#HTLV-1
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firstoccupier · 6 months ago
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The Insidious Link: Viruses and Cancer
By WPS News Health Corespondent et al Baybay City, Philippines | January 10, 2025 Cancer, a disease that sends shivers down spines, disrupts lives, and fuels constant research. While mutations in our own genes play a significant role, a lesser-known culprit often lurks in the shadows: viruses. This essay delves into the fascinating, complex connection between viruses and cancer, exploring how…
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nursingwriter · 3 months ago
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Multiple Sclerosis Etiology Multiple sclerosis, some researchers argue, constitutes "a disease of unknown etiology," which reportedly implies a single causal organism triggers MS. Numerous infectious agents suspected as possible etiological agents include: "the corona, measles, Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex type 6, and canine distemper viruses, the human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV)-I, an 'MS-associated agent' and, most recently, Chlamydia." (Poser 12) No one has been able to confirm any these infectious agents, however, this contention continues even though competent investigators routinely utilize sophisticated techniques to conduct exhaustive searches. (Poser 12) Numerous steps leading to the development process of MS remain invisible and unidentified. The contemporary consensus regarding MS. Albeit, posits it likely evolves from a genetically susceptible subject, of the immune system's activation by various viral agents, consequently initiating a pathogenetic surge ultimately contributing the myelin sheath and axon being destroyed. (Poser 12) Multiple sclerosis (MS) constitutes the current, most common neurological illness in North America and Europe. MS, Doughty reports, affects approximately 2.5 million individuals worldwide. At times, the complex, daunting aspects of MS contribute to challenging individuals, with MS, mentally, physically personally, socially, and vocationally. Accompanying challenges continually confront individuals with MS with critical crossroads in life and require relevant rationale choices be made by them and/or those who work with and care for this particular population. Population and the geographic location both reportedly influence the frequency of MS. Current research reflects that white persons of northern European descent who live in temperate climates are more frequently diagnosed with MS, an observation suggesting genetic, as well as, environmental factors may influence the frequency of MS. Anderson et al., cited by Wilson and Islam, estimates approximately 250,000-350,000 cases of MS were diagnosed in 1990, the incidences of MS (noting total population of approximately 250 million) equates to a prevalence of approximately 1 case per 1000 population. This amounts to half the prevalence of MS in northern Europe, which equates to two cases per 1000 population. Wilson and Islam define MS as: "an inflammatory demyelinating condition of the central nervous system (CNS) traditionally deemed autoimmune in nature. White matter tracts are affected, including those of the cerebral hemispheres, infratentorium, and spinal cord." The locality where MS lesions or plaques may develop in CNS white matter may vary. Clinical presentations of MS may also be dissimilar. Frequently, the ongoing lesion formation in MS fosters physical disability and, in some cases, leads to cognitive decline. MS characteristics include its unpredictable nature, the time delay between the onset of symptoms and the confirmed MS diagnosis, as well as, the physiological and psychological symptomatology (collective symptoms MS) ranges potentially present in an individual with MS. As common in a number of other autoimmune conditions, the MS patient's immune system attack its host, likely due to exposure to a molecular sequence mimicking the host tissue's molecular sequence. Wilson and Islam explain that even though the immune trigger has not yet been identified, the targets are known to be myelinated CNS tracts. In inflamed areas, the blood-brain barrier breaks down, accompanied by perivascular lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration. "Focal destruction of myelin ensues, with axonal damage, gliosis, and the formation of sclerotic plaques. Gradually, cumulative damage results in significant loss of white matter and a reduction in total brain volume." (Wilson and Islam) MRI Images The following figures compare MRI images of a "normal" brain with one of a person with MS. Point-resolved spectroscopic study performed in MS patient reflects " slightly decreased N-acetylaspartate peak and a mildly elevated choline peak;... findings... compatible with demyelination with neuronal loss and increased cell membrane turnover." (Wilson and Islam) Challenging Characteristics MS can adversely impact a number of body functions with symptoms displayed as: pain, speech and visual impairment, loss of memory, muscle weakness, loss of coordination, depression, numbness, and bowel and bladder problems. Sexual dysfunction may also be experienced by individuals with MS. According to National Multiple Sclerosis Society, MS affects as many as 400,000 people in the U.S. Approximately, 2.5 million individual may be affected throughout the world. Most individuals diagnosed with MS are females between 20 and 50 years old. ("RNew MRI Finding") Out of the four classifications of MS, the two most prevalent types include relapsing-remitting and secondary-progressive. Individuals with relapsing-remitting MS experience symptom flare-ups, followed with times when MS does not progress. A person with secondary- progressive MS, however, undergoes an initial period of relapsing-remitting MS, followed by MS steadily progressing. ("RNew MRI Finding") Resources in the book review of Multiple Sclerosis: A Guide for Rehabilitation and Health Care Professionals, edited by Rumrill and Hennessey, Doughty reports that in addition to exploring the challenging characteristics of MS, this work depicts a vital virile volume of information relating to MS. Basically, in Multiple Sclerosis: A Guide for Rehabilitation and Health Care Professionals, contributing authors, including nurses, individuals with MS, and others knowledgeable about the illness offer the reader a comprehensive, interdisciplinary view of MS. This work includes topic areas, germane to lives of individuals with MS, as at the end of each chapter, the contributing authors, with MS, wrote personal prospective relating to particular issues presented in each chapter (Doughty). Hennessey and Rumrill, cited by Doughty, orient the reader to MS, as they present credible context and prepare the foundation for information accessible in subsequent chapters. The physiological and psychological impacts on issues, including family and community concerns, employment and/or lack of career development are also related to the reader. Randall T. Schapiro enhances introductory information relating strategies on how to best manage MS, while also encouraging the reader to apply relevant knowledge to daily life challenges and issues. Lynn C. Koch and Connie J. McReynolds, cited by Doughty, examine symptom management issues, along with psychological factors for individuals with MS. Peggy a. Crawford, cited by Doughty, discusses how MS may affect an individual's children, his/her marital relationship, as well as other family members. Koch and McReynolds, cited by Doughty, examine parenting issues. Nancy Cooper, Wendy Sullivan, and Rosemary Zuck, Doughty notes, focus on challenging contemporary, community living issues for individuals with MS, as they provide information on community-based care programs such as respite care, adult day programs, and assisted living facilities. The authors also share information regarding services the National MS Society in local area(s) offer. Other components covered in Multiple Sclerosis: A Guide for Rehabilitation and Health Care Professionals include: Techniques aimed to foster and/or strengthen independence among individuals with MS. Career development and employment issues for individuals with MS, including physiological and psychological factors that affect the critical rate of unemployment among individuals with MS. Wilson and Islam note the following known characteristics about MS: Race: MS is most prevalent in white persons of northern European descent (Hauser, 1994). Sex: Male-to-female ratio is approximately 1:2 (Noseworthy, 2000). Age: MS is a disease of early adulthood. Onset has been documented in patients aged 2-74 years, although the disease usually appears between the late teenage years and the fourth decade of life, peaking at approximately age 35 years. In men, the onset is slightly later than in women (Hauser, 1994). Anatomy: MS is a demyelinating CNS disorder, and it may affect any central white matter. Lesions are commonly located in the optic nerves and tracts, throughout the supratentorial and infratentorial white matter, and along the myelinated tracts of the spinal cord. Locations may include the corpus callosum, cerebellar white matter, and corticospinal tracts. Clinical Diagnosis: A diagnosis of MS is made on the basis of clinical findings by using supporting evidence from ancillary tests such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination for oligoclonal banding and MRI. Clinical course: The clinical course of MS can follow different patterns, and this observation has led to the classification of distinct types of MS. The most common form of MS is termed relapsing-remitting MS, in which progression involves symptoms of neurologic dysfunction frequently followed by partial or complete clinical recovery. In relapsing-remitting MS, global clinical deterioration has traditionally been attributed to cumulative deficit due to incomplete recovery from repeated occurrences of individual relapses. Recently, however, this cumulative deficit has been questioned, because evidence increasingly suggests an ongoing background neurologic deterioration that is independent of the relapses.... (Wilson and Islam) New Insight An ASNA News Release on August 28, 2007, entitled "RNew MRI Finding Sheds Light on Multiple Sclerosis Disease Progression," purports that from the use of magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain, researchers recently delineated a previously unrecognized abnormality related to the progression of MS, and the disability accompanying this disease. Based on these findings, "Rohit Bakshi, M.D., associate professor of neurology and radiology at Harvard Medical School and director of clinical MS-MRI at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Partners MS Center in Boston; leader of this study contends, "physicians may be able to diagnose multiple sclerosis more accurately and identify patients at risk for developing progressive disease." ("RNew MRI Finding") The following questions and answers to the FDA Consumer Quiz relate several prominent points about MS (Appendix contains full test text): At what age is multiple sclerosis most frequently diagnosed? A d.) between 20 and 50. Studies have shown that people with multiple sclerosis who exercise: c.) have less fatigue How many people in the United States are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis every week? A b.) about 200 ("Take the FDA Consumer") Dealing with Depression As depression is reportedly the most common psychiatric disorder in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, those caring for MS patients who express any sort of suicidal ideation should be closely monitored and referred for a psychological evaluation. Frequently, MS patients experiencing bouts with depression or suicidal thoughts are not assessed, under assessed, and/or consequently not diagnosed. Unlike some of the other aspects accounting MS, yet similar to some MS, depression can be effectively treated. Numerous reasons contribute to MS patients experiencing depression, according to Wallin. These may include: The psychosocial effects of MS disability. The direct effect of lesions on brain structures that are involved in regulating and maintaining mood state The untoward effects of interferon (IFN)- ? For treating MS, which may be associated with mood changes. Immune dysfunction. (Wallin) Early intervention for depression, Wallin stresses, is vital as relief from depression related to MS can prevent declines in a MS patient's quality of life. It may also prevent a person attempting or completing suicide. (Wallin) Surgical Treatments Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a variation of a surgery from the 1960s, is sometimes still used to treat tremors in MS patients. Surgeries in the past destroyed the thalamus (thalamotomy) or another part of the brain, the globus pallidus (pallidotomy). Today, instead of these type surgeries, which carry significant risk, due to the intentional destruction of part of the brain, deep brain stimulations are performed. When treating MS with DBS, a medical specialist places an electrode with the tip of the electrode in the thalamus (for tremor and multiple sclerosis). The medical specialist leaves the electrode for deep brain stimulation in the brain, connected by a wire to a pacemaker-like device. he/she then implants the stimulating device under the skin over the chest of the MS patient. The device delivers electrical shocks to help to relieve tremors accompanying MS. (Doctors) Doctors) Doctors at the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Research at the Cleveland Clinic relate the following questions/answers regarding the surgical treatment of DBS: Can Deep Brain Stimulation Cure MS? No. Electrical stimulation does not cure multiple sclerosis nor does it prevent the disease from getting worse; it helps to relieve the symptom of tremor related to MS. Is Deep Brain Stimulation Considered Experimental? Deep brain stimulation is not experimental. The FDA has approved DBS to treat Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and dystonia. Dystonia is a type of movement disorder characterized by abnormal postures and twisting motions. The FDA has not specifically approved deep brain stimulation of the thalamus to treat multiple sclerosis. However, this does not mean that the treatment is experimental or that it would not be covered by insurance. There are many examples of treatments that are used every day and are standard and accepted but that have not been approved by the FDA. Deep brain stimulation is a way to inactivate parts of the brain without purposefully destroying the brain. Therefore, the risks are much lower. In Who Should Consider Deep Brain Stimulation? There are many important issues to be addressed when considering deep brain stimulation. These issues should be discussed with a movement disorders expert or a specially trained neurologist. Before considering surgery, you should have tried medication first. Surgery should not be undertaken if medications are able to control your symptoms. However, surgery should be considered if you do not achieve satisfactory control through medications. If you are unsure if DBS is right for you, consult a movement disorders expert or a neurologist who has experience with movement disorders. Where Should the Operation Be Performed? The surgery should be performed in a center where there is a team of experts to care for you. This means neurologists and neurosurgeons who have experience and specialized training in doing these types of surgeries. Another thing to consider when deciding where to go for the surgery is to find out how the target (that is the thalamus) is localized. Different centers may perform the surgeries in different ways. It is clear that the chances of benefit and the risks of complications are directly related to how close the electrode is to the correct target. (Doctors) Treatment Options Treatment options for MS, according to the Mayo Clinic, in addition to DPS, include may include medications, physical and occupational therapy, as well as, experimental therapies. Currently, two primary strategies are recommended for MS: Managing the symptoms accompanying MS; Treatment of MS prior to permanent damage contributing to onset of symptoms. The Mayo Clinic utilizes a multidisciplinary approach and offers expertise to help best manage neurological diseases such as MS. Treatment techniques may include: Careful Monitoring Medications to Treat MS Beta Interferons: Interferon beta-1b (Betaseron) and interferon beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif), genetically engineered copies of proteins naturally occurring in the body, reduce MS flare-ups of MS. Glatiramer, an alternative to beta interferons, prescribed if a MS patient experiences relapsing-remitting, like beta interferons, effectively curbs MS attacks. Glatiramer, which blocks the immune system's attack on myelin, has to be injected, once a day, subcutaneously once daily. Medications for Treatment of MS Symptoms Corticosteroids reduce inflammation in nerve tissue and decrease flare-ups' length.. Prolonged use of these medications, however, may cause side effects such as osteoporosis and high blood pressure (hypertension). Muscle Relaxants: Tizanidine (Zanaflex) and baclofen (Lioresal), oral medications treat muscle spasticity. MS patients may experience painful or uncontrollable muscle spasms and/or stiffening, especially in their legs. Medications to Reduce Fatigue may include amantadine (Symmetrel), the antiviral drug or modafinil (Provigil), a medication for narcolepsy, both possess stimulant properties Other Medications may be prescribed to treat accompanying pain, bladder and/or bowel control issues, or depression. Physical and Occupational Therapy strive to help preserve a MS patient's independence by strengthening exercises, and utilizing devices to assist with daily tasks. Counseling sessions such as individual or group therapy may help MS patients and their family members cope with MS in more positive ways, as well as, help them know how to best counter related emotional stress. Special Therapies include: Plasma Exchange involves "removing some blood and mechanically separating the blood cells from the fluid (plasma). Blood cells then are mixed with a replacement solution... returned to the body." Plasma Exchange, however, "is only for people with sudden, severe attacks of MS-related disability who don't respond to high doses of steroid treatment." ("Multiple Sclerosis" Mayo Clinic) Learning to "see" the best way to deal with MS and its accompanying symptoms, this researcher suggests, evolves from not only learning as much as possible about treatment options, but also follow through with day-to-day healthy counters to symptoms. Exercise and positive life-style choices this researcher contends from research, can be serve as extra effective efforts to help ensure one with MS does not experience debilitating, destructive depression. A person with MS, as well as, those who care for him/her could benefit from remembering to note a message that can be dissected from this paper's introduction: "A swollen, pale optic nerve could be a symptom of multiple sclerosis." ("The Eyes Have it;" 50) Although this particular symptom would likely be recognized by a medical specialist, noting other everyday not so subtle symptoms, however, symptoms, does not require a medical degree. As the resource for the introductory posits, this researcher suggests: "The Eyes Have it." Dealing with MS requires, this researcher purports, the ability to train the spirit's eyes to see beyond symptoms that may darken one's spirit. The eyes have it - the ability to make a point to see hope for life, despite challenges MS may present. APPENDIX a Take the FDA Consumer Quiz If the game won't work, you may need to download the Java Plug-in. How's your knowledge of health-related topics such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis, stroke, and skin cancer? Find out by taking our quiz. Hint: The answers to all these questions can be found in the March-April 2005 issue of FDA Consumers) Take any of our past quizzes 1. At what age is multiple sclerosis most frequently diagnosed? a. () during the teen-age years b. () between 10 and 12 c. () between 60 and 70 d. () between 20 and 50 e. () 80 and over 2. Studies have shown that people with multiple sclerosis who exercise: a. () often have relapses triggered by exercise b. () have more fatigue c. () have less fatigue 3. How many people in the United States are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis every week? a. () between 50 and 100 b. () about 200 c. () about 300 d. () more than 500 4. Read the full article
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kennak · 2 years ago
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※2021年は、第1~52週2022年10月8日時点集計値(暫定値)、2022年は第1~44週2022年11月9日時点集計値の報告を対象。  梅毒について、詳しくはこちらをご覧ください。 感染症・予防接種相談窓口 子宮頸がん予防(HPV)ワクチンを含む予防接種、インフルエンザ、性感染症、その他感染症全般について、相談にお応えします。 ※行政に関するご意見・ご質問は受け付けておりません。 ※本相談窓口は、厚生労働省が業務委託している外部の民間会社により運営されています。 ※オペレーターへの暴言、性的発言、セクハラ等の入電はご遠慮ください。他の入電者様の対応に支障が生じております。 ●電話番号:0120-331-453 ※令和5年4月3日から電話番号が変わりました。 ●受付時間:午前9時~午後5時(土日祝日、年末年始を除く) 性感染症とは 疾病別情報 各疾患について詳しく説明している国立感染症研究所のペ��ジにリンクします。 性器クラミジア感染症 性器ヘルペスウイルス感染症 尖圭コンジローマ 梅毒 淋菌感染症 HTLV-1感染症
性感染症 |厚生労働省
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georgemathew8899 · 1 month ago
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Lymphoma Risk Factors
If you have been diagnosed with lymphoma, you may be curious about the cause of your condition. Regrettably, there is no definitive solution to the prevention of lymphoma. The primary reason is that we lack sufficient information regarding the true causes of lymphoma. In any case, you can significantly reduce your chances of developing lymphoma by learning about the risk factors associated with the disease. Not to mention, this information enables high-risk individuals to make informed judgments about their healthcare and lifestyle. From the outset, it is impossible to disregard the risk of lymphoma due to age. Hodgkin lymphoma is prevalent among individuals over the age of 65 and those between the ages of 20 and 30, despite the fact that non-Hodgkin lymphoma affects individuals 60 to 80. An impaired immune system is another recognized risk factor for lymphoma. Any disruption in this protective layer can increase the risk of developing cancer because the human immune system is designed to fend off all types of infections. Autoimmune diseases, HIV infection, organ transplants, or cancer treatments can all lead to a significantly compromised immune system. It is also essential to note that certain infections may be a significant risk factor for lymphoma men. Although some of these infections can impair an individual's immune system, others can disrupt the DNA of normal cells. Epstein-Barr virus, Human T-cell, Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and Helicobacter pylori are among the infections that are linked to the risk of developing lymphoma. Note that not all patients with these infections develop lymphoma, though. Their chances of developing it are actually increased. Therefore, what is the most effective method for preventing lymphoma? The risk of developing cancer can be significantly reduced by implementing specific measures, even though there are no proven methods for preventing lymphoma. Smoking can have a detrimental impact on the genetic makeup of healthy cells, thereby increasing the chances of men developing cancer. As a potential strategy for preventing lymphoma cancer in men, it is advised that you stop smoking. A balanced diet should always be a top priority, not to mention men. A prospective lymphoma prevention diet should consist of a balanced diet that includes fruits, whole grains, and nuts, while limiting the consumption of processed meats and sugary beverages. G. Comprehensive information regarding lymphoma risk factors can contribute to an increase in the survival rate of patients.
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knick-nudiex · 4 months ago
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AIDS
New York City was affected by the AIDS epidemic of the 1980s more than any other U.S. city.: 16–17  The AIDS epidemic has been and continues to be highly localized due to a number of complex socio-cultural factors that affect the interaction of the populous communities that inhabit New York.
During the 1980s epidemic, the large presence of the gay community prompted local medical practitioners to take note of and respond to observed patterns of reported ailments early on. Widespread fear and panic about the epidemic were combatted by efforts of community activists and local government policies that were at some times supportive, and at other times damaging or ineffectual.
Improvements of both drug therapies and prevention education have led to a decreased number of AIDS cases.: 16  In June, 2014, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced a new strategy designed to "End the Epidemic" in the state through a combination of increased HIV screening and testing, promotion of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and improved linkage and retention in clinical care for HIV-positive persons. Two years later the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene reported a decline in new infections of nearly 8 percent annually or approximately 15% since the campaign was launched.
Medical research
First response
Dr. Michael Simberkoff, chief of staff of the Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Medical Center, was a member of the Infectious Diseases staff in 1980 and was one of the first medical researchers to treat AIDS patients.: 1  According to Simberkoff, at first the outbreak was identified as a "gay-related immunodeficiency disease" that his group knew very little about and did not know how to treat.: 2  The Infectious Diseases community began to get together on a regular basis at the VA New York Harbor Medical Center and at the New York Department of Health to share their experiences. Soon it became clear that gay men were not the only ones who had the disease; intravenous drug abusers also appeared to get infected.: 3 
In 1983, the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) was identified and labeled as Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV) by Dr. Luc Montagnier at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. In 1984, it was also identified by Dr. Robert Gallo of National Cancer Institute and named the Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV III). There was a conflict as to who first identified the virus, but it was resolved in a joint agreement. The virus was later renamed Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
First drug
The first drug used to treat HIV was called AZT which was later known as zidovudine. It was made by Burroughs Wellcome. The clinical trials of the drug were conducted at several VA hospitals, including those in New York, Miami, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. At the time of its release, it was the most expensive drug ever made, at $10,000 for a year of treatment.: 11 
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iidiowiredd · 4 months ago
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who up researching HTLV-1 in a paranoid haze
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aimsisi · 5 months ago
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ตรวจโรคมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลือง (Lymphomas)
ตรวจโรคมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลือง (Lymphomas)
มะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลือง เป็นมะเร็งของเม็ดเลือดขาวชนิดลิมโฟไซต์* ซึ่งเกิดขึ้นที่ระบบน้ำเหลือง (lymph system) ซึ่งเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของระบบภูมิคุ้มกันของร่างกาย หลัก ๆ ประกอบด้วยต่อมไทมัส ม้าม ไขกระดูก และต่อมน้ำเหลือง (ซึ่งมีกระจายอยู่ทั่วร่างกาย ตามคอ รักแร้ ข้อพับแขน ข้อพับขา ช่องอก ช่องท้อง และอวัยวะต่าง ๆ ทั่วร่างกาย) มะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองจึงอาจเริ่มเกิดขึ้นได้ที่ต่อมน้ำเหลืองบริเวณใดบริเวณหนึ่ง หรืออวัยวะอันใดอันหนึ่ง เช่น กระเพาะ ลำไส้ ทอนซิล ตับ ตับอ่อน ปอด สมอง ไขสันหลัง
โดยภาพรวม โรคนี้พบได้มากขึ้นตามอายุที่มากขึ้น พบมากสุดในช่วงอายุ 60-70 ปี พบในผู้ชายมากกว่าผู้หญิงเล็กน้อย ในบ้านเรามะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองเป็นมะเร็งที่พบมากเป็นอันดับ 5 ในผู้ชาย และอันดับ 9 ในผู้หญิง
เนื่องจากลิมโฟไชต์มีอยู่หลายชนิดย่อย มะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองจึงมีอยู่หลายชนิดย่อย ซึ่งสามารถแบ่งออกเป็น 2 ประเภทใหญ่ ๆ ได้แก่
มะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองชนิดฮอดจ์กิน (Hodgkin lymphoma/HL) พบได้ในคนทุกวัย แต่จะพบบ่อยในช่วงอายุ 15-30 ปี และมากกว่า 55 ปี มะเร็งชนิดนี้จะตรวจพบเซลล์ผิดปกติที่เรียกว่า "เซลล์รีดสเทิร์นเบิร์ก (Reed-Sternberg cells)" ที่ต่อมน้ำเหลือง (ซึ่งจะไม่พบในโรคมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองชนิดนอนฮอดจ์กิน) ในปัจจุบันมะเร็งชนิดนี้พบว่ามีอยู่ 6 ชนิดย่อยด้วยกัน ส่วนใหญ่จะเริ่มเกิดอาการขึ้นที่ต่อมน้ำเหลืองบริเวณส่วนบนของร่างกาย เช่น คอ ทรวงอก รักแร้
มะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองชนิดนอนฮอดจ์กิน (non-Hodgkin lymphoma/NHL) พบได้มากกว่าชนิดฮอดจ์กิน (พบประมาณร้อยละ 85-90 ของมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองทั้งหมด) และมีการแพร่กระจายได้เร็ว พบได้ในคนทุกวัย และพบมากขึ้นตามอายุที่มากขึ้น มักพบบ่อยในคนอายุมากกว่า 60 ปี ผู้ที่มีภูมิคุ้มกันต่ำ และผู้ป่วยที่ผ่าตัดปลูกถ่ายอวัยวะ ในปัจจุบันมะเร็งชนิดนี้พบว่ามีอยู่กว่า 60 ชนิดย่อยด้วยกัน มะเร็งชนิดนี้สามารถเริ่มเกิดอาการขึ้นที่ต่อมน้ำเหลืองส่วนใดของร่างกายก็ได้ และส่วนใหญ่เกิดจากการกลายพันธุ์ของลิมโฟไซต์ชนิดบี (B lymphocyte)
นอกจากนี้ เมื่อแบ่งตามการเจริญของมะเร็ง มะเร็งชนิดนอนฮอดจ์กินนี้ยังแบ่งเป็น 2 ชนิดย่อย ได้แก่ ชนิดค่อยเป็นค่อยไป หรือ indolent (ซึ่งมีอัตราการแบ่งตัวของมะเร็งค่อนข้างช้า แต่มักจะรักษาได้ไม่หายขาด) กับชนิดรุนแรง หรือ aggressive (ซึ่งมีอัตราการแบ่งตัวของมะเร็งเร็ว ถ้าไม่ได้รับการรักษาอาจเสียชีวิตได้ภายใน 6 เดือน-2 ปี แต่ถ้าได้รับการรักษาที่ถูกต้องมีโอกาสที่จะหายขาดได้)
อย่างไรก็ตาม มะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองทุกชนิดมีอาการและวิธีรักษาคล้ายคลึงกัน ส่วนผลการรักษาจะแตกต่างกัน ขึ้นกับชนิดของมะเร็ง ระยะของโรค สภาพของผู้ป่วย และการตอบสนองต่อการรักษา
ลิมโฟไซต์ (lymphocyte) เป็นเม็ดเลือดขาวชนิดหนึ่งที่ทำหน้าที่สร้างภูมิคุ้มกันต่อเชื้อโรคและสิ่งแปลกปลอม แบ่งเป็นชนิดบีกับชนิดที
ลิมโฟไซต์ชนิดบี (B lymphocyte) ทำหน้าที่สร้างสารภูมิต้านทาน (antibody) คือ อิมมูโนโกลบูลิน (immunoglobulin) จำเพาะต่อเชื้อโรคชนิดหนึ่ง ๆ ซึ่งไหลเวียนอยู่ในเลือดและสารน้ำทั่วร่างกาย (เรียกว่า humoral immunity)
ลิมโฟไซต์ชนิดที (T lymphocyte) ทำหน้าที่กระตุ้นการทำงานของลิมโฟไซต์ชนิดบี โดย helper T cell สร้างสารลิมโฟไคน์ (lymphokines) ในการควบคุมการทำงานของระบบภูมิคุ้มกันของร่างกาย และทำลายเชื้อโรคโดยตรงโดย killer (cytotoxic) T cell (เรียกว่า cell mediated Immunity)
สาเหตุ
ปัจจุบันนี้ยังไม่ทราบสาเหตุของการเกิดมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองที่ชัดเจน แต่ผู้ป่วยบางรายอาจพบมีความสัมพันธ์กับปัจจัยเสี่ยงต่าง ๆ (ซึ่งเป็นปัจจัยที่ทำให้เสี่ยงต่อการเกิดมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองมากขึ้นในคนบางคน)
มะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองชนิดฮอดจ์กิน พบว่าอาจมีปัจจัยเสี่ยง ได้แก่ การมีประวัติมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลือง (ชนิดใดชนิดหนึ่ง) ในครอบครัว การมีประวัติการติดเชื้อไวรัสอีบีวี (EBV หรือ Epstein-Barr virus เช่น โรค infectious mononucleosis)
มะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองชนิดนอนฮอดจ์กิน พบว่าอาจมีปัจจัยเสี่ยง ได้แก่ การติดเชื้อไวรัส (เช่น ไวรัสตับอักเสบซี, ไวรัสเอชทีแอลวี-1 หรือ HTLV-1, ไวรัสอีบีวี หรือ EBV, เอชไอวี), การติดเชื้อแบคทีเรีย (เช่น เชื้อเฮลิโคแบกเตอร์ไพโลไร ซึ่งทำให้เกิดโรคแผลเพ็ปติก), ผู้ที่มีภูมิคุ้มกันต่ำหรือผู้ที่ใช้ยากดภูมิคุ้มกันต่ำ (เช่น ผู้ป่วยที่ผ่าตัดปลูกถ่ายอวัยวะ), ผู้ที่เป็นโรคภูมิต้านตัวเอง (เช่น โรคข้ออักเสบรูมาตอยด์ เอสแอลอี), การสัมผัสสารเคมีบางชนิด (เช่น เบนซิน ยาฆ่าแมลงหรือยาฆ่าหญ้าบางชนิด)
อาการ
อาการที่โดดเด่น คือ มีก้อนบวม (ของต่อมน้ำเหลือง) ที่ข้างคอ รักแร้ หรือขาหนีบ นานเป็นสัปดาห์ ๆ หรือเป็นแรม���ดือนโดยไม่รู้สึกเจ็บ บางรายอาจมีก้อนขึ้นพร้อมกันหลายแห่ง
บางรายอาจมีไข้เรื้อรังโดยตรวจไม่พบสิ่งผิดปกติอื่น ๆ หรืออาจมีไข้สูงอยู่หลายวันสลับกับไม่มีไข้หลายวัน อาจมีอาการอ่อนเพลีย เบื่ออาหาร น้ำหนักลดโดยไม่ได้ตั้งใจ เหงื่อออกตอนกลางคืน หนาวสั่น ทอนซิลโต หรือคันตามผิวหนัง
ผู้ป่วยอาจมีอาการที่เกิดจากก้อนมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองกดถูกอวัยวะต่าง ๆ ภายในร่างกาย เช่น ถ้าเกิดในช่องอก ทำให้มีอาการไอ เจ็บแน่นหน้าอก หายใจลำบาก หน้าบวม คอบวม แขนบวม ถ้าเกิดในช่องท้อง ทำให้มีอาการปวดท้อง ท้องอืด ท้องผูก เบื่ออาหาร ดีซ่าน ถ้าเกิดในลำไส้เล็ก ทำให้มีอาการน้ำหนักลด ท้องเดิน ลำไส้ไม่ดูดซึมอาหาร ถ้าเกิดที่ขาหนีบ อาจมีอาการขาบวมจากภาวะอุดกั้นทางเดินน้ำเหลือง ถ้าเกิดในสมอง ไขสันหลังหรือระบบประสาท ทำให้มีอาการปวดศีรษะ แขนขามีอาการปวด หรือชาหรืออ่อนแรง เป็นต้น
ภาวะแทรกซ้อน
มักเกิดจากการที่มีก้อนของมะเร็งไปกดหรือทำลายอวัยวะต่าง ๆ เช่น ทำให้เกิดภาวะอุดกั้นของระบบไหลเวียนเลือดหรือน้ำเหลือง ทางเดินหายใจ ทางเดินอาหาร ทางเดินปัสสาวะ (อาจทำให้เกิดภาวะไตวายตามมาได้) เป็นต้น
ถ้ามะเร็งลุกลามเข้าสมอง ไขสันหลัง หรือกดถูกเส้นประสาทสันหลัง ก็ทำให้ปวดศีรษะ แขนขามีอาการปวด หรือชา หรืออ่อนแรง
ถ้ามะเร็งลุกลามเข้าไขกระดูก ก็ทำให้สร้างเม็ดเลือดทุกชนิดไม่ได้ ทำให้เกิดภาวะซีด เลือดออกง่าย และติดเชื้อง่าย ซึ่งอาจรุนแรงจนเกิดภาวะโลหิตเป็นพิษได้
ถ้ามีก้อนมะเร็งที่กระเพาะอาหาร นอกจากเกิดภาวะกระเพาะอาหารอุดกั้นแล้ว ยังอาจมีเลือดออก (อาเจียนเป็นเลือด หรือถ่ายอุจจาระดำ)
การวินิจฉัย
แพทย์จะวินิจฉัยเบื้องต้นจากการซักถามอาการ ประวัติการเจ็บป่วย และตรวจร่างกายพบสิ่งผิดปกติ ที่สำคัญคือ ตรวจพบก้อนบวมของต่อมน้ำเหลืองที่คอ รักแร้หรือขาหนีบ ลักษณะแข็ง ไม่เจ็บ ขนาดเส้นผ่าศูนย์กลางมากกว่า 1 ซม.
บางรายอาจพบว่ามีไข้ ทอนซิลโต ตับโต ม้ามโต ดีซ่าน แขนขาบวม แขนขาชาหรืออ่อนแรง ซีด หรือมีจุดแดงจ้ำเขียวตามผิวหนัง
แพ��ย์จะทำการวินิจฉัยให้แน่ชัดโดยการตัดต่อมน้ำเหลืองนำไปตรวจพิสูจน์ (lymph node biopsy) ซึ่งจะพบลักษณะของเซลล์ที่เป็นมะเร็ง สำหรับมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองชนิดฮอดจ์กินจะพบเซลล์มะเร็งที่เรียกว่า "เซลล์รีดสเทิร์นเบิร์ก (Reed-Sternberg cells)"
แพทย์จะทำการตรวจเลือด (เช่น ดูจำนวนของเม็ดเลือดต่าง ๆ การทำงานของตับ ไต) ตรวจไขกระดูก (ตรวจหาเซลล์มะเร็งในไขกระดูก)
นอกจากนี้ แพทย์จะทำการประเมินภาวะแทรกซ้อนและระยะของโรค ด้วยการเอกซเรย์ปอด ถ่ายภาพอวัยวะตามส่วนต่าง ๆ (เช่น ทรวงอก ช่องท้อง สมอง ไขสันหลัง) ด้วยคลื่นแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้า เอกซเรย์คอมพิวเตอร์ หรือเพตสแกน (PET scan) และ/หรือทำการตรวจพิเศษอื่น ๆ
การรักษาโดยแพทย์
แพทย์จะทำการรักษาโดยพิจารณาจากชนิดและระยะของโรคมะเร็งต่อมนำเหลือง
ในราย��ี่เป็นมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองชนิดเจริญช้า (หรือชนิดค่อยเป็นค่อยไป) และมีอาการยังไม่มาก แพทย์จะเฝ้าติดตามดูอาการเปลี่ยนแปลง และนัดมาตรวจ (เช่น ตรวจเลือด ตรวจทางรังสี) เป็นระยะ จนกว่าจะมีอาการมากขึ้นจึงจะให้การรักษา
ในรายที่มีอาการมาก หรือเป็นมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองชนิดเจริญหรือลุกลามเร็ว แพทย์ก็จะให้การรักษาด้วยเคมีบำบัดหรือรังสีบำบัดเพียงอย่างเดียว หรือร่วมกันทั้งสองอย่าง ขึ้นกับชนิดและระยะของโรค เช่น ในรายที่เป็นมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองชนิดฮอดจ์กิน ส่วนใหญ่จะให้การรักษาด้วยเคมีบำบัดเพียงอย่างเดียว หรือเคมีบำบัดร่วมกับรังสีบำบัด หรือเคมีบำบัดร่วมกับการให้ยาสเตียรอยด์
ในรายที่เป็นมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองระยะที่ 1 (พบเพียงบริเวณเดียว) และเป็นชนิดไม่รุนแรง ก็สามารถให้รังสีบำบัดเพียงอย่างเดียว
ในรายที่เป็นชนิดรุนแรงหรือระยะท้าย ๆ ก็จำเป็นต้องให้เคมีบำบัดร่วมกับรังสีบำบัด และยาอื่น ๆ เช่น ยารักษาแบบมุ่งเป้า (targeted drugs เช่น rituximab) ยาอิมมูนบำบัด (immunotherapy drugs) เป็นต้น
ในรายที่มีการเกิดโรคกลับ (relapse) แพทย์จะให้เคมีบำบัดด้วยขนาดยาที่สูง และทำการปลูกถ่ายไขกระดูกหรือเซลล์ต้นกำเนิด ก็มักช่วยให้มีชีวิตยืนยาวขึ้นหรือหายได้
ผลการรักษา ขึ้นกับชนิดของมะเร็ง ระยะของโรค สภาพของผู้ป่วย และการตอบสนองต่อการรักษา
ถ้าได้รับการรักษาตั้งแต่ระยะแรก ๆ มักจะได้ผลดี สามารถหายเป็นปกติ และมีชีวิตที่ยืนยาว โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งถ้าเป็นมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองชนิดฮอดจ์กิน
ถ้าเป็นมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองระยะท้าย หรือชนิดรุนแรง (เจริญเร็ว) การรักษาก็มักจะได้ผลไม่ดีเท่าที่ควร
การแบ่งระยะของโรคมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลือง
ระยะที่ 1: มีรอยโรคที่ต่อมน้ำเหลือง บริเวณใดบริเวณหนึ่งของร่างกายเพียงแห่งเดียว (เช่น คอด้านซ้ายหรือด้านขวา หรือรักแร้ด้านซ้ายหรือด้านขวา หรือขาหนีบด้านซ้ายหรือด้านขวา) หรือมีรอยโรคที่นอกต่อมน้ำเหลือง (คือที่อวัยวะอันใดอันหนึ่งภายในร่างกาย) เพียงแห่งเดียว
ระยะที่ 2: มีรอยโรคของต่อมน้ำเหลืองตั้งแต่ 2 ตำแหน่งขึ้นไป (เช่น คอด้านซ้ายกับคอด้านขวา หรือคอด้านซ้ายกับรักแร้ด้านซ้าย หรือขาหนีบด้านซ้ายกับขาหนีบด้านขวา) หรือมีรอยโรคที่อวัยวะอันใดอันหนึ่งและที่ต่อมน้ำเหลือง 1 ตำแหน่งหรือมากกว่า โดยที่รอยโรคทั้งหมดยังจำกัดอยู่ในบริเวณที่อยู่เหนือกะบังลมขึ้นไปด้วยกัน หรือในบริเวณที่อยู่ใต้กะบังลมลงมาด้วยกัน
ระยะที่ 3: มีรอยโรคของต่อมน้ำเหลือง ทั้งที่ในบริเวณที่อยู่เหนือกะบังลมขึ้นไป และในบริเวณที่อยู่ใต้กะบังลมลงมาพร้อมกัน (เช่น คอกับขาหนีบ รักแร้กับขาหนีบ) และอาจพบรอยโรคที่อวัยวะนอกต่อมน้ำเหลือง และ/หรือที่ม้ามร่วมด้วย
ระยะที่ 4: มีรอยโรคที่กระจายไปที่อวัยวะต่าง ๆ (เช่น ปอด ตับ ไขกระดูก สมอง ไขสันหลัง กระเพาะ ลำไส้ กระดูก) มากกว่า 1 ตำแหน่ง โดยไม่นับรวมม้ามกับต่อมไทมัส
การดูแลตนเอง
หากสงสัย เช่น คลำได้ก้อนบวมของต่อมน้ำเหลืองที่ข้างคอ รักแร้ หรือขาหนีบ หรือมีไข้เรื้อรัง อ่อนเพลีย เบื่ออาหาร หรือน้ำหนักลด เป็นต้น ควรปรึกษาแพทย์โดยเร็ว
เมื่อตรวจพบว่าเป็นมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลือง ควรดูแลตนเอง ดังนี้รักษา กินยา และปฏิบัติตามคำแนะนำของแพทย์ ติดตามรักษากับแพทย์ตามนัด หลีกเลี่ยงการซื้อยามากินเอง หลีกเลี่ยงการสูบบุหรี่และการดื่มเครื่องดื่มแอลกอฮอล์ กินอาหารให้ครบ 5 หมู่ เน้นผัก ผลไม้ ธัญพืช โปรตีนที่มีไขมันน้อย (เช่น ปลา ไข่ขาว เต้าหู้ ผลิตภัณฑ์จากถั่วเหลือง) นอนหลับพักผ่อนให้เพียงพอ และหาทางผ่อนคลายความเครียด ออกกำลังกายและทำกิจกรรมต่าง ๆ รวมทั้งงานอดิเรกที่ชอบ และงานจิตอาสา เท่าที่ร่างกายจะอำนวย ทำสมาธิ เจริญสติ หรือสวดมนต์ภาวนาตามหลักศาสนาที่นับถือ ถ้ามีโอกาสควรหาทางเข้าร่วมกิจกรรมของกลุ่มเพื่อนช่วยเพื่อน หรือกลุ่มมิตรภาพบำบัด ผู้ป่วยและญาติควรหาทางเสริมสร้างกำลังใจให้ผู้ป่วย ยอมรับความจริง และใช้ชีวิตในปัจจุบันให้ดีและมีคุณค่าที่สุด ถ้าหากมีเรื่องวิตกกังวลเกี่ยวกับโรคและวิธีบำบัดรักษา รวมทั้งการแสวงหาทางเลือกอื่น (เช่น การใช้สมุนไพร ยาหม้อ ยาลูกกลอน การนวด ประคบ การฝังเข็ม การล้างพิษ หรือวิธีอื่น ๆ) ควรขอคำปรึกษาจากแพทย์และทีมสุขภาพที่ดูแล
ควรกลับไปพบแพทย์ก่อนนัด ถ้ามีลักษณะข้อใดข้อหนึ่ง ดังต่อไปนี้มีอาการไม่สบายหรืออาการผิดปกติ เช่น มีไข้ อ่อนเพลียมาก หอบเหนื่อย หายใจลำบาก ชัก แขนขาชาหรืออ่อนแรง ซีด มีเลือดออก ปวดท้อง ท้องเดิน อาเจียน เบื่ออาหารมาก กินไม่ได้ ดื่มน้ำไม่ได้ เป็นต้น ขาดยาหรือยาหาย ในรายที่แพทย์ให้ยากลับไปกินที่บ้าน ถ้ากินยาแล้วสงสัยเกิดผลข้างเคียงจากยา เช่น มีลมพิษ ผื่นคัน ตุ่มพุพอง ตาบวม ปากบวม ปวดท้อง ท้องเดิน คลื่นไส้ อาเจียน หรือมีอาการผิดปกติอื่น ๆ
การป้องกัน
ยังไม่มีวิธีป้องกันที่ได้ผล เนื่องจากโรคนี้ส่วนใหญ่ยังไม่ทราบสาเหตุที่แน่ชัด
การหลีกเลี่ยงปัจจัยเสี่ยง เช่น การติดเชื้อไวรัสบางชนิด (เช่น เอชไอวี) สารเคมีบางชนิด (เช่น เบนซิน ยาฆ่าแมลงหรือยาฆ่าหญ้าบางชนิด) เป็นต้น อาจช่วยลดความเสี่ยงต่อโรคนี้
ควรป้องกันไม่ให้โรคลุกลาม โดยการไปพบแพทย์เพื่อรับการตรวจรักษาแต่เนิ่น ๆ เมื่อสังเกตว่ามีอาการที่น่าสงสัย
ข้อแนะนำ
มะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองไม่ใช่โรคติดต่อ ผู้ที่อยู่ใกล้ชิดหรือเป็นญาติพี่น้องกับผู้ป่วย ไม่ต้องกลัวว่าจะติดโรคจากผู้ป่วย
การรักษากับแพทย์ในโรงพยาบาลให้ผลดีมากกว่าการไม่รักษา ผู้ป่วยควรมีกำลังใจเข้ารับการรักษาอย่างจริงจังและต่อเนื่องตามที่แพทย์นัด และอดทนต่อผลข้างเคียงของการใช้ยาเคมีบำบัด (เช่น ผมร่วง คลื่นไส้ อาเจียน เบื่ออาหาร) ที่อาจเกิดขึ้น ซึ่งมักเป็นเพียงชั่วคราว
ในปัจจุบันมีการพัฒนาวิธีการรักษาด้วยยากลุ่มใหม่ ๆ (ซึ่งใช้สะดวก ได้ผลดีและมีผลข้างเคียงน้อย) และการปลูกถ่ายไขกระดูกหรือเซลล์ต้นกำเนิด ซึ่งช่วยให้ผู้ป่วยมีชีวิตยืนยาวขึ้น หรือบางรายอาจหายขาด���ด้
เ���ื่องจากมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลือง อาจเกิดขึ้นที่ส่วนใดส่วนหนึ่งของร่างกายก็ได้ โรคนี้จึงมีอาการแสดงได้หลากหลาย ขึ้นกับตำแหน่งที่เกิดขึ้นของมะเร็ง และระยะของโรค
อาการที่เห็นได้ชัด คือ ก้อนบวมที่พบและคลำได้จากภายนอก เช่น ก้อนที่คอ รักแร้ หรือขาหนีบ แต่บางรายอาจเกิดขี้นที่อวัยวะภายใน โดยไม่พบก้อนที่ภายนอกก็ได้ ดังนั้นผู้ที่มีอาการเรื้อรังที่หาสาเหตุไม่พบในระยะแรก เช่น ไอเรื้อรัง (ทำให้เข้าใจว่าเป็นโรคหลอดลมหรือโรคปอด ซึ่งแพทย์อาจลองตรวจรักษาแบบโรคหลอดลมหรือโรคปอดแล้วไม่ได้ผล) ปวดท้องเรื้อรัง (ทำให้เข้าใจว่าเป็นโรคกระเพาะ ซึ่งแพทย์อาจลองตรวจรักษาแบบโรคกระเพาะแล้วไม่ได้ผล) ปวดศีรษะเรื้อรัง แขนขาชาหรืออ่อนแรง (ทำให้เข้าใจว่าเป็นโรคของสมองหรือระบบประสาท ซึ่งแพทย์อาจลองตรวจรักษาแบบโรคของสมองหรือระบบประสาทแล้วไม่ได้ผล) ก็ควรมีความอดทน และติดตามการรักษากับแพทย์ตามนัดอย่างต่อเนื่อง แพทย์ก็จะทำการตรวจด้วยวิธีต่าง ๆ เพิ่มเติม ในที่สุดก็มักจะตรวจพบร่องรอยของโรคมะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลืองที่ซ่อนอยู่ภายในร่างกาย
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reallycool12345 · 6 months ago
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global-research-report · 7 months ago
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Empowering Healthcare Providers with Precision Blood Screening Tools
Blood Screening Industry Overview
The global blood screening market size is expected to reach USD 6.62 billion by 2030, registering a CAGR of 11.9% from 2025 to 2030, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. The growth of the market is attributed to the increase in screening of donor and continuous technological advancement by the market players. Demand for blood screening tests is increasing continuously due to increasing donation, rising awareness about transfusion-transmitted diseases, and technological developments in the industry. Furthermore, governments of various countries are in process to mandates testing all donated blood for several viruses.
Thorough screening is necessary for all donated blood to ensure that recipients receive the safest products. As of 2015, such testing consists of screening for red cell antibodies, and the infectious diseases agents: HIV-1, HIV-2, hepatitis virus, West Nile Virus (WNV), Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) T. Cruzi, and T. pallidum (syphilis). The result of all these assays must be negative for blood donation.
Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Blood Screening Market
Technological developments increase the sensitivity and efficiency of the tests. For instance, in 2016, the U.S. FDA approved the Procleix Zika virus assay from Hologic, Inc. and Grifols to screen donated blood. Furthermore, the U.S. FDA approved next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology in 2013. The technology is cheaper and faster than previous DNA analysis methods.
Browse through Grand View Research's Clinical Diagnostics Industry Research Reports.
The global body fluid collection and diagnostics market size was estimated at USD 34.35 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.6% from 2025 to 2030. 
The global genetic testing market size was estimated at USD 11.71 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 22.5% from 2025 to 2030.
Blood Screening Market Segmentation
Grand View Research has segmented global blood screening market report based on technology, product, and region:
Blood Screening Technology Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)
Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAT)
ELISA
Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA & EIA )
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
Western Blotting (WB)
Blood Screening Product Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)
Reagent
Instrument
Blood Screening Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
UK
Germany
France
Italy
Spain
Norway
Denmark
Sweden
Asia Pacific
India
Japan
China
South Korea
Australia
Thailand
Latin America
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East and Africa (MEA)
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
UAE
Kuwait
Key Companies profiled:
Abbott
Danaher Corporation (Beckman Coulter)
Becton Dickinson and Company
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
Hoffman-La Roche Ltd.
Grifols, S.A.
Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc.
Siemens Healthcare GmbH
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
SOFINA s.a (Biomerieux)
Key Blood Screening Company Insights
Some of the key companies in the market include Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Grifols, S.A., and others. These companies adopt strategies such as strategic collaborations to enhance innovation, mergers, and acquisitions to expand capabilities, and new product launches to address evolving healthcare needs, ensuring competitiveness and a strong market presence.
Abbott manufactures specialized medical equipment that may utilize Blood Screening components for durability and lightweight properties. Beyond blood screening, Abbott operates in various segments, including laboratory diagnostics, cardiovascular devices, diabetes care, and nutrition products, thereby enhancing its portfolio and addressing diverse healthcare needs.
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. develops diagnostic instruments that may incorporate Blood Screening materials for enhanced performance and reliability in relation to Blood Screening. The company also engages in other segments, such as quality control products, gene expression analysis, and protein purification, positioning itself as a leader in both research and clinical settings.
Recent Developments
In May 2023, Siemens Healthineers launched two new analyzers, the Atellica HEMA 570 and Atellica HEMA 580, designed for high-volume hematology testing, crucial for blood screening. These advanced devices can streamline the complete blood count (CBC) process, offering rapid results and improved workflow efficiency. With the ability to process up to 120 tests per hour, these analyzers can address the growing demand for timely diagnostics in critical care settings.
Order a free sample PDF of the Blood Screening Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.
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suara-rakyat-blog · 8 months ago
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Apa ada dalam kandungan Vaksin? Berikut adalah senarai virus yang ada didalam Vaksin
1. Adenovirus 2. Adenovirus Type 12 3. Adenovirus Type 3 4. Astrovirus 5. Borna Virus 6. Bunyamwera Virus 7. Coronavidae 8. Coxsakie Virus A2 9. Coxsackie Virus A23 10. Coxsackie Virus A7 11. Dengue Fever 12. Ebola Virus 13. Enterovirus 68 14. Enterovirus 69 15. Enterovirus 70 16. Enterovirus 71 17. German Measles (Rubella) 18. Hepatitis A 19. Hepatitis B 20. Hepatitis C 21. Hepatitis E 22. Herpes (Chicken Pox) 23. Herper Virus 24. Hiv 1 25. Hiv 2 26. Htlv 1 27. Htlv 2 (Oncovirus) 28. Influenza 29. Influenza Virus Hong Kong 30. Filoriridae (Green Monkey Virus) 31. Paramyxomvielae, Pneu Movirus 32. Influenza
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industrynewsupdates · 8 months ago
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Blood Screening Market Outlook and Forecast Report, 2030
The global blood screening market is expected to reach USD 6.62 billion by 2030, registering a CAGR of 11.7% from 2023 to 2030, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. The growth of the market is attributed to the increase in screening of donor and continuous technological advancement by the market players. Demand for blood screening tests is increasing continuously due to increasing donation, rising awareness about transfusion-transmitted diseases, and technological developments in the industry. Furthermore, governments of various countries are in process to mandates testing all donated blood for several viruses.
Thorough screening is necessary for all donated blood to ensure that recipients receive the safest products. As of 2015, such testing consists of screening for red cell antibodies, and the infectious diseases agents: HIV-1, HIV-2, hepatitis virus, West Nile Virus (WNV), Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) T. Cruzi, and T. pallidum (syphilis). The result of all these assays must be negative for blood donation.
Technological developments increase the sensitivity and efficiency of the tests. For instance, in 2016, the U.S. FDA approved the Procleix Zika virus assay from Hologic, Inc. and Grifols to screen donated blood. Furthermore, the U.S. FDA approved next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology in 2013. The technology is cheaper and faster than previous DNA analysis methods.
Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Blood Screening Market
Detailed Segmentation:
Product Insights
On the basis of product, the market is segmented into instruments and reagents. The reagent segment accounted for the largest revenue share of around 73.0% in 2022 and is expected to grow at the fastest CAGR of 12.0% over the forecast period owing to higher accuracy and specificity in detecting the presence and type of various elements in a small sample would drive the market.
Technology Insights
On the basis of technology, the market is segmented into nucleic acid amplification tests, ELISA, CLIA, EIA, NGS, and western blotting. The NAT segment accounted for the largest revenue share of 41.8% in 2022, owing to its high sensitivity and specificity for viral nucleic acid. The test detects nucleic acid earlier than other screening methods and, thus, narrows the window period of HBV, HCV, and HIV. According to the WHO, HIV has claimed 40.1 million lives till now and remains a global health concern with the current transmission in all countries where 1.5 million people attained HIV in 2021.
Regional Insights
North America dominated the market and accounted for the largest revenue share of 39.0% in 2022 owing to the presence of key industry players, increased adoption of the blood screening process, stringent FDA regulations for transfusion, rising infectious disease prevalence, and greater patient affordability are responsible for maintaining its position during the forecast period. The U.S. leads the market due to the local presence of leading players such as Roche Diagnostics, Abbott, and Danaher. One of the reasons for their continued dominance is the presence of well-established R&D infrastructure and favorable reimbursement policies.
Browse through Grand View Research's Medical Devices Industry Research Reports.
• The global electron microscopes market size was valued at USD 5.05 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 8.1% from 2024 to 2030.
• The global ambient assisted living market size was valued at USD 7.36 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 26.8% from 2024 to 2030. . 
Key Companies & Market Share Insights
Product launches, approvals, strategic acquisitions, and innovations are just a few of the important business strategies used by market participants to maintain and grow their global reach.
For instance, in March 2023,Abbott received U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for a laboratory traumatic brain injury blood test, the first commercially available lab-based test for the assessment of mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), commonly referred to as concussions, which will be made widely available to hospitals across the U.S. This test, which is powered by Abbott’s Alinity i laboratory tool, will enable clinicians to evaluate individuals with mild traumatic brain injuries in a timely manner.
Furthermore, in May 2023, Siemens Healthcare introduced Atellica HEMA 570 and 580 next-generation hematology analyzers, which have user-friendly interfaces and can be connected to multiple analyzers to remove workflow barriers and provide high throughput time.
Key Blood Screening Companies:
• Abbott
• Danaher Corporation (Beckman Coulter)
• Becton Dickinson and Company
• Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
• Hoffman-La Roche Ltd.
• Grifols, S.A.
• Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc.
• Siemens Healthcare GmbH
• Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
• SOFINA s.a (Biomerieux)
Blood Screening Market Segmentation
Grand View Research has segmented the blood screening market by product, technology, and region:
Blood Screening Technology Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)
• Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAT)
• ELISA
• Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) and Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
• Next Generation Sequencing
• Western Blotting
Blood Screening Product Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)
• Reagent
• Instrument
Blood Screening Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)
• North America
o U.S.
o Canada
• Europe
o UK
o Germany
o France
o Italy
o Spain
o Sweden
o Norway
o Denmark
• Asia Pacific
o Japan
o China
o India
o Australia
o Thailand
o South Korea
• Latin America
o Brazil
o Mexico
o Argentina
• Middle East and Africa
o Saudi Arabia
o South Africa
o UAE
o Kuwait
Order a free sample PDF of the Blood Screening Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.
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twinkl22004 · 9 months ago
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“T-cell Leukemia Virus Enhancer”, Victor McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 1966. T细胞白血病病毒增强剂。
Here I present: “T-cell Leukemia Virus Enhancer”, Victor McKusick, Mendelian Inheritance in Man’, 1966. T细胞白血病病毒增强剂。 INTRODUCTION. Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a cancer of the immune system’s T-cells caused by human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). FOXN2 belongs to class 2 of the forkhead box (FOX) family of transcription factors, members of which lack a basic region at the C-terminal end…
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nursingwriter · 3 months ago
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Multiple Sclerosis Etiology Multiple sclerosis, some researchers argue, constitutes "a disease of unknown etiology," which reportedly implies a single causal organism triggers MS. Numerous infectious agents suspected as possible etiological agents include: "the corona, measles, Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex type 6, and canine distemper viruses, the human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV)-I, an 'MS-associated agent' and, most recently, Chlamydia." (Poser 12) No one has been able to confirm any these infectious agents, however, this contention continues even though competent investigators routinely utilize sophisticated techniques to conduct exhaustive searches. (Poser 12) Numerous steps leading to the development process of MS remain invisible and unidentified. The contemporary consensus regarding MS. Albeit, posits it likely evolves from a genetically susceptible subject, of the immune system's activation by various viral agents, consequently initiating a pathogenetic surge ultimately contributing the myelin sheath and axon being destroyed. (Poser 12) Multiple sclerosis (MS) constitutes the current, most common neurological illness in North America and Europe. MS, Doughty reports, affects approximately 2.5 million individuals worldwide. At times, the complex, daunting aspects of MS contribute to challenging individuals, with MS, mentally, physically personally, socially, and vocationally. Accompanying challenges continually confront individuals with MS with critical crossroads in life and require relevant rationale choices be made by them and/or those who work with and care for this particular population. Population and the geographic location both reportedly influence the frequency of MS. Current research reflects that white persons of northern European descent who live in temperate climates are more frequently diagnosed with MS, an observation suggesting genetic, as well as, environmental factors may influence the frequency of MS. Anderson et al., cited by Wilson and Islam, estimates approximately 250,000-350,000 cases of MS were diagnosed in 1990, the incidences of MS (noting total population of approximately 250 million) equates to a prevalence of approximately 1 case per 1000 population. This amounts to half the prevalence of MS in northern Europe, which equates to two cases per 1000 population. Wilson and Islam define MS as: "an inflammatory demyelinating condition of the central nervous system (CNS) traditionally deemed autoimmune in nature. White matter tracts are affected, including those of the cerebral hemispheres, infratentorium, and spinal cord." The locality where MS lesions or plaques may develop in CNS white matter may vary. Clinical presentations of MS may also be dissimilar. Frequently, the ongoing lesion formation in MS fosters physical disability and, in some cases, leads to cognitive decline. MS characteristics include its unpredictable nature, the time delay between the onset of symptoms and the confirmed MS diagnosis, as well as, the physiological and psychological symptomatology (collective symptoms MS) ranges potentially present in an individual with MS. As common in a number of other autoimmune conditions, the MS patient's immune system attack its host, likely due to exposure to a molecular sequence mimicking the host tissue's molecular sequence. Wilson and Islam explain that even though the immune trigger has not yet been identified, the targets are known to be myelinated CNS tracts. In inflamed areas, the blood-brain barrier breaks down, accompanied by perivascular lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration. "Focal destruction of myelin ensues, with axonal damage, gliosis, and the formation of sclerotic plaques. Gradually, cumulative damage results in significant loss of white matter and a reduction in total brain volume." (Wilson and Islam) MRI Images The following figures compare MRI images of a "normal" brain with one of a person with MS. Point-resolved spectroscopic study performed in MS patient reflects " slightly decreased N-acetylaspartate peak and a mildly elevated choline peak;... findings... compatible with demyelination with neuronal loss and increased cell membrane turnover." (Wilson and Islam) Challenging Characteristics MS can adversely impact a number of body functions with symptoms displayed as: pain, speech and visual impairment, loss of memory, muscle weakness, loss of coordination, depression, numbness, and bowel and bladder problems. Sexual dysfunction may also be experienced by individuals with MS. According to National Multiple Sclerosis Society, MS affects as many as 400,000 people in the U.S. Approximately, 2.5 million individual may be affected throughout the world. Most individuals diagnosed with MS are females between 20 and 50 years old. ("RNew MRI Finding") Out of the four classifications of MS, the two most prevalent types include relapsing-remitting and secondary-progressive. Individuals with relapsing-remitting MS experience symptom flare-ups, followed with times when MS does not progress. A person with secondary- progressive MS, however, undergoes an initial period of relapsing-remitting MS, followed by MS steadily progressing. ("RNew MRI Finding") Resources in the book review of Multiple Sclerosis: A Guide for Rehabilitation and Health Care Professionals, edited by Rumrill and Hennessey, Doughty reports that in addition to exploring the challenging characteristics of MS, this work depicts a vital virile volume of information relating to MS. Basically, in Multiple Sclerosis: A Guide for Rehabilitation and Health Care Professionals, contributing authors, including nurses, individuals with MS, and others knowledgeable about the illness offer the reader a comprehensive, interdisciplinary view of MS. This work includes topic areas, germane to lives of individuals with MS, as at the end of each chapter, the contributing authors, with MS, wrote personal prospective relating to particular issues presented in each chapter (Doughty). Hennessey and Rumrill, cited by Doughty, orient the reader to MS, as they present credible context and prepare the foundation for information accessible in subsequent chapters. The physiological and psychological impacts on issues, including family and community concerns, employment and/or lack of career development are also related to the reader. Randall T. Schapiro enhances introductory information relating strategies on how to best manage MS, while also encouraging the reader to apply relevant knowledge to daily life challenges and issues. Lynn C. Koch and Connie J. McReynolds, cited by Doughty, examine symptom management issues, along with psychological factors for individuals with MS. Peggy a. Crawford, cited by Doughty, discusses how MS may affect an individual's children, his/her marital relationship, as well as other family members. Koch and McReynolds, cited by Doughty, examine parenting issues. Nancy Cooper, Wendy Sullivan, and Rosemary Zuck, Doughty notes, focus on challenging contemporary, community living issues for individuals with MS, as they provide information on community-based care programs such as respite care, adult day programs, and assisted living facilities. The authors also share information regarding services the National MS Society in local area(s) offer. Other components covered in Multiple Sclerosis: A Guide for Rehabilitation and Health Care Professionals include: Techniques aimed to foster and/or strengthen independence among individuals with MS. Career development and employment issues for individuals with MS, including physiological and psychological factors that affect the critical rate of unemployment among individuals with MS. Wilson and Islam note the following known characteristics about MS: Race: MS is most prevalent in white persons of northern European descent (Hauser, 1994). Sex: Male-to-female ratio is approximately 1:2 (Noseworthy, 2000). Age: MS is a disease of early adulthood. Onset has been documented in patients aged 2-74 years, although the disease usually appears between the late teenage years and the fourth decade of life, peaking at approximately age 35 years. In men, the onset is slightly later than in women (Hauser, 1994). Anatomy: MS is a demyelinating CNS disorder, and it may affect any central white matter. Lesions are commonly located in the optic nerves and tracts, throughout the supratentorial and infratentorial white matter, and along the myelinated tracts of the spinal cord. Locations may include the corpus callosum, cerebellar white matter, and corticospinal tracts. Clinical Diagnosis: A diagnosis of MS is made on the basis of clinical findings by using supporting evidence from ancillary tests such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination for oligoclonal banding and MRI. Clinical course: The clinical course of MS can follow different patterns, and this observation has led to the classification of distinct types of MS. The most common form of MS is termed relapsing-remitting MS, in which progression involves symptoms of neurologic dysfunction frequently followed by partial or complete clinical recovery. In relapsing-remitting MS, global clinical deterioration has traditionally been attributed to cumulative deficit due to incomplete recovery from repeated occurrences of individual relapses. Recently, however, this cumulative deficit has been questioned, because evidence increasingly suggests an ongoing background neurologic deterioration that is independent of the relapses.... (Wilson and Islam) New Insight An ASNA News Release on August 28, 2007, entitled "RNew MRI Finding Sheds Light on Multiple Sclerosis Disease Progression," purports that from the use of magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain, researchers recently delineated a previously unrecognized abnormality related to the progression of MS, and the disability accompanying this disease. Based on these findings, "Rohit Bakshi, M.D., associate professor of neurology and radiology at Harvard Medical School and director of clinical MS-MRI at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Partners MS Center in Boston; leader of this study contends, "physicians may be able to diagnose multiple sclerosis more accurately and identify patients at risk for developing progressive disease." ("RNew MRI Finding") The following questions and answers to the FDA Consumer Quiz relate several prominent points about MS (Appendix contains full test text): At what age is multiple sclerosis most frequently diagnosed? A d.) between 20 and 50. Studies have shown that people with multiple sclerosis who exercise: c.) have less fatigue How many people in the United States are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis every week? A b.) about 200 ("Take the FDA Consumer") Dealing with Depression As depression is reportedly the most common psychiatric disorder in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, those caring for MS patients who express any sort of suicidal ideation should be closely monitored and referred for a psychological evaluation. Frequently, MS patients experiencing bouts with depression or suicidal thoughts are not assessed, under assessed, and/or consequently not diagnosed. Unlike some of the other aspects accounting MS, yet similar to some MS, depression can be effectively treated. Numerous reasons contribute to MS patients experiencing depression, according to Wallin. These may include: The psychosocial effects of MS disability. The direct effect of lesions on brain structures that are involved in regulating and maintaining mood state The untoward effects of interferon (IFN)- ? For treating MS, which may be associated with mood changes. Immune dysfunction. (Wallin) Early intervention for depression, Wallin stresses, is vital as relief from depression related to MS can prevent declines in a MS patient's quality of life. It may also prevent a person attempting or completing suicide. (Wallin) Surgical Treatments Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a variation of a surgery from the 1960s, is sometimes still used to treat tremors in MS patients. Surgeries in the past destroyed the thalamus (thalamotomy) or another part of the brain, the globus pallidus (pallidotomy). Today, instead of these type surgeries, which carry significant risk, due to the intentional destruction of part of the brain, deep brain stimulations are performed. When treating MS with DBS, a medical specialist places an electrode with the tip of the electrode in the thalamus (for tremor and multiple sclerosis). The medical specialist leaves the electrode for deep brain stimulation in the brain, connected by a wire to a pacemaker-like device. he/she then implants the stimulating device under the skin over the chest of the MS patient. The device delivers electrical shocks to help to relieve tremors accompanying MS. (Doctors) Doctors) Doctors at the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Research at the Cleveland Clinic relate the following questions/answers regarding the surgical treatment of DBS: Can Deep Brain Stimulation Cure MS? No. Electrical stimulation does not cure multiple sclerosis nor does it prevent the disease from getting worse; it helps to relieve the symptom of tremor related to MS. Is Deep Brain Stimulation Considered Experimental? Deep brain stimulation is not experimental. The FDA has approved DBS to treat Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and dystonia. Dystonia is a type of movement disorder characterized by abnormal postures and twisting motions. The FDA has not specifically approved deep brain stimulation of the thalamus to treat multiple sclerosis. However, this does not mean that the treatment is experimental or that it would not be covered by insurance. There are many examples of treatments that are used every day and are standard and accepted but that have not been approved by the FDA. Deep brain stimulation is a way to inactivate parts of the brain without purposefully destroying the brain. Therefore, the risks are much lower. In Who Should Consider Deep Brain Stimulation? There are many important issues to be addressed when considering deep brain stimulation. These issues should be discussed with a movement disorders expert or a specially trained neurologist. Before considering surgery, you should have tried medication first. Surgery should not be undertaken if medications are able to control your symptoms. However, surgery should be considered if you do not achieve satisfactory control through medications. If you are unsure if DBS is right for you, consult a movement disorders expert or a neurologist who has experience with movement disorders. Where Should the Operation Be Performed? The surgery should be performed in a center where there is a team of experts to care for you. This means neurologists and neurosurgeons who have experience and specialized training in doing these types of surgeries. Another thing to consider when deciding where to go for the surgery is to find out how the target (that is the thalamus) is localized. Different centers may perform the surgeries in different ways. It is clear that the chances of benefit and the risks of complications are directly related to how close the electrode is to the correct target. (Doctors) Treatment Options Treatment options for MS, according to the Mayo Clinic, in addition to DPS, include may include medications, physical and occupational therapy, as well as, experimental therapies. Currently, two primary strategies are recommended for MS: Managing the symptoms accompanying MS; Treatment of MS prior to permanent damage contributing to onset of symptoms. The Mayo Clinic utilizes a multidisciplinary approach and offers expertise to help best manage neurological diseases such as MS. Treatment techniques may include: Careful Monitoring Medications to Treat MS Beta Interferons: Interferon beta-1b (Betaseron) and interferon beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif), genetically engineered copies of proteins naturally occurring in the body, reduce MS flare-ups of MS. Glatiramer, an alternative to beta interferons, prescribed if a MS patient experiences relapsing-remitting, like beta interferons, effectively curbs MS attacks. Glatiramer, which blocks the immune system's attack on myelin, has to be injected, once a day, subcutaneously once daily. Medications for Treatment of MS Symptoms Corticosteroids reduce inflammation in nerve tissue and decrease flare-ups' length.. Prolonged use of these medications, however, may cause side effects such as osteoporosis and high blood pressure (hypertension). Muscle Relaxants: Tizanidine (Zanaflex) and baclofen (Lioresal), oral medications treat muscle spasticity. MS patients may experience painful or uncontrollable muscle spasms and/or stiffening, especially in their legs. Medications to Reduce Fatigue may include amantadine (Symmetrel), the antiviral drug or modafinil (Provigil), a medication for narcolepsy, both possess stimulant properties Other Medications may be prescribed to treat accompanying pain, bladder and/or bowel control issues, or depression. Physical and Occupational Therapy strive to help preserve a MS patient's independence by strengthening exercises, and utilizing devices to assist with daily tasks. Counseling sessions such as individual or group therapy may help MS patients and their family members cope with MS in more positive ways, as well as, help them know how to best counter related emotional stress. Special Therapies include: Plasma Exchange involves "removing some blood and mechanically separating the blood cells from the fluid (plasma). Blood cells then are mixed with a replacement solution... returned to the body." Plasma Exchange, however, "is only for people with sudden, severe attacks of MS-related disability who don't respond to high doses of steroid treatment." ("Multiple Sclerosis" Mayo Clinic) Learning to "see" the best way to deal with MS and its accompanying symptoms, this researcher suggests, evolves from not only learning as much as possible about treatment options, but also follow through with day-to-day healthy counters to symptoms. Exercise and positive life-style choices this researcher contends from research, can be serve as extra effective efforts to help ensure one with MS does not experience debilitating, destructive depression. A person with MS, as well as, those who care for him/her could benefit from remembering to note a message that can be dissected from this paper's introduction: "A swollen, pale optic nerve could be a symptom of multiple sclerosis." ("The Eyes Have it;" 50) Although this particular symptom would likely be recognized by a medical specialist, noting other everyday not so subtle symptoms, however, symptoms, does not require a medical degree. As the resource for the introductory posits, this researcher suggests: "The Eyes Have it." Dealing with MS requires, this researcher purports, the ability to train the spirit's eyes to see beyond symptoms that may darken one's spirit. The eyes have it - the ability to make a point to see hope for life, despite challenges MS may present. APPENDIX a Take the FDA Consumer Quiz If the game won't work, you may need to download the Java Plug-in. How's your knowledge of health-related topics such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis, stroke, and skin cancer? Find out by taking our quiz. Hint: The answers to all these questions can be found in the March-April 2005 issue of FDA Consumers) Take any of our past quizzes 1. At what age is multiple sclerosis most frequently diagnosed? a. () during the teen-age years b. () between 10 and 12 c. () between 60 and 70 d. () between 20 and 50 e. () 80 and over 2. Studies have shown that people with multiple sclerosis who exercise: a. () often have relapses triggered by exercise b. () have more fatigue c. () have less fatigue 3. How many people in the United States are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis every week? a. () between 50 and 100 b. () about 200 c. () about 300 d. () more than 500 4. Read the full article
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bcisurat · 1 year ago
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Unveiling the Enigma of Blood Cancer: Understanding Causes, Prevention, and Beyond From Cancer Specialist In Surat
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Various types of blood cancer, such as leukaemia, lymphoma, and myeloma, remain a formidable challenge even today for oncology experts. While advancements in research and treatment have improved outcomes for many patients, the enigma surrounding blood cancer persists. In this blog post, we share the insights shared by our blood cancer specialists in Surat at BCI- Blood & Cancer Institute, including the causes, warning signs, treatment options, and possibilities for prevention and cure, shedding light on this complex disease.
What is the Main Cause of Blood Cancer?
The exact cause of blood cancer remains elusive, with a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors believed to contribute to its development. Cancer specialists in Surat share that in some cases, genetic mutations play a significant role, disrupting the normal function of blood cells and leading to uncontrolled growth and proliferation. Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as benzene and radiation, has also been linked to an increased risk of blood cancer. However, for many individuals, the precise cause remains unknown, highlighting the complexity of this disease.
What are the Warning Signs of Blood Cancer?
Oncologists from BCI, a cancer hospital in Surat, say early detection of blood cancer is crucial for timely intervention and improved outcomes. Recognizing the warning signs can help individuals seek medical attention promptly. Common symptoms of blood cancer may include:
- Persistent fatigue and weakness
- Unexplained weight loss
- Frequent infections or fevers
- Easy bruising or bleeding
- Enlarged lymph nodes
- Bone pain or tenderness
- Shortness of breath
If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s essential to consult a hemato-oncologist in Surat for further evaluation and diagnosis.
Can Blood Cancer be Treated?
The treatment approach for blood cancer varies depending on the type and stage of the disease, as well as individual factors such as age and overall health. Blood cancer treatment in Surat may include:
- Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells or inhibit their growth.
- Radiation therapy: Targeting cancer cells with high-energy radiation to destroy them or prevent their proliferation.
- Immunotherapy: Harnessing the body’s immune system to identify and eradicate cancer cells.
- Targeted therapy: Administering drugs that specifically target abnormalities within cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissues.
- Stem cell transplantation: Replacing diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells to restore normal blood cell production.
Advancements in treatment options have significantly improved survival rates and quality of life for many patients with blood cancer. However, the effectiveness of treatment can vary widely depending on individual factors and the specific characteristics of the disease.
Can Blood Cancer be Prevented or Cured?
While there is currently no sure way to prevent blood cancer, says our blood cancer specialist in Surat at BCI- Blood & Cancer Institute, adopting a healthy lifestyle and minimizing exposure to known risk factors may help reduce the risk. These preventive measures include:
- Avoiding exposure to environmental toxins, such as benzene and radiation.
- Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption.
- Maintaining a healthy weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Protecting against certain infections, such as the human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which have been associated with an increased risk of certain types of blood cancer.
As for a cure, while some cases of blood cancer may be cured with appropriate treatment, others may require ongoing management to control the disease and minimize its impact on daily life. Research into novel therapies and targeted treatments continues to advance, leukaemia treatment in Surat offers hope for improved outcomes and ultimately, a cure for blood cancer.
The Importance of Research and Support
Research plays a pivotal role in finding the answers to the mysteries of blood cancer. Therefore, continuous efforts in scientific inquiry and clinical trials is essential for developing more effective treatments, enhancing early detection methods, and ultimately, finding a cure.
Other than this, support networks and resources for individuals affected by blood cancer are invaluable. Many organizations are working towards offering information, advocacy, and support services for patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals alike.
Final Words
While blood cancer presents formidable challenges, understanding its causes, recognizing warning signs, and exploring treatment options offer hope for patients and families affected by this complex disease. By promoting awareness, supporting research efforts, and advocating for improved access to care, we can work together to unravel the enigma of blood cancer and ultimately, improve outcomes for all those impacted by it.
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knick-nudiex · 5 months ago
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There are more than 20 types of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), also known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). STIs are caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. 
Common STIs 
Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis, Genital herpes, HIV, HPV, and Hepatitis B.
Other STIs 
Pubic lice, Chancroid, Granuloma inguinale, Lymphogranuloma venereum, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Pelvic inflammatory disease.
How STIs are spread 
Through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex
From mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding
Through blood transfusions
By sharing needles
How STIs are treated 
Most STIs can be treated and cured
Some STIs, like HIV, HSV, and HTLV-1, are lifelong infections
Vaccines are available for hepatitis B and HPV
How STIs are prevented 
Use condoms correctly and consistently
Get screened early and treat STIs and their sexual partners
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nathfiset · 1 year ago
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What is Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma and how can FDA approved cord blood banking help?
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 Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects the T-cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body's immune system. This disease has a high mortality rate and is often difficult to treat, making it a significant health concern. In recent years, the use of cord blood as a source of stem cells for transplantation has shown promising results in the treatment of ATLL. Cord blood banking, a process of preserving a baby's umbilical cord blood for potential medical use in the future, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a safe and effective method for treating various diseases, including ATLL. In this article, we will delve into the details of what ATLL is and how the FDA-approved cord blood banking can play a crucial role in its treatment. We will explore the science behind cord blood banking, its potential benefits, and how it can offer hope to those diagnosed with ATLL. Furthermore, we will discuss the current state of cord blood banking and its limitations, as well as the potential future developments that could further enhance its efficacy in treating ATLL.
Understanding Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects certain white blood cells called T-cells. It is caused by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), a retrovirus that can be transmitted through blood transfusion, sexual contact, and breastfeeding. ATLL typically manifests in adults and is more common in areas where HTLV-1 is endemic, such as parts of Japan, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. The disease is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal T-cells, leading to the formation of tumors in the lymph nodes, skin, blood, and other organs. ATLL can present in different forms, including acute, lymphoma, chronic, and smoldering, with varying symptoms and prognosis for each. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for managing ATLL and improving patient outcomes. With advancements in medical research, FDA-approved cord blood banking has emerged as a potential therapeutic option for ATLL treatment.
Causes, symptoms, and risk factors
Causes, symptoms, and risk factors play significant roles in understanding Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL). The primary cause of ATLL is the human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), which infects T-cells and alters their normal functioning. HTLV-1 can be transmitted through various means, including blood transfusion, sexual contact, and breastfeeding. It is important to note that not everyone infected with HTLV-1 will develop ATLL, as other factors, such as genetic predisposition and immune system response, contribute to the development of the disease.Symptoms of ATLL can vary depending on the subtype and stage of the disease. Common symptoms include fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes, skin lesions, night sweats, weight loss, and frequent infections. In more advanced stages, ATLL may affect other organs, leading to complications such as lung or liver dysfunction.Certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing ATLL. Individuals living in regions with a high prevalence of HTLV-1, such as Japan, the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America, are at a higher risk. Additionally, those with a history of HTLV-1 infection, a weakened immune system, or a family history of ATLL may have an increased susceptibility to developing the disease.Understanding the causes, symptoms, and risk factors of ATLL is crucial for early detection and effective management of the disease. Through continued research and advancements in medical science, FDA-approved cord blood banking has emerged as a potential therapeutic option for ATLL treatment. It offers the possibility of utilizing cord blood stem cells to enhance immune function and potentially target cancer cells, providing new hope for patients diagnosed with ATLL.
Importance of early diagnosis and treatment
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and improving patient outcomes. Timely identification of the disease allows for prompt initiation of appropriate therapies, which can help to control the progression of the disease and alleviate symptoms. Additionally, early diagnosis enables healthcare providers to closely monitor patients and adjust treatment strategies as needed. This helps to minimize potential complications and optimize the effectiveness of interventions.Furthermore, early detection of ATLL can lead to the identification of HTLV-1 infection in individuals who may be asymptomatic but at risk of developing the disease. This allows for timely counseling and implementation of preventive measures to reduce the transmission of HTLV-1, such as avoiding blood transfusion from infected individuals and practicing safe sexual behaviors.Moreover, early diagnosis provides patients and their families with the opportunity to seek emotional support, education, and resources to better understand the disease and make informed decisions about their healthcare journey. It empowers them to actively participate in their treatment plans and advocate for their needs.In conclusion, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment cannot be overstated when it comes to managing Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. It not only improves patient outcomes but also plays a significant role in preventing the spread of HTLV-1 and providing patients with the necessary support and resources. Therefore, healthcare systems should prioritize raising awareness, implementing screening programs, and facilitating access to appropriate diagnostic tools and treatment options.
FDA approved cord blood banking
FDA approved cord blood banking plays a critical role in the management and treatment of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL). Cord blood, which is collected from the umbilical cord after childbirth, contains a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells. These stem cells have the potential to develop into various types of blood cells and can be used for transplantation in patients with ATLL.The FDA approval of cord blood banking ensures that these stem cells are collected, processed, stored, and distributed in a safe and regulated manner. The rigorous regulations and guidelines set by the FDA ensure the quality and viability of the collected cord blood units, reducing the risk of contamination or complications during transplantation.By utilizing FDA approved cord blood banking, healthcare providers have access to a reliable source of stem cells for ATLL patients who may require hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as part of their treatment plan. This approach offers potential benefits, including reduced risk of graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease, and improved overall survival rates.In summary, FDA approved cord blood banking provides a valuable resource for ATLL patients, offering a safe and effective option for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This advancement in medical technology plays a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and represents a significant step forward in the management of ATLL.
What is cord blood banking?
Cord blood banking refers to the process of collecting and storing the umbilical cord blood after childbirth for future medical use. The cord blood contains a valuable source of hematopoietic stem cells, which have the ability to develop into various types of blood cells. These stem cells can be used in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions, including certain types of cancer, genetic disorders, and immune system disorders.The process of cord blood banking typically involves the collection of the cord blood immediately after childbirth. The blood is extracted from the umbilical cord and placenta, and then processed and cryogenically preserved for long-term storage. This allows for the preservation of the valuable stem cells, which can be used for transplantation or other medical procedures in the future.Cord blood banking offers a number of potential benefits. First and foremost, it provides a unique opportunity to collect and store a valuable source of stem cells that would otherwise be discarded. These stem cells can be a lifesaving resource for individuals who may develop certain diseases or conditions later in life.Furthermore, cord blood banking offers a sense of financial security and peace of mind for families. By banking their child's cord blood, parents can potentially provide a source of compatible stem cells for their child or other family members in the event of a medical need.In conclusion, cord blood banking is a valuable medical practice that allows for the collection, processing, and storage of umbilical cord blood for future medical use. The FDA approval of cord blood banking ensures that the process is regulated and meets strict quality and safety standards. It provides healthcare providers with a reliable source of stem cells for various medical procedures, including the treatment of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma.
Benefits for leukemia/lymphoma patients
For patients diagnosed with leukemia or lymphoma, cord blood banking can offer significant benefits. One of the key advantages is the potential for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These stem cells, found in cord blood, have shown promise in the treatment of various blood cancers, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. When undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy, patients often experience a suppression of their immune system, making them more vulnerable to infections and other complications. By utilizing cord blood stem cells, doctors can perform a transplant to replenish the patient's immune system and improve their chances of recovery. Additionally, cord blood banking provides a readily available source of compatible stem cells, eliminating the need to search for a suitable donor and reducing the risk of complications associated with graft-versus-host disease. Overall, FDA-approved cord blood banking offers a potential lifeline for leukemia and lymphoma patients, providing them with a valuable resource for future treatment options.
Potential for stem cell therapy
Stem cell therapy holds immense potential for the treatment of various medical conditions, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Stem cells have the unique ability to differentiate into different cell types, allowing them to regenerate and repair damaged tissues. In the case of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, stem cell therapy can offer a novel approach to targeting and eliminating cancer cells. By introducing healthy stem cells into the patient's body, it is possible to replace the diseased cells and restore normal function. This therapy holds promise for not only improving survival rates but also reducing the side effects associated with traditional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation. Ongoing research and advancements in stem cell therapy continue to expand the potential applications and bring hope for improved outcomes in the management of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
Finding a reliable cord blood bank
When considering the use of stem cell therapy for conditions like adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, it is crucial to find a reliable cord blood bank. The selection of a reputable cord blood bank is a critical step in ensuring the quality and safety of the stored stem cells. It is important to thoroughly research and evaluate potential cord blood banks, taking into account factors such as accreditation, certifications, and compliance with regulatory standards. Look for banks that are FDA approved, as this indicates adherence to strict quality control measures. Additionally, consider the bank's track record, including their experience in processing and storing cord blood, and their success in releasing viable stem cells for transplantation. By choosing a reliable cord blood bank, you can have confidence in the quality and effectiveness of the stem cells used in the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
Comparing different banking options
When comparing different banking options for cord blood storage, it is essential to carefully consider several factors to make an informed decision. One important aspect to evaluate is the banking facility's storage capabilities and infrastructure. Look for banks that have state-of-the-art technology and secure facilities specifically designed for long-term storage of cord blood. It is also advisable to assess the bank's track record in terms of successful retrievals and transplants, as this indicates their reliability and expertise. Additionally, consider the cost and pricing structure of each option, including any additional fees or services provided. Lastly, take into account the level of customer support and accessibility offered by each bank, including the availability of 24/7 assistance and the ease of accessing stored cord blood when needed. By carefully comparing these factors, you can choose a banking option that meets your specific needs and provides confidence in the storage and potential use of cord blood for the treatment of various conditions.
Taking control of your health.
Maintaining control of your health is crucial for leading a fulfilling and productive life. It involves taking proactive steps to manage your physical and mental well-being, making informed decisions about your lifestyle, and seeking appropriate medical care when needed. Prioritizing regular exercise, adopting a balanced and nutritious diet, and managing stress are key elements in maintaining overall health. Regular check-ups with healthcare professionals allow for early detection and prevention of potential health issues. Educating yourself about your own body, understanding warning signs, and seeking timely medical attention can make a significant difference in managing and treating health conditions effectively. By taking control of your health, you empower yourself to live a life of vitality and wellness.In conclusion, Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma is a rare and aggressive type of blood cancer that requires prompt and effective treatment. However, with the advancement of medical technology, FDA approved cord blood banking has become a viable option for patients and their families. By preserving a newborn's cord blood, they have access to potentially life-saving stem cells that can be used in the treatment of this disease. It is important for individuals to educate themselves on the benefits of cord blood banking and consider it as a precautionary measure against future health concerns. This is just one example of how medical advancements are providing hope and potential solutions for complex medical conditions.
FAQ
What is Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma and how does it differ from other types of leukemia/lymphoma?Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma is a rare and aggressive type of blood cancer caused by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1). It differs from other types of leukemia/lymphoma as it is specifically linked to the HTLV-1 virus, which is transmitted through infected blood, sexual contact, and breastfeeding. This type of cancer primarily affects T-cells, a type of white blood cell, and typically presents with skin lesions, lymphadenopathy, and organomegaly. Treatment can involve chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and sometimes stem cell transplantation.How can FDA approved cord blood banking be used in the treatment of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma?FDA approved cord blood banking can be used in the treatment of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma by providing a source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation. These stem cells can help restore the patient's immune system and produce healthy blood cells, potentially leading to remission or cure of the disease. Cord blood banks store umbilical cord blood containing these valuable stem cells, which can be used for transplants in patients with leukemia or lymphoma, including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. This treatment option offers a potentially life-saving alternative for patients who do not have a suitable bone marrow donor.What are the potential benefits of using cord blood for treating Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma compared to other treatment options?Cord blood can offer potential benefits for treating Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma due to its rich source of hematopoietic stem cells, which can help in replacing damaged or diseased cells in the body. These stem cells have the potential to rebuild the immune system and support the patient's recovery. Read the full article
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