#Technology Film Camera Video Digital DigitalFormat Software

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Principles Of  Video Technology

TELEVISION STANDARDS:

PAL: Phase alternation line (PAL) is a software system which is used for analogue television for correcting colour. In many countries, it is used within broadcast systems in which it is shot in 25 frames per second. 

As well as this, it is also used to describe frame rates, audio modulation and image resolution. 

SECAM: The term Séquentiel Couleur Avec Mémoire (SECAM) is french for “Sequential with memory” and is an analogue colour television. In 1967, the first SECAM broadcast took place in France. This software is one of three major colour television standards, the two others being PAL and NTSC. This system is shot in 35 frames per second. 

Standard Conversion: The most common form of standard conversion is PAL and NTSC. Standard Conversion is the process of transforming one type of television system to another. 

NTSC has 525 individual scan lines and is shot 30 frames per second. 

Widescreen Aspect Ratio: Widescreen cinema is a close match to high definition which has a width of 16 units and height of 9 (16:9). The standard definition was 4:3.

This aspect ratio is important for film and photography and it has an international standard format of HDTV, Full HD and Non-HD.Component Video Signals: There are pros and cons to component video signals.The colour quality is better than composite signals however, they do not carry audio and often paired with audio cables, as well as this it is expensive to buy. 

A single line level signal is used to combine video information and after this process it is used in analogue TV.

Composite Video Signals: Video transmissions within analogue that carries standard definition videos come under the category of composite video signals. 

The positive to this is that it is easier to use due to there being one cable, although this means that it has to be encoded in one way.

High Definition Video: Any video image with more than 480 horizontal lines, is classed as HD. The higher the resolution than normal is categorised as high definition. HD makes videos look as though it has been shot in film.

HDMI: High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) transmits uncompressed video data and compressed/uncompressed audio data from s HDMI complaint source device.

Only one single cable is used and due to this it doesn’t interfere with other cables causing it to work properly. 

DVI: The ‘Digital Display Working Group’ developed video display surface. It is used to connect a video source to a display advice, i.e: computer monitor. 

BROADCAST SYSTEMS:

Terrestrial Broadcasting: Radio waves transmit television signals. The type of TV with broadcasting includes local channels and although it’s free it had limited channels. The first long distance TV broadcast was from Washington on April 7th, 1927. BBC started broadcasting in 1929 and had regular schedule programmes in 1930. 

Satellite Broadcasting: Broadcasting signals are done through a satellite network. Satellite receiver can be either analogue or digital. The first satellite TV signal was relayed in Europe over North America in 1962.

Digital Broadcasting: Digital Broadcasting is the set of standards that define digital broadcasting using satellite, cable and terrestrial infrastructures. The practice of using digital signals rather than broadcasting over radio frequency bands and analogue signals. 

Multiplexes: The aim of multiplexes is to share an expensive resource. The definition ‘multiplexes’ is multiple signals/streams of information on a carrier. Systems of signals involve simultaneous transmission of several messages, one wire may be used for several telephone calls. 

Multiplexing originated in telegraphy in 1870′s and telephone carrier multiplexing in 1910. Cable & Internet TV: Cable and internet television provide a clearer picture and a more variety or channels making it a popular source. It doesn’t take long to install and the internet connection is faster and easier. Although, it is expensive due to internet usage and channels. 

On Demand Systems: This system is used to listen to audio and watch videos, movies and television shows. Videos can be viewed whenever the user prefers rather than having to watch during the broadcast time. 

DIGITAL RECORDING:

Domestic: Domestic is a record from home process. Programmes can be recorded whilst out through a cable box. The box will have a record button which can be pressed to record programs at any time. 

Professional & Broadcast Formats: Different programmes contain many different broadcast formats, an example of this would be; digital video, DVD and Blu-Ray disc. These formats are needed to watch television or use the internet. 

Tape & Hard Drive Recording: Hard drive recording is the method used to record data to a hard drive disc. Hard drives are used to save information and data. Depending on the brand, some brands may lack quality however, it is easy and can be took to travel. This is a popular choice of storage and is easy to buy. As well as this, it is digital recording although, it may be expensive.

Tape is also used to record and store data inside however, it has a lack of accessibility. 

Connection Line-Up & Operation: 

Camera set-up for a specific location: Certain types of cameras are essential for filming. An example of this is; if filming is shot at night time, the camera used must be sensitive to low light and filming shot in day time but have a camera with good colour balance. 

Colour Temperature: How bright the image is depends on the colour temperature. To change the white balance, a neutral or white object can be held in front of the camera, the camera will then adjust to colour changing temperature. 

Lenses: Zoom, colour, brightness, quality, focus and detail all depend on the lenses. The quality of the image/film is effected by the camera. Distort image and poor quality image resorts from a standard camera.

DIGITAL EDITING:

File Types: Audio and visual both require different file types. Many file types will appear during the editing stage and sometimes converting it using software online is necessary. A system is used to store codes for each file.

File Size & Compression: The size of a computer file measures the file size. Each individual file has its own size, the bigger the size the slower it takes to upload/export the file to a different source. 

Compression is the reduction in the size of data in order to save space, this helps the file become smaller. 

System Compatibility: Without having to be altered, two systems are compatible with one another. The same data formats are used within compatible software applications. 

Hardware & Software: The physical parts if a device is referred to as ‘hardware’. Objects you can touch such as hard drive disks, display screens, printers and keyboards are under this category. This category also includes external and internal hardware devices.

Software include programs and applications that run on computer. System requirements are often involved with software programs. The things included within this category is objects that can’t be touched such as; concepts, symbols and ideas. Software is needed to make computers useful and no programmes can be accessed without it. 

Data Transfer: The amount of digital information that moves from a computer to a device with a set period of time is referred to as ‘data transfer’. During the importing/exporting stage, the file device depends on how long it takes to download, this is part of data transfer. 

File Management: File management is an operating system which is used to organise and keep track of files. This saves time as it is done automatically. This source is popular as it is a safer way to store information as files may get lost on hard drives. More features such as back-up procedures and stricter file protection is introduced to make it more reliable. Although there are many positives to this, it is very expensive and may only contain minimum storage space. 

THE FUTURE OF VIDEO TECHNOLOGY - WHAT’S NEXT?

The future for video technology and digital formats will be developed through social media platforms. The aim to continue to improve quality, storage space, visuals, audio and the speed of devices. 

http://www.siliconrepublic.com

- “Higher education is the key to enabling much of video’s aspiration future.”

- “As a long term ultimate goal, it would be something like the ultimate entertainment platform.” - Smolic

- “The big overarching goal is to create something that would make visual communication indistinguishable from reality” - Smolic

 http://www.ieeexplore.ieee.org

The Future of Video: “Becoming People of the Screen, includes both a report and forecast map. This research provides a deep exploration into our research on the future of video as a new medium for entertainment, information, and communication. As video becomes increasingly ubiquitous, we will all soon become people of the screen.”

http://www.iftf.org