#Putrefaction Postmortem

[forensicfield]

Sign of Putrefaction

Putrefaction is the term used for the process through which organic matter undergoes microbial decomposition and produces an unpleasant odor. This occurs after 10 to 20 days after the organism's death. Several things happen during the putrefaction....

Continue reading Sign of Putrefaction

[moss-bride]

Corpse honey

Lich! Lawrence x nymph reader

Rated 18+

Trigger warning: cannibalism.

He returns to the water some time ago, what could possibly be years or even a decade.

 

His arms had reflexively jerked to grasp at the surface and when he couldn't escape, his agonized lungs opened and gasped in pure liquid death. Water had poured down his throat and filled his lungs, it was a painful way to go.

 

 

His body, the thing that once hung in a perpetual tug of war between life and death, finally died. He returned to the shallow water, drowning for the final time.

 

In the lake his hands, knees, feet, and forehead beated against the rocks and submerged tree roots, they scraped his skin postmortem. Abrasions that make it easy for the animals of the lake to descend upon his body.

 

The putrefaction takes slow progressions of gases formed from bacterial activity, released in acidic burps that enlarge his crevices. His body attempted to surface but luckily he had tied his foot to a slab of concrete, leaving any rescue attempt fruitless. Body retrieval is something he didn't want to happen and still doesn't. He is where he belongs

There are no strong current or rough state of water waves; this is a calm cold lake yet his corpse had ripped brush underwater foliage with enough force to tear off large swaths of meat and every kind of external trauma.

Prolonged submergence causes his skin to wrinkle and become loose. Otherwise known as “washerwoman's hands.’ Postmortem, his body leaked and bloated. Fluid gathers in pleural cavities, his organs are decomposed, liquified into a terrible meat slushy mixed with dirt and vegetation that invade the respiratory tract. 

His body is the victim of animal predation. Turtles, fishes, insects, they all come to feast on his body. He provides them a heaven of shelter and food for a short time. His chest cavity pecked open and used as a hiding spot for guppies. The animals delighted in the formation of Adipocere, the breakdown, of lipids.

 

All this fancy language to say, that no one found his body and he has been left at the bottom of the lake undisturbed where he's gradually skeletonized. A peace he never found in life overtaking his sanity.

 

Until now, someone, a she, disturbs his careful watch. They become aware of each other the instant she touches his water. In the raindrops far reaching lagoons, lakes, oceans, and rivers. ...she was in a rapidly disappearing puddle before this. Her new territory is roomier

 

The water feels different. Much more still slow moving fish and tadpoles rushing through their cycle to part from the lake.

She doesn't know the human name for this lake. It's an unimportant detail she isn't interested in knowing. Humans name things then disappear, only to rename them later. 

The lake is the name that the fish call it. No human translation but it roughly means “to wait.”

 

She decides she likes this place, there isn't much disturbance or pollution and that's rare these days. Then s  spots it, a  sliver of white among the dark backdrop of midnight water. Still. Waiting. high pitched sound in greeting. The screech reaches down the lake and causes the maggots in what's left of his ear canal to pulse and scare writhing in panicked motion. Curling miasma.

 

It's hard to open his ‘eyes’ (the real ones having rotted away long ago and eat obeyed soes) long being frozen he nearly gives up. There's no way to see anyways, just an endless expanse of dark blue. But the familiar tugging in his head keeps his awareness from shutting again. 

 

It-she is floating down near him. A body that ripples waves and sinks fast to the bottom. He watches her float deeper into darkness, rough rock more smooth. 

 

Bodies are discarded down here constantly; it's an underwater grave littered with remains of bones both young and old. From boating accidents to drownings a few Heartbeats'd done himself.

 

 But what's different about this one? His skull, the crevices of deer full of water, notices the bruises and scales like a bruising had splotched her her body and left naked. She looks alive. Like the water is. He comes to the realization that it's  because she most definitely isn't human. Not the way he once was in a far foggy past. Weary of this woman he attempts to ask her again. “Who are you?”

 

She is silent. Simply staring at him

 

Fish flit past them, always on the move to avoid predators and seek food. Her hands release the bones and she inches back. His empty socket somehow gazing back at her. 

 

The bones speak to her as she pulls closer. What a find! A thing so peculiar and haunting in this lake. Her whisper- tracing the lines of ivory. His horns are a beautiful,  quietly glowing blue, a mash of human and elk.

 

She reaches a hand and grips the part of the of him that sticks out. The starting nub at the top.  Tracing the line of cartilage and fibrous tissue, she's surprised they haven't ripped.  

 

She glances back down to his sockets, making a chittering sound. Another greeting.

 

He used to be revolted by the thought of a stranger touching him but now there is no skin to flinch and feel it. Her hands cup his cold bones. She rests in a swirl of black, lake plants and hair.

 

He tries another question. “What are you?”  

 

But she counters it with her own. "How long have you been here?" She can feel the weight of his observation as she gathers clams and weeds. She's used to being the one watching but this is a rather pleasant sensation that she could start preening bashfully. “What did they call you?” she repeats.

 

If possible, the skeleton releases a sigh. ‘I don't remember. It's been too long.’ his waterlogged long gone brain struggles. His one company besides fish had been the lake flora. 

 

Here she is. Inhuman and possibly dangerous.

He watches her float like a wave or an eddie. Her eyes are unnatural and sparkling.

 

Asking a question.

 

Lahwahsh 

 

Lahresh

 

Lares

 

Lahrence

 

His name comes back and with it a distant ping like a radar spot in the distance. A feeling like he's missing something yet the more he concentrates the more it escapes him. 

 

What's left is distant flashes. Blue eyes. Anxiety. pill bottles. Red poppy. A pathetic end to an even more pathetic life, it doesn't matter anymore. He's something better now. A being worth the curiosity in her gaze. The cold water flows between them. Her hair follows and the strands nearly cascade over him

[crimsonforensicscience]

Some Forensic Aspects on Drug Analysis and Their Quantity in Autopsy Material of Drug Related Deaths

Editorial

The forensic toxicology laboratory generally performs analysis for toxic compounds in autopsy materials and related specimens to assist in the deaths by toxic substances. One of the unique aspects of postmortem toxicology work is that often specimens are received in various states of decomposition or putrefaction. Sometimes specimens denatured by heat or mummified all these samples create problems in analysis. For a variety of reasons, the volume of material available for analysis may be very limited. The problem faced by the forensic toxicologist during chemical analysis how to make the best use of the autopsy material.

Read More About This Article: https://crimsonpublishers.com/fsar/fulltext/FSAR.000546.php

Read More Crimson Publishers Google Scholar Articles: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=BcljX0IAAAAJ&cstart=20&pagesize=80&authuser=1&cit crimsonpublishers ation_for_view=BcljX0IAAAAJ:_Ybze24A_UAC

[elfchaos]

No I need to know tell me about tommy’s decomposition arc

Oh boy… do you REALLY want to? Do you REALLY want to know? Well… here we go.

//this is literally about a body decaying

c!Tommy was dead for about 3 days in a damp warm environment (the lava wall and the crying obsidian).

Immediately after death Tommy’s skin will turn pale as his blood starts to settle in place due to his heart no longer beating (livor mortis). This causes discoloration in the skin and happens about 9 hours postmortems. About 2 hours postmortem rigor mortis sets in. Rigor mortis is basically when a dead body becomes stiff, it can last up from 24-84 hours. His body is also loosing heat at this point.

So let’s set the stage. c!Dream beat the shit out of c!Tommy. Tommy is dead on the floor, ashen pale. He is most likely lying on his back due to the force of Dream beating the shit out of him from the front. His blood starts to settle at the lowest point of his body causing the skin in the area to be discolored. His body is stiff, stuck in the position he died in. It’s only the 24 hour mark.

Side note, flies would probably have started laying eggs in Tommy’s wounds, eyes, mouth, nose, and just… any suitable location by now. I’m going to assume flies have no way to get into the cell due to it being encased in lava but just know… his body will start to be eaten by maggots after the 24 hour mark. Remember Dream is still in the cell too, if anything was going to make him regret killing Tommy it’s probably going to be this.

We’re past the 24 hour mark! Which means Tommy’s internal organs are now turning into mush! Without being… alive… Tommy’s cells start to die! Starting from the inside. His body is now emitting pungent odors! Rigor mortis starts to subside.

c!Dream is definitely regretting his decision now.

Once we get to the 72 hour mark Tommy’s organs are still decaying. His body is starting to bloat from the build up of gases. A “blood containing foam” starts to leak from his mouth and nose. He’s starting to enter the “bloat stage” of decomposition where the body can double in size from gases building up in the body and the skin becomes discolored from sulfur containing compounds released by bacteria that is eating away his internal organs. His skin is turning green and he just… really really smells. Microorganisms and bacteria are producing extremely unpleasant odors known as “putrefaction”.

Dream is definitely having a bad time. Tommy’s body is bloated, smelly, crawling with insects and turning into liquid. It’s just a gross sight to look at. Dream didn’t revive Tommy to prove a point or anything, he did it to get rid of the messy messy corpse in his room.

Luckily, c!Tommy gets revived after this point. I would go into more detail as to what would happen is Dream DIDNT revive him but I’m tired and struggling to read my old  forensics notes.

[pathologising]

postmortem marbling actually is incredibly fascinating as well? skin slippage too, all of the skin changes during putrefaction are crazy tbh. Like ..that literally Happens dude! Insane.

[biologydictionary]

Rigor Mortis

Definition

Rigor mortis is one of the stages of death in which chemical changes that affect muscle fiber elasticity cause the muscles to stiffen. An indication of the time of death in forensic science, rigor mortis usually initiates at two to three hours after death and presents according to the position of the body at rigor mortis onset.

How Long Does Rigor Mortis Last?

How long rigor mortis lasts is of extreme importance to forensic scientists looking for a time of death or postmortem interval (PMI) when studying the body or the autopsy report. This is because the usual pattern of rigor mortis is possible to trace in time. Yet, certain factors such as the cause of death, temperature of the body or its environment, previous levels of fitness and muscle mass, drug abuse, infection, and availability of nutrients and ATP immediately previous to death can drastically shorten or lengthen these times. One medical report revealed rigor mortis onset and not cadaveric spasm as mentioned later on in this article, to occur within two minutes of cardiorespiratory arrest. Most textbooks report that most cases of rigor mortis commence between two to three hours after death. Over the following twelve hours, rigor mortis set in, developing as myofibril chemical changes spread throughout every muscle. All muscle types – cardiac, skeletal and smooth – contain actin and myosin and all are therefore affected during the stage of rigor mortis. Maximum rigor mortis can continue for anywhere between 18 and 36 hours. As the next hours pass – sometimes days -  these effects wear off. Muscles lose rigidity in the same order that they appear over the course of the next 24 – 50 hours. Rigor mortis becomes even more pronounced if this natural course is broken. If, for example, a body is moved from its original position during the natural development of rigor mortis more significant rigidity may be the result. This is a very useful indication for forensic scientists looking for evidence of homicide or manslaughter where a body has possibly been moved from the scene after death.

Popular on TV: Forensic examination In subjects who pass away when in a very low physical condition - usually very underweight and malnourished individuals - rigor mortis can set in much more rapidly. Muscle elasticity is dependent upon a source of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but the amount of ATP stored in the muscles is only able to sustain a few seconds of muscle contraction. Once death has taken place, ATP synthesis halts but available resources continue to be consumed. Where low levels of ATP are present, either through time or absence of ATP, ATP non-availability and the acidic environment of a dead body due to lactic acid production cause the muscle-contracting proteins actin and myosin to bind together, forming a gel-like substance. Rigor mortis initiates when ATP levels are approximately 85% of a normal, healthy level. In subjects who, previous to death, were unable to produce normal levels of ATP either through malnutrition or other disorders such as Huntingdon’s disease, rigor mortis will develop at a more rapid rate. In those with high muscle mass or high ATP production and transfer rates such as the active obese, rates can usually be expected to slow down. Adenosine triphosphate levels of  15% indicate maximum rigor. It has been suggested that some bodies do not go through the process of rigor mortis at all. This idea is due to reports of lack of stiffness during the hours where rigor mortis is expected. As the chemical breakdown of actin and myosin is unavoidable after death, these reports are not accepted as proof of the absence of rigor mortis. Instead, it has been shown that the subjects in these reports were often very young children and babies with extremely low muscle mass. Rigor mortis would have been present in these individuals but the tactile method of measuring postmortem stiffness – manually bending the joints and evaluating the levels of resistance – gave results that did not point to a rigor mortis state. In other words, young limbs could be bent with little to no resistance due to low muscle mass. The claims of rigor mortis absence are therefore not accepted in the scientific community.

Rigor Mortis Stages

The stage of rigor mortis is third in an ordered group of postmortem phases known as the stages of death. The timescale a body needs to fully decompose depends on its pre-death anatomy, physiology, and the surrounding environment both at the time of death and after. Rigor mortis follows stages pallor mortis and algor mortis respectively and precedes livor mortis. A full description of these stages continues below.

The Stages of Death

The stages of death often overlap. Pallor mortis is usually achieved within thirty minutes of death. Body cooling (algor mortis) initiates within this time and continues until the body is the same temperature as the ambient air – anywhere up to six hours postmortem. Muscle stiffening (rigor mortis) usually begins within one to two hours after a person has died and will continue for a number of days. Livor mortis begins at around the same time and requires approximately eight hours to progress to a maximum state. Autolyze or cell death also commences from the moment cell death occurs and continues throughout the fresh stage of decomposition; other early stages of decomposition are also present. All of these timescales depend heavily on the physiology and anatomy of the person and their immediate environment. Pallor Mortis Pallor mortis or postmortem paleness is the result of the lack of capillary circulation once death has taken place and occurs almost immediately. This means pallor mortis is not a good indication of the time of death as bodies are often discovered at a later period. The process of death begins upon what is known as somatic death. This is the cessation of cardiopulmonary activity and subsequent brain death. Once somatic death has taken place the supply of oxygen runs out and all cells die. This is called cellular death. Pallor mortis accompanies cardiopulmonary activity cessation and brain death. However, one of the earliest indications of death in a clinical setting is the appearance of retinal vascular segmentation upon ophthalmoscopy where the cessation of circulation within the retina occurs at the start of the last stages of the dying process. This explains pre-death blindness. A degree of pallor mortis is distinguishable whatever the skin color. The darker the skin, the weaker the effect but skin tone becomes paler in any newly dead organism. In the picture below, the difference between a normal hand and the hand of a person with anemia gives a good idea of what the color of skin in the stage of pallor mortis might look like.

Hand skin-color comparison Algor Mortis The second stage of death is algor mortis or the cooling of the body. A body will naturally cool over the following two to three hours, although the variables relating to how slowly or how quickly a body cools down are multiple. The body remains pale. This occurs because of a lack of blood circulation but blood pooling can begin to give a slightly darker tinge to the skin of the lowest points of the body in relation to gravitational forces. During algor mortis the body temperature lowers to match that of the surrounding environment and continues for approximately six hours postmortem. The rate of cooling is dependent upon the difference in body temperature and ambient temperature. This rate is increased in water, where a body is naked, and in the absence of high quantities of fat tissue. This means an obese, clothed body will cool down at a slower rate than a naked, thin body in a similar environment. Rigor Mortis Rigor mortis, as already mentioned, is postmortem rigidity due to ATP depletion and lactic acid build-ups that form gel-like actin myosis bonds and keep the body in a certain position for up to fifty hours after death. Previous to rigor mortis, muscles are flaccid. This flaccidity returns after the rigor mortis phase has ended. The first muscles visibly affected by rigor mortis are the eyelid, facial and jaw muscles. These are smaller muscles than those in the arms, legs, and trunk. Eventually, the breakdown by enzymes of actin and myosin binding sites during the last hours of rigor mortis initiates secondary, permanent muscle flaccidity. Livor Mortis Livor mortis or postmortem hypostasis indicates the pooling of blood in the blood vessels according to the forces of gravity. This results in darker skin in the lowest positioned tissues, usually the back of the head, shoulders, rump, and limbs when death occurs in a supine position. Livor mortis begins approximately one-hour post mortem and develops over the course of three to four hours. By eight hours postmortem, livor mortis has progressed to its maximum state. Livor mortis is of extreme use to forensic scientists as lividity – skin changes associated with the pooling of blood once circulation has stopped – is a fixed entity. Even upon repositioning or relocation of the body, indications of its original position will remain. Decomposition Decomposition involves two different processes – autolysis and putrefaction. Autolysis begins immediately after cell death when cells begin to leak enzymes. This process is not visible to the eye and therefore often forgotten in death phase lists, replaced by the visible decomposition process of putrefaction. Decomposition follows an order of stages, too. These are fresh, bloated, decay, post-decay and dry. An agreed group of decomposition stages has not yet been agreed upon in the world of scientific research. It is also impossible to take into account the range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect the rates and appearance of decomposition. Autolysis is present during the fresh stage of decomposition that begins upon cell death. Fresh decomposition lasts until around two hours postmortem as cells, starved of oxygen, die and lose their structure – a mechanism that occurs because of the build-up of lactic acid in the tissues. When the cell structure breaks down, its enzymes leak into surrounding tissues. Inside the digestive tract, still-living bacteria begin to consume the soft organs. After autolysis comes putrefaction which describes the bloated, decay and dry stages of decomposition. The bloating period begins after dead cells have broken down and is one of the first visible signs of the decomposition process. The bacteria within the body produce gases which the non-breathing corpse cannot diffuse. The tongue and eyes may protrude and the smell of death becomes noticeable. Bloating usually begins around the second-day postmortem and continues for a further five to six days. The decay phase continues on from the end of the bloating phase and lasts for approximately eleven days. Bacteria-produced gases escape creating a strong, putrid smell that is attractive to decomposers. The corpse takes on a wet appearance as fluids drain via orifices and pores. Inside the body, organs are well decomposed, helping to produce the aforementioned fluids. Post decay begins at around the tenth to twelfth-day postmortem. Where insects, fungi, and bacteria are present, such as in or on the soil, most of the flesh will have been consumed or is decomposed by this point. This is why this stage is sometimes referred to as skeletonization. Finally, dry stage decomposition that begins at about three to four weeks after death involves the decomposition of dry remains, usually bones, cartilage, and dehydrated skin. Some products such as adipocere or ‘corpse wax’ composed of fatty acids may need considerable time to break down.

What Causes Rigor Mortis?

Rigor mortis causes require an understanding of muscle contraction mechanisms in the living organism. When action potentials sent via the nerves reach their target muscles, calcium ions are released from muscle transverse tubules which make up a part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The sarcoplasmic reticulum that surrounds each myofibril within a muscle fiber is responsible for calcium ion concentration in the muscle fiber. In a resting muscle fiber, the cytosol is practically free of calcium ions as the sarcoplasmic reticulum ‘sequesters’ them away, binding them to a protein called calsequestrin. There is more calsequestrin in fast-contracting muscle fibers than in slow-contracting fibers. When an impulse is sent by the nervous system to ask a muscle fiber to contract, the transverse tubules that travel from the surface of each fiber forward this impulse whenever the tubules come close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the presence of such a signal, any area of the sarcoplasmic reticulum close to the transverse tubule will release calcium ions. The released calcium ions cause troponin and tropomyosin to move along the muscle filament; this action initiates muscle contraction. After the muscle has contracted (and in the absence of further signals from the nervous system) the leftover signaling neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, is broken down by acetylcholinesterase. The SERCA pump (sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticular calcium ATPase pump) stops releasing calcium ions and sequesters them off to quarantine areas within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The lack of available calcium ions blocks the movement of myosin and the muscle is able to relax. Only constant nervous system signals can keep a muscle contracted for any length of time in the living body. In the dead, no nervous system signals are present due to brain death and muscle contraction is then solely the result of chemical imbalance. As its full name suggests, a SERCA pump requires plentiful ATP. After death, all metabolic activity ceases to function and ATP is no longer produced. This leads to permanently elevated calcium ion levels within the sarcomere and no sequestering mechanism. The SERCA pump is, therefore, unable to remove them. The result of this is sustained contraction or rigor mortis.

What is Cadaveric Spasm?

A cadaveric spasm is quite rare. When rigor mortis commences at an extremely accelerated rate it is renamed cadaveric spasm, instant rigor, postmortem spasm or cataleptic rigidity. The cadaveric spasm occurs in the absence of primary muscle flaccidity and is most commonly encountered in deaths that involve serious physical and/or emotional stress. A cadaveric spasm usually affects a single group of muscles such as those of one limb or hand. Cadaveric spasm is probably the result of the combination of neurogenic mechanisms and high muscular exertion immediately prior to death. Examples include dead bodies tightly gripping weapons or objects of defense, blades of grass, and precious possessions. Cadaveric spasms are most common in violent situations such as war and brawl scenarios, and modes of death like falling, drowning, and plane crashes.

Quiz

1. A very obese, well-nourished body is usually expected to: A. Show earlier signs of rigor mortis B. Show earlier signs of algor mortis C. Show later signs of rigor mortis D. Show no signs of algor mortis 2. Which is the correct order of these four death stages? A. Algor mortis, rigor mortis, pallor mortis, livor mortis B. Pallor mortis, rigor mortis, livor mortis, algor mortis C. Algor mortis, livor mortis, rigor mortis, pallor mortis D. Pallor mortis, algor mortis, rigor mortis, livor mortis 3. SERCA stands for: A. Sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticular calcium ATP B. Sarcoplasmic endoreticular calcium ATPase C. Sarcoplasmic endothelial reticular calcium ATP D. Sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticular calcium ATPase 4. Which of the following is a binding protein found in the endoplasmic reticulum A. Calsequestrin B. Calsyntenin C. Synaptotagmin D. Calretinin 5. Which acid is responsible for the low pH of a cadaver? A. Acetic acid B. Lactic acid C. Gastric acid D. Glutamic acid Read the full article

[amplia-mente]

De vuelta del periodo de descanso navideño, iniciamos un nuevo año, 2019, cargados de ilusión y energía por traer nuevos temas forenses a nuestros lectores, con actualizaciones de artículos y con la aportación de nuestro granito de arena a este mundo de la Medicina Legal, que a veces nos plantea ciertos sinsabores. Hoy vamos a abordar un tema de neuropatología como es la epilepsia.

Epilepsy-related deaths

Returning from the Christmas break period, we begin a new year, 2019, loaded with excitement and energy for bringing new forensic topics to our readers, with updates of articles and with the contribution of our grain of sand to this world of Legal Medicine, which sometimes gives us certain troubles. Today we are going to deal with a subject of neuropathology such as epilepsy.

Hace unas semanas se ha publicado un artículo en la revista Diagnostic Histopathology, en el que la autora quiere establecer la diferencia entre una muerte relacionada con la epilepsia y una muerte súbita asociada a una epilepsia (SUDEP). De esta última ya hemos hablado en amplia-mente.com, en concreto en el artículo “SUDEP ¿se puede prevenir?“. En dicho artículo establecíamos una serie de medidas preventivas para evitar la muerte súbita de estos pacientes, pero sobre todo se trataba de aquellos casos en los que la epilepsia estaba ya diagnósticada.

A few weeks ago an article was published in the journal Diagnostic Histopathology, in which the author wants to establish the difference between a death related to epilepsy and a sudden death associated with epilepsy (SUDEP). The latter has already been discussed extensively on epilepsy.com, specifically in the article “Can SUDEP be prevented?“. In this article we established a series of preventive measures to avoid sudden death in these patients, but above all it was about those cases in which epilepsy was already diagnosed.

En el artículo que presentamos hoy, titulado “Neuropathology of epilepsy: epilepsy-related deaths and SUDEP” lo que se recoge es la diferencia entre muertes relacionadas con la epilepsia y las muertes súbitas que se consideran consecuencia de este cuadro patológico. La autora establece como principales diferencias entre ambos casos y así se define la SUDEP como “una muerte subita,  inesperada, presenciadas o no, no traumáticas y no hay signos de ahogamiento en pacientes con epilepsia, con o sin evidencia de convulsiones y excluyendo el estatus epiléptico documentado, en el que el examen de la autopsia no revela una causa toxicológica o anatómica de muerte”. El resto de casos, en los que existe un estatus epiléptico, hay constancia de una crisis convulsiva severa o aparecen ciertas lesiones neuropatológicas asociadas a las epilepsias frecuentemente, se establece como causa de la muerte una muerte relacionada con la epilepsia.

In the article we present today, entitled “Neuropathology of epilepsy: epilepsy-related deaths and SUDEP” what is collected is the difference between deaths related to epilepsy and sudden deaths that are considered a consequence of this pathological picture. The author establishes as the main differences between the two cases and thus SUDEP is defined as “a sudden, unexpected, witnessed or not, non-traumatic death and there are no signs of drowning in patients with epilepsy, with or without evidence of convulsions and excluding the documented epileptic status, in which the examination of the autopsy does not reveal a toxicological or anatomical cause of death”. The rest of cases, in which an epileptic status exists, there is evidence of a severe seizure or certain neuropathological lesions associated with epilepsies appear frequently, a death related to epilepsy is established as the cause of death.

SUDEP es la causa más común de muerte prematura en adultos con epilepsia y es más común en pacientes con convulsiones generalizadas mal controladas. Típicamente son muertes sin testigos, a menudo nocturnas o que ocurren durante el sueño y, por definición, no se determina la causa de la muerte en el examen postmortem.  El SUDEP afecta a todas las edades, pero alcanza su punto máximo en los adultos jóvenes y la incidencia se estima entre 1 y 1,2 por 1000 al año en personas con epilepsia, lo que equivale a 500 muertes al año sólo en el Reino Unido. Habitualmente la muerte se produce a consecuencia de una depresión cardio-respiratoria de origen central.

SUDEP is the most common cause of premature death in adults with epilepsy and is most common in patients with poorly controlled generalized seizures. They are typically unwitnessed deaths, often nocturnal or occurring during sleep and, by definition, the cause of death is not determined on postmortem examination.  SUDEP affects all ages, but peaks in young adults and the incidence is estimated to be between 1 and 1.2 per 1000 per year in people with epilepsy, equivalent to 500 deaths per year in the UK alone. Death usually occurs as a result of central cardio-respiratory depression.

En los casos sospechosos de Muerte relacionada con epilepsia y SUDEP, un examen post-mortem “completo” que incluye examen externo e interno del cadáver y estudios de toxicología, incluyendo niveles de anticonvulsivantes. Algunos de los problemas prácticos que se pueden producir en estos casos incluyen que la información clínica completa sobre la historia de la epilepsia, incluyendo las investigaciones llevadas a cabo durante la vida, pueden no estar disponibles en el momento de la autopsia. Además en un SUDEP no presenciado puede haber un intervalo post-mortem largo, particularmente si el fallecido vivía solo o no ha habido testigos de la muerte, por lo que los procesos de putrefacción se han podido iniciar y se ha ocasionado la destrucción del encéfalo. Se aconseja siempre en estos casos, fijar en encéfalo antes de proceder a su tallado y disección, ya que así es más fácil encontrar cuadros neuropatológicos que expliquen la epilepsia. Existe un protocolo de muestreo en bloque del encéfalo, en el que se dice que se deben de tomar muestras de cualquier lesión o anormalidad detectada, del hipocampo, de la amígdala, de los ganglios de la base con corteza insular, de la corteza frontal, del tronco encefálico, del tálamo y del cerebelo. Todos ellos tomados de ambos hemisferios, ya que la patología de la epilepsia puede lateralizarse. Además de las muestras de sangre y orina para estudios toxicológicos, se pueden llevar a cabo otras investigaciones (microbiología, virología, pruebas metabólicas, genéticas, etc.) en función de cada caso en particular, de las circunstancias de la muerte, de los datos clínicos y de los hallazgos post-mortem.

In suspected cases of Epilepsy-Related Death and SUDEP, a “complete” post-mortem examination that includes external and internal examination of the cadaver and toxicology studies, including levels of anticonvulsants. Some of the practical problems that may occur in these cases include that complete clinical information about the history of epilepsy, including research conducted during life, may not be available at the time of the autopsy. In addition, in an unseen SUDEP there may be a long post-mortem interval, particularly if the deceased lived alone or there have been no witnesses to the death, so putrefaction processes have been initiated and the brain has been destroyed. In these cases, it is always advisable to fix the encephalon before carving and dissection, as this makes it easier to find neuropathological pictures that explain epilepsy. There is a protocol for block sampling of the brain, in which it is said that samples must be taken of any lesion or abnormality detected, of the hippocampus, of the amygdala, of the ganglia of the base with insular cortex, of the frontal cortex, of the brainstem, of the thalamus and of the cerebellum. All of them taken from both hemispheres, since the pathology of epilepsy can be lateralized. In addition to blood and urine samples for toxicological studies, other investigations (microbiology, virology, metabolic tests, genetics, etc.) may be carried out on a case-by-case basis, depending on the circumstances of death, clinical data and post-mortem findings.

The author concludes that SUDEP remains underdiagnosed and overlooked in many cases, despite being the most common cause of death in young adults with epilepsy. In autopsy studies the pathology of the hippocampus is usually the most frequently associated with epileptic patients, however, the SUDEP do not have a specific pathological pattern and we could say that the pathology in the central autonomous networks of the brain is the probable cause of SUDEP, although these are very difficult to diagnose. So let’s stay alert in cases of sudden death where there is a history of epilepsy and perform a full autopsy. We will continue alert for new developments.

La autora concluye que la SUDEP sigue estando infradiagnosticada y se pasa por alto en muchos casos, a pesar de ser la causa más común de muerte en adultos jóvenes con epilepsia. En los estudios autópsicos la patología del hipocampo suele ser la que se asocia con mayor frecuencia a pacientes epilépticos, sin embargo, las SUDEP no tienen un patrón patológico específico y podríamos decir que la patología en las redes autónomas centrales del cerebro es la causa probable de SUDEP, aunque estas son muy difíciles de diagnosticar. Así que mantengámonos alerta en aquellos casos de muerte súbita en los que existan antecedentes de epilepsia y llevemos a cabo una autopsia completa. Seguiremos atentos a las novedades.

[forensicfield]

What is Autopsy?

Autopsy, when broken into two different terms, Auto means Self and Opis means examination, giving to the meaning self-examination. It is defined broadly as the examination of both external and internal contents of the dead body including the histology...

Continue reading What is Autopsy?

[torpekonyvek]

The Proverbs of Ashendōn. gnOme, 2017. ISBN-13: 978-1544126326. 96pp. $6.00.

The litany of a parallel, venomous wisdom, The Proverbs of Ashendōn veer from the broken narrative of their initial occlusion, to the lucidity of theologico-literary madness as a new topography of knowledge. As an inverted deity, “Ashendōn comes bearing gifts.”

“Each page herein has a pair of proverbs, each pair apparently procreating further pairs—further proverbial couplings—unto and until the very last one, which understandably stands as a symbol not only of the whole endeavor (The Proverbs of Ashendōn) but also, and all the more so, of these ‘Proverbs’ as ashen ‘Postverbs’: Postmortem/Post«mot» ‘Proverbs’. The Proverbs of Ashendōn are in hindsight—looking back from their last page (Spolier Alert!)—spelled-out, spilled-forth and spoiled to the point of putrefaction, petrification, and pulverized carbonation: a return to, and/or turn into ash. In the end, to quote Beckett’s Endon (morphic mirror of Beckett’s Murphy) or better yet—worse still—to quote the unnamed/unnameable Endon of Beckett’s Endgame, all that the reader will have seen in proceeding through The Proverbs will have been ashes, naught but ashes. In the end, in Ashendōn, nothing but ash: ashen grey, deathly white; the final symbol uniting the (w)hole is the ‘debased cornucopia’ (Ashendōn’s words) of a fitting funereal urn, ‘symbol of the age’. What appeared to be couplings—procreative pairings—were in fact only the ongoing onanism (‘onanistic…repetitive patterns as a kind of fuel’: an ongoing funereal fire) of one already expired, already post-pyre. … On the last page, Godot-like (Note here, now, that there is no need for Spoiler Alerts, since everything is already spoiled), the sole proverb states at last that ‘Ashendōn is coming’—ya viene Ashendōn—but at this point, in this pointed proverb (this singular one following page after page of pairings), it is evident that everything which could have come has already/onanistically come.  All is here/herewith Ashendone.” — Dan Mellamphy

“There is a story of an old wise man who, on a trip to Mount Shasta, wandered into Pluto Cave, a giant lava tube that extends over a mile below ground. He walked deep into the cave, gingerly gliding his fingers against its ashen walls of andesitic lava, his left hand not knowing what his right hand was doing. In a moment of pure perplexity, he soon discovered the small, raised remnants of what felt like braille against his fingers. Upon further inspection, he noticed that they were inverted carvings (like the ones lovers might etch into a tree) from someone writing from the other side of the wall, that is, from inside the ancient rock. The wise man could not read it, so he put his nose up to it and smelled it. It whispered back: ‘205.’ ~ Is that not an odd story? I don’t understand it at all.” — Liesl Ketum, Humbert Divinity School

“The direction of human philosophical development has, for the past thousands of years, mostly been against systems and behaviors that pose an immediate threat to our self-indulgence, both physical and mental. The world from which The Proverbs of Ashendōn arises is a darkly surreal mirror of the world we recognize and live in, in which a fulfillment-seeking human species is snared spider-web like between socialization and total individuation, fastidious materialism and occult speculation, mechanical movement and conscious spirit. In it, humankind is now crossing the dark psychological terrain between every representation of these two poles, taking its writings with it. Ashendōn is the Charon of this crossing. The pages of these Proverbs reverberate with hypomnemata cum anathemata, vague undercurrents, and void-echoed self-suggestions that the current timeline of history is one in which certain eventual discoveries about the human species will reveal some ultimate, true nature or aspect of reality, or some reason or purpose for the existence of everything, an unnamed key to life itself that is given to all humans to understand; but a key that takes the form of a door, to a vast, cryptal librarium of portmanteau coinages and oscillating meanings, of luxuriously worded juxtapositions where the gothic mind and hell-spawned modern thoughts mix, of poetic musings and chaotically pointing typographic arrows. Dually displaying total presence of mind and oracular dementia, The Proverbs of Ashendōn manifests as a backwards/oblivionwards book of hypomnemata, one that implicitly recognizes-slash-solemnizes the protean realities of language, symbols, pictures, and their lost origins in early human history. At the same time, objectivity, cynicism and language all triangulate into words and symbols that are hostilely left to the reader to impart meaning to. All categories, all states of human behavior, sciences, sociolinguistics, events both historic and prehistoric, religions, beliefs, and origins, all are subjects here, as are absence and void. The Proverbs of Ashendōn leaves no stone unshattered.” – oudeís

[lupine-publishers-prjfgs]

Ethanol Neogenesis in Stored Blood

For more Lupine Publishers please visit our websitehttps://lupinepublishers.us/ For more Forensic and Genetic Sciences journals please click herehttps://lupinepublishers.com/forensic-and-genetics-journal/index.php To know more about open access publishers please click on Lupine Publishers

Lupine Publishers| Journal of Forensic and Genetics

Abstract

During the investigation of accidental cases, blood samples obtained from accidental victim are submitted to forensic science laboratory for toxicological analysis. All through, ethanol analysis is performed on almost all cases of blood samples. The main problem is determining alcohol concentration in these cases is changes in Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) that can occur due to neo formation of ethanol. Blood samples stored under in sufficient conditions or for longer times and body fluids have undergone petrifaction often contains certain amount of volatile compounds. In the light of possibility that, neo formation of ethanol in improperly stored blood might give rise to an incorrect estimation of BAC. With this in mind, to study the effect of preservative and temperature on the formation and concentration of ethanol in blood samples, we estimated the ethanol neo genesis in stored and normal blood in different time period (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days). Head Space-Gas Chromatography instrument used to measure the level of ethanol in blood sample. We found that neo formation of ethanol was observed in normal blood sample. There was no any neo formation observed in blood sample with preservative and blood stored at 4 °C. Our study is supporting the studies which suggest that storage condition will affect the neo formation of ethanol in blood samples.

Keywords: Blood Alcohol Concentration; Neo formation; Head Space-Gas Chromatography; Ethanol.

Introduction

Determination of alcohol concentration is of great importance in medico legal autopsy blood samples, regardless of whether civil, criminal, or insurance law is involved. Blood alcohol cases in living individuals is often performed in forensic practice (e.g. after traffic accidents). Medico legal problems are not confined to determining alcohol as either a sole or joint cause of death, such as in accidents, but also include the problem of distinguishing true alcoholic poisoning. It is known that alcohol can be produced in blood after sampling. The amount of generated ethanol depends on the species of microorganisms present, the available substrates, the temperature and time of storage and the presence of preservatives added to the specimens. Neogenesis means regeneration of biological tissue or the formation of new products. Transformation and degradation of the well-known body structures (e.g. enzymatic digestion of cell components and membranes), together with accumulation of bacterial metabolites are likely to generate a huge range of new chemical compounds. Blood samples stored under insufficient conditions or for longer times and body fluids have undergone petrifaction often contains certain amounts of volatile compounds. A number of ubiquitous microorganisms are capable of forming or degrading alcohol, and neo genesis of ethanol is only a byproduct of bacterial decomposition processes [1-3].

The reactions that take place are mainly influenced by temperature, pH value, concentrations of available carbohydrates, and the presence of other utilizable nutrients.

Pathway of Metabolism:

Fructose -1, 6 - bisphosphate ⇒ glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ⇒ 3 - phosphoglycerate  ⇒ 2 - phosphorglycerate ^ phosphoenolpyruvate  ⇒ pyruvate  ⇒ acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde + glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate + H2O  ⇒ 3 - phosphoglycerate + ethanol.

Putrefaction or decomposition is the final stage produced mainly by the action of bacterial enzymes mostly anaerobic organisms. These destructive bacterial agents cause marked haemolysis, liquefaction of clots and fresh thrombi and emboli, disintegration of tissues and gas formation in blood. Bacteria produces a large variety of enzymes and these breakdown the various tissues of the body. There is a progressive alteration of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Putrefaction begins mainly by reductive processes due to the action of endogenous and exogenous bacteria and their enzymes and decay, based on oxidative reactions. Body tissues remain bacteriological sterile from exogenous infection for at least 20 hours after death. Whereas advanced putrefaction of a blood sample can be recognized macroscopically and by its odour, the transitional phase into putrefaction presents difficulties. As the blood decomposes its coloring matter transducer into the tissues which become uniformly red. The colour becomes darker and finally turns black. The most abundant volatiles detected during the forensic ethanol analysis are ethanol, acetaldehyde, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and acetone. These volatiles could either be initiated in the human body after the consumption of alcoholic beverages; or have been produced later during metabolic processes or by microbes [4-7].

Alcohol concentration often changes in putrefying blood. These changes might be caused by either a change in the level of ethanol or to the formation of higher alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Even though "fresh" samples of blood can contain a variety of higher alcohols. Therefore, the presence of such alcohols must be a result of neo genesis within the corpse or the stored blood sample. Anticoagulants and preservatives for blood: Anticoagulant is a substance that prevents blood from clotting by suppressing the synthesis or function of various clotting factors. The first anticoagulant preservative was introduced by Rous and Turner in 1916. It consisted of a citrate-glucose solution in which blood from rabbits was stored for two weeks, which prevented anaemia when transfused in another rabbit who had suffered from blood loss. Some of the commonly used anticoagulants are:

a) EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid as disodium or potassium salts is used. This is a chelating agent which binds the calcium which is needed for coagulation. It is effective at a final concentration of 1 to 2 mg / ml of blood. More than 2 mg / ml causes shrinkage of the cells. This is the best anticoagulant for peripheral blood smear and studies. Drawbacks: It inhibits the activities of enzymes like alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, and leucine aminopeptidase. EDTA is not suitable for calcium and iron estimation.

b) Heparin: It is mucoitin polysulfuric acid available as sodium potassium, lithium and ammonium salts. Heparin accelerate the action of antithrombin III which neutralizes thrombin thus prevents the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen. Heparin is added 0.2 mg/ml of blood. Drawback: It inhibits the acid phosphates activity. It interferes with binding of calcium to EDTA.

c) Oxalate: This form insoluble complex with calcium ions. Potassium oxalate at concentration of 1 to 2 mg/ml of blood is used. Combination of ammonium/potassium oxalate does not lead to shrinkage of the RBCs. Drawbacks: If the concentration is 3 mg/ ml, then there are chances for hemolysis. Oxalates inhibit several enzymes like acid phosphates', alkaline phosphates, amylase, LDH, and may cause the precipitation of calcium as oxalate salt.

d) Sodium Fluoride: This is a weak anticoagulant but used antiglycolytic agent to preserve the glucose. This inhibits the system involved in glycolysis and preserves the glucose. This is effective at a concentration of 2 mg/ml of blood along with other anticoagulant like oxalate.

Drawback: This is also inhibitor of many enzymes and also effect urease for the estimation of urea

a. Effect of temperature and preservative on blood

When blood is stored at 2-6 °C, glycosis is reduced but does not stop. Preservative solutions provide buffering capability to minimize pH changes and optimize the storage period. The lower temperature keeps the rate of glycolysis at lower limit and minimizes the proliferation of bacteria that might have entered the blood unit during venipuncture or from atmosphere. The rate of diffusion of electrolytes (Na+ and K+) across the cell membrane is also less at lower temperature.

b. Additive Solutions

One major benefit of the additive system is increase in the level of ATP, and red cells viability is enhanced, extending the shelf-life of the red cells to 42 days.

c. Health Care

Heavy drinking is a cause of ill-health and premature death. A person's blood alcohol concentration and state of inebriation at the time of death is not always easy to establish owing to various postmortem artifacts. The possibility of alcohol being produced in the body after death, e.g. via microbial contamination and fermentation is a recurring issue in routine casework. If ethanol remains unabsorbed in the stomach at the time of death, this raises the possibility of continued local diffusion into surrounding tissues and central blood after death. Blood samples, stored under insufficient conditions or for longer times and body fluids of corpses which had undergone putrefaction often contains certain amount of volatile compounds. This putrefactive alcohol is partly identifiably with congeners of alcoholic beverages. Such it is of Forensic relevance to discover post sampling ethanol neoformation and to discriminate putrefactive alcohols from fusel alcohols. Hence it cause on effect on person's health as it is stored blood but studies have revealed that few factors can change the results, such as amount of alcohol etc., so it is critical to decide the actual amount and this may also challenged by the legal system whether the person was under the influence of alcohol or not.

Aims and Objectives

a) To determine the volatile compounds in blood samples.

b) To study the effect of preservative and temperature on the formation and concentration of volatile compounds in blood samples.

c) To study the effect of storage time (duration of storage) on blood samples under controlled conditions.

Materials and Method

Blood sample of healthy individual was collected from blood bank Sh. Narayan Hospital Rewari, Haryana).

Three flasks were taken having human blood (60ml) in each flask. Chemical used:

a) Sodium fluoride (as preservative), this inhibit the system involved in glycolysis and preserve the glucose

b) N-propanol (for internal standard) standards are used by which can be relate the concentration of the standard to concentration of the peak of the ethanol. Samples were analyzed using instruments Head space-Gas Chromatography

Blood samples were divided into three conical flasks.

a) With 500mg sodium fluoride (preservative) at room temperature

b) Without preservative at room temperature

c) Without preservative at cold temperature.

All three flasks were kept at their respective sites up to completion of the study from 16 February 2016 to 31 March 2016. Two vials of 1 ml each were prepared from each conical flask. Three vials with internal standard (90ul/1ml of blood sample) and three without internal standard. Blood was prepared for HS-GC. Three vials were subjected for qualitative study and another three for the quantitative analysis. After instrumentation graph was prepared and studied (Figure 1) (Table 1).

Table 1: Showing parameters of Gas Chromatography.

Figure 1: Showing preparation of samples..

Headspace GC is used for the analysis of volatile and semi- volatile organics in solid, liquid and gas samples. The headspace method is especially suitable for the very fast separation of volatile components (alcohols, acetone, aldehydes) in complex biological matrices especially blood in mass-liquor and prohibition law related cases. This method has the advantage of avoiding the risk of contamination of non-volatile components, which may be eliminated due to on-line analysis by gas chromatography. The principle underlying the headspace analysis is that in a sealed vial at constant temperature, equilibrium is established between the volatile components of a liquid sample and the gas phase above it (the head space). After allowing the time for equilibrium a portion of the headspace may be withdrawn one by one from vials using a gas-tight syringe and injected to GC for on-line analysis (Table 2).

Table 2: Showing parameters of Head space.

Results and Discussion

Boold samples stored under insufficient conditions or for longer times have undergone putrefaction often contains certain amounts of volatile compounds. The increase of ethanol and higher alcohols in putrefying blood is often recognized, for which first and foremost bacteria's are reasonable. Therefore, ethanol is only a byproduct of bacterial decomposition processes. The reactions that take place are mainly

influenced by temperature, pH value, concentrations of available carbohydrates, and the presence of other utilizable nutrients.

The main problems in the assessment of ethanol concentrations in blood from corpses include the potential of water loss, autolysis, putrefaction and postmortem glycogenolysis. A more precise differentiation of putrefactive alcohols has only been made possible by the introduction and development of gas chromatography. Comparing blood samples will recognize that the qualitative and quantitative; concentration of alcohols can be quite different. The possibility that neo genesis of ethanol after death might give rise to an incorrect estimation of BAC. In this study we examined the alcohol concentration qualitatively and quantitatively using head space-gas chromatography at the interval of successive seventh day from 16 Feb 2016 to 31 March 2016. The chromatogram of three different samples at different time periods is shown in following figures. Putrefaction of a blood sample was recognized by its odour and color. The predominating compound of alcohol formation in anaerobic putrefaction is ethanol. Additional formation of methanol, acetone and other alcohols occur only in trace amounts. But this study was only focused on the formation of Ethanol. The degradation of all alcohols however is assumed to commence within a few days. Peak values were measured after one week. It was found that the concentration of ethyl alcohol varies. After few weeks ethanol level decreases with increase in time of putrefactive blood and became almost constant. However no alcohol was detected at 4 °C. However, comparison of these graphs demonstrates that alcohol concentration often changes in putrefying blood. (Table 3) (Figure 2-12).

Figure 2: Showing quantitative chromatogram for the concentration of alcohol at day 1 in different samples.Day 1(16 Feb 2016)

Figure 3: Showing quantitative chromatogram for the concentration of alcohol at day 2 in different samples.Day 2(23 Feb 2016)

Figure 4: Showing qualitative chromatogram for the concentration of alcohol at day 3 in different samples.Day 3(1 March 2016)

Figure 5: Showing quantitative chromatogram for the concentration of alcohol at day 3 in different samples.

Figure 6: Showing qualitative chromatogram for the concentration of alcohol at day 4 in different samples.Day 4(8 March 2016)

Figure 7: Showing quantitative chromatogram for the concentration of alcohol at day 4 in different samples.Day 5(15 March 2016)

Table 3: Showing concentration of alcohol in different samples during different time periods.

Figure 8: Showing quantitative chromatogram for the concentration of alcohol at day 4 in different samples.Day 5(15 March 2016)

Figure 9: Showing qualitative chromatogram for the concentration of alcohol at day 6 in different samples.Day 6(22 March 2016)

Figure 10: Showing quantitative chromatogram for the concentration of alcohol at day 6 in different sampl

Figure 11: Showing qualitative chromatogram for the concentration of alcohol at day 7 in different samples.DAY 7 (29 MARCH 2016)

Figure 12: Showing quantitative chromatogram for the concentration of alcohol at day 7 in different samples.

Conclusion

The interpretation of postmortem alcohol levels is still problematic in forensic setting and in the field of legal medicine. Neo-formation of ethanol is due to microbial action either post-mortem in the body or from improper storage or preservation of the biological samples is a common problem in forensic toxicology. The same uncertainty applies to alcohol levels in blood samples that are improperly stored or are contaminated. In this project report neo formation of ethanol has been checked by using different temperature conditions and preservative. The alcohol concentration qualitatively and quantitatively using head space- gas chromatography at the interval of successive seventh day from 16 Feb 2016 to 31 March 2016. The chromatograms of three different samples at different time periods are shown in figures given above. At normal room temperature i.e. 20-28 °C without any preservative the decomposition of the blood starts and leads to formation of Ethyl alcohol. The concentration of ethyl alcohol varies as the days increases. It was found that the concentration of ethyl alcohol have varied pattern followed by a slight concentration decrease after 4th day. Thereafter, ethanol concentration remains more or less constant. However no alcohol was detected at 4 °C (Cold Temperature) and in the preserved blood. There is no real possibility for detail knowledge of post mortal changes of blood alcohol concentration in near future, so that it is necessary to comment alcohol aemia with special aspects on empirical practice.

Acknowledgement

I express my sincere and profound gratitude and deep regards to Prof Dr. RK Sharma, Chairperson, Department of Zoology Kurukshetra University Kurukshtra for allowing me to carry out the present study. I am highly obliged to Dr. RK Sarin, Director Forensic Science Laboratory, New Delhi-Rohini) for giving me the opportunity to undergo training course at their estimated institute. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to Mr. Loveleen Kumar Katyal for their guidance, ideas and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project and also for their support in completing the project. I would like to express my gratitude towards Dr. Jogender Tanwar (maternal uncle) and all member of Forensic Science Laboratory, New Delhi (Rohini) for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project. My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague my friend Ritu Malik in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities

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[doctoralerts]

Postmortem Interval (PMI, Time Since Death)

Postmortem Interval (PMI, Time Since Death)

Postmortem Interval (PMI), Estimation Time Since Death

Post-mortem interval (PMI) is the time that has elapsed since a person has died.

There are various factors considered to be useful in estimating the postmortem interval :

Postmortem cooling

Corneal changes in the eyes

Postmortem lividity

Rigor mortis

Putrefaction

Cadaveric entomology

Skeletonisation

Adipocere formation

Mummification

[forensicfield]

Sign of Putrefaction

Putrefaction is the term used for the process through which organic matter undergoes microbial decomposition and produces an unpleasant odor. This occurs after 10 to 20 days after the organism's death. Several things happen during the putrefaction....

(more…)

[forensicfield]

What is Autopsy?

Autopsy, when broken into two different terms, Auto means Self and Opis means examination, giving to the meaning self-examination. It is defined broadly as the examination of both external and internal contents of the dead body including the histology...

(more…)

[forensicfield]

Thursday's Topic for group discussion in "Group of Forensic Experts" was :- 👉Question- The time of death can be calculated by various means... Explain it in your words. 👉Answer: The best answer was given by Abi Vinoy. Many types of changes to a body occur after death. Some of those that can be used to determine the post-mortem Interval are – 🖋Change In The Eye 🖋Algor Mortis 🖋Hypostatis 🖋Rigor Mortis 🖋Putrefaction 🖋Adipocere... etc . STAGES OF DECOMPOSITION OF BODY These Stages Of Post-Mortem Changes Are:: Stage 1 – Fresh Stage Stage 2 – Bloated Stage Stage 3 – Active Decay Stage Stage 4 – Post Decay Stage Stage 5 – Skeletonization Read details of Postmortem changes on- http://forensicfield.blog/2019/05/24/post-mortem-interval-pmi/ Or watch the video- https://youtu.be/LIxMFM9rfEs -------------------------- #forensic #forensicscientist #forensics #forensicscience #crimescene #forensicfield #criminology #hair #biologicalevidence #physicalevidence #traceevidence #pmi #Postmortem #Postmorteminterval # #legal #crime #case #knowledge #forensicstudy #forensicstudy #questionanswer #tuesday #forensicquestionanswer #basicofforensic #decompositionofbody #bodyafterdeath #fundamentalofforensic https://www.instagram.com/p/B1fhZZMhckd/?igshid=18v7bf807f23t

[amplia-mente]

Hoy queremos dedicar nuestra entrada a un grupo de compañeros que han iniciado una nueva etapa en la publicación de textos científicos en nuestro país (España). Queremos aprovechar este foro para dar la bienvenida a la Revista Internacional de Antropología y Odontología Forense.

International Journal of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology

Today we want to dedicate our input to a group of colleagues who have started a new stage in the publication of scientific texts in our country (Spain). We want to take this forum to welcome the International Journal of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology.

La Asociación Española de Antropología y Odontología Forense (AEAOF) impulsa un nuevo proyecto editorial con esta revista y como se recoge en la Editorial del primer número, en palabras del Presidente de la AEOAF, el Dr. Fernando Serrulla, no se trata únicamente de una revista científica, si no que es también un medio de comunicación, un órgano de expresión de la AEAOF y queremos también que sirva para establecer sólidos puentes de unión entre los profesionales del mundo Iberoamericano. Estableciéndose lazos de unión con la Asociación Latinoamericana de Antropología Forense (ALAF) y con la Sociedad de Odontoesomatologos Forenses Iberoamericana (SOFIA).

The Spanish Association of Anthropology and Forensic Dentistry (AEAOF) promotes a new editorial project with this magazine and as it is included in the Editorial of the first issue, in the words of the President of the AEOAF, Dr. Fernando Serrulla, it is not just a question of scientific journal, if not that it is also a means of communication, an organ of expression of the AEAOF and we also want it to serve to establish solid bridges of union between the professionals of the Ibero-American world. Establishing links with the Latin American Association of Forensic Anthropology (ALAF) and with the Ibero-American Forensic Odontosomatology Society (SOFIA).

Se trata de una revista en español sobre Antropología y Odontología Forense que acepta artículos también en inglés y portugués y que aspira a reunir las experiencias y los trabajos de investigación de profesionales y expertos en Antropología y Odontología Forense del ámbito iberoamericano, así como a convertirse en un foro de encuentro y discusión científica. Se pretende editar inicialmente 1 ó 2 números al año. La publicación se edita sólo de forma online, descargable gratuitamente desde la página de la AEAOF y está incluida en la Plataforma Open Access de Revistas Científicas Españolas y Latinoamericanas del Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.

It is a journal in Spanish on Anthropology and Forensic Odontology that accepts articles also in English and Portuguese and that aims to gather the experiences and research work of professionals and experts in Anthropology and Forensic Dentistry of the Ibero-American scope, as well as to become a forum for scientific meeting and discussion. It is intended to initially edit 1 or 2 issues per year. The publication is only published online, downloadable free of charge from the AEAOF website and is included in the Open Access Platform of Spanish and Latin American Scientific Journals of the Higher Center for Scientific Research.

En este primer número encontramos artículos muy interesantes, como el que abre la revista titulado “Protocolo de búsqueda, levantamiento y exhumación de restos humanos” en el que se aboga por la necesidad de crear en el ámbito de los Institutos de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de la implementación de técnicas antropológicas y arqueológicas forenses en el que mediante la participación de equipos multidisciplinares de especialistas acreditados y que permitan mejorar la investigación de la escena del crimen y la recuperación de las evidencias de interés criminalísticos. Sobre todo en aquellos casos que requieran la localización y exhumación de cadáveres en avanzado estado de putrefacción, carbonizados o incinerados o en proceso de esqueletización. Por tanto proponen los autores que el médico forense de guardia informe del hallazgo y actúe como mediador ante el Juez de guardia, explicando la necesidad de programar la intervención mediante un equipo especializado y no precipitarse en la recuperación de restos que pueda hacer que se pierdan pruebas.

In this first issue we find very interesting articles, such as the one that opens the magazine entitled “Protocol of search, analysis and exhumation of human remains” which advocates the need to create within the scope of the Institutes of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of the implementation of anthropological and archaeological forensic techniques in which through the participation of multidisciplinary teams of accredited specialists and that allow to improve the investigation of the crime scene and the recovery of the evidences of criminalistic interest. Especially in those cases that require the location and exhumation of corpses in an advanced state of putrefaction, charred or incinerated or in the process of skeletonization. Therefore, the authors propose that the forensic doctor on duty report the finding and act as mediator before the Judge on duty, explaining the need to program the intervention through a specialized team and not rush into the recovery of remains that could cause the loss of evidence.

Otro de los artículos que nos ha llamado la atención es el titulado “El hueso como matriz para análisis toxicológico forense” en el que se indica que la matríz ósea (MO) podría ser utilizada como muestra para analisis toxicológico, incluso hasta 5 años después del fallecimiento, sin embargo no hay datos exactos que demuestren que las muestras de MO son representativas de los niveles en sangre en el momento de la muerte. Además, el lugar del muestreo, la edad, el ratio agua/grasa de la MO, las propiedades físico químicas de la molécula y la estabilidad de la MO en el intervalo post mortem pueden interferir en las concentraciones. La interpretación de los resultados es difícil. Los autores concluyen que la MO humana tiene un gran interés potencial como matriz y resulta razonable su elección en toxicología forense. Es evidente la necesidad de contar con más estudios validados para poder establecer una determinación cualitativa y cuantitativa de utilidad.

Another of the articles that have caught our attention is the one titled “Bone as a matrix for forensic toxicological analysis” in which it is indicated that the bone matrix (MO) could be used as a sample for toxicological analysis, even up to 5 years after the death, however, there is no exact data demonstrating that MO samples are representative of blood levels at the time of death. In addition, the sampling site, the age, the water / fat ratio of the OM, the physicochemical properties of the molecule and the stability of the MO in the postmortem interval can interfere in the concentrations. The interpretation of the results is difficult. The authors conclude that human MO has a great potential interest as a matrix and its choice in forensic toxicology is reasonable. The need for more validated studies is evident in order to establish a qualitative and quantitative determination of utility.

Por último queremos destacar el artículo titulado “Rasgos perimortales de las fracturas de huesos largos“, en el que se vienen a recoger 5 características de las fracturas que podrían diferenciar cuales de ellas son postmorten y cuales perimorten, estas características son: fractura laminar, márgenes ondulados, superficie escamosa, escamas y defectos en escama y márgenes conminutos. Además los autores presentan estas características con un material iconográfico de gran calidad.

Finally, we would like to highlight the article entitled “Long bone fractures perimortem traits“, in which 5 characteristics of the fractures that could differentiate which of them are postmortem and which are perimortem are collected, these characteristics are: laminar fracture, margins wavy, scaly surface, scales and flake defects and minute margins. In addition, the authors present these characteristics with a high-quality iconographic material.

We can only say that we liked this publication, which enriches the archive of the scientific magazine in Spanish, and the quality of this first issue is very high. So we want to congratulate the editors and authors and we trust and hope that this publication has a long life. We will continue alert to the next numbers.

Solo nos queda decir que nos ha gustado mucho esta publicación, que viene a enriquecer la hemeroteca científica en española y que la calidad de este primer número es muy elevado, por lo que sólo nos queda felicitar a los editores y a los autores y confiar en que esta publicación tenga un largo recorrido. Seguiremos atentos a los próximos números.

[doctoralerts]

Putrefaction

Putrefaction Definition

Putrefaction is the final process observed in the cadaver, leading to the gradual dissolution and liquefaction of the tissues.

This to most of the forensic experts is though synonymous with decomposition (Postmortem Decomposition), is due to bacterial fermentation.

Mechanism

Putrefaction is brought about in a dead body by bacterial action.

Bacterial Action : Certain…