#HistoricalMemory

[worm-serious-talks]

Genocide: A Definition to Reconsider

Genocide is one of the most serious crimes recognized under international law. Its legal definition was established in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 in direct response to the Holocaust and other atrocities committed during World War II.

According to Article II of the Convention, genocide is defined as:

"Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such."

The acts listed as genocidal under the Convention include:

Killing members of the group.

Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group.

Deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the group’s physical destruction in whole or in part.

Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group.

Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

–Limitations of the current legal definition–

Although the 1948 Convention represented a milestone in international criminal law, its definition of genocide presents serious limitations that fail to encompass other systematic forms of group destruction:

• Exclusion of political, sexual, and cultural groups: The Convention recognizes only national, ethnic, racial, or religious groups as potential victims of genocide. This excludes other communities that have been historically targeted, such as:

Political groups, like leftist activists and militants forcibly disappeared or executed during the military dictatorships in South America.

LGBTIQ+ communities, subjected to extermination or “re-education” policies under regimes like Nazi Germany or, more recently, in Chechnya.

Cultural and linguistic minorities, often displaced or assimilated through colonial or neocolonial policies aimed at destroying their ways of life.

• A narrow focus on physical or biological destruction: The Convention does not consider other forms of group annihilation, such as cultural or symbolic genocide. As a result, it excludes:

The suppression of Indigenous languages or religions.

The imposition of a single national identity at the expense of diverse cultural expressions.

The systematic erosion of a people’s collective memory, traditions, and worldview.

• The burden of proving specific intent: The legal requirement to prove a specific intent to destroy the group “as such” (dolus specialis) poses a high threshold in court. This has complicated the legal recognition of genocidal acts in cases such as Bosnia, Guatemala, or Darfur, where the systematic nature of the violence is evident but direct evidence of intent is difficult to obtain.

–Toward a broader definition of genocide–

Given these limitations, the legal definition of genocide must be expanded to better reflect the many ways in which a group can be systematically destroyed. A more appropriate and inclusive definition could be:

"Genocide is the systematic implementation of actions—whether killings, persecution, torture, displacement, disappearances, sterilizations, or other means—aimed at destroying, in whole or in part, a human group defined by its collective identity, whether ethnic, national, racial, religious, political, sexual, cultural, or gender-based, through a deliberate, planned, and sustained policy, usually carried out by the State or structures of power."

This definition widens the legal scope to include not only direct physical violence but also structural forms of destruction, such as cultural alienation, systemic exclusion, and institutional marginalization.

The definition of genocide in the 1948 Convention was a necessary response to the horrors of World War II. However, it reflects the historical and political context of its time, focusing narrowly on physical extermination. Today, that framework is insufficient to understand and prosecute other systematic forms of violence aimed at eliminating human groups because of who they are.

Revisiting the concept of genocide is not a mere academic exercise—it is an urgent task in the pursuit of a more inclusive and comprehensive justice. One that recognizes that peoples and communities can also be destroyed through silence, assimilation, forced forgetting, or the erasure of their cultural foundations.

———

I am not an expert in international law, nor have I graduated as a lawyer yet, so I apologize for any legal inaccuracies that may be present in this text. Likewise, if there are any errors in the English translation, please keep in mind that it is not my first language. I appreciate any corrections or contributions that help improve this reflection.

[waweldom]

The End of World War II: Poland’s Losses and Germany’s Unsettled Debt

The End of World War II: Poland’s Losses and Germany’s Unsettled Debt World War II ended in 1945, leaving behind unprecedented destruction, particularly in Poland. As the first country to resist Nazi Germany, Poland suffered immensely under both German and Soviet occupation. The human and material losses were catastrophic, and to this day, key issues—such as war reparations and historical…

[fromtheothersideby]

Around 20,000 attendees gathered at the Brest Hero Fortress memorial complex for a solemn ceremony titled "Be Worthy of the Memory of the Fallen," marking the Day of National Remembrance of the Victims of the Great Patriotic War and the Genocide of the Belarusian People on 22 June. The event drew 40 official delegations from cities such as 🇷🇺 Moscow, St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Orel, Penza, Chechnya, and Bashkortostan, along with numerous Brest residents and international guests.

Belarusian Prime Minister Roman Golovchenko emphasized in his address the profound significance of preserving the memory of those who secured peace, freedom, and independence for Belarus. He underscored the enduring impact of Nazi atrocities on the Belarusian people, describing them as a lasting wound.

State Secretary of the Union State Dmitry Mezentsev highlighted the special nature of this year for Belarus, commemorating the 80th anniversary of liberation from Nazi occupation. He stressed the indivisibility of victory, resonating deeply with the heroic spirit exhibited at Brest Fortress and urging respect for historical memory amid international debates.

The evening's theatrical performance, engaging over 1,000 participants including artists, military personnel, and historical re-enactors, transported the audience through various historical eras. Border guards continued a tradition by lighting a torch from the Eternal Flame, carrying it on an armored personnel carrier to the Western Bug's bank, where wreaths with burning candles symbolized enduring remembrance for the fortress's defenders.

Delegation members and honored guests paid their respects by laying flowers at the Eternal Flame and necropolis slabs, observing a solemn minute of silence in tribute to fallen soldiers and all victims of the Great Patriotic War.

#RemembranceDay #BrestHeroFortress #GreatPatrioticWar #Belarus #HistoricalMemory

From The Other Side: where truth heralds the dawn of awareness.

#FromTheOtherSide 🇧🇾 #Minsk #Belarus watch us live on Rumble Wed & Sun 8pm Minsk, 6pm London, 1pm New York, 1am Sydney.

[zebulonmiletsky]

Looking forward to this! Wednesday, October 28, 2020 1:00 pm — 2:20 pm EST via zoom. Registration link in bio. “How Do We Decide?: Monuments in the Era of #BlackLivesMatter" How do we strike a balance between tearing monuments down and leaving them up? Join us for a roundtable discussion focusing on the role of monuments in our national identity. Which monuments should come down? Which should stay up? What kind of alternative possibilities can we envision for calling out controversial figures who nevertheless remain integral to the American story? How do we decide? #blacklivesmatter✊🏽✊🏾✊🏿 #monuments #history #historicalmonument #blackhistorymatters #usparksandmonuments #historicalmemory #stonybrookuniversity #historicpreservation #historylovers #charleston #equestrian #charlottesville #boston #columbusstatue #confederatestatues #emancipation https://www.instagram.com/p/CGaotYlnui2/?igshid=q2s38mh0qqvr

[au-royaume-du-timbre]

Men's gift, General de Gaulle, June 18th call, digital art, photo montage, London radio BBC, unique model France, historical memory

════════════ ❄❄

Go to the shop on a ETSY

all my creations 

☞https://www.etsy.com/fr/shop/FrenchPhilatelicArt

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or directly ☞

With all the details.

https://www.etsy.com/listing/720460050/mens-gift-general-de-gaulle-june-18th?ref=shop_home_active_1&frs=1

════════════ ❄❄

Gift man, General de Gaulle, call of June 18th, digital art, photo montage, radio London, unique model France, historical souvenir.

This creation is a unique piece like everything that I create and it is a gift idea for the history lovers of France and the Second World War.

You can frame this digital montage with these decorative stamps in an entrance, living room, library, dining room or bedroom. It will be a work of art at reasonable price and you can also please you if you are collector.

It is the homage to a man who will have marked his time and history, regardless of the political views of each.

Beautiful presentation with a custom location for these two blocks of stamps which is accompanied by a card that envelops it.

The novelty lies in the customized location reserved for them; they are protected and can not move.Practical, they can be extracted from their prison, with precautions of course, to be checked, admired, or just to make them take a little air; they can just as naturally be put back in their place. (see more details in the presentation of the shop)

The pages for sale in this article are in views 1 to 4.

The other views provide you with other viewing angles of the set.

For any other information, whatever it is, I remain of course at your disposal.

Some technical details on this article:

- a very high quality semi-gloss photo paper with immediate drying: 280 g / m2 and its size is A4 (21 x 29.7 cm).

- the weight of this article: about 90 g + hard cardboard sleeve.

- Souvenir sheet issued by France in 2010; the 2019 price is 10 € and the block is inserted in a card sold 3 €

- a block issued in the same year also issued by France;2019 listing = 2 € In any case, the value of the market will be used, these prices no longer correspond to anything and are overvalued.

[acrossmadrid-blog]

Today 18 July 2019, we gathered in Puerta del Sol to remember the victims of the coup d'etat and the ensuing genocide perpetrated by fascist in Spain. We remember the brave defense of the Spanish Republic that the madrileños put up and how they defeated the coup on this day, 83 years ago. Sadly, Fascism won the Spanish Civil War and we suffered a long dictatorship. We demand the exhumation of Franco from the Valley of the Fallen without taking his body to the Cathedral in Madrid and we demand the end of impunity that fascist criminals have so far enjoyed in this country. We particularly remember the volunteers from countless countries who rallied to the help of the Spanish Republic and fought with the people of Madrid. ✊🏼✊🏿✊🏽❤💛💜 Hoy 18 de julio de 2019 recordamos que el fascismo sigue impune, exigimos la exhumación de Franco y el fin de la impunidad de los criminales fascistas en nuestro país y recordamos la defensa de Madrid por los madrileños leales a la República. #acrossmadrid #weareantifascist #memoriaantifascista #memoriahistorica #francogenocida #nivallenialmudena #saynotofascism #vivalarepublica #defensademadrid #spanishcivilwar #Madrid #historiadeMadrid #historymatters #historicalmemory #foroporlamemoria #izquierdaunida (at Madrid, Spain) https://www.instagram.com/p/B0EiAAjIyXl/?igshid=su9jsyi8fmvy

[nonbinary-nature-lover-jeri]

Agua Fria Historical Memorial. Celebrating the historic village that I call home. #AguaFria #AguaFriaNM #AguaFriaNewMexico #HistoricalMemorial #VillageOfAguaFria (at Agua Fria, New Mexico) https://www.instagram.com/p/CRzhUHnL-TI/?utm_medium=tumblr

[optimisticpirateglitter]

The ATLANTIKWALL in Raversyde is one of the best-preserved remains of the German defensive line during the First World War. Thanks to its exceptional preservation, for decades the ATLANTIKWALL was carefully walled in and today it is the only intact original wall from the 1914-1918 world war that can be found in an urban environment.

Telegram  Pinterest  Facebook  Tumblr  URL Shortener  Reddit  Website  Tiktok  Youtube  Flickr  Instagram  Twitter 

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Archives:

what is the atlantic wall

what you need to know about atlantic

hitler built the atlantic wall

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the atlantic wall project was ordered by hitler

explore abandoned cold war nuclear

explore abandoned and derelict sites

nuclear bunkers used during cold war

the appetizing list abandoned places

german atlantic wall built in 1944

each photo is of completely different

[originalhologramobject]

Problem: Germany, time just before they invade.Promise: With a full oral history of WWII and the invasion of Normandy, people will be able to explore the Atlantic Wall, the events leading up to the invasion, and gain insight on how many people died during this time.Proof: [Audience Proof: 'Atlantic Wall my family's story starts in France.']Proposal: Purchase Atlantic Wall for use in your project.

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abandoned wwii bunkers found in europe

photos of abandoned gardens

these haunting images of abandoned wwii

many abandoned bunkers from the past still remain

these haunting images of abandoned wwii

abandoned cold war ww2 places nuclear bunkers

watch history channel atlanticwall

urban exploration in abandoned cold war

the atlanticwall protected atlantic 01726784841

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explore abandoned and lost places in

protectingthefuture with the atlanticwallatlas 2

[daniel-poirot]

Title: "The Battle of Orsha 1514. How Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles Were Smashing Muscovian Norutroopers"

Description: "In the Battle of Orsha on Sep 8, 1514, a 15,000 army led by Knyaz Kostiantyn Ostrozky, at that time Hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia, and the Kingdom of Poland, defeated the Muscovian aggressors."

P. S. Here, the "norutrooper" word comes from the phrase "there are no our (Russian) troops there" repeatedly claimed by Russia's propaganda or Russia's officials to deny the presence of Russian troops either in Crimea or in the Donbas.

Ukrainian language content. 

[mjflamiano]

2018, Cinema studies, video, silent, 2:12min.

[youngglobal]

Join us for the opening on Jan. 31st (6pm -8pm) featuring a special performance by @redmoondennis! . . Via @raceandrevolution - Installation day was yesterday. Race and Revolution: Still Separate -Still Unequal will be at @uconnstamford until March 11th! A huge thanks to the artists, who have created such meaningful work, to the folks at UConn, who are willing to push boundaries for social justice, to the installers, and, of course, to the wonderful @youngglobal, curator, mentor, and friend #groupartshow #stillseparatestillunequal #endschoolsegregation #artexhibition #socialjustice #educationequity #stoppolicinginschools #facinghistory #historicalmemory (at University of Connecticut - Stamford Campus)

[carmelitequotes]

Tweeted

#Nicaragua Today marked the final day for the exhibit: "No to Impunity," showcasing the #history behind every killing perpetrated by the #OrtegaMurillo dictatorship. #ForbiddenToForget/#ProhibidoOlvidar until justice is achieved #HistoricalMemory #Cuba #Venezuela #Holocaust https://t.co/tPBD8QCQvt

— Michael Lima Cuadra (@ngotranslations) December 6, 2019

[denisaurusworld]

merindings

Pagi itu, di belahan Timur Jakarta, langit tak begitu terik, juga tak meneteskan hujan. teduh. seteduh jiwa-jiwa yang ku temui di basecamp salah satu partai internasional. kami saling melemparkan senyum, tangan kami saling menjabat, kadang ada juga yang menempelkan pipinya satu sama lain. masalah bertanya nama itu belakangan, yang penting saudara harus melihat kebahagian bertemu saudara yang lainnya.

sebelum turun ke jalan, kami mengisi energi dengan kopi, teh dan roti. tak ada wajah-wajah takut, tak ada wajah-wajah muram yang ku temui. mereka terlihat biasa-biasa saja dari luar, namun kami saling merasakan bahwasannya ada panas yang tersimpan rapat di dada mereka, panas yang dipicu oleh seorang makhluk bumi yang melecehkan ayat suci pencipta semesta.

belum. panas itu belum kami keluarkan.

jalanan sedikit lengang hari itu, hanya ada satu-dua angkutan kota yang masih beroperasi. toko-toko -yang pemiliknya- orang china juga terlihat tutup lebih awal. beberapa orang mengintip dari teralis-teralis besi toko mereka, sekedar ingin tahu apa yang terjadi, serame apa ummat ini jika agamanya sudah dihina.

satu-dua motor melintas, sambil meneriakan “Allohu Akbar!” kami pun yang sedang berjalan membalasnya dengan lantang “Allohu Akbar!” seketika kulit-kulitku menggigil, bulu-bulu halus di tangan dan leherku terangkat. dadaku sesak menahan haru biru hari itu.

lalu, muncul satu-dua rombongan pick-up, sama, mereka juga memekikkan kalimat takbir menyapa kami. sama, kami pun membalasnya dengan hebat.

lagi, aku merinding.

aku tak tahu, engkau darimana saudaraku, pekerjaanmu apa, bahkan bertemu saja mungkin tidak pernah, tetapi dimana ada NAMA TUHANKU DIMULIAKAN, BERARTI DISTULAH SAUDARA-SAUDARAKU BERADA. maka aku tak ragu lagi untuk melangkah hari itu. aku bersama saudara-saudaraku, bagaimana mungkin aku bisa resah?

pagi ke siang, siang ke sore, sore ke malam. kalian tetap berdiri, bersuara, menyeru-nyeru para pemimpin agar sadar. berharap hati kecilnya terketuk, hati kecil yang didalamnya bersembunyi iman yang malu-malu mereka tampakkan.

pagi ke siang, siang ke sore, sore ke malam. kalian terus berjuang. satu-dua cecunguk provokator bahkan sudah lelah dan terpisah.

mejelang malam aku membaca bahwa kisah perjuangan kita sedari pagi dikatakan rusuh, ricuh, riuh? aku menolak!! bagaiama mungkin, bukannya kita sedari pagi berusaha berdamai dengan semua pihak? bukannya sedari pagi kita berbahagia dengan jauh-jauh menyimpan panas di dada??

ah, paling ini cecunguk provokator.

aku merenung, dalam sekali. sesekali aku yakin perasaan untuk bersatu itu masih ada, harapan kita bersatu itu akan terus ada selama iman-iman itu masih bergetar di dada. selama takut dan marah kita dilandasi taqwa yang sama.

kita hanya kurang bertemu, jarang aku bertamu, dan lalainya kita terhadap ilmu.

sepulang aksi 4-11-2016, aku memang sudah berniat tidak akan menggubris sedikit pun berita di TV-TV ataupun media lainnya yang mejelek-jelekan saudaraku, mereka hanya memperkeruh suasana. aku hanya ingin menjaga kemurnian semangat yang ku bawa jauh-jauh dari Jakarta. aku hanya ingin merinding itu tetap terjaga di dada.

[acrossmadrid-blog]

Today we are attending the unveiling of a memorial plaque to the local victims of Fascism in Colmenar Viejo, northern Madrid. Over 100 civilians were executed in 1939 following Franco's orders as part of the calculated genocide against supporters of the democratic Republic and their relatives. 💔 ❤💛💜Hoy estamos en la inauguración de una placa memorial a las víctimas locales del fascismo en Colmenar Viejo al norte de Madrid. Más de 100 civiles y sus familiares fueron ejecutados en 1939 siguiendo órdenes de Franco como parte del calculado genocidio contra los defensores de la República democrática. 💔 ❤💛💜#republicaespañola #colmenarviejo #sierrademadrid #victimasdelfascismo #memoriahistorica #foroporlamemoria #historicalmemory #historymatters #siempreennuestroscorazones #wedonotforgetyou #alwaysinourhearts #estaesmibandera #españarepublicana #acrossmadrid #spanishcivilwar #guerracivil @izquierda_unida @el_pce (at Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain)