#Online Assignment Help Nsw

[modastoreaustralia]

5 Easy Habits to Power Through Coursework and Boost Your Energy (Plus Why Modafinil Is Trending in Australia)

In today’s fast-paced academic environment, students across Australia are constantly looking for ways to stay energized, beat mental fatigue, and perform at their best. Between assignments, exams, and daily responsibilities, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed and burned out. That’s why developing the right productivity habits is more important than ever.

This in-depth guide explores five simple yet powerful habits that can help students power through demanding coursework without sacrificing mental health. From eating a clean, brain-friendly diet to building a personalized focus ritual, we cover science-backed strategies that improve memory, attention, and motivation.

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We also emphasize the importance of balance: breaking down large assignments into micro tasks to prevent burnout, and prioritizing high-quality sleep even if you're using smart supplements.

Whether you're new to productivity strategies or considering Modafinil to stay ahead academically, this comprehensive blog is your go-to resource. Learn how real students are combining healthy lifestyle habits with cognitive enhancers to create a sustainable and high-performance study routine.

💊 Includes practical tips, safety guidance, and a complete section on buying Modafinil online in Australia from trusted sources. Website: www.modastoreaustralia.com Business Phone: 61 483 958 510 428 George Street Sydney NSW 2000

[cookeryassignments]

Get Expert Cookery Assignment Help in Australia — Trusted by Thousands

You’re Partner for Cookery and Hospitality Assignments

CookeryAssignments.com is your one-stop solution for cookery assignment help in Australia. If you are enrolled in a cookery, kitchen management, or hospitality course and are struggling to meet deadlines, we are here to help. Our expert academic support is tailored specifically for students pursuing vocational education in Australia, offering high-quality, plagiarism-free solutions that meet the latest course requirements.

Comprehensive Help Across Cookery & Hospitality Courses

We specialize in assisting students with assignments from major Australian qualifications such as Certificate III in Commercial Cookery (SIT30821), Certificate IV in Commercial Cookery (SIT40516), and Certificate IV in Kitchen Management (SIT40521). Additionally, we provide expert help with advanced courses including the Diploma of Hospitality Management (SIT50422) and Advanced Diploma of Hospitality Management (SIT60322). Our services also extend to related courses like the Diploma of Building and Construction (CPC50220), especially where hospitality infrastructure is concerned. No matter which course you’re pursuing, our professional writers understand the units, learning outcomes, and assessment standards used across Australian institutions, ensuring your assignments are accurate, structured, and scoring high.

What Makes Our Assignment Help the Best?

At CookeryAssignments.com, we go beyond just writing your assignments — we deliver quality, reliability, and results. Our content is 100% plagiarism-free and prepared by subject matter experts who are well-versed with industry practices and academic expectations. We ensure every assignment is delivered on time, formatted correctly, and revised as per your feedback with unlimited revisions available at no extra cost. We also offer our services at student-friendly rates, making us one of the most affordable and best assignment help providers in Australia.

Services We Offer

We provide comprehensive assistance for a wide range of tasks including written assignments, practical assessment reports, menu planning, workplace projects, case studies, business plans, and kitchen workflow documentation. Whether you are required to create a recipe costing sheet, demonstrate sustainable work practices, or prepare for an RPL (Recognition of Prior Learning) submission, our team is here to guide you every step of the way. Our online assignment help is ideal for international students, part-time learners, and anyone balancing work with studies.

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Our services are trusted by students from leading institutions such as TAFE NSW, William Angliss Institute, Box Hill Institute, and other recognized training organizations across Australia. With years of experience and hundreds of satisfied clients, CookeryAssignments.com is known for providing best cookery assignment help that meets both academic and industry standards.

[thelearningloop]

From Phonics to Fractions: What Parents Should Know About Primary School Tutoring Newcastle

Every parent wants to see their child thrive—not just academically, but in confidence and independence too. During the early school years, kids are building foundational skills that influence their long-term success. Yet not every child learns at the same pace, and that’s perfectly normal. Whether your child is struggling to grasp phonics or just needs a little extra support in maths, quality tutoring can make a meaningful difference.

For families seeking flexible and consistent learning support, primary school tutoring Newcastle services may offer the structured guidance that busy classrooms don’t always have the capacity to provide.

Why Primary School Years Set the Tone for Learning

The early years of schooling—Kindergarten through to Year 6—are the building blocks of your child’s academic future. It’s where they learn to read fluently, write with purpose, and master the basics of maths that later evolve into more complex concepts. This stage isn’t just about absorbing facts. It’s about developing critical thinking, self-management, and a love for learning.

In the rush to keep up with curriculum timelines, even attentive students can fall behind or miss important steps. Tutoring during this phase helps ensure they stay engaged and empowered, even if school starts to feel overwhelming.

To dive into how other parents support their kids' learning journeys, explore parenting discussions on Tumblr’s education tag.

Common Signs Your Child Might Benefit from Tutoring

Not every child who needs support will openly express it. Often, the signs are subtle at first—homework takes longer than usual, they become reluctant to read aloud, or they start saying things like “I’m not good at maths.” These early flags shouldn’t be ignored.

Some other indicators include:

Avoiding school-related conversations

Growing anxiety around tests or assignments

Difficulty concentrating during at-home study

Regression in reading comprehension or writing clarity

Sometimes, it’s not about being “behind” at all. Some students benefit from tutoring simply to reinforce new skills, particularly if they’re learning in a noisy or crowded classroom.

How Primary School Tutoring Works

Primary school tutoring is designed to complement classroom learning—not replace it. It focuses on individual learning styles, identifying gaps, and creating a pace that suits the student. Depending on your needs and preferences, sessions may take place at home, online, or in a structured centre.

Tutors begin by assessing your child’s current level—academically and emotionally. They then create a plan that may involve:

Strengthening core subjects (e.g., literacy and numeracy)

Preparing for NAPLAN or other school assessments

Building skills in time management or goal setting

Reinforcing concepts learned during school that need revision

Most importantly, tutoring helps build a child’s confidence. Instead of feeling like they’re always catching up, students gain a sense of progress, achievement, and clarity.

What to Look For in a Tutoring Program

As with any educational support, not all tutoring options are equal. Here are a few things to consider when evaluating providers:

Curriculum alignment: Is the tutoring based on the NSW syllabus?

Qualified educators: Are tutors experienced in working with young learners?

Progress tracking: Is your child’s development regularly monitored and adjusted?

Flexible delivery: Do you have options between in-home, centre-based, or online formats?

Parent communication: Are you kept in the loop with updates and suggestions?

Providers like primary school tutoring Newcastle offer structured programs backed by experienced educators who understand the local school requirements and challenges.

Real Results: What Does Progress Look Like?

Tutoring doesn’t create overnight miracles—but it can shift your child’s mindset from “I can’t do this” to “I’m getting the hang of this.” Improvement can take many forms, including:

Better performance in class tests

Willingness to attempt more challenging tasks

Positive feedback from teachers

A noticeable change in attitude towards school and learning

One Year 3 student, for example, started with weekly tutoring focused on literacy after falling behind due to remote learning interruptions. Within a term, she was participating in group reading sessions confidently and finishing assignments on time. These everyday wins build momentum that lasts.

Supporting Learning at Home

Tutoring works best when paired with small, consistent habits at home. Here’s how you can create a learning-friendly environment:

Set aside 20–30 minutes daily for reading together.

Use everyday activities (like cooking or shopping) to reinforce maths and problem-solving.

Encourage your child to ask questions, even if you don’t have all the answers.

Create a quiet, well-lit space for homework and study.

Also, resist the temptation to focus only on performance. Praising effort, curiosity, and progress can be far more impactful than emphasising scores.

Conclusion: Give Your Child the Support They Deserve

Every child learns differently—and at their own pace. The role of tutoring isn’t to push them harder but to give them the space, time, and tools to grow. If your child is struggling with confidence in the classroom or could use help solidifying the basics, primary school tutoring Newcastle may offer the right mix of guidance and encouragement to help them thrive.

[literaturereviewhelp]

World, virtual communities are known to begin their life cycles as visitors or lurkers who by and by break existing communication barriers to become participating novices. Community visitors basically do not actively contribute for reasons among which include: seeking to learn about the community first, inability to use existing computer software, and dislike of observed group dynamics. Some simply relax as they receive all the information they need without having to actively participate while others may also nature the thought that by not contributing, they are being helpful to the group. After the novice participates for a sustained period he/she becomes a regular member then later graduates to become a leader. Later, leaders become elders and may leave the community due to new outlooks, new positions or new relationships. Interaction of members of the virtual community is primarily accomplished via communication media which include email, telephone, newsletters, and instant messages as well as online social networks and not face to face for professional, educational, social, and other purposes. Virtual communication also supplements the more traditional forms of communication between persons who primarily know one another in real life. The proliferation of social internet-based networks has undoubtedly changed the socio-technical environment in diverse ways. Virtual communities can share ideas, jokes, play games, share professional information, advertise products and even seal business deals. Professionals such as journalists, environmentalists, human rights activists, medical practitioners, scientists and researchers in all fields have for example found online communication convenient and indispensable for the successful performance of their activities. Rheingold notes that because sometimes in cyberspace people are not visible to one another, factors such as age, gender, and physical appearance do not really affect or come to play in the form or manner   OR The project named Country Capital Works Program (CCWP) was reportedly a three-year police communications project located in the New South Wales (NSW) in Australia. The use of virtual team was deemed necessary in view of the distance by which coordination and implementation of the ongoing radio communications system need to be undertaken. A colocated project team was reported to be located in Sydney which was tasked to monitor and govern effective liaison with the different members of the project. As disclosed, the whole project cost AUD $20.5 million. Likewise, the total members in the CCWP were noted to be 45, where all team members were revealed to be full-time employees of the New South Wales Police (NSWP). There was a project manager assigned to oversee and performance of the virtual team and was said to be instrumental to its success. The performance and operation of each team was gauged in terms of managing the following areas: time (or conformity to schedules), cost, quality, human resources, communication, risk, and procurement through specifically identified goals and the ability, competency and efficiency within which challenges and problems were addressed, as well as objectives were successfully attained. Analysis of the Functions undertaken in each Functional Area of Project Management 1. Time Management: Time management concerns started with prescribed schedules and setting of milestones which were explicitly noted to be difficult within the virtual team environment. As revealed, “this was complicated by the large number of subprojects (more than 230) and certain engineering constraints, which required some subprojects to be completed within certain critical time periods” (Kuruppuarachchi, 2009, p. 28). Resolution of problems included monitoring of conformity to milestones set, and facilitating completion to prescribed schedules with the assistance of local government agencies. 2. Cost Management: Like time management, cost management relied on pre-defined budget allocations to ensure the project team operates within the prescribed monetary resources.   Read the full article

[preunicollegedigital]

Are you feeling overwhelmed by the upcoming NAPLAN test? With so many online resources and practice exams available, it can be difficult to know where to start. The NAPLAN exam can seem intimidating, but with the right guidance, you can approach it with confidence. This is where teachers come in — they play a crucial role in helping students prepare for NAPLAN, providing both academic support and emotional encouragement throughout the process.

What is NAPLAN?

Before diving into the ways teachers can assist in your preparation, it’s important to understand what NAPLAN stands for. NAPLAN is the National Assessment Program — Literacy and Numeracy, which tests Australian students in years 3, 5, 7, and 9 on their skills in literacy (reading, writing, spelling, grammar, and punctuation) and numeracy (mathematics). The test helps assess students�� progress and identify areas where further support may be needed.

5 Ways Teachers Can Help Shape Your NAPLAN Preparation

Teachers play a vital role in NAPLAN preparation by offering guidance, strategies, and emotional support. Here’s how they can help you succeed:

1. Aligning with the Curriculum

Teachers ensure that your NAPLAN preparation is aligned with the curriculum. In New South Wales, for example, teachers follow the NSW curriculum, which covers the necessary literacy and numeracy skills. By ensuring that students are well-versed in all relevant areas of the curriculum, teachers make sure that the content tested in NAPLAN is thoroughly covered in class. This ensures you’re equipped with the skills to perform well in the test.

2. Continuous Assessment of Student Progress

Effective preparation for NAPLAN starts with regular assessments. Teachers often use quizzes, assignments, and class activities to track your progress and assess your strengths and weaknesses. These assessments give teachers a clear picture of where you may need improvement. Based on this feedback, they can provide you with constructive advice and tailor their teaching to address areas that need further attention, helping you get more comfortable with the test format and expectations.

3. Targeted Skill Development

Once your teacher identifies your strengths and areas for improvement, they can set personalized goals and create a targeted learning plan for you. For example, if you struggle with reading comprehension, your teacher might assign you a variety of texts — such as informational articles, poetry, and persuasive essays — to practice and improve your skills. Similarly, if numeracy is a weak point, your teacher may provide you with targeted assignments in areas such as basic arithmetic, algebra, or word problems. This targeted approach ensures that you’re improving in the areas that matter most for NAPLAN success.

4. Test Preparation and Strategy

Teachers not only teach the content needed for NAPLAN but also help you develop test-taking strategies. One important strategy is time management — teachers allocate time for different sections of the test to ensure that you can complete each section within the time limits. They also teach techniques like skimming and scanning for the reading comprehension section, helping you quickly identify key ideas and find answers more efficiently. These test strategies ensure that you’re not just knowledgeable, but also prepared to perform under exam conditions.

For additional help, institutes like Pre Uni College Digital provide specialized NAPLAN coaching. They’ve assisted thousands of students in improving their reading, writing, and numeracy skills, offering personalized test strategies and practice to help students feel confident and ready on test day.

5. Emotional and Mental Support

NAPLAN preparation isn’t just about academics — it’s also about helping students manage the stress and anxiety that can come with high-stakes testing. Teachers play an essential role in helping students stay calm and focused by reassuring them that NAPLAN is just one tool for assessing progress and not a measure of their overall abilities. By fostering a positive mindset, teachers help students approach the test with less pressure and more confidence, reducing stress and promoting emotional well-being. Understanding that the test is simply an opportunity to identify areas for growth allows students to approach NAPLAN more positively.

NAPLAN Practice Tests and Past Papers

One of the best ways to prepare for NAPLAN is by practicing with online NAPLAN practice tests and past papers. These resources allow you to get familiar with the format of the test and the types of questions that will be asked. By taking practice exams, you can improve your timing, build confidence, and identify any remaining areas that need work. Pre Uni College Digital offers access to a range of sample tests and past papers, giving students the opportunity to practice in a simulated environment before the actual test.

Conclusion: Teachers Are Key to NAPLAN Success

Teachers are indispensable when it comes to preparing for the NAPLAN test. They guide students through every stage of the preparation process — from ensuring that the curriculum is covered, to providing individualized feedback and skill development, to helping students develop test strategies and maintain emotional well-being. By aligning instruction with NAPLAN requirements, teachers make sure students are academically prepared and emotionally supported.

When additional help is needed, resources like Pre Uni College Digital offer personalized tutoring and test preparation programs, both online and in-person, to give students the edge they need to succeed. With the right support, practice, and strategies, you’ll be ready to approach NAPLAN with confidence and do your best.

If you need tailored support, one-on-one tutoring, or group classes, Pre Uni College Digital is here to guide you through every step of your NAPLAN preparation journey.

[assignmenthelpau1]

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[onlinetutorhelps]

Assignment Help NSW

The team at Assignment Help NSW consists of experienced and qualified writers who are experts in their respective fields. They are well-versed in academic writing and have a deep understanding of the Australian education system. The company also has a strict plagiarism policy, ensuring that all assignments are 100% original. Assignment Help NSW also offers 24/7 customer support to assist students with any queries or concerns they may have.

[mayerjohn268]

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[assessmenthelps]

Assessment Help NSW

Assessment Help NSW is your trusted partner in academic success. Our dedicated team of experts is committed to assisting students across New South Wales in achieving their educational goals. With a focus on excellence, we offer a wide range of services designed to support students at all levels of education. Whether you need help with assignments, essays, research papers, or exam preparation, our skilled professionals are here to guide you.

[cookeryassignments]

Best Cookery Assignment Help in Australia — Ace Your Culinary Studies Today

Are you a hospitality or culinary arts student struggling with complex recipes, food safety standards, or commercial kitchen documentation? Don’t worry — we’re here to serve you the best cookery assignment help in Australia! Whether you’re studying in Sydney, Northern Territory, or anywhere else in the country, our expert assistance can help you excel in your culinary career.

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Cookery assignments are more than just theoretical tasks — they test your practical understanding of kitchen operations, food preparation techniques, safety compliance, and even hospitality service. These assignments often include:

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Scoring well in these assignments can significantly impact your final grades and future job opportunities in the culinary industry.

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We offer cookery assignment help in Australia tailored for students pursuing Certificate III, Certificate IV, or Diploma in Commercial Cookery. Our experts understand the structure, marking criteria, and expectations of TAFE and other registered training organizations (RTOs) across the country.

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[lastsonlost]

Monica Young always dreamed of being a teacher despite grim school years

She claims she was bullied, sexually assaulted and ostracised as a teenager

And yet, she went on to sexually assault a 14-year-old three months into teaching

She claims boyfriend at the time was abusive and his family didn't accept her

But he says the allegations are false - and even vows to still 'be there for her'

Monica Young always dreamed of becoming a teacher despite years of classroom bullying, sexual abuse in the playground and struggling with her grades.

And yet, within three months of landing her dream role at an all-boys school in Sydney's southwest, she started to groom and sexually abuse a 'vulnerable' 14-year-old boy.

The 24-year-old was sentenced in the New South Wales District Court on Wednesday after pleading guilty to three counts of aggravated sexual intercourse with a minor.

Throughout the proceedings, the court heard details of her lonely six years of high school, beginning in grade seven when she was sexually assaulted by a peer.

There was little sympathy for the convicted child abuser as she was led to her cell on Wednesday to begin her four year and nine month sentence, but Judge Kate Traill told the court she was given an insight into the root cause of the offending.

Young struck up a relationship with the boy at the school where she was employed as his teacher, groomed him online and eventually encouraged him to have sex with her - on and off campus - on several occasions.

He was too young to give consent and has since told the court the offending ruined his life.

The boy was forced to drop out of school after his peers found out, and his relationship with his brother, parents and extended family has been strained by the proceedings.

The court heard that Young admitted to knowing the feeling. When she was aged 12 and in grade seven, a boy of a similar age sexually assaulted her by pulling her by the ponytail to his crotch area, and holding her face there.

She reported the assault and the boy was subsequently expelled from school.

But her peers, she claims, bullied her incessantly for 'being a snitch' after the assault and the court heard Young struggled to make any friends at school in the years to follow.

One of her only friends came when she was in year 12 and studying for her HSC with dreams of becoming a school teacher.

The friend was a boy two grades younger than her who repeated year 10 because he struggled academically. He sought her out and what begun as a tutoring dynamic developed into a close friendship.

Eventually the duo became involved romantically, but his traditional Lebanese, Muslim family never approved.

Young agreed to a bureaucratic conversion to Islam in an attempt to gain their trust and with that came concessions for the relationship. She was able to begin sleeping in the same room as her partner and travelling away on holidays together.

They later got engaged and Young was again on the outer with his family, the court heard.

A traditional Islamic ceremony took place, but the court heard the union is not recognised in Australian law.

Young's lawyer claims the relationship soured when her partner began cheating on her, took control of her finances, isolated her from friends and family and 'became abusive'.

He denies the allegations, telling Daily Mail Australia he has 'the utmost respect for women' and only ever treated Young the same way he would want his mother or sister to be treated in a relationship.

Despite the serious claims levelled against him, Young's ex maintains he will continue to offer her support even while behind bars - and despite the fact that she is now single.

But he won't be paying her a visit any time soon, acknowledging inmates get little time to accept visitors and that her immediate family deserve priority access to her.

The court previously heard that Young was not particularly bright, exemplified by her Higher School Certificate ATAR score of just 44.

That mark is just 14 points shy of a 'mystery mark' - a black dot which is generally issued on the testamurs of students who score 30 or below.

Most teaching degrees in Australia have a minimum ATAR acceptance ranking of about 65, but schools have been known to accept lower scores in recent years.

Young's lawyer, Margaret Cunneen SC, previously told the court she would not be considered a 'mature person' for somebody her age and struggled to develop both academically and socially.

Read the raunchy texts Young sent her victim begging for sordid hook-ups before having sex with the boy in the school's stairwell - and even a classroom while the rest of the year nine class watched DISNEY

Young initiated contact with the boy on Snapchat, sending him a message which asked him to 'send pics' in exchange for provocative photos of herself, the NSW District Court's agreed set of facts reveal.

She would also FaceTime the year nine student as she performed sex acts on herself.

Young struck up a relationship with a boy who she taught six times a fortnight in geography, PDHPE and science when they began communicating closely because of the Covid lockdown which shut the school.

On one occasion, she messaged him asking him to hug her at school the next day, and when he didn't, she sent a follow up accusing him of 'not having the balls'.

The dare became a frequent tactic Young used to convince the boy to lure the boy into sexual liaisons.

On another occasion, she sent a message which read: 'It's dangerous if we get caught, but if you do it it'll be worth it'.

The duo exchanged messages about the sex acts they wanted to perform on each other, with Young initiated the 'sexting' on several occasions.

The most brazen of her offending occurred inside the school's classrooms, once where she messaged her victim to meet him in an English room to perform a sex act on him, and a second time where she groped the boy at the back of the classroom while the rest of the year nine class watched Disney movie, WALL-E.

During the movie, a friend of the boy even sat on the other side of him as the sex act took place.

The victim was also encouraged to lie about his whereabouts, telling his mother on one occasion he stayed back late at school to get help on an assignment, and even skipped afternoon classes to spend time with Young.

On the last day of school, the duo met on the staircase at 3.20pm to kiss goodbye, and Young performed oral sex on the 14-year-old.

She then returned to the staff room, the statement of facts read.

When she finally landed her first job at an all boys high school in Sydney's southwest, she was a new graduate specialising in PDHPE, a coveted role among teachers.

Instead, she was assigned 23 geography classes, with a smattering of science and PDHPE classes.

When she took to the stand during her sentencing hearing two weeks ago, she admitted to being overwhelmed by the workload.

Young didn't want to admit she was struggling and ask for help, so she did her best to stay one page ahead of her students by studying the textbooks and teachers' notes each night before class.

Within three weeks, the Covid pandemic closed the schools and Young, along with all of her students, was forced online.

It was during this time that the line between student and teacher was 'criminally blurred', and after years of struggling to bond with people her own age, Young claims she befriended her victim.

But there was no 'friendship'. The boy admitted in a victim impact statement supplied to the court that he never expected Young could hurt him and that he learned to trust her.

To him, she was the 'cool' teacher.

She sought him out on Snapchat and the relationship progressed from there. At one point, there was a group chat between Young, the victim and his friend, the court heard.

They had sex on multiple occasions between June 24 and July 6 2020, including at least twice on the school's grounds and once in her car at a local park.

On one occasion, she messaged him asking him to hug her at school the next day, and when he didn't, she sent a follow up accusing him of 'not having the balls'.

The dare became a frequent tactic Young used to convince the boy to lure the boy into sexual liaisons.

Teenage sexual abuse victim reveals how his life was 'ruined'

In a victim impact statement read to the court, the boy described how his relationship with his brother, parents, only friend and cousin deteriorated when they found out about his relationship with Young.

The boy said he 'feels like a failure who let his entire family down' and has only recently realised the extent of the abuse.

'He says the offender has ruined his dreams… ruined his school and his relationship with his family and friends and trust in others and ruined his life,' Judge Traill said.

The court heard the boy constantly hears his parents bicker and blame each other for not noticing the abuse sooner.

His brother 'hates him for embarrassing him in front of his friends at school' and the victim says he can no longer go on family holidays due to a strained relationship with extended family.

The victim never returned to the school he once loved because all of his peers were aware of the court case, and he is now enrolled at TAFE, despite once having aspirations of becoming a physiotherapist.

'He struggles to smile about anything anymore,' the court heard.

On another occasion, she sent a message which read: 'It's dangerous if we get caught, but if you do it it'll be worth it'.

The duo exchanged messages about the sex acts they wanted to perform on each other, with Young initiated the 'sexting' on several occasions.

The most brazen of her offending occurred inside the school's classrooms, once where she messaged her victim to meet him in an English room to perform a sex act on him, and a second time where she groped the boy at the back of the classroom while the rest of the year nine class watched Disney movie, WALL-E.

During the movie, a friend of the boy even sat on the other side of him as the sex act took place.

On the last day of school, the duo met on the staircase at 3.20pm to kiss goodbye, and Young performed oral sex on the 14-year-old.

At the beginning of her sentencing hearing, she tearfully told the court: 'I just never imagined I'd be one of those people… I've never been in trouble with the law. I hope he and his family can forgive me.

'I was foolish.'

She wrote an apologetic letter to the victim and his family in which she said she regrets letting the relationship progress and understands that both her victim and his family will carry the trauma of the offence 'for the rest of their lives'.

'I knew it was wrong, I knew my actions were inappropriate but I couldn't let myself believe it,' she said. 'He trusted me and I abused that trust.'

On Wednesday, the court agreed.

Judge Kate Traill described her offending as a 'violation of trust' before delivering her sentence. Young will be eligible for parole on October 31st, 2023.

'[You] exploited his vulnerability and manipulated him,' Judge Traill said.

Young was ultimately sentenced to four years and nine months' custody, but with time served she will be eligible for parole in a little more than two years.

She will never be employed as a teacher again, and Judge Traill acknowledged she would need to be reintegrated into the community and her life post-sentence.

'But for these very serious offences she is a very impressive young lady… she was in a very bad relationship and made very bad decisions,' Judge Traill said.

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Week 7 Case Study - Pre-readings

This week’s case study concerns privacy - specifically should the government be allowed to collect data for individuals to be used in the interest of public safety?

I’ve compiled some notes on the sources we were given:

2019 - Facial Recognition to Replace Opal Cards

Facial recognition could be used to replace opal cards

Digital rights groups say it would pose a risk to privacy

Transport minister said facial recognition would provide convenience for commuters -> envisioned something similar to Amazon's "Just Walk Out" technology. "All about making the journey easier and faster for people"

Opposition have major concerns about technology being rolled out -> data collected would be of large commercial value to owner. "NSW taxpayer shouldn't be used by their government to make money, and government shouldn't be trusted with this technology

Tim Norton - "worrying to see such flippancy from the gov about potential rollout of technology like this across public services like transport -> these decisions shouldn't be taken lightly, and require extensive public consultation to ensure citizen's rights aren't impacted"

People must have trust that governments are taking appropriate action to protect the privacy that people expect when in public

Justin Warren, board member of Electronic Frontiers Australia - how would an opt-out system be used if everyone is scanned. "needs to be public debate about plans to roll out this technology, need to stop taking the framing from government that this is something that needs to happen -> ask why?"

2019 - Australian Views on Surveillance

“Australians tend to accept government surveillance, particularly if they think it necessary or trust the government"

If surveillance continues to increase -> general public opinion might reach a turning point and start adopting measures to 'hide' themselves

Government surveillance justified as necessary to protect us from criminal or terrorist attacks

Intelligence agencies, federal and state police can request access to telephone and internet records. This can reveal info about location, recent contacts

Proposed legislation would allow the government to share photos and other identifying info between government agencies, and private organisations for law enforcement, road safety, national security purposes

Recently passed "Telecommunications and Other Legislation Amendment (Assistance and Access) Act 2018 - allows gov agencies greater access to encrypted messages like from WhatsApp

Study with 100 Aus residents about their views on gov surveillance

52% said they accept gov surveillance

Average response was 3.1 (acceptance for surveillance)

Two main factors that influenced acceptance:

Is surveillance needed

Most influential factor

Practical implications as lawmakers capitalise on people's responses to events to justify new legislation

For example - "The need for the powers in this bill has become more urgent in the light of the recent fatal terrorist attack in Melbourne and the subsequent disruption of alleged planning for a mass casualty attack by three individuals last month – also, sadly, in Melbourne. Individuals in both of these cases are known to have used encrypted communications."

Do I trust the gov?

Overall trust in the gov also determined their acceptance -> trust in the Aus gov is generally quite low

Might be more influenced by general view of gov rather than their views of specific policies and practices

Large amount of people opting out of the My Health Record

No link between people's level of trust in the way the gov manages data and their acceptance of surveillance

AI can analyse CCTV footage without human input -> when face recognition is used to identify suspects, there is the risk of matching people with similar, close matching profiles. Results in a high error rate, posing risks for innocent people.

Threat of repurposing - when info is collected for one purpose and used for another

Concerns that insurance companies could access and use info from the My Health Record

2018 - Facial Recognition Used by Aus Authorities

NSW police and crime agencies preparing to use new facial recognition system to match pictures of people on CCTV with their driver's license photo to detect criminals and identity theft

Federal and state gov has access to data and photos from passports, driver licences, visas for facial recognition system

People do not have the option to opt out of their details being included from the facial recognition system

NSW gov has allocated $52.6 million over 4 years to support this tool

Two parts:

Face Verification service: 1-1 image-based match of a person's photo against a government record such as a passport - already operational

Face Identification Service - one-to-many, image match of an unknown person such as a criminal against multiple government records to help establish their identity. Access to the FIS will be limited and expected to come online this year

 Monash Uni Professor said the system breaches privacy rights by allowing collection, storage and sharing of personal details from innocent people

Gov spokesperson said laws allow these services to be used for "identity and community protection activities"

Research indicates that ethnic minorities and women are misidentified at higher rates than the rest of the population

Significant concerns about the reliability or otherwise of its algorithms and biases that can be inherent

 "There are no proper definitions of how the data will be used under the current bill"

 Law enforcement authorities habitually push for greater access to private data and info to help them do their job

Government has to balance safety and welfare of citizens, and the limitation on people's civil liberties, and the threat to life in the case of terrorist attack

2017 - Benefits of Surveillance

Issue of mass surveillance

Amount of data collected - bulk collection only way to handle volumes of data

What data is collected - some places don't have clear distinctions of what data is to be collected

How data is collected

Key points of intelligence officials' statements on the effectiveness of surveillance technology are that:

Difficult if not impossible to evaluate the effectiveness of surveillance programs

Because data is aggregated with other data to form a larger picture, it becomes hard to evaluate the effectiveness of surveillance tech

Purpose of intelligence is to inform policy makers and to improve their decision making, but it is hard to measure this impact

Seven measures of effectiveness drawn:

Thwarted attacks 

Lives saved

Criminal organisations destroyed

Output

Context

Support

Informed policy-making

However: counting successful cases seems to have merit with officials as a measure of effectiveness of surveillance technology employed for tactical intelligence purposes, but not for strategic intelligence

2015 Australian Metadata Retention Laws

Following information need to be retained be telcom service providers:

Incoming and outgoing telephone caller ID 

Date, time and duration of a phone call

Location of the device from where phone call was made

Unique ID assigned to a particular mobile phone of the phones involved in each particular phone call

Email address from which an email is sent

Time, date, recipients of emails

Size of any attachment set with emails and their file formats

Account details held by the ISP such as whether the account is active or suspended

"The content or substance of a communication is not considered to be metadata and will not be stored"

ASIO, police, Crime Commission, ATO, ICAC are able to view stored metadata without a warrant except for journalists (need to seek a warrant)

Act was supported by law enforcement and security agencies including federal police and ASIO - argued telcom data is critical to criminal investigations, need to be made accessible through legislation

Act questioned for its effectiveness as a tool to combat crime, increasing encroachment of privacy in Aus, consequences for journalism and journalistic practice

2013 - Opinion: Why We Need Government Surveillance

Edward Snowden - leaked classified intelligence

Willing to give up on his job, family, home, relationships to stop the U.S government from destroying privacy, internet freedom and basic liberties with their surveillance

New revelations about gov surveillance programs -> why are same policies being used across presidents?

Government overreach

21st century war is different - requires new ways of gathering info

Move towards 'home-grown' terror will require collection of U.S citizen's conversations with potential overseas people of interest

Constant armed struggle against terrorist threats has adjusted beliefs on what citizen's expect government to do in order to protect society

Need for enhanced intelligence activities is necessary, but abuse can occur easily

After compiling these notes I’ve also drafted some points to answer the discussion from both perspectives, which summarise the main points raised in the articles above.

Government agencies should collect and have access to your data for good purposes:

Necessary to sacrifice privacy for the greater good - if you're not a criminal then in an ideal system you shouldn't have to worry about being falsely accused

Protect against terrorist/criminal attacks - lives saved

Identify suspects/unknowns in the database before they are able to execute an attack -> prevention, attacks thwarted

Can be used in biometric technology like facial recognition which has applications for public transport -> replace physical cards, and provides convenience for commuters

Data can be used to help inform policy makers, and better increase the quality of their decision making

Shift towards 'cyber warfare' context has caused a shift in people's expectations for what role the government should play in protecting the welfare of all citizens ->collected intelligence might be necessary to thwart terrorist attacks

Government agencies should not collect and have access to your personal data:

For use in public transport, etc:

Does the benefit of convenience really outweigh the cost of lack of privacy, and risk of having data being stolen from the government?

For use in the interest of public safety:

Are terrorist attacks so rampant that they warrant action of this scale?

Can we put complete faith into this technology to make life-implicating decisions for individuals?

Studies have shown that minority groups and women are more likely to be mismatched -> higher rates of error

Can policy catch up to the technology -> currently there are no definitions in bills/acts which distinctly determine what data is allowed to be stored and collected -> grey area

Significant concerns about the reliability or otherwise of its algorithms and biases that can be inherent

Risk of matching people with similar, close matching profiles. Results in a high error rate, posing risks for innocent people.

Threat of repurposing - when info is collected for one purpose and used for another

How is data collected and stored? Is it ethical? Are there any risks of data being leaked or the risk of an insider attack?

Overall increase in surveillance activities -> might lead public opinion to distrust the government, and ask why is it necessary to be monitored so heavily -> where are our human liberties to privacy?

Public opinion of NSW already as the "nanny state" -> could be the tipping point for complete rejection of government

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