulder more of the burden of waste disposal.[69] Paul Calcott and Margaret Walls advocate the second option. A deposit refund scheme and a small refuse charge would encourage recycling but not at the expense of fly-tipping. Thomas C. Kinnaman concludes that a landfill tax would force consumers, companies and councils to recycle more.[69] Most free-market thinkers detest subsidy and intervention because they waste resources. Terry Anderson and Donald Leal think that all recycling programmes should be privately operated, and therefore would only operate if the money saved by recycling exceeds its costs. Daniel K. Benjamin argues that it wastes people's resources and lowers the wealth of a population.[69] Trade in recyclates Certain countries trade in unprocessed recyclates. Some have complained that the ultimate fate of recyclates sold to another country is unknown and they may end up in landfills instead of reprocessed. According to one report, in America, 50-80 percent of computers destined for recycling are actually not recycled.[70][71] There are reports of illegal-waste imports to China being dismantled and recycled solely for monetary gain, without consideration for workers' health or environmental damage. Although the Chinese government has banned these practices, it has not been able to eradicate them.[72] In 2008, the prices of recyclable waste plummeted before rebounding in 2009. Cardboard averaged about 53/tonne from 2004-2008, dropped to 19/tonne, and then went up to 59/tonne in May 2009. PET plastic averaged about 156/tonne, dropped to 75/tonne and then moved up to 195/tonne in May 2009.[73] Certain regions have difficulty using or exporting as much of a material as they recycle. This problem is most prevalent with glass: both Britain and the U.S. import large quantities of wine bottled in green glass. Though much of this glass is sent to be recycled, outside the American Midwest there is not enough wine production to use all of the reprocessed material. The extra must be downcycled into building materials or re-inserted into the regular waste stream.[2][4] Similarly, the northwestern United States has difficulty finding markets for recycled newspaper, given the large number of pulp mills in the region as well as the proximity to Asian markets. In other areas of the U.S., however, demand for used newsprint has seen wide fluctuation.[2] In some U.S. states, a program called RecycleBank pays people to recycle, receiving money from local municipalities for the reduction in landfill space which must be purchased. It uses a single stream process in which all material is automatically sorted.[74] Criticisms and responses Much of the difficulty inherent in recycling comes from the fact that most products are not designed with recycling in mind. The concept of sustainable design aims to solve this problem, and was laid out in the book Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things by architect William McDonough and chemist Michael Braungart. They suggest that every product (and all packaging they require) should have a complete "closed-loop" cycle mapped out for each component--a way in which every component will either return to the natural ecosystem through biodegradation or be recycled indefinitely.[4] Complete recycling is impossible from a practical standpoint. In summary, substitution and recycling strategies only delay the depletion of non-renewable stocks and therefore may buy time in the transition to true or strong sustainability, which ultimately is only guaranteed in an economy based on renewable resources.[75]:21 -- M.H. Huesemann, 2003 While recycling diverts waste from entering directly into landfill sites, current recycling misses the dissipative components. Complete recycling is impracticable as highly dispersed wastes become so diluted that the energy needed for their recovery becomes increasingly excessive. "For example, how will it ever be possible to recycle the numerous chlorinated organic hydrocarbons that have bioaccumulated in animal and human tissues across the globe, the copper dispersed in fungicides, the lead in widely applied paints, or the zinc oxides present in the finely dispersed rubber powder that is abraded from automobile tires?"[76]:260 As with environmental economics, care must be taken to ensure a complete view of the costs and benefits involved. For example, paperboard packaging for food products is more easily recycled than most plastic, but is heavier to ship and may result in more waste from spoilage.[77] Energy and material flows

Bales of crushed steel ready for transport to the smelter The amount of energy saved through recycling depends upon the material being recycled and the type of energy accounting that is used. Correct accounting for this saved energy can be accomplished with life-cycle analysis using real energy values. In addition, exergy, which is a measure of useful energy can be used. In general, it takes far less energy to produce a unit mass of recycled materials than it does to make the same mass of virgin materials.[78][79][80] Some scholars use emergy (spelled with an m) analysis, for example, budgets for the amount of energy of one kind (exergy) that is required to make or transform things into another kind of product or service. Emergy calculations take into account economics which can alter pure physics based results. Using emergy life-cycle analysis researchers have concluded that materials with large refining costs have the greatest potential for high recycle benefits. Moreover, the highest emergy efficiency accrues from systems geared toward material recycling, where materials are engineered to recycle back into their original form and purpose, followed by adaptive reuse systems where the materials are recycled into a different kind of product, and then by-product reuse systems where parts of the products are used to make an entirely different product.[81] The Energy Information Administration (EIA) states on its website that "a paper mill uses 40 percent less energy to make paper from recycled paper than it does to make paper from fresh lumber."[82] Some critics argue that it takes more energy to produce recycled products than it does to dispose of them in traditional landfill methods, since the curbside collection of recyclables often requires a second waste truck. However, recycling proponents point out that a second timber or logging truck is eliminated when paper is collected for recycling, so the net energy consumption is the same. An Emergy life-cycle analysis on recycling revealed that fly ash, aluminum, recycled concrete aggregate, recycled plastic, and steel yield higher efficiency ratios, whereas the recycling of lumber generates the lowest recycle benefit ratio. Hence, the specific nature of the recycling process, the methods used to analyse the process, and the products involved affect the energy savings budgets.[81] It is difficult to determine the amount of energy consumed or produced in waste disposal processes in broader ecological terms, where causal relations dissipate into complex networks of material and energy flow. For example, "cities do not follow all the strategies of ecosystem development. Biogeochemical paths become fairly straight relative to wild ecosystems, with very reduced recycling, resulting in large flows of waste and low total energy efficiencies. By contrast, in wild ecosystems, one population's wastes are another population's resources, and succession results in efficient exploitation of available resources. However, even modernized cities may still be in the earliest stages of a succession that may take centuries or millennia to complete."[83]:720 How much energy is used in recycling also depends on the type of material being recycled and the process used to do so. Aluminium is generally agreed to use far less energy when recycled rather than being produced from scratch. The EPA states that "recycling aluminum cans, for example, saves 95 percent of the energy required to make the same amount of aluminum from its virgin source, bauxite."[84][85] In 2009, more than half of all aluminium cans produced came from recycled aluminium.[86] Every year, millions of tons of materials are being exploited from the earth's crust, and processed into consumer and capital goods. After decades to centuries, most of these materials are "lost". With the exception of some pieces of art or religious relics, they are no longer engaged in the consumption process. Where are they? Recycling is only an intermediate solution for such materials, although it does prolong the residence time in the anthroposphere. For thermodynamic reasons, however, recycling cannot prevent the final need for an ultimate sink.[87]:1 -- P.H. Brunner Economist Steven Landsburg has suggested that the sole benefit of reducing landfill space is trumped by the energy needed and resulting pollution from the recycling process.[88] Others, however, have calculated through life-cycle assessment that producing recycled paper uses less energy and water than harvesting, pulping, processing, and transporting virgin trees.[89] When less recycled paper is used, additional energy is needed to create and maintain farmed forests until these forests are as self-sustainable as virgin forests. Other studies have shown that recycling in itself is inefficient to perform the "decoupling" of economic development from the depletion of non-renewable raw materials that is necessary for sustainable development.[90] The international transportation or recycle material flows through "...different trade networks of the three countries result in different flows, decay rates, and potential recycling returns."[91]:1 As global consumption of a natural resources grows, its depletion is inevitable. The best recycling can do is to delay, complete closure of material loops to achieve 100 percent recycling of nonrenewables is impossible as micro-trace materials dissipate into the environment causing severe damage to the planet's ecosystems.[92][93][94] Historically, this was identified as the metabolic rift by Karl Marx, who identified the unequal exchange rate between energy and nutrients flowing from rural areas to feed urban cities that create effluent wastes degrading the planet's ecological capital, such as loss in soil nutrient production.[95][96] Energy conservation also leads to what is known as Jevon's paradox, where improvements in energy efficiency lowers the cost of production and leads to a rebound effect where rates of consumption and economic growth increases.[94][97]

A shop in New York only sells items recycled from demolished buildings Costs The amount of money actually saved through recycling depends on the efficiency of the recycling program used to do it. The Institute for Local Self-Reliance argues that the cost of recycling depends on various factors, such as landfill fees and the amount of disposal that the community recycles. It states that communities begin to save money when they treat recycling as a replacement for their traditional waste system rather than an add-on to it and by "redesigning their collection schedules and/or trucks."[98] In some cases, the cost of recyclable materials also exceeds the cost of raw materials. Virgin plastic resin costs 40 percent less than recycled resin.[99] Additionally, a United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) study that tracked the price of clear glass from July 15 to August 2, 1991, found that the average cost per ton ranged from $40 to $60[100] while a USGS report shows that the cost per ton of raw silica sand from years 1993 to 1997 fell between $17.33 and $18.10.[101] Comparing the market cost of recyclable material with the cost of new raw materials ignores economic externalities--the costs that are currently not counted by the market. Creating a new piece of plastic, for instance, may cause more pollution and be less sustainable than recycling a similar piece of plastic, but these factors will not be counted in market cost. A life cycle assessment can be used to determine the levels of externalities and decide whether the recycling may be worthwhile despite unfavorable market costs. Alternatively, legal means (such as a carbon tax) can be used to bring externalities into the market, so that the market cost of the material becomes close to the true cost. Working conditions

People in Brazil who earn their living by collecting and sorting garbage and selling them for recycling The recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in India and China generates a significant amount of pollution. Informal recycling in an underground economy of these countries has generated an environmental and health disaster. High levels of lead (Pb), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dioxins and furans, as well as polybrominated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs) concentrated in the air, bottom ash, dust, soil, water, and sediments in areas surrounding recycling sites.[102] Environmental impact Economist Steven Landsburg, author of a paper entitled "Why I Am Not an Environmentalist,"[103] claimed that paper recycling actually reduces tree populations. He argues that because paper companies have incentives to replenish their forests, large demands for paper lead to large forests while reduced demand for paper leads to fewer "farmed" forests.[104] When foresting companies cut down trees, more are planted in their place. Most paper comes from pulp forests grown specifically for paper production.[105][106][107] Many environmentalists point out, however, that "farmed" forests are inferior to virgin forests in several ways. Farmed forests are not able to fix the soil as quickly as virgin forests, causing widespread soil erosion and often requiring large amounts of fertilizer to maintain while containing little tree and wild-life biodiversity compared to virgin forests.[108] Also, the new trees planted are not as big as the trees that were cut down, and the argument that there will be "more trees" is not compelling to forestry advocates when they are counting saplings. In particular, wood from tropical rainforests is rarely harvested for paper because of their heterogeneity.[109] According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is subsistence farming (48% of deforestation) and commercial agriculture (32%), which is linked to food, not paper production.[110] Possible income loss and social costs In some countries, recycling is performed by the entrepreneurial poor such as the karung guni, zabbaleen, the rag-and-bone man, waste picker, and junk man. With the creation of large recycling organizations that may be profitable, either by law or economies of scale,[111][112] the poor are more likely to be driven out of the recycling and the remanufacturing market. To compensate for this loss of income, a society may need to create additional forms of societal programs to help support the poor.[113] Like the parable of the broken window, there is a net loss to the poor and possibly the whole of a society to make recycling artificially profitable e.g. through the law. However, in Brazil and Argentina, waste pickers/informal recyclers work alongside the authorities, in fully or semi-funded cooperatives, allowing informal recycling to be legitimized as a paid public sector job.[114] Because the social support of a country is likely to be less than the loss of income to the poor undertaking recycling, there is a greater chance the poor will come in conflict with the large recycling organizations.[115][116] This means fewer people can decide if certain waste is more economically reusable in its current form rather than being reprocessed. Contrasted to the recycling poor, the efficiency of their recycling may actually be higher for some materials because individuals have greater control over what is considered "waste."[113] One labor-intensive underused waste is electronic and computer waste. Because this waste may still be functional and wanted mostly by those on lower incomes, who may sell or use it at a greater efficiency than large recyclers. Some recycling advocates believe that laissez-faire individual-based recycling does not cover all of society's recycling needs. Thus, it does not negate the need for an organized recycling program.[113] Local government can consider the activities of the recycling poor as contributing to property blight. Public participation rates Changes that have been demonstrated to increase recycling rates include: Single-stream recycling Pay as you throw fees for trash "Between 1960 and 2000, the world production of plastic resins increased 25-fold, while recovery of the material remained below 5 percent."[117]:131 Many studies have addressed recycling behaviour and strategies to encourage community involvement in recycling programmes. It has been argued[118] that recycling behaviour is not natural because it requires a focus and appreciation for long-term planning, whereas humans have evolved to be sensitive to short-term survival goals; and that to overcome this innate predisposition, the best solution would be to use social pressure to compel participation in recycling programmes. However, recent studies have concluded that social pressure is unviable in this context.[119] One reason for this is that social pressure functions well in small group sizes of 50 to 150 individuals (common to nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples) but not in communities numbering in the millions, as we see today. Another reason is that individual recycling does not take place in the public view. In a study done by social psychologist Shawn Burn,[120] it was found that personal contact with individuals within a neighborhood is the most effective way to increase recycling within a community. In his study, he had 10 block leaders talk to their neighbors and persuade them to recycle. A comparison group was sent fliers promoting recycling. It was found that the neighbors that were personally contacted by their block leaders recycled much more than the group without personal contact. As a result of this study, Shawn Burn believes that personal contact within a small group of people is an important factor in encouraging recycling. Another study done by Stuart Oskamp[121] examines the effect of neighbors and friends on recycling. It was found in his studies that people who had friends and neighbors that recycled were much more likely to also recycle than those who didn't have friends and neighbors that recycled. Many schools have created recycling awareness clubs in order to give young students an insight on recycling. These schools believe that the clubs actually encourage students to not only recycle at school but at home as well. Related journals See also: Category:Waste management journals Environment and Behavior International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management Journal of Applied Social Psychology Journal of Environmental Psychology Journal of Environmental Systems Journal of Socio-Economics Journal of Urban Economics Psychology and Marketing Recycling: North America's Recycling and Composting Journal Resources, Conservation and Recycling Waste Management & Research Journal of Industrial Ecology See also 2000s commodities boom Bureau of International Recycling E-Cycling Greening Index of recycling articles List of waste management acronyms Nutrient cycle Optical sorting USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program References ^ "PM's advisor hails recycling as climate change action.". Letsrecycle.com. November 8, 2006. Archived from the original on 11 August 2007. Retrieved April 15, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v The League of Women Voters (1993). The Garbage Primer. 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Retrieved 2016-07-07. ^ "Too Good To Throw Away - Appendix A". NRDC. June 30, 1996. Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ Mission Police Station Archived 13 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b c PBS NewsHour, February 16, 2010. Report on the Zabaleen ^ Medina, M. (2000). "Scavenger cooperatives in Asia and Latin America.". Resources. 31: 51-69. doi:10.1016/s0921-3449(00)00071-9. ^ "The News-Herald - Scrap metal a steal". Zwire.com. Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ "Raids On Recycling Bins Costly To Bay Area". NPR. July 19, 2008. Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ Moore, C. J. (2008). "Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: A rapidly increasing, long-term threat". Environmental Research. 108 (2): 131-139. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025. PMID18949831. ^ [Schackelford, T.K. (2006) "Recycling, evolution and the structure of human personality". Personality and Individual Differences 41 1551-1556 ] ^ "Pratarelli, M.E. (2010) "Social pressure and recycling: a brief review, commentary and extensions". S.A.P.I.EN.S. 3 (1)". Sapiens.revues.org. Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ Burn, Shawn. "Social Psychology and the Stimulation of Recycling Behaviors: The Block Leader Approach." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21.8 (2006): 611-629. ^ Oskamp, Stuart. "Resource Conservation and Recycling: Behavior and Policy." Journal of Social Issues 51.4 (1995): 157-177. Print. Further reading Ackerman, Frank. (1997). Why Do We Recycle?: Markets, Values, and Public Policy. Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-504-5, ISBN 978-1-55963-504-2 Ayres, R.U. (1994). "Industrial Metabolism: Theory and Policy", In: Allenby, B.R., and D.J. Richards, The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp.23-37. Braungart, M., and W. McDonough (2002). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. North Point Press, ISBN 0-86547-587-3. Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011).Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment, "Challenge #3: Complete Recycling of Non-Renewable Materials and Wastes", New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, ISBN 0-86571-704-4, pp.135-137. Porter, Richard C. (2002). The Economics of Waste. Resources for the Future. ISBN 1-891853-42-2, ISBN 978-1-891853-42-5 Tierney, John (October 3, 2015). "The Reign of Recycling". The New York Times. Sheffield, Hazel. Sweden's recycling is so revolutionary, the country has run out of rubbish (December 2016), The Independent (UK) External links

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