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osiltecinfotec · 2 months ago

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Cable Unleashed: Singapore’s Ultimate Industrial Cable Guide for Technicians & Engineers

Cables are the unsung backbone of Singapore’s modern infrastructure, powering everything from towering skyscrapers to high-speed data networks. Whether you’re a budding technician or an experienced engineer, mastering the fundamentals of cable construction, materials, and applications is essential. In this all-encompassing guide, we’ll take you from the basics of conductor and insulation types, through industry-specific cable solutions for transport, oil & gas, and data centres, all the way to cutting-edge trends like smart cable monitoring and eco-friendly designs. Tailored to Singapore’s strict safety standards and diverse industrial needs, this article equips you with practical insights and best practices to select, install, and maintain the right cable for every project. Let’s plug into the world of cables and power up your expertise.

Introduction: What Is a Cable?

A cable is an assembly of one or more conductors, each individually insulated, and collectively protected by an outer sheath. Cables transmit electrical power, signals, or data between devices and across distances. Unlike simple wiring, industrial cables incorporate multiple layers—insulation, fillers, armouring—to ensure mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and safe operation in demanding environments.

Fundamentals of Cable Construction

Conductors

Copper: High conductivity (≈58 MS/m), ductile, reliable.

Aluminium: Lower cost, lighter weight, moderate conductivity (≈36 MS/m), used in high-voltage overhead lines.

Insulation, Sheath & Armouring

Insulation: Prevents short-circuits and dielectric breakdown (materials detailed later).

Sheath: Protects against moisture, chemicals, UV (e.g., PVC, PE).

Armour (optional): Steel tape or wire for mechanical protection, required in underground or high-stress installations.

Types of Industrial Cables

1. Power Cables (LV, MV, HV)

Low Voltage (LV): ≤1 kV, for building distribution (lighting, sockets).

Medium Voltage (MV): 1 kV–35 kV, for substations and feeder lines.

High Voltage (HV): >35 kV, for grid interconnects and long-distance transmission.

2. Control & Instrumentation Cables

Control Cables: Multi-core cores for motor control, relay logic.

Instrumentation Cables: Shielded pairs/triples for sensor signals, 4–20 mA loops.

3. Fiber-Optic & Data Cables

Copper Data Cables: Cat 5e/6/6A for Ethernet (1 Gbps–10 Gbps).

Fibre-Optic Cables: Single-mode (SM) for long haul; multi-mode (MM) OM-3/OM-4 for data centres.

4. Special-Purpose Cables

Fire-Resistant (FR): Maintain circuit integrity under fire (e.g., IEC 60332-1).

Halogen-Free (LSZH): Low Smoke Zero Halogen for enclosed spaces (airports, tunnels).

5. Marine & Subsea Cables

Shipboard Cables: Flexible, oil-resistant, meets DNV-GL approval.

Subsea Power Cables: XLPE insulated, steel-armoured, for offshore platforms and inter-island links.

Materials Used in Cables

1. Conductor Materials: Copper vs. Aluminium

PropertyCopperAluminiumConductivity≈100% IACS≈61% IACSDensity (g/cm³)8.962.70Cost per kg (SGD)High30–40% lowerMechanical StrengthHighModerate

2. Insulation Materials

PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): Inexpensive, flame-retardant, moderate temperature (−15 °C to +70 °C).

XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene): Higher temperature (−40 °C to +90 °C), better dielectric strength.

EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber): Flexible, excellent cold-temperature performance.

LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen): Emission-safe in fires.

3. Sheathing & Armour

PE (Polyethylene): UV-resistant, used for outdoor telecom cables.

PU (Polyurethane): Abrasion-resistant, used in robotics/machine tool cables.

Steel Tape / Wire Armour: Adds mechanical strength against impact, rodents, digging.

Applications by Industry (Focus on Singapore)

1. Transport & Rail

MRT Signalling Cables: Fibre-optic and data cables for SCADA and voice/data.

Wayside Power Cables: XLPE-insulated MV cables for feeder stations.

2. Infrastructure & Buildings

LV Power Distribution: 3-core copper XLPE armoured for switchboards.

HVAC Control Cables: Multi-core instrumentation cables for BMS systems.

3. Oil & Gas / Petrochemical

Instrumentation Cables: Hydrocarbon-resistant sheaths for refineries (DNV-GL DP-1).

Fire Survival Cables: FR cables for emergency shut-down circuits.

4. Data Centres & Telecommunications

Cat 6A Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Up to 10 Gbps for local networks.

OM-4 Fibre Optic: High-density, low-attenuation for rack-to-rack links.

5. Marine & Port Facilities

Shipboard Cables: IEC 60092-350 approved, oil-resistant and flame-retardant.

Submarine Inter-Island Cables: XLPE insulated, steel-armoured, buried under seabed.

6. Manufacturing & Automation

Robotics Cables: PUR sheath, high flex life (>10 million cycles).

Machine Tool Cables: Shielded for EMC compliance, oil- and coolant-resistant.

Safety Precautions & Regulatory Standards

1. Singapore Standards

BCA CP5: Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings.

SCDF: Fire safety requirements; LSZH cables in public enclaves.

2. International Standards

IEC 60332: Flame propagation tests.

IEC 60502: Power cables ≤35 kV.

IEC 60754 / 61034: Halogen acid gas & smoke density tests.

3. Installation Best Practices

Segregation: Keep power, control and data cables apart to avoid interference.

Bending Radius: Observe minimum bend radius (×10 × cable diameter).

Support & Clamping: Use cable trays, ladders, and glands to relieve mechanical stress.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Cable Choices

1. Copper vs. Aluminium

Up-front: Aluminium is ~30–40% cheaper per kg.

Lifecycle: Copper’s superior conductivity reduces resistive losses and cooling costs.

2. PVC vs. XLPE vs. LSZH

MaterialCapital CostTemperature RatingFire-SafetyLongevityPVCLow+70 °CModerateModerateXLPEModerate+90 °CModerateHighLSZHHigh+90 °CExcellentHigh

3. Armoured vs. Unarmoured

Armoured: Higher material & installation cost; essential for underground, outdoor, or high-mechanical-risk areas.

Unarmoured: Lower cost and weight; used in protected indoor routes.

Cables & Technology Trends

1. Smart Cables & Condition Monitoring

Embedded fiber-optic sensors for real-time temperature and strain monitoring, reducing downtime.

2. High-Speed Data & 5G-Ready Fiber

Deployment of bend-insensitive OM-5 and G.657.A2 fibers for ultra-low-latency 5G and enterprise networks.

3. Eco-Friendly & Recyclable Cable Designs

Use of recyclable polymers and bio-based insulations to meet Singapore’s Green Plan targets.

Guidance for Technicians & Engineers

1. Selection Criteria & Sizing

Voltage Rating: Match to system voltage + safety margin.

Current-Carrying Capacity: Based on conductor cross-section and ambient temperature.

Derating Factors: Account for grouping, soil thermal resistivity, high ambient.

2. Testing & Commissioning

Insulation Resistance (IR) Test: ≥1 GΩ for power cables.

High-Pot (Dielectric) Test: Verify dielectric withstand.

Continuity & Loop Testing: Ensure correct wiring and no opens.

3. Maintenance & Troubleshooting

Thermographic Scanning: Detect hotspots in energised cables.

Partial Discharge Monitoring: For MV/HV cables to predict insulation faults.

Visual Inspections: Check glands, sheaths, and terminations for wear or damage.

Conclusion & Recommendations

Selecting the right cable involves balancing performance, safety, and cost. For Singapore’s demanding environments—tropical climate, strict fire codes, space constraints—LSZH and XLPE-insulated armoured cables often represent the optimum blend of safety and longevity, despite higher upfront costs. Copper conductors remain the gold standard for power and control due to superior conductivity and mechanical durability. Fiber-optic solutions are indispensable for today’s high-speed data and telecom networks, especially in mission-critical installations such as data centres, MRT signalling, and 5G infrastructure.

For technicians and engineers, adhere strictly to standards (BCA CP5, IEC series) and best practices—proper sizing, installation, and regular condition monitoring—to ensure cable life expectancy and system reliability. Embrace emerging technologies like smart cable monitoring and eco-friendly materials to future-proof installations and contribute to Singapore’s sustainability goals.

By understanding the fundamentals—from conductor choice to sheath materials, installation practices to cost-benefit trade-offs—you’ll equip your projects with cable solutions that are safe, efficient, and fit for every industry’s unique demands.

Power cables are essential components of our modern world, silently connecting us to energy sources and powering our lives. From the sophisticated systems that light up our homes to the heavy-duty cable required for industrial machinery, understanding the different types of power cables, their specific uses, and the crucial safety tips associated with them is vital. Whether you’re an electrician, a DIY enthusiast, or simply curious about how your devices get their power, navigating the realm of power cables can be daunting. This comprehensive guide will demystify the various cable types, explore their applications in everyday life and industry, and arm you with essential safety knowledge. Join us as we delve into everything you need to know about power cables to ensure you can use them safely and effectively, keeping your projects powered up and in good hands.

Everything You Need to Know About Power Cables: Types, Uses, and Safety Tips

Types of Power Cables

Power cables come in various types, each designed to meet specific needs and applications. The most common types include coaxial cables, twisted pair cables, and fiber optic cables. Coaxial cables are widely used for transmitting television signals and internet data due to their high-frequency capabilities and shielding that reduces signal interference. Twisted pair cables, such as Ethernet cables, consist of pairs of wires twisted together to minimize electromagnetic interference, making them ideal for networking and telecommunications. Fiber optic cables, on the other hand, use light to transmit data, offering unparalleled speed and bandwidth for internet and communication applications.

Another important category of power cables is electrical power cables, which are used to transmit electrical energy from one point to another. These include low voltage, medium voltage, and high voltage cables, each suited for different power transmission and distribution requirements. Low voltage cables, typically rated up to 1,000 volts, are used in residential and commercial buildings to power appliances, lighting, and electrical outlets. Medium voltage cables, rated between 1,000 volts and 35,000 volts, are commonly used in industrial settings and for distributing electricity within large facilities. High voltage cables, rated above 35,000 volts, are used for long-distance power transmission, connecting power plants to substations and the electrical grid.

Specialized power cables also exist for specific applications, such as armored cables for underground or underwater installations, heat-resistant cables for high-temperature environments, and flexible cables for applications requiring frequent bending and movement. Armored cables are designed with a protective layer of steel or aluminum to withstand physical damage and environmental conditions, making them suitable for harsh environments. Heat-resistant cables are made with materials that can withstand high temperatures without degrading, ensuring reliable performance in industrial processes, ovens, and other high-heat applications. Flexible cables, often used in robotics and machinery, are designed to endure repeated bending and flexing without breaking or losing conductivity.

Common Uses of Power Cables

Power cables are ubiquitous in our daily lives, enabling the operation of countless devices and systems. In residential settings, power cables are used to connect appliances, lighting fixtures, and electronic devices to electrical outlets, providing the necessary power for their operation. Extension cords and power strips are common examples of power cables that allow multiple devices to be connected to a single outlet, offering convenience and flexibility in home and office environments. Additionally, power cables are used in home entertainment systems, connecting televisions, audio equipment, and gaming consoles to power sources and each other.

In commercial and industrial settings, power cables play a crucial role in powering machinery, equipment, and infrastructure. Heavy-duty power cables are used to connect large machinery and equipment to electrical panels and power sources, ensuring reliable and efficient operation. These cables are designed to handle high current loads and are often reinforced with protective sheathing to withstand harsh conditions and mechanical stress. Power cables are also used in data centers and server rooms to connect and power servers, network equipment, and cooling systems, ensuring uninterrupted operation and data integrity.

Power cables are essential for the operation of public infrastructure and utilities, such as street lighting, traffic signals, and public transportation systems. Underground power cables are used to distribute electricity to communities, reducing the visual impact of overhead lines and improving safety by minimizing the risk of accidental contact. In renewable energy systems, power cables connect solar panels, wind turbines, and other energy sources to inverters and the electrical grid, facilitating the generation and distribution of clean energy. Additionally, power cables are used in marine and offshore applications, providing power to ships, oil rigs, and underwater equipment.

Understanding Cable Ratings and Specifications

Understanding cable ratings and specifications is crucial for selecting the right power cable for a given application. Cable ratings provide information about the cable’s electrical and mechanical properties, ensuring safe and reliable performance. One of the most important ratings is the voltage rating, which indicates the maximum voltage the cable can safely carry. Voltage ratings are typically expressed in volts (V) or kilovolts (kV) and are used to categorize cables as low voltage, medium voltage, or high voltage. Selecting a cable with an appropriate voltage rating is essential to prevent insulation breakdown and electrical hazards.

Current rating, also known as ampacity, is another critical specification that indicates the maximum current the cable can carry without overheating. Ampacity is influenced by factors such as conductor size, insulation type, and installation conditions. It is typically expressed in amperes (A) and is essential for ensuring that the cable can handle the electrical load without overheating or causing damage to the insulation. Selecting a cable with the appropriate current rating is crucial for preventing electrical fires and ensuring the safety of the electrical system.

Other important cable specifications include temperature rating, insulation type, and environmental ratings. The temperature rating indicates the maximum operating temperature the cable can withstand without degrading, which is important for applications in high-temperature environments. Insulation type refers to the material used to insulate the conductors, which affects the cable’s electrical properties and suitability for different applications. Environmental ratings, such as Ingress Protection (IP) ratings, indicate the cable’s resistance to water, dust, and other environmental factors, ensuring reliable performance in challenging conditions. Understanding these specifications is essential for selecting the right power cable for a given application and ensuring safe and efficient operation.

Safety Tips for Handling Power Cables

Safety is paramount when handling power cables, as improper use or installation can lead to electrical hazards, injuries, and equipment damage. One of the most important safety tips is to always turn off the power before working on electrical systems or handling power cables. This reduces the risk of electric shock and ensures a safe working environment. Additionally, using insulated tools and wearing protective gear, such as rubber gloves and safety glasses, can provide an extra layer of protection when working with power cables.

Proper cable management is essential for maintaining a safe and organized workspace. Avoid overloading power outlets and extension cords, as this can lead to overheating and potential fire hazards. Ensure that power cables are properly routed and secured to prevent tripping hazards and mechanical damage. Use cable ties, clips, and conduits to organize and protect cables, and avoid running cables under carpets or through doorways, as this can cause wear and tear over time. Regularly inspect power cables for signs of damage, such as fraying, cuts, or exposed wires, and replace damaged cables immediately to prevent electrical hazards.

When working with high voltage or industrial power cables, additional safety precautions are necessary. Ensure that all personnel handling high voltage cables are properly trained and qualified, and follow industry standards and regulations for safe installation and maintenance. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as arc flash suits and insulated tools, when working with high voltage systems. Implement lockout/tagout (LOTO) procedures to ensure that power sources are de-energized and locked out before performing maintenance or repairs. Additionally, always follow manufacturer guidelines and industry best practices for handling, installing, and maintaining power cables to ensure safety and reliability.

Installation Best Practices for Power Cables

Proper installation of power cables is essential for ensuring safe and reliable operation. One of the key best practices is to follow manufacturer guidelines and industry standards for cable installation. This includes using the correct tools and equipment, as well as adhering to recommended installation procedures. Properly preparing the installation site, such as ensuring that conduits and cable trays are clean and free of obstructions, can help prevent damage to the cables during installation and ensure a smooth and efficient process.

When installing power cables, it is important to consider factors such as cable bending radius, tension, and support. Avoid bending cables beyond their recommended minimum bending radius, as this can cause damage to the insulation and conductors, leading to potential electrical hazards. Use appropriate cable supports, such as clamps and brackets, to prevent sagging and mechanical stress on the cables. Additionally, avoid excessive pulling tension during installation, as this can stretch and damage the conductors. Using cable lubricants and pulling tools can help reduce friction and tension during installation, ensuring a smooth and safe process.

Proper termination and connection of power cables are crucial for ensuring reliable electrical connections and preventing electrical hazards. Use appropriate connectors and terminals that are compatible with the cable type and size, and follow manufacturer guidelines for proper crimping and termination techniques. Ensure that all connections are secure and free of corrosion, and use insulating materials, such as heat shrink tubing or electrical tape, to protect exposed conductors. Additionally, label all cables and connections to ensure easy identification and troubleshooting in the future.

Maintenance and Troubleshooting of Power Cables

Regular maintenance and troubleshooting are essential for ensuring the longevity and reliability of power cables. One of the key maintenance practices is to perform regular visual inspections of power cables to identify signs of wear and damage. Look for issues such as frayed insulation, exposed conductors, and corrosion, and address any problems immediately to prevent electrical hazards and equipment failure. Additionally, check for signs of overheating, such as discoloration or melting, which can indicate excessive current or poor connections.

Another important maintenance practice is to test the electrical performance of power cables using appropriate testing equipment. Insulation resistance testing, for example, can help identify degradation in the insulation material, which can lead to electrical leakage and short circuits. Continuity testing can verify that the conductors are intact and free of breaks or faults. Performing these tests regularly can help identify potential issues before they lead to equipment failure or safety hazards. Additionally, keeping detailed records of maintenance activities and test results can help track the condition of power cables over time and inform future maintenance decisions.

When troubleshooting power cables, it is important to follow a systematic approach to identify and address the root cause of the problem. Start by verifying the power source and connections, ensuring that all cables are properly connected and that there are no loose or corroded terminals. Use appropriate diagnostic tools, such as multimeters and cable testers, to measure voltage, current, and resistance, and compare the readings to expected values. If a fault is detected, isolate the affected section of the cable and perform further testing to pinpoint the exact location of the issue. Once the problem is identified, take appropriate corrective actions, such as repairing or replacing the damaged cable, to restore normal operation.

Environmental Considerations for Power Cables

Environmental considerations play a significant role in the selection and installation of power cables, as they can impact the performance and longevity of the cables. One of the key environmental factors to consider is temperature, as extreme temperatures can affect the insulation and conductors of power cables. High temperatures can cause the insulation to degrade, leading to electrical leakage and short circuits, while low temperatures can make the insulation brittle and prone to cracking. Selecting power cables with appropriate temperature ratings and using protective measures, such as thermal insulation or cooling systems, can help mitigate the effects of extreme temperatures.

Moisture and water exposure are other important environmental factors that can impact power cables. Water ingress can cause corrosion of the conductors and degradation of the insulation, leading to electrical faults and equipment failure. Using power cables with appropriate moisture resistance ratings, such as those with water-resistant or waterproof insulation, can help protect against water damage. Additionally, proper sealing of cable joints and connections, as well as using protective conduits and enclosures, can further prevent moisture ingress and ensure reliable performance in wet environments.

Chemical exposure is another environmental consideration that can affect power cables, particularly in industrial settings where cables may be exposed to corrosive chemicals or solvents. Chemical exposure can cause the insulation and sheathing of power cables to degrade, leading to electrical hazards and equipment failure. Selecting power cables with chemical-resistant insulation and using protective measures, such as chemical-resistant conduits and enclosures, can help mitigate the effects of chemical exposure. Additionally, regular inspections and maintenance can help identify and address any chemical-related damage before it leads to equipment failure.

Innovations in Power Cable Technology

Power cable technology has seen significant advancements in recent years, driven by the need for higher performance, increased efficiency, and improved safety. One of the key innovations in power cable technology is the development of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cables. HTS cables use superconducting materials that can carry much higher current densities than traditional copper or aluminum conductors, resulting in lower energy losses and improved efficiency. These cables are being used in power transmission and distribution systems to increase capacity and reduce energy losses, particularly in urban areas where space is limited.

Another important innovation is the development of smart power cables, which incorporate sensors and monitoring systems to provide real-time data on cable performance and condition. These smart cables can detect issues such as overheating, electrical faults, and mechanical damage, allowing for early intervention and preventive maintenance. The use of smart power cables can improve the reliability and safety of electrical systems, reduce downtime, and extend the lifespan of the cables. Additionally, the data collected by smart power cables can be used to optimize power distribution and improve energy efficiency.

Advancements in materials science have also led to the development of new insulation and sheathing materials that offer improved performance and durability. For example, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is a widely used insulation material that offers excellent electrical properties, high-temperature resistance, and good mechanical strength. New materials, such as nanocomposite insulations, are being developed to offer even better performance, with improved resistance to electrical, thermal, and mechanical stresses. These advancements in materials technology are helping to improve the reliability and longevity of power cables, making them more suitable for demanding applications and environments.

Conclusion and Key Takeaways

In conclusion, power cables are indispensable components of our modern world, enabling the operation of countless devices and systems. Understanding the different types of power cables, their specific uses, and the crucial safety tips associated with them is essential for ensuring safe and reliable operation. From residential and commercial applications to industrial and public infrastructure, power cables play a vital role in powering our lives and connecting us to energy sources.

When selecting and installing power cables, it is important to consider factors such as cable ratings and specifications, environmental conditions, and best practices for installation and maintenance. Regular inspections and testing, along with proper cable management and safety precautions, can help prevent electrical hazards and ensure the longevity and reliability of power cables. Additionally, staying informed about the latest innovations in power cable technology can help you take advantage of new advancements that offer improved performance, efficiency, and safety.

By following the guidelines and best practices outlined in this comprehensive guide, you can navigate the realm of power cables with confidence, ensuring that your projects are powered up and in good hands. Whether you are an electrician, a DIY enthusiast, or simply curious about how your devices get their power, understanding power cables is crucial for keeping your electrical systems safe and efficient.

#power cables #oil & gas

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marketresearchnews1242 · 10 months ago

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Optical Current Transformer Market Set to Reach USD 63.5 Million by 2031 with 8.0% CAGR Growth

The global optical current transformer market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for accurate and reliable power monitoring solutions, advancements in optical sensing technology, and the growing emphasis on grid modernization and energy efficiency. As of 2022, the market was valued at US$ 32.1 million, and it is estimated to advance at a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.0% from 2023 to 2031, reaching a valuation of US$ 63.5 million by the end of 2031.

Market Overview: Optical current transformers (OCTs) represent a groundbreaking innovation in the field of power instrumentation, offering high accuracy, wide bandwidth, and immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) compared to conventional electromagnetic current transformers. By utilizing fiber optic technology and optical sensing principles, OCTs enable precise measurement of electrical currents in medium and high-voltage power systems, facilitating efficient grid monitoring, protection, and control.

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Market Size and Growth: The growth of the optical current transformer market is driven by several factors, including the increasing deployment of smart grid technologies, the need for grid resilience and reliability, regulatory mandates for power quality monitoring, and the rising adoption of renewable energy sources and distributed generation. As utilities and industries seek advanced solutions for power management and monitoring, the market for optical current transformers is expected to witness steady growth in the forecast period.

Market Segmentation: The global optical current transformer market can be segmented based on various parameters:

By type: Optical current transformers are available in different types, including conventional OCTs, fiber-optic Rogowski coils, and hybrid optical sensors, each offering unique features and benefits for specific applications and voltage levels.

By voltage rating: OCTs cater to a wide range of voltage levels, from medium voltage (MV) to extra-high voltage (EHV) and ultra-high voltage (UHV), serving diverse applications in transmission and distribution networks, substations, and industrial facilities.

Regional Analysis: Geographically, key regions driving growth in the global optical current transformer market include North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa. Factors such as infrastructure development, grid modernization initiatives, renewable energy integration, and industrial expansion contribute to market expansion in these regions, with emerging economies offering significant growth opportunities due to increasing investments in power infrastructure and technology.

Market Drivers and Challenges: Key drivers influencing market growth include the need for accurate and reliable power measurement and monitoring, grid modernization initiatives, the expansion of renewable energy installations, and the growing demand for digital substations and smart grid solutions. However, challenges such as high initial costs, interoperability issues, and the complexity of optical sensing technology may impact market adoption and require industry collaboration to address.

Market Trends: Noteworthy trends in the global optical current transformer market include the development of compact and lightweight OCTs, the integration of digital communication interfaces for data exchange and remote monitoring, and the emergence of multi-channel and multi-purpose optical sensors for enhanced functionality and flexibility in power monitoring applications.

Future Outlook: The outlook for the global optical current transformer market remains positive, with sustained growth expected as utilities, industries, and infrastructure developers prioritize grid modernization, energy efficiency, and reliable power monitoring solutions. By leveraging advancements in optical sensing technology, investing in research and development, and collaborating with key stakeholders, manufacturers and suppliers can capitalize on emerging opportunities and drive innovation in the evolving power instrumentation market.

Key Market Study Points: Key areas for market study include technology trends and innovations in optical sensing, market segmentation and targeting strategies, regulatory landscape and standards compliance, competitive benchmarking and product differentiation, and opportunities for integration with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and edge computing.

Competitive Landscape: The global optical current transformer market features a competitive landscape with a mix of established players and innovative startups, including manufacturers, system integrators, and technology providers. Key players in the market are focusing on product development, strategic partnerships, and customer engagement initiatives to enhance their market presence and address evolving customer needs in the power monitoring and instrumentation space.

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Our exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trends analysis provides forward-looking insights for thousands of decision-makers, made possible by experienced teams of Analysts, Researchers, and Consultants. The proprietary data sources and various tools & techniques we use always reflect the latest trends and information. With a broad research and analysis capability, Transparency Market Research employs rigorous primary and secondary research techniques in all of its business reports.

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electronalytics · 1 year ago

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Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers Market Analysis by 2024-2033

In the dynamic landscape of power generation, ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of electrical systems is paramount. Generator Medium Voltage (MV) Circuit Breakers play a crucial role in safeguarding power generation infrastructure, providing essential protection against faults, overcurrents, and other electrical disturbances. This article explores the significance of Generator MV Circuit Breakers in the power generation industry, their key features, applications, and emerging trends.

Introduction to Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers

Generator Circuit Breakers, commonly referred to as Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers, are essential components of power generation systems. They are designed to interrupt the flow of current in the event of a fault or abnormal condition, thereby protecting generators, transformers, and other electrical equipment from damage. These circuit breakers operate within the medium voltage range, typically ranging from 1 kV to 72.5 kV, depending on the specific application and requirements.

Importance in the Power Generation Industry

In the power generation industry, reliability, safety, and efficiency are paramount. Generator MV Circuit Breakers play a critical role in ensuring the uninterrupted operation of power plants, substations, and electrical distribution networks. By providing reliable protection against short circuits, overloads, and other electrical faults, these circuit breakers help minimize downtime, prevent equipment damage, and maintain grid stability. Additionally, they facilitate safe isolation of generators for maintenance and repair activities, ensuring worker safety and operational continuity.

Key Features and Applications

Generator MV Circuit Breakers boast a range of features tailored to meet the unique needs of power generation applications. Some key features include:

High Breaking Capacity: Capable of interrupting high fault currents to protect electrical equipment.

Compact Design: Space-saving designs suitable for installation in power plants, substations, and switchgear assemblies.

Remote Control and Monitoring: Integration with advanced control systems for remote operation and real-time monitoring.

Arc Flash Mitigation: Incorporation of arc-resistant designs to minimize the risk of arc flash incidents and enhance personnel safety.

Modular Construction: Allows for easy maintenance, repair, and upgrades, minimizing downtime and optimizing system reliability.

These circuit breakers find applications across various segments of the power generation industry, including:

Conventional Power Plants: Used to protect generators, transformers, and switchgear in thermal, hydroelectric, and nuclear power plants.

Renewable Energy Systems: Integral components of wind farms, solar power plants, and other renewable energy installations, providing essential protection for inverters, transformers, and interconnection equipment.

Substations: Installed in substations to protect high-voltage transmission lines, transformers, and other substation equipment from electrical faults.

Industrial Facilities: Employed in industrial facilities, manufacturing plants, and process industries to safeguard critical electrical systems and equipment.

Emerging Trends and Innovations

The Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers Market is witnessing several trends and innovations driven by technological advancements and industry developments. Some notable trends include:

Integration with Smart Grid Technologies: Incorporation of intelligent features such as communication interfaces, sensors, and predictive analytics to enable remote monitoring, diagnostics, and condition-based maintenance.

Enhanced Safety Features: Adoption of advanced safety features such as arc flash detection, arc fault protection, and remote operation capabilities to improve personnel safety and reduce the risk of electrical accidents.

Modular and Compact Designs: Development of modular, space-saving designs that offer flexibility, scalability, and ease of installation in confined spaces or retrofit applications.

Eco-Friendly Solutions: Introduction of eco-friendly circuit breaker technologies such as gas-insulated circuit breakers (GIS) and vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) with low environmental impact and reduced carbon footprint.

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Market Segmentations:

Global Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers Market: By Company

ABB

Siemens

Schneider Electric

Mitsubishi Electric

Eaton

Hitachi

Chinatcs

NHVS-New North east Electric India Private Limited

Global Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers Market: By Type

Vacuum Circuit Breaker

SF6 Circuit Breaker

Others

Global Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers Market: By Application

Nuclear Plants

Thermal Power Plants

Hydraulic Power Plants

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Future Outlook and Market Growth

Looking ahead, the Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers Market is poised for significant growth and expansion. Factors driving market growth include:

Increasing Demand for Electricity: Rising energy consumption, urbanization, and industrialization are driving the need for new power generation capacity and infrastructure investments, boosting demand for generator circuit breakers.

Growing Renewable Energy Integration: The shift towards renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power is driving investments in grid modernization and renewable energy integration projects, creating opportunities for generator MV circuit breakers.

Technological Advancements: Ongoing advancements in circuit breaker technologies, materials, and design techniques are enhancing performance, reliability, and efficiency, driving market adoption and expansion.

Regulatory Mandates: Stringent regulatory standards and safety requirements governing power generation and electrical infrastructure drive investments in modernization, upgrade, and retrofit projects, stimulating market growth and demand.

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marketresearch99 · 2 years ago

Text

Vision 2030 and Beyond: Forecasting the Future of Saudi Arabia's Medium Voltage Switchgear Market in 2023

Saudi Arabia's infrastructure development has been a cornerstone of the kingdom's progress, and the Medium Voltage (MV) Switchgear market plays a pivotal role in supporting this growth. This article aims to delve into the trends, drivers, challenges, and future prospects of the Medium Voltage Switchgear Market in Saudi Arabia for the year 2023.

Catalyst for Progress: The Medium Voltage Switchgear market in Saudi Arabia has witnessed significant growth, driven by the country's rapid urbanization, industrialization, and investments in infrastructure projects. With ongoing construction initiatives, including smart cities, transportation networks, and industrial complexes, the demand for reliable and efficient electrical distribution systems has soared.

Medium Voltage Switchgears act as critical components within electrical distribution networks, ensuring the safety, control, and protection of power flow across various applications, including utilities, industries, commercial complexes, and residential areas.

Market Trends and Technological Advancements: In 2023, several trends define Saudi Arabia's Medium Voltage Switchgear market. The evolution of smart grid technologies, integration of digital solutions, and the demand for eco-friendly and sustainable switchgear options are driving innovation within the sector.

Smart switchgears equipped with advanced sensors, communication modules, and digital monitoring capabilities have gained prominence. These systems enable real-time data analysis, predictive maintenance, and improved operational efficiency, aligning with the kingdom's goals of optimizing energy consumption and enhancing grid reliability.

Challenges and Opportunities: While the market exhibits immense potential, it faces challenges such as stringent regulations, the need for continuous technological upgrades, and fluctuations in raw material prices. Additionally, the availability of skilled labor and the integration of legacy systems pose hurdles for market growth.

However, these challenges present opportunities for market participants to innovate and collaborate. Investments in research and development for smart and sustainable switchgear solutions, strategic partnerships, and focus on after-sales services can drive market penetration and competitiveness.

Future Outlook: The future of Saudi Arabia's Medium Voltage Switchgear Market appears promising, with sustained growth projected in the coming years. The kingdom's Vision 2030 initiative, emphasizing infrastructure development and industrialization, will act as a catalyst for market expansion.

Moreover, the increasing demand for electricity, coupled with the integration of renewable energy sources into the grid, will further stimulate the need for advanced and adaptable medium voltage switchgear solutions.

For More Info@ https://www.gmiresearch.com/report/saudi-arabia-medium-voltage-switchgear-market/

Conclusion: Saudi Arabia's Medium Voltage Switchgear Market in 2023 reflects a landscape shaped by innovation, technological advancement, and a burgeoning need for reliable electrical distribution systems. With a focus on smart solutions, sustainability, and strategic collaborations, the kingdom is poised to bolster its infrastructure development and reinforce its position as a key player in the global medium voltage switchgear industry, fostering a more resilient and efficient energy landscape.

0 notes

inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

Text

Chemical Engineers Design New Self-He industrial networking aling Hydrogel for Drug Delivery

www.inhandnetworks.com

These scanning electron microscopy images, taken at different magnific wastewater treatment ations, show the structure of new hydrogels made of nanoparticles interacting with long polymer ch industrial IoT Gateway ains.

Chemical engineers from MIT have designed a new type of self-healing hydrogel that consists of a mesh network made of two components: nanoparticles made of polymers entwined within strands of another polymer, such as cellulose.

Scientists are interested in using gels to deliver drugs because they can be molded into specific shapes and designed to release their payload over a specified time period. However, current versions aren’t always practical because must be implanted surgically.

To help overcome that obstacle, MIT chemical engineers have designed a new type of self-healing hydrogel that could be injected through a syringe. Such gels, which can carry one or two drugs at a time, could be useful for treating cancer, macular degeneration, or heart disease, among other diseases, the researchers say.

The new gel consists of a mesh network made of two components: nanoparticles made of polymers entwined within strands of another polymer, such as cellulose.

“Now you have a gel that can change shape when you apply stress to it, and then, importantly, it can re-heal when you relax those forces. That allows you to squeeze it through a syringe or a needle and get it into the body without surgery,” says Mark Tibbitt, a postdoc at MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and one of the lead authors of a paper describing the gel in Nature Communications on February 19.

Koch Institute postdoc Eric Appel is also a lead author of the paper, and the paper’s senior author is Robert Langer, the David H. Koch Institute Professor at MIT. Other authors are postdoc Matthew Webber, undergraduate Bradley Mattix, and postdoc Omid Veiseh.

Heal thyself

Scientists have previously constructed hydrogels for biomedical uses by forming irreversible chemical linkages between polymers. These gels, used to make soft contact lenses, among other applications, are tough and sturdy, but once they are formed their shape cannot easily be altered.

The MIT team set out to create a gel that could survive strong mechanical forces, known as shear forces, and then reform itself. Other researchers have created such gels by engineering proteins that self-assemble into hydrogels, but this approach requires complex biochemical processes. The MIT team wanted to design something simpler.

“We’re working with really simple materials,” Tibbitt says. “They don’t require any advanced chemical functionalization.”

The MIT approach relies on a combination of two readily available components. One is a type of nanoparticle formed of PEG-PLA copolymers, first developed in Langer’s lab decades ago and now commonly used to package and deliver drugs. To form a hydrogel, the researchers mixed these particles with a polymer — in this case, cellulose.

Each polymer chain forms weak bonds with many nanoparticles, producing a loosely woven lattice of polymers and nanoparticles. Because each attachment point is fairly weak, the bonds break apart under mechanical stress, such as when injected through a syringe. When the shear forces are over, the polymers and nanoparticles form new attachments with different partners, healing the gel.

Using two components to form the gel also gives the researchers the opportunity to deliver two different drugs at the same time. PEG-PLA nanoparticles have an inner core that is ideally suited to carry hydrophobic small-molecule drugs, which include many chemotherapy drugs. Meanwhile, the polymers, which exist in a watery solution, can carry hydrophilic molecules such as proteins, including antibodies and growth factors.

Long-term drug delivery

In this study, the researchers showed that the gels survived injection under the skin of mice and successfully released two drugs, one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic, over several days.

This type of gel offers an important advantage over injecting a liquid solution of drug-delivery nanoparticles: While a solution will immediately disperse throughout the body, the gel stays in place after injection, allowing the drug to be targeted to a specific tissue. Furthermore, the properties of e M2M router ach gel component can be tuned so the drugs they carry are released at different rates, allowing them to be tailored for different uses.

The researchers are now looking into using the gel to deliver anti-angiogenesis drugs to treat macular degeneration. Currently, patients receive these drugs, which cut off the growth of blood vessels that interfere with sight, as an injection into the eye once a month. The MIT team envisions that the new gel could be programmed to deliver these drugs over several months, reducing the frequency of injections.

Another potential application for the gels is delivering drugs, such as growth factors, that could help repair damaged heart tissue after a heart attack. The researchers are also pursuing the possibility of using this gel to deliver cancer drugs to kill tumor cells that get left behind after surgery. In that case, the gel would be loaded with a chemical that lures cancer cells toward the gel, as well as a chemotherapy drug that would kill them. This could help eliminate the residual cancer cells that often form new tumors following surgery.

“Removing the tumor leaves behind a cavity that you could fill with our material, which would provide some therapeutic benefit over the long term in recruiting and killing those cells,” Appel says. “We can tailor the materials to provide us with the drug-release profile that makes it the most effective at actually recruiting the cells.”

The research was funded by the Wellcome Trust, the Misrock Foundation, the Department of Defense, and the National Institutes of Health.

Publication: Eric A. Appel, et al., “Self-assembled hydrogels utilizing polymer–nanoparticle interactions,” Nature Communications 6, Article number: 6295; doi:10.1038/ncomms7295

Image: Courtesy of the researchers

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#MV smart grid sensor #4g vpn router #intelligent substation #Power Fault Detection #3g router #Cellular modem #LTE cat 1 Connectvity #substation monitoring

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messunggroup · 4 years ago

Text

PREVENT ELECTRICAL FIRES & HAZARDS WITH RESIDUAL CURRENT MONITORING

Residual Current is a critical condition impacting hospitals, data centres, industrial plants, etc. It can lead to dangerous situations for both personnel and equipment.

Moreover, it can cause unexpected interruptions, malfunctions and EMC problems that cost time and money. Hence, Residual Current Monitoring is critical for safety, high availability and productivity in industrial and purpose-built environments.

Inside environments like data centres where shielded cables are present, residual current may spread through cable shielding across different parts of the data centre if the racks are insufficiently earthed. This can lead to fires, unexplained IT systems failures, tripping and disconnecting of critical equipment.

Let’s understand RCM, its dangers and the solutions a little better.

WHAT IS RESIDUAL CURRENT?

Residual Current is electrical current that occurs in an unwanted conductive path. It flows from either AC or DC circuit in equipment to the chassis, or to the ground.

Residual currents are typically the result of insulation faults, defective equipment and components (power supplies, electrical loads) causing outflow-related residual currents and stray currents in TN-S systems. RCM classification is based on frequency and waveform of the current that they candetect - Type A, Type B, Type B+.

WHY USE RCM (EARTH LEAKAGE MONITORING)?

RCM is essential to ensure Continuous System Availability. In market segments with sensitive applications (e.g., Critical power locations, Hospitals, Industrial Manufacturing), an uninterrupted power system is of crucial importance.

Uninterrupted operation (Increased Uptime & Availability) of an installation is only ensured by continuous monitoring.Continuous Residual Current Monitoring is the only method to detect dangerous fault currents at an early stage.

Early detection of insulation faults, as well as preventive maintenance and servicing outside of operating hours, can prevent unexpected shutdowns of machines, servers and systems, thus avoiding unwanted interruptions in operation, property damage and high costs.

RCM measurement in accordance with DIN EN 62020 offers the most reliable and safe alternative wherever the realization of Insulation Resistance Measurement or RCDs are not practical in an installation.

PROBLEMS CAUSED BY FAULT CURRENTS

While electricity has become an indispensable component of our lives, the fact is, it comes with its own hazards to human life and property. The major risks include:

· Electric Shock

· Breaker Tripping

· Fire Hazard

· Server and Computer Shutdown

· Interruption of Communication Networks

· Temperature Rise in Conductors resulting in Insulation Breakdown

· Fast Corrosion of Metal Pipes

· Production Shutdown

· VSD / Inverter Faults

· Sensor Malfunction

· Overvoltage Problems

· Overloaded Neutral Conductor

REASONS FOR INSULATION FAILURE

The purpose of insulation is to prevent the flow of electric current between points of different potential in an electrical system. Failure of insulation is one of the most common failures in an electrical equipment.

Insulation of an electrical circuit becomes weak due to various causes:

· Natural deterioration due to aging

· Accelerated by excessive heat and moisture

· Heat, moisture and dirt are main causes of insulation failure

· Chemical deterioration

· Mechanical damage

· Sunlight

· Excessive voltage stresses

HOW RCM WORKS

Residual currents are typically the result of insulation faults, defective equipment and components (power supplies, electrical loads).

Conductors (L1, L2, L3, N) of the specific measurement point are monitored and passed through the RCM CT. In a fault-free system the sum of all currents is ZERO, so that in the current transformer no current is induced.

If a fault current is flowing, the current difference induces in the differential CT an mA current that is detected by Janitza’s UMG device.

TYPES OF RCM

There are 3 types of RCM:

Type A: Sinusoidal alternating current pulsed direct current. This type of RCM is applied to single-phase electronic devices with electronic regulation & control such as power supplies, computers, lighting systems, single-phase drives, heat pumps, single-phase dimmers, single-phase electronic devices in the three-phase network, etc.

Type B: Smooth & pulsating direct current as well as alternating currents up to 2 kHz. Applications include devices with three-phase bridge circuits and purely direct current devices like photovoltaic systems, controlled three-phase motors, UPS systems, dimmers, medical devices, etc.

Type B+: Smooth & pulsating direct current as well as alternating currents upto 20 kHz.

RCM STANDARDS

RCMs monitor residual currents in electrical installations in real time. They report the level of residual current value and signal when it exceeds a threshold. They comply with DIN EN 62020.

IEC 62020 is a standard used to test RCM accuracy. It defines residual operating current IΔN as the leakage current threshold where the RCM reports an alarm.

Where a circuit is permanently monitored by an RCM in accordance with IEC 62020 or an IMD in accordance with IEC 61557-8, it is not necessary to measure the insulation resistance if the functioning of the IMD or RCM is correct.

When RCM (Earth Leakage Monitoring) is installed and operational, there is “NO” requirement for Mains Power disconnection.

WHERE IS RCM USED?

There are many applications of residual current monitors; they include:

· TN-S Systems

· Drive Systems (Frequency Converters)

· DC Applications

· Hospital & Medical Facilities

· Industrial Manufacturing

· Data Centre & Critical Power Applications

· Power Distribution Busbar

· Rail Networks

ALTERNATIVES FOR RESIDUAL CURRENT MONITORING

Insulation Testing as part of Preventive Maintenance Both the ends of the cable need to be disconnected and then meggered for finding the insulation. Long testing times results in long shutdown times and personnel have to deal with the cumbersome procedure of disconnecting the terminated cables. Periodicity of the tests needs long term planning as well.

Insulation Monitors - Online This is a popular but cost prohibitive measuring method wherein a measuring DC voltage is superimposed between the phase and PE conductor. This measurement procedure is suitable for monitoring conventional AC, 3(N)AC systems. If it is used in AC, 3(N)AC systems containing galvanically connected DC components, these DC currents will distort the measurement result.

Residual Current Breakers / Earth Leakage Relays These devices trip the circuit causing incidents. Faults and fires are not predicted, only prevented, and surprise shutdowns can be extremely expensive for operations that require uninterrupted power supply.

RCM WITH JANITZA

Janitza offers a wide range of digital energy meters that provide residual current monitoring in conjunction with energy measurement, which constitute a measure for fire protection and maintenance prevention. Downtimes and the associated costs are thereby reduced.

Timely and preventative maintenance – facilitated through the information additionally gained from an RCM measuring device – also significantly enhances the efficiency and availability of a system.

Scope: Janitza's range of smart RCM devices covers the complete electrical system from utility incomer to the final circuit:

1. MV & LV supply (PCC)

2. LV Main Distribution Switchboard

3. Sub-distribution Switchboards, UPS Outputs

4. PDU, Critical Power Supply Points & Busway Feed Box

5. Outgoing Circuits, Final Sub-measurements & Busway Tap-offs

Devices: Type A RCM measuring devices such as the UMG 96RM-E, UMG 509-PRO, UMG 512-PRO, UMG 20CM from Janitza are suitable for monitoring alternating currents, pulsing DC currents per IEC/TR 60755 (2008-01) and can be used for continuously checking for residual currents in TN-S systems.

Other Type A RCM devices include UMG 96 RM-PN, UMG 96 PA, UMG 806, RCM 201-ROGO, RCM 202 AB.

Type B RCM devices include UMG 96 RM-E, UMG 96 PA, UMG PQ-L, RCM 202 AB. The last three devices are also capable of Type B+ RCM.

Software & Apps: Janitza's power grid monitoring software, GridVis generates the RCM report which allows clear and uncomplicated display of measurement data from residual current measurements. The GridVis RCM Report enables users to:

· Analyse and evaluate residual current violations

· Receive statistics regarding threshold violations with graphically highlighted overviews

· Set up to 4 threshold levels

· Support of dynamic thresholds (RCM measuring device configuration!)

· Custom text, customer logo and export in PDF and XLS format

· Report creation can be carried out at custom time schedule

· Automatically dispatch per E-Mail

Janitza's RCM analysis App is a homepage add-on application with extensive options for setting limit values and for detailed analysis of residual currents. Up to 20 RCM channels can be managed and evaluated via a gateway*. The evaluation includes all types of residual currents and an associated frequency analysis.

For example, 50 Hz, pure DC or high-frequency residual currents in the 20 kHz range can be displayed individually. In addition, the application enables the proven dynamic limit value formation with Janitza energy measuring devices.

Energy measuring devices can be assigned to each of the 20 RCM channels and limit values can be calculated as a function of power.

SUMMARY

Highly automated production systems, computer centres and systems with constant processes (e.g. food sector, cable fabrication, paper production) require a reliable power supply - often even high availability, i.e. an availability of at least 99.9%, frequently even 99.9999 %.

An insulation measurement is required for the repeat testing of fixed electrical systems for which the system must be switched off. Production processes and administration processes are interrupted. This means an increase in work and often also significant costs.

In order to avoid this, the standards offer an alternative: Continuous residual current monitoring, with which it is also possible to locate faults faster. With continuous RCM, it is possible to avoid shut-downs and minimise test work. Constant checking of the system takes place, which enables the immediate detection of faults.

With Janitza’s range of solutions for energy monitoring and management system, comprehensive RCM of the power supply takes place at all levels: from CGP and outputs requiring monitoring in the LVDS and sub-distribution systems, right through to individual critical loads. Together with the GridVis® energy data acquisition software and the integrated alarm management, users can avoid expensive downtimes and prevent fire hazards that are latent due to creeping insulation faults.

In India, Janitza products are brought to you by Messung Electrical Engineering division. Power quality analysers, digital energy meters, active filters, and apps – Messung offers the complete Janitza range of power quality and energy management solutions.visualisation software

#Messung Electrical Engineering #Power quality analysers #digital energy meters #active filters #power quality #energy management solutions.#energy monitoring and management system #energy monitoring

0 notes

messungelectricalengineering · 4 years ago

Text

PREVENT ELECTRICAL FIRES & HAZARDS WITH RESIDUAL CURRENT MONITORING

Residual Current is a critical condition impacting hospitals, data centres, industrial plants, etc. It can lead to dangerous situations for both personnel and equipment.

Let’s understand RCM, its dangers and the solutions a little better.

WHAT IS RESIDUAL CURRENT?

Residual Current is electrical current that occurs in an unwanted conductive path. It flows from either AC or DC circuit in equipment to the chassis, or to the ground.

WHY USE RCM (EARTH LEAKAGE MONITORING)?

PROBLEMS CAUSED BY FAULT CURRENTS

While electricity has become an indispensable component of our lives, the fact is, it comes with its own hazards to human life and property. The major risks include:

· Electric Shock

· Breaker Tripping

· Fire Hazard

· Server and Computer Shutdown

· Interruption of Communication Networks

· Temperature Rise in Conductors resulting in Insulation Breakdown

· Fast Corrosion of Metal Pipes

· Production Shutdown

· VSD / Inverter Faults

· Sensor Malfunction

· Overvoltage Problems

· Overloaded Neutral Conductor

REASONS FOR INSULATION FAILURE

Insulation of an electrical circuit becomes weak due to various causes:

· Natural deterioration due to aging

· Accelerated by excessive heat and moisture

· Heat, moisture and dirt are main causes of insulation failure

· Chemical deterioration

· Mechanical damage

· Sunlight

· Excessive voltage stresses

HOW RCM WORKS

Residual currents are typically the result of insulation faults, defective equipment and components (power supplies, electrical loads).

If a fault current is flowing, the current difference induces in the differential CT an mA current that is detected by Janitza’s UMG device.

TYPES OF RCM

There are 3 types of RCM:

Type B+: Smooth & pulsating direct current as well as alternating currents upto 20 kHz.

RCM STANDARDS

RCMs monitor residual currents in electrical installations in real time. They report the level of residual current value and signal when it exceeds a threshold. They comply with DIN EN 62020.

IEC 62020 is a standard used to test RCM accuracy. It defines residual operating current IΔN as the leakage current threshold where the RCM reports an alarm.

When RCM (Earth Leakage Monitoring) is installed and operational, there is “NO” requirement for Mains Power disconnection.

WHERE IS RCM USED?

There are many applications of residual current monitors; they include:

· TN-S Systems

· Drive Systems (Frequency Converters)

· DC Applications

· Hospital & Medical Facilities

· Industrial Manufacturing

· Data Centre & Critical Power Applications

· Power Distribution Busbar

· Rail Networks

ALTERNATIVES FOR RESIDUAL CURRENT MONITORING

RCM WITH JANITZA

Scope: Janitza's range of smart RCM devices covers the complete electrical system from utility incomer to the final circuit:

1. MV & LV supply (PCC)

2. LV Main Distribution Switchboard

3. Sub-distribution Switchboards, UPS Outputs

4. PDU, Critical Power Supply Points & Busway Feed Box

5. Outgoing Circuits, Final Sub-measurements & Busway Tap-offs

Other Type A RCM devices include UMG 96 RM-PN, UMG 96 PA, UMG 806, RCM 201-ROGO, RCM 202 AB.

Type B RCM devices include UMG 96 RM-E, UMG 96 PA, UMG PQ-L, RCM 202 AB. The last three devices are also capable of Type B+ RCM.

· Analyse and evaluate residual current violations

· Receive statistics regarding threshold violations with graphically highlighted overviews

· Set up to 4 threshold levels

· Support of dynamic thresholds (RCM measuring device configuration!)

· Custom text, customer logo and export in PDF and XLS format

· Report creation can be carried out at custom time schedule

· Automatically dispatch per E-Mail

Energy measuring devices can be assigned to each of the 20 RCM channels and limit values can be calculated as a function of power.

SUMMARY

In India, Janitza products are brought to you by Messung Electrical Engineering division. Power quality analysers, digital energy meters, active filters, visualisation software and apps – Messung offers the complete Janitza range of power quality and energy management solutions.

0 notes

inerginc · 8 years ago

Link

Distribution utilities of all types globally are facing a wide range of new challenges and opportunities brought on by greater customer expectations and enhanced reliability needs. As distributed energy resources (DER) proliferate, new approaches and technologies for managing these new generation resources will add to the complexity of automation approaches at the substation and feeder levels, as well as on low-voltage (LV) transformers at the edge of the grid. Thus, there is a growing need for more intelligence, control, and agility in the distribution grid, particularly at the edge, where many new DER systems are located.

To date, utility automation efforts at the distribution level have been largely focused on issues caused by reliability mandates, outage penalties, customer expectations, electric vehicle (EV) charging, renewables intermittency, shifting loads, capacity constraints, and bi-directional power flows. In the longer term, automation further down in the medium-voltage (MV) and LV network will enable the proactive development of markets for aggregated clean resources and services, service-oriented business models, and end-to-end integrated grid management strategies.

Distribution level automation applications

Distribution automation (DA) and substation automation (SA) technologies and strategies are being adopted to increase the level of monitoring, intelligence, and automation across the distribution grid. These automation solutions can be divided into three major segments:

Distribution substation automation: A mixed variety of sensors and monitoring devices, mechanical and intelligent electronic devices, switches, reclosers, protective relays, and communications devices, as well as transformers, are found in automated distribution substations.

Substation automation at the distribution level is accelerating, particularly in North America, with many utilities deploying fiber communications to accommodate advanced technologies and software systems. Nonetheless, Navigant estimates that distribution level substation connectivity and automation penetration remains well below 50%, and in the 10% to 20% range – or less – in developing regions.

Feeder automation: Distribution feeder systems distribute power over cables via either radial feeders or mesh feeder networks running from the substation. Automated feeders are equipped with sensors and monitoring devices, as well as intelligent electronic devices such as fault detectors, reclosers, disconnect switches, fuses, and relays.

To date, feeder monitoring and automation is limited at best, though forward-looking utilities such as Eversource, Florida Power & Light (FPL), Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Oncor, and others have been deploying sophisticated outage restoration and automation systems.

For example, Eversource’s (formerly NSTAR) 2009–2014 Grid Self-Healing and Efficiency Expansion project involved the deployment of two-way communications infrastructure and DA equipment on 400 circuits in its Massachusetts territory. New switches, sectionalizers, reclosers, and condition monitors were installed to enable automatic detection and isolation of power outages, followed by rapid restoration. The project included LV feeder monitoring in Boston, high-speed fiber optic rings for reliability, monitoring, and control, web-based outage reporting, and a new outage management system.

Transformer automation: Millions of pole mounted, pad-mounted, and underground LV transformers have rarely been automated in any way. Transformer automation and monitoring include the simple real-time monitoring of voltage, current, power factor (PF), and sometimes oil temperatures and other conditions. This segment may also include more sophisticated automation when connected to a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system or a distribution management system (DMS).

Market Outlook

Distribution utilities of all types are now implementing distribution substation, feeder, and transformer automation technologies and solutions. Navigant Research expects Europe to be the largest regional opportunity over the next several years due to feeder system design characteristics. Currently, the region represents more than half of global DA and SA market revenue.

However, the opportunity is relatively short term and tails off after 2021, when major feeder and transformer automation projects are expected to be completed. In all other regions, distribution substation, feeder, and transformer automation revenue is expected to increase steadily through 2025.

Navigant Research expects global cumulative DA and SA revenue for all technologies to reach $109.1 billion between 2016 and 2025. The annual revenue opportunity is projected to grow from $7.6 billion in 2016 to a peak of $12.5 billion in 2021, and then drop to $12.2 billion in 2025. The overall 2016–2025 compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is expected to be 5.5%. Chart 1.1 shows the growth in annual revenue for the 10-year forecast period by global region.

Regional Trends

The key market drivers in North America for increased automation at the distribution level are concentrated around improving reliability, addressing aging infrastructure, changing cost recovery mechanisms, increased visibility into feeder operating parameters, AMI installations, and (to a certain extent) new distribution feeder system and substation construction.

At present, 40–50% of MV substations have some level of automation, and upgrades to more sophisticated control and automation capabilities are being planned.

Feeder automation remains nascent generally, but at FPL in Florida, it became a high priority, as the region is subject to the most lightning strikes in the United States; these storms were a primary cause of faults in FPL’s distribution network. Particularly in remote rural locations and swamps, restoration was time-consuming and costly. In response, FPL elected to complete a system-wide feeder automation improvement project and selected S&C Electric to provide equipment and installation services. The company deployed S&C’s TripSaver II cutout mounted reclosers, which deliver decentralised, intelligent, and autonomous restoration capabilities, across more than 80,000 feeders in its service territory. The project was notable because it covered FPL’s entire network; most feeder automation projects to date are feeder-specific and focus on particularly troublesome segments of the network.

In Europe, the MV substation situation is much different from that in North America. Across many of the countries in Western Europe, the MV substation fleet is 95–100% automated already, though much of the automation may be first generation systems with limited capabilities. Upgrades from early SCADA to more powerful DMSs can be expected to occur.

That said, much T&D system expansion is occurring as Europe’s regional operators reconfigure their networks for large-scale penetrations of DER and large investments in LV transformer substation monitoring and control, as well as feeder monitoring, can be expected. Électricité de France (EDF), for example, is planning LV transformer monitoring and automation across 700,000 or more transformers – the majority of its fleet – by as early as 2020. And Spanish DSO Iberdrola Distribución is implementing its multiyear Network Remote Management and Automation Systems (STAR) project, which has been focused on network remote control and automation in MV substations, as well as on LV transformers and distribution feeders. Once completed in 2018, this $2.2 billion project will monitor and automate approximately 80,000 transformer substations and deploy over 10.3 million smart meters.

Key DA and SA drivers in Asia Pacific include the epic expansion of the T&D system and substations to address both rural electrification and large-scale urban expansion, as well as to replace ageing infrastructure. With a large number of new projects driven by electrification, most if not all new installations will be monitored and (to some extent) automated systems.

The Asia Pacific DA and SA market can be divided into three major territories, each representing approximately one-third of the region’s total market size: China, India, and everywhere else. The DA market in China is led by the country’s Strong and Smart Grid initiatives. Although this market continues to grow, China is notoriously difficult for outside commercial vendors to access, due to price pressure from in-country vendors.

Examples of success in China often include partnerships with Chinese companies. For instance, General Electric (GE) has established a partnership/joint venture with the XD Group, providing local content and presence.

India is experiencing similar price pressures as China, thus giving lower-cost local products and integrators like Tata, Infosys, and Wipro a significant advantage; here too, local partnerships are essential. However, India has fewer centralised protectionist politics compared to China, which has made it easier for international vendors to compete.

The third Asia Pacific segment, Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, is still widely accessible. Australia and New Zealand were early adopters in terms of smart grid technology deployments. However, local economies have been weak in recent years, dampening demand. That said, Australia has become a major market for distributed solar; rapidly increasing penetration of variable renewables supplies in Australia will force distribution network upgrades.

Conclusions

The days of a largely electro-mechanical distribution system maintained by crews in trucks are giving way to a highly connected, automated, ‘smart’ grid. Connectivity options are increasingly attractive and necessary to support sophisticated software and analytics solutions which improve grid reliability, operational efficiency and flexibility. Especially as the traditional ratepayer, cost-plus business model is replaced by a system more focused on efficiency and services, distribution utilities will find themselves increasingly dependent upon automation solutions to meet the needs and demands of customers and regulators. As such, investment in these technologies is expected to grow throughout the coming decade. MI

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Richelle Elberg is a principal research analyst contributing to Navigant Research’s Utility Transformations program and heading up the Smart Grid research services, including Connected Grid, Digital Grid, and Dynamic Grid. Her primary focus is on communications networks for utility applications, including AMI and substation and distribution automation applications.

Elberg has more than 20 years of experience in the telecommunications industry, including an extensive background analysing and writing on the wired and wireless communications industries from operational, financial, strategic, technical, and regulatory perspectives.

Image Credit: 123rf

The post Shifting demands driving automation in the distribution grid appeared first on Metering.com.

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#Solar #microgrids

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osiltecinfotec · 2 months ago

Text

Cable Unleashed: Singapore’s Ultimate Industrial Cable Guide for Technicians & Engineers

Introduction: What Is a Cable?

Fundamentals of Cable Construction

Conductors

Copper: High conductivity (≈58 MS/m), ductile, reliable.

Aluminium: Lower cost, lighter weight, moderate conductivity (≈36 MS/m), used in high-voltage overhead lines.

Insulation, Sheath & Armouring

Insulation: Prevents short-circuits and dielectric breakdown (materials detailed later).

Sheath: Protects against moisture, chemicals, UV (e.g., PVC, PE).

Armour (optional): Steel tape or wire for mechanical protection, required in underground or high-stress installations.

Types of Industrial Cables

1. Power Cables (LV, MV, HV)

Low Voltage (LV): ≤1 kV, for building distribution (lighting, sockets).

Medium Voltage (MV): 1 kV–35 kV, for substations and feeder lines.

High Voltage (HV): >35 kV, for grid interconnects and long-distance transmission.

2. Control & Instrumentation Cables

Control Cables: Multi-core cores for motor control, relay logic.

Instrumentation Cables: Shielded pairs/triples for sensor signals, 4–20 mA loops.

3. Fiber-Optic & Data Cables

Copper Data Cables: Cat 5e/6/6A for Ethernet (1 Gbps–10 Gbps).

Fibre-Optic Cables: Single-mode (SM) for long haul; multi-mode (MM) OM-3/OM-4 for data centres.

4. Special-Purpose Cables

Fire-Resistant (FR): Maintain circuit integrity under fire (e.g., IEC 60332-1).

Halogen-Free (LSZH): Low Smoke Zero Halogen for enclosed spaces (airports, tunnels).

5. Marine & Subsea Cables

Shipboard Cables: Flexible, oil-resistant, meets DNV-GL approval.

Subsea Power Cables: XLPE insulated, steel-armoured, for offshore platforms and inter-island links.

Materials Used in Cables

1. Conductor Materials: Copper vs. Aluminium

PropertyCopperAluminiumConductivity≈100% IACS≈61% IACSDensity (g/cm³)8.962.70Cost per kg (SGD)High30–40% lowerMechanical StrengthHighModerate

2. Insulation Materials

PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): Inexpensive, flame-retardant, moderate temperature (−15 °C to +70 °C).

XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene): Higher temperature (−40 °C to +90 °C), better dielectric strength.

EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber): Flexible, excellent cold-temperature performance.

LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen): Emission-safe in fires.

3. Sheathing & Armour

PE (Polyethylene): UV-resistant, used for outdoor telecom cables.

PU (Polyurethane): Abrasion-resistant, used in robotics/machine tool cables.

Steel Tape / Wire Armour: Adds mechanical strength against impact, rodents, digging.

Applications by Industry (Focus on Singapore)

1. Transport & Rail

MRT Signalling Cables: Fibre-optic and data cables for SCADA and voice/data.

Wayside Power Cables: XLPE-insulated MV cables for feeder stations.

2. Infrastructure & Buildings

LV Power Distribution: 3-core copper XLPE armoured for switchboards.

HVAC Control Cables: Multi-core instrumentation cables for BMS systems.

3. Oil & Gas / Petrochemical

Instrumentation Cables: Hydrocarbon-resistant sheaths for refineries (DNV-GL DP-1).

Fire Survival Cables: FR cables for emergency shut-down circuits.

4. Data Centres & Telecommunications

Cat 6A Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Up to 10 Gbps for local networks.

OM-4 Fibre Optic: High-density, low-attenuation for rack-to-rack links.

5. Marine & Port Facilities

Shipboard Cables: IEC 60092-350 approved, oil-resistant and flame-retardant.

Submarine Inter-Island Cables: XLPE insulated, steel-armoured, buried under seabed.

6. Manufacturing & Automation

Robotics Cables: PUR sheath, high flex life (>10 million cycles).

Machine Tool Cables: Shielded for EMC compliance, oil- and coolant-resistant.

Safety Precautions & Regulatory Standards

1. Singapore Standards

BCA CP5: Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings.

SCDF: Fire safety requirements; LSZH cables in public enclaves.

2. International Standards

IEC 60332: Flame propagation tests.

IEC 60502: Power cables ≤35 kV.

IEC 60754 / 61034: Halogen acid gas & smoke density tests.

3. Installation Best Practices

Segregation: Keep power, control and data cables apart to avoid interference.

Bending Radius: Observe minimum bend radius (×10 × cable diameter).

Support & Clamping: Use cable trays, ladders, and glands to relieve mechanical stress.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Cable Choices

1. Copper vs. Aluminium

Up-front: Aluminium is ~30–40% cheaper per kg.

Lifecycle: Copper’s superior conductivity reduces resistive losses and cooling costs.

2. PVC vs. XLPE vs. LSZH

MaterialCapital CostTemperature RatingFire-SafetyLongevityPVCLow+70 °CModerateModerateXLPEModerate+90 °CModerateHighLSZHHigh+90 °CExcellentHigh

3. Armoured vs. Unarmoured

Armoured: Higher material & installation cost; essential for underground, outdoor, or high-mechanical-risk areas.

Unarmoured: Lower cost and weight; used in protected indoor routes.

Cables & Technology Trends

1. Smart Cables & Condition Monitoring

Embedded fiber-optic sensors for real-time temperature and strain monitoring, reducing downtime.

2. High-Speed Data & 5G-Ready Fiber

Deployment of bend-insensitive OM-5 and G.657.A2 fibers for ultra-low-latency 5G and enterprise networks.

3. Eco-Friendly & Recyclable Cable Designs

Use of recyclable polymers and bio-based insulations to meet Singapore’s Green Plan targets.

Guidance for Technicians & Engineers

1. Selection Criteria & Sizing

Voltage Rating: Match to system voltage + safety margin.

Current-Carrying Capacity: Based on conductor cross-section and ambient temperature.

Derating Factors: Account for grouping, soil thermal resistivity, high ambient.

2. Testing & Commissioning

Insulation Resistance (IR) Test: ≥1 GΩ for power cables.

High-Pot (Dielectric) Test: Verify dielectric withstand.

Continuity & Loop Testing: Ensure correct wiring and no opens.

3. Maintenance & Troubleshooting

Thermographic Scanning: Detect hotspots in energised cables.

Partial Discharge Monitoring: For MV/HV cables to predict insulation faults.

Visual Inspections: Check glands, sheaths, and terminations for wear or damage.

Conclusion & Recommendations

Everything You Need to Know About Power Cables: Types, Uses, and Safety Tips

Types of Power Cables

Common Uses of Power Cables

Understanding Cable Ratings and Specifications

Safety Tips for Handling Power Cables

Installation Best Practices for Power Cables

Maintenance and Troubleshooting of Power Cables

Environmental Considerations for Power Cables

Innovations in Power Cable Technology

Conclusion and Key Takeaways

#cables #types of cable

0 notes

osiltecinfotec · 3 months ago

Text

Cable Unleashed: Singapore’s Ultimate Industrial Cable Guide for Technicians & Engineers

Introduction: What Is a Cable?

Fundamentals of Cable Construction

Conductors

Copper: High conductivity (≈58 MS/m), ductile, reliable.

Aluminium: Lower cost, lighter weight, moderate conductivity (≈36 MS/m), used in high-voltage overhead lines.

Insulation, Sheath & Armouring

Insulation: Prevents short-circuits and dielectric breakdown (materials detailed later).

Sheath: Protects against moisture, chemicals, UV (e.g., PVC, PE).

Armour (optional): Steel tape or wire for mechanical protection, required in underground or high-stress installations.

Types of Industrial Cables

1. Power Cables (LV, MV, HV)

Low Voltage (LV): ≤1 kV, for building distribution (lighting, sockets).

Medium Voltage (MV): 1 kV–35 kV, for substations and feeder lines.

High Voltage (HV): >35 kV, for grid interconnects and long-distance transmission.

2. Control & Instrumentation Cables

Control Cables: Multi-core cores for motor control, relay logic.

Instrumentation Cables: Shielded pairs/triples for sensor signals, 4–20 mA loops.

3. Fiber-Optic & Data Cables

Copper Data Cables: Cat 5e/6/6A for Ethernet (1 Gbps–10 Gbps).

Fibre-Optic Cables: Single-mode (SM) for long haul; multi-mode (MM) OM-3/OM-4 for data centres.

4. Special-Purpose Cables

Fire-Resistant (FR): Maintain circuit integrity under fire (e.g., IEC 60332-1).

Halogen-Free (LSZH): Low Smoke Zero Halogen for enclosed spaces (airports, tunnels).

5. Marine & Subsea Cables

Shipboard Cables: Flexible, oil-resistant, meets DNV-GL approval.

Subsea Power Cables: XLPE insulated, steel-armoured, for offshore platforms and inter-island links.

Materials Used in Cables

1. Conductor Materials: Copper vs. Aluminium

PropertyCopperAluminiumConductivity≈100% IACS≈61% IACSDensity (g/cm³)8.962.70Cost per kg (SGD)High30–40% lowerMechanical StrengthHighModerate

2. Insulation Materials

PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): Inexpensive, flame-retardant, moderate temperature (−15 °C to +70 °C).

XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene): Higher temperature (−40 °C to +90 °C), better dielectric strength.

EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber): Flexible, excellent cold-temperature performance.

LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen): Emission-safe in fires.

3. Sheathing & Armour

PE (Polyethylene): UV-resistant, used for outdoor telecom cables.

PU (Polyurethane): Abrasion-resistant, used in robotics/machine tool cables.

Steel Tape / Wire Armour: Adds mechanical strength against impact, rodents, digging.

Applications by Industry (Focus on Singapore)

1. Transport & Rail

MRT Signalling Cables: Fibre-optic and data cables for SCADA and voice/data.

Wayside Power Cables: XLPE-insulated MV cables for feeder stations.

2. Infrastructure & Buildings

LV Power Distribution: 3-core copper XLPE armoured for switchboards.

HVAC Control Cables: Multi-core instrumentation cables for BMS systems.

3. Oil & Gas / Petrochemical

Instrumentation Cables: Hydrocarbon-resistant sheaths for refineries (DNV-GL DP-1).

Fire Survival Cables: FR cables for emergency shut-down circuits.

4. Data Centres & Telecommunications

Cat 6A Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Up to 10 Gbps for local networks.

OM-4 Fibre Optic: High-density, low-attenuation for rack-to-rack links.

5. Marine & Port Facilities

Shipboard Cables: IEC 60092-350 approved, oil-resistant and flame-retardant.

Submarine Inter-Island Cables: XLPE insulated, steel-armoured, buried under seabed.

6. Manufacturing & Automation

Robotics Cables: PUR sheath, high flex life (>10 million cycles).

Machine Tool Cables: Shielded for EMC compliance, oil- and coolant-resistant.

Safety Precautions & Regulatory Standards

1. Singapore Standards

BCA CP5: Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings.

SCDF: Fire safety requirements; LSZH cables in public enclaves.

2. International Standards

IEC 60332: Flame propagation tests.

IEC 60502: Power cables ≤35 kV.

IEC 60754 / 61034: Halogen acid gas & smoke density tests.

3. Installation Best Practices

Segregation: Keep power, control and data cables apart to avoid interference.

Bending Radius: Observe minimum bend radius (×10 × cable diameter).

Support & Clamping: Use cable trays, ladders, and glands to relieve mechanical stress.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Cable Choices

1. Copper vs. Aluminium

Up-front: Aluminium is ~30–40% cheaper per kg.

Lifecycle: Copper’s superior conductivity reduces resistive losses and cooling costs.

2. PVC vs. XLPE vs. LSZH

MaterialCapital CostTemperature RatingFire-SafetyLongevityPVCLow+70 °CModerateModerateXLPEModerate+90 °CModerateHighLSZHHigh+90 °CExcellentHigh

3. Armoured vs. Unarmoured

Armoured: Higher material & installation cost; essential for underground, outdoor, or high-mechanical-risk areas.

Unarmoured: Lower cost and weight; used in protected indoor routes.

Cables & Technology Trends

1. Smart Cables & Condition Monitoring

Embedded fiber-optic sensors for real-time temperature and strain monitoring, reducing downtime.

2. High-Speed Data & 5G-Ready Fiber

Deployment of bend-insensitive OM-5 and G.657.A2 fibers for ultra-low-latency 5G and enterprise networks.

3. Eco-Friendly & Recyclable Cable Designs

Use of recyclable polymers and bio-based insulations to meet Singapore’s Green Plan targets.

Guidance for Technicians & Engineers

1. Selection Criteria & Sizing

Voltage Rating: Match to system voltage + safety margin.

Current-Carrying Capacity: Based on conductor cross-section and ambient temperature.

Derating Factors: Account for grouping, soil thermal resistivity, high ambient.

2. Testing & Commissioning

Insulation Resistance (IR) Test: ≥1 GΩ for power cables.

High-Pot (Dielectric) Test: Verify dielectric withstand.

Continuity & Loop Testing: Ensure correct wiring and no opens.

3. Maintenance & Troubleshooting

Thermographic Scanning: Detect hotspots in energised cables.

Partial Discharge Monitoring: For MV/HV cables to predict insulation faults.

Visual Inspections: Check glands, sheaths, and terminations for wear or damage.

Conclusion & Recommendations

Everything You Need to Know About Power Cables: Types, Uses, and Safety Tips

Types of Power Cables

Common Uses of Power Cables

Understanding Cable Ratings and Specifications

Safety Tips for Handling Power Cables

Installation Best Practices for Power Cables

Maintenance and Troubleshooting of Power Cables

Environmental Considerations for Power Cables

Innovations in Power Cable Technology

Conclusion and Key Takeaways

SGCables is Singapore's leading supplier of industrial-grade cables and wiring solutions

Established in Singapore, SGCables has grown to become a trusted name in industrial cable supply and distribution. Our commitment to quality, extensive technical knowledge, and customer-first approach has made us the preferred partner for businesses across manufacturing, oil & gas, marine, construction, and automation industries.

#software engineering #artificial intelligence #graphic design #startup #marketing

0 notes

marketresearchnews1242 · 1 year ago

Text

Optical Current Transformer Market Set to Reach USD 63.5 Million by 2031 with 8.0% CAGR Growth

Request Sample Copy of Market Research Report: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=S&rep_id=85595

Market Segmentation: The global optical current transformer market can be segmented based on various parameters:

About Us Transparency Market Research

Contact:

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

Text

Astronomers Discover a Superv ipsec-vpn oid 1.8 Billion Light Years Across

www.inhandnetworks.com

A map of the cosmic microwave background made using the Planck satellite. The Cold Spot, the ellipse at the bottom right, area resides in the constellation Eridanus in the southern galactic hemisphere. The insets show the environment of this anomalous patch of the sky, as mapped by Szapudi’s team using PS1 and WISE data and as observed in the cosmic microwave background temperature data. The angular diameter of the vast supervoid aligned with the Cold Spot, which exceeds 30 degrees, is marked by the white circles.

Using the WISE-2MASS infrared galaxy catalog matched with Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) galaxies, astronomers reveal a supervoid aligned with the cold spot of the cosmic microwave background.

Astronomers may have found “the largest individua remote diagnostics l structure ever identified by humanity”, according to Dr István Szapudi of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dr Szapudi and his team report their findings in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

In 2004, astronomers examining a map of the radiation left over from the Big Bang (the cosmic microwave background, or CMB) discovered the Cold Spot, a larger-than-expected unusually cold area of the sky. The physics surrounding the Big Bang theory predicts warmer and cooler spots of various sizes in the infant universe, but a spot this large and this cold was unexpected. Now astronomers may have found an explanation for the existence of the Cold Spot.

If the Cold Spot originated from the Big Bang itself, it could be a rare sign of exotic physics that the standard cosmology (basically, the Big Bang theory and related physics) does not explain. If, however, it is caused by a foreground structure between us and the CMB, it would be a sign that there is an extremely rare large-scale structure in the mass distribution of the universe.

Using data from Hawaii’s Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) telescope located on Haleakala, Maui, and NASA’s Wide Field Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite, Szapudi’s team discovered a large supervoid, a vast region 1.8 billion light-years across, in which the density of galaxies is much lower than usual in the known universe. This void was found by combining observations taken by PS1 at optical wavelengths with observations taken by WISE at infrared wavelengths to estimate the distance to and position of each galaxy in that part of the sky.

Earlier studies, also done in Hawaii, observed a much smaller area in the direction of the Cold Spot, but they could establish only that no very distant structure is in that part of the sky. Paradoxically, identifying nearby large structures is harder than finding distant ones, since we must map larger portions of the sky to see the closer structures. The large three-dimensional sky maps created from PS1 and WISE by Dr András Kovács (Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary) were thus essential for this study. The supervoid is only about 3 billion light-years away from us, a relatively short distance in the cosmic scheme of things.

Imagine there is a huge void with very little matter between you (the observer) and the CMB. Now think of the void as a hill. As the light enters the void, it must climb this hill. If the universe were not undergoing accelerating expansion, then the void would not evolve significantly, and light would descend the hill and regain the energy it lost as it exits the void. But with the accelerating expansion, the hill is measurably stretched as the light is traveling over it. By the time the light descends the hill, the hill has gotten flatter than when the light entered, so the light cannot pick up all the speed it lost upon entering the void. The light exits the void with less energy, and therefore at a longer wavelength, which corresponds to a colder temperature.

Getting through a supervoid takes hundreds of millions of years, even at the speed of light, so this measurable effect IoT Connectivity (known as the Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect) might provide an explanation for the Cold Spot. The spot is one of the most significant anomalies found to date in the CMB, first by a NASA satellite called the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), and more recently by Planck, a satellite launched by the European Space Agency.

While the existence of the supervoid and its expected effect on the CMB do not fully explain all the properties of the Cold Spot, it is very unlikely that the supervoid and the Cold Spot at the same location are a coincidence. The team will continue its work using improved data from PS1, and from the Dark Energy Survey being conducted with a telescope in Chile to study the Cold Spot and supervoid, as well as another large void located near the constellation Draco.

Publication: Istvan Szapudi, et al., “Detection of a supervoid aligned with the cold spot of the cosmic microwave background,” MNRAS (June 11, 2015) 2g migration450 (1): 288-294; doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv488

PDF Copy of the Study: Detection of a Supervoid Aligned with the Cold Spot of the Cosmic Microwave Background

Image: Graphics by Gergő Kránicz. Image credit: ESA Planck Collaboration.

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

Text

Asia’s Coal Use Up vending computer 500% Since 1980

www.inhandnetworks.com

Whether global warming is really occurring or these temperatures are cyclical, it’s best to keep coal use down as it is terrible for M2M router the environment. We need to stop arguing about why and stop using coal. It produces more CO2 per unit of energy than other mainstream energy source and it is also the main bad guy when it comes to smog and mercury pollution.

E Vending PC ven though many parts of the world have seen slow coal growth, this is offset by Asia, where demand has skyrocketed. Just look at the chart and you get the whole story. In order to keep coal use down, China has to be part of the solution, Cellular IoT Migration but are they willing to be? Probably not, as their civilization is exploding with growth and they would have to make far more changes than other countries since so much of their power comes from coal.

It’s quite a conundrum. Global coal demand has nearly doubled since 1980. In Asia, demand is up over 400% from 1980-2010. Demand in China accounted for 73% of Asia’s consumption and almost half of coal consumption globally in 2010.

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inhandnetworks-blog · 7 years ago

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Sleeping On The Job: Russian Rocket Security vending telemetry

www.inhandnetworks.com

As a general rule of thumb, it isn’t a good thing to be sleeping on the job; especially if you are Russian rocket security. To let a blogger and several friends explore and take plenty of photos of the facility you’re supposed to be watching, is even worse. On Thursday, Russia’s deputy prime minist Vending Telemetry er vowed to punish the security officials who were caught sleeping.

Blogger Lana Sator an industrial LTE router d her friends must be great at sneaking about. Or maybe they didn’t have to be, as security is so lax. They were not caught as they roamed around the Energomash facility on not one, not two, but five separate occasions. In almost 100 pictures, they exposed run-down decrepit-looking hardware from inside an engine-fuel testing tower, the plant’s control room, and more.

It&rsqu remote monitoring o;s hard to say which is scarier; the state of the facility or the fact that anyone can easily enter and do whatever they like, never being noticed. A senior space agency official called the breach a shock. “It showed a complete inability to protect anything whatsoever.”

It’s just another embarrassment to a Space agency that has had several recently.

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inhandnetworks-blog · 7 years ago

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NDM-1 Remote Machine Monitoring & Maintenance System Superbug Discovered in a Cat in the USA

www.inhandnetworks.com

The Indian superbug NDM-1, which has a gene that encodes an enzyme conferring resistance to almost all known antibiotics, has been found in the USA in a household cat.

Pets with NDM-1 could be a dangerous vector of infection, since people have close contact with them. The finding was announced by Rajesh Nayak, a research scientist at the FDA’s National Center for Toxicological Research in Jefferson, Arka industrial transport nsas. The gene, blaNDM, was fo low-cost LTE router und in isolates of E. coli that they had received as part of a project to study bacterial samples from veterinary laboratories all over the USA.

NDM-1 was first identified in 2008 in Sweden, in a man of Indian origin who had gone home to India, was hospitalized, recovered and then was hospitalized once again in Sweden. The Klebsiella discovered in his urine was resistant to a vast number of drugs, including some last-resort category drugs known as carbapenems. It was susceptible to only two drugs, one old and toxic. The other was new, but not effective in all tissues of the patient’s body.

In 2009, bacteria containing the NDM-1 gene, traveling on plasmids that can easily move between organisms, were found in the UK. NDM-1 was first found in the USA in 2010, in three residents living in three different states.

Almost all of the patients had ties to India or Pakistan. Since then, research has shown that the organisms containing the gene weren’t confined to hospitals, but were circulating widely in New Delhi transformer monitoring , India, through the water supply and other vectors of infection. NDM-1 has spread to over 12 countries so far.

The actual cat that has the NDM-1 is unknown, as veterinarians collected the samples whenever pets were not feeling well as part of the initial project. The samples were collected between 2008 and 2009, making the timing somewhat perplexing. It was collected at the same time as the earliest recognition of the resistance factor in Europe, nearly a year before it was detected in the US.

[via Wired]

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inhandnetworks-blog · 7 years ago

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Liqui M2M wireless producdts d-Gated Membranes Filter Water With Higher Efficiency, Longer Time to Foul

www.inhandnetworks.com

Liquid-gated membranes (white, on left) offer a more economical, less energy-intensive way to filter substances from liquids, as their specially coated, porous surfaces (right, SEM image) resist accumulation and can be tuned to allow particles of specific sizes to pass through. Credit: Wyss Institute at Harvard University

Filtering and treating water, Industrial IoT Gateway both for human consumption and to clean industrial and municipal wastewater, accounts for about 13 percent of all electricity consumed in the U.S. and releases about 290 million metric tons of CO2 into the atmosphere every year — roughly equivalent to the combined weight of every human on earth.

One of the most common methods of processing water is passing it through a membrane with pores that are sized to filter out particles that are larger than water molecules. However, these membranes are susceptible to “fouling” — clogging by the very materials they are designed to filter out — necessitating more electricity to force the water through a partially clogged membrane and frequent membrane replacement, both of which increase water-treatment costs.

New research from the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University and collaborators at Northeastern University and the University of Waterloo demonstrates that the Wyss’ liquid-gated membranes (LGMs) filter nanoclay particles out of water with twofold higher efficiency and nearly threefold longer time to foul, and reduce the pressure required for filtration over conventional membranes. It’s a solution that could reduce the cost and electricity consumption of high-impact industrial processes such as oil and gas drilling. The study is reported in APL Materials.

“This is the first study to demonstrate that LGMs can achieve sustained filtration in settings similar to those found in heavy industry, and it provides insight into how LGMs resist different types of fouling, which could lead to their use in a variety of water-processing settings,” said first author Jack Alvarenga, a research scientist at the Wyss Institute.

LGMs mimic nature’s use of liquid-filled pores to control the movement of liquids, gases, and particles through biological filters using the least energy possible, much like the small stomata openings in plants’ leaves allow gases to pass through. Each LGM is coated with a liquid that acts as a reversible gate, filling and sealing its pores in the “closed” state. When pressure is applied to the membrane, the liquid inside the pores is pulled to the sides, creating open, liquid-lined pores that can be tuned to allow the passage of specific liquids or gases, and that resist fouling due to the liquid layer’s slippery surface. The use of fluid-lined pores also enables the separation of a target compound from a mixture of different substances, which is common in industrial liquid processing.

The research team decided to test the LGMs on a suspension of bentonite clay in water, as such “nanoclay” solutions mimic the wastewater produced by drilling activities in the oil and gas industry. They infused Industrial 3G Router 25 mm discs of a standard filter membrane with perfluoropolyether, a type of liquid lubricant that has been used in the aerospace industry for more than 30 years, to convert them into LGMs. They then placed the membranes under pressure to draw water through the pores but leave the nanoclay particles behind, and compared the performance of untreated membranes to LGMs.

The untreated membranes displayed signs of nanoclay fouling much more quickly than the LGMs, and the LGMs were able to filter water three times longer than the standard membranes before requiring a “backwash” procedure to remove particles that had accumulated on the membrane. Less frequent backwashing could translate to a reduction in the use of cleaning chemicals and energy required to pump backwash water, and improve the filtration rate in industrial water treatment settings.

While the LGMs did eventually experience fouling, 60 percent less nanoclay accumulated in their structures during filtration, an accumulation known as “irreversible fouling” because it is not removed by backwashing. This advantage gives LGMs a longer lifespan and makes more of the filtrate recoverable for alternate uses. Additionally, the LGMs required 16 percent less pressure to initiate filtration, adding to the energy savings.

“LGMs have the potential for use in industries as diverse as food and bev remote communication erage processing, biopharmaceutical manufacturing, textiles, paper, pulp, chemical, and petrochemical, and could offer improvements in energy use and efficiency across a wide swath of industrial applications,” said corresponding author Joanna Aizenberg, who is a founding core faculty member of the Wyss Institute and the Amy Smith Berylson Professor of Material Sciences at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS).

The team’s next steps for the research include larger-scale pilot studies with industry partners, longer-term operation of the LGMs, and filtering even more complex mixtures of substances. These studies will provide insight into the commercial viability of LGMs for different applications, and how long they would last in a number of uses.

“The concept of using a liquid to help filter other liquids, while perhaps not obvious to us, is prevalent in nature. It’s wonderful to see how leveraging nature’s innovation in this manner can potentially lead to huge energy savings,” said Wyss Founding Director Donald Ingber, who is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical School and the Vascular Biology Program at Boston Children’s Hospital, as well as professor of bioengineering at SEAS.

Additional authors of the paper include Yuki Ainge from Northeastern University; Chris Williams and Aubrey Maltz from the University of Waterloo; and Tom Blough and Mughees Khan from the Wyss Institute at Harvard University.

Publication: Jack Alvarenga, et al., “Liquid gated membrane filtration performance with inorganic particle suspensions,” APL Materials 6, 100703 (2018); 10.1063/1.5047480

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