#Triliteral root

[quatregats]

Thinking about when Dr. Jacob goes off at dinner about triliteral root systems and then is like whoops was that too much. No one understands me like he does

[casa-anachar]

لأن تقرا النبي؟

نعم، لقد قرأت كتاب النبي عندما كان عمري 19 جدًا سنة.

اشتريت الكتاب باللغة العربية لأرى هل قراءة اللغتين جنبًا إلى جنب يمكن أن يساعدني… لقد استنفدت بالفعل نهاية دولينجو باللغة العربية

أنا أحب الجذور الثلاثية كإطار، ولكن للأسف لا أستطيع قراءتها بدون الحروف المتحركة.

أنا أعتمد على "غؤغل ترانسلات" للقيام بذلك من أجلي.

بأية حال:

لدي بعض التفاصيل الدقيقة التي أريد مناقشتها مع جبران فيما يتعلق بالإسكان والتخطيط الحضري،

لكنني أقدر كلماته عن الفرح والحزن،

ونكتته التي قالها: "يَحسُنُ بذاك الذي يرتدي اخلاقَهُ وكأنها أفضلُ ما لديه من ثياب، أن يكون عارياً"

لقد بقي هذا معي طوال الوقت.

[thedwarrowscholar]

Hi DS, How would you say "Drink!" as a command? I have created a mace in my D&D game with my sons and the mace has a head shaped like a keg. After soaking it in ale, you can speak the command word to intoxicate your target. The mace's name is "Inebriator". If you can translate that to Khuzdul as well, I would greatly appreciate it. :-) Thanks!

Well met, fionaredwitch!

First off — what a brilliant idea. A keg-headed mace, soaked in ale, with a command that intoxicates your foes? That’s a thing of Dwarven legend already. Let’s forge the words to match!

🍺 “Drink!” — The Imperative Form

In Neo-Khuzdul, direct commands are issued in the imperative mood — used when speaking to someone with certainty and authority. Think of it as the verbal equivalent of slamming your tankard on the table.

The root for to drink is SH–L–K, and following the imperative iCCiC pattern for triliteral roots, we get:

ishlik — “Drink!” (when addressing one person)

ishlikî — “Drink (you all)!” (when addressing more than one)

These are precise, commanding, and exactly the kind of phrase you’d use when activating a magical weapon. No room for misinterpretation.

⚒️ A Note on Imperative vs. Jussive

You might’ve seen another form used in Khuzdul that looks like a command but is actually something else — that’s the jussive mood. It’s softer, more formal or ceremonial, often meaning “may (one) do X” or “let them do Y.”

For example:

shamukh — “Let all greet”

This is not an order, but a polite suggestion, - and on a side note "shamukh" has over time it become the go-to Dwarvish greeting or farewell, similar to “Aloha” or “Shalom.” Whether meeting at the forge or parting at the gate, the jussive form shamukh has become a phrase of kinship and shared honour.

🧪 “Cause to Drink Ales” — The Causative Mood

Now we get to the fun part: if your mace causes someone to drink, we use the causative mood.

Using the root for ale (Z–L–L), the causative forms are:

zullutha — “It (undoubtedly) causes (all) to drink ales” (Causative Perfect — used for dependable truths)

tazlalthi — “It (vividly) causes (all) to drink ales” (Causative Imperfect — used for ongoing vivid realities)

These might be ideal for naming the weapon itself. Both sound arcane and impactful, while remaining faithful to Neo-Khuzdul grammar.

🪓 Overview of Suggested Names

Zullutha — “It causes to drink ales” — dependable, final

Tazlalthi — “It is causing to drink ales” - Ongoing, vivid

Ashlak — “The Drinker” (non-person form) Zabsh Ushlak — “Drinker’s Mace” (person form and object)

Jalazululôn-Zabsh - “They become very drunk – Mace” — evocative of the aftermath

💡 Jalazululôn comes from the allied verb jala- (completely, whole, in one go), in combination with the 3rd person plural dependable Perfect form. It’s a dependable punchy way of implying: “Smacked by this mace? You’re gone.” It’s the kind of name that sounds like a challenge and a warning all at once — perfect for a Dwarven weapon carried into battle (or a tavern brawl).

May your mace pour chaos like ale from a tapped keg!

Ever at your service, The Dwarrow Scholar

[tlaquetzqui]

People point out that “Abdul Alhazred” doesn’t work as an Arabic name, because the “ul” is “al”. (If an Arabic syllable ends on two consonants it has an unpronounced -u appended to it, that changes the behavior of some following vowels. E.g. the old assassin guy in Batman should be Rahs Ul-Ghul, because “head” is rahs(u).)

But, what if it’s something like “Abdul Āl-Haḍrad”? Ḍ often becomes z in various dialects of Arabic and foreign transcriptions, and Āl—note the long A—means “family, clan”. H-ḍ-r is a triliteral root relating to inhabiting. “Servant of the Family of Denizens” is an appropriately Lovecraftian name.

[semusepsu]

This guy discussing triliteral verb roots in Hebrew was comparing it to English irregular verbs, and said "even if you can sing a song, you can't bring a brong" and that's so funny. I want to bring a brong. Ring a rong. I don't want to bing a bong, but I don't mind if you do.

[lgbtqiamuslimpedia]

Khanith

Khanith/Xanith (Arabic: خنيث) is a gender-diverse community of Arabian peninsula. Most of the Khaniths are born as male, associated with feminine expression & gender non-confirmity. The term khanith is colloquially used in Oman and other parts of the Arabian Peninsula to describe effeminate male, transvestite, passive homosexual, queer, gender non-confirming & non-binary individuals.

Etymology

The term khanith derived from the Arabic triliteral root kha-nu-tha — a root which also provides the words khuntha (intersex) and mukhannath/mukhannas (effeminate male, trans femme,cross-gender). Mu'khanith is the plural form of Khanith. The term Khanith/Mukhanith has been existed in Arabian Peninsula since about 600 AD. [citation needed]

The term khanith was first documented in anthropological scholarship by Unni Wikan (1977). Unni Wikan described Khanith group as transsexual homosexual [citation needed]. Wikan’s study proved to be controversial among anthropologists, triggering a heated debate about definitions and methodology of Arabic Khanith identity.

Life Style

The Khanith has medium long hair & comb their hair diagonally forward from a side parting, and they oil it heavily in the style of women. Both men and women cover their head, but Kaniths do not.Khaniths are generally heavily perfumed, and uses make-up.They often dressed up in a white and tight-fitting kandorah (an ankle-length garment worn in the region), while some worn ghutrah (a white headdress). By profession, khaniths are entertainer, matchmaker & servant.

In legal terms the khaniths are regarded as men and referred to by others with masculine pronouns. While some consider them as third gender in Omani society. Some khanith may marry a female, by doing so they would be bound by the rules of patriarchal norms & gender segregation. The usual reason given for marriage is to have someone care for them and keep them company in old age. Moreover, khanith individuals can engage in same-sex relationship, their sexuality was much tolerated in earliest days of Arabia.

In Popular Culture

The Diesel is one of the popular critical pieces of Gulf literature, was written by Thani al-Suwaidi, an Emirati poet & writer. The novella was published in 1994. The story revolves around a transgender/khanith djinn who face the difficult decision of living in a man's body as a conventional 'man' or embracing their inner female soul. Diesel is born to parents who long for a son after many pregnancy difficulties. The mother passed away after giving birth. The father and family hold Diesel responsible for her/their mother's death & ultimately marginalised growing up in her/their community. Eventually, she/they experiences a 'calling' and takes on a daring career as a female entertainer and singer. She/they becomes the most sought-after voice luring sheikhs who beg to hear her voice at their celebrations and weddings. Eventually, Diesel's popularity grows to the extent that she/they is able to incite a rebellion against the ruling elite.

[legend-collection]

Shaitan

A shaitan or shaytan is an evil spirit in Islam, inciting humans and the jinn to sin by "whispering" in their hearts. Although invisible to humans, shayāṭīn are imagined to be ugly and grotesque creatures created from (hell-)fire.

Pic by Gustave Dore

The Quran speaks of various ways that the shayāṭīn tempt humans into sin. They may teach sorcery, float below the heavens to steal the news of the angels, or lurk near humans without being seen. Iblīs, called ash-Shayṭān ("the Devil" or "Satan"), is their leader. Ḥadīth literature holds the shayāṭīn responsible for various calamities which may affect personal life. Both the ḥādīth literature and Arab folklore usually speak of the shayāṭīn in abstract terms, describing their evil influence only. For example, according to a hadith, during Ramadan they are said to be chained in hell.

According to Muslim philosophical writings, the shayāṭīn struggle against the noble angels in the imaginal reality called 'ālam al-mithāl or 'ālam al-malakūt over the human mind, consisting of both angelic and devilish qualities. Some writers describe the shayāṭīn as expressions of God's fierce attributes and actions.

The Arabic term Šayṭān (Arabic: شَيْطَان) originated from the triliteral root š-ṭ-n ("distant, astray") and is cognate to Satan. It has a theological connotation designating a creature distant from the divine mercy. In pre-Islamic Arabia, this term was used to designate an evil spirit, but only used by poets who were in contact with Jewish and Christian tribes. According to Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar, Shaytan in the Arabic language refers to every rebellious person

With the emergence of Islam, the meaning of shayāṭīn moved closer to the Christian concept of devils. The term shayāṭīn appears similarly in the Jewish Book of Enoch, denoting the hosts of Satan. The term ultimately derives from the Jewish Book of Job. Taken from Islamic literary sources, the term shayāṭīn may be translated as "demons", "satans", or "devils".

In the Quran, shayāṭīn are mentioned as often as angels. The shayāṭīn are mentioned less frequently than Šayṭān, but they are equally hostile to God's order (sharīʿa). They teach sorcery to humans, inspire their friends to dispute with the faithful make evil suggestions towards both humans and jinn, and secretly listen to the council of the angels. The Quran speaks about the junud Iblīs, the (invisible) hosts of Iblīs (comparable to the junud of angels fighting along Muhammad. Yet, despite the reluctant nature of the shayāṭīn, they are ultimately under God's command, working as his instruments and not forming their own party. According to the Quran, God made the shayāṭīn slaves for Solomon, God assigns the shayāṭīn as companions to the unbelievers, and God sends the shayāṭīn as enemies to misbelievers to incite them against each other. It is God who leads astray and puts people on the straight path. Both good and evil are caused by God in Islam.

A single Šayṭān (the Devil, mostly thought of as Iblīs) caused Adam to eat from the forbidden tree, arguing, God only prohibited its fruit, so they shall not become immortal, as narrated in the Quran. He makes people forgetful, protects wicked nations, encourages to murderand rebellion and betrays his followers, as seen in the Battle of Badr. The Quran explicitly warns people not to follow the Šayṭān, implying that humans are free to choose between the path of God or the one of Šayṭān. But Šayṭān only promises delusion . portrays Šayṭān as a false friend, who betrays those who follow him. Šayṭān can only act with God's permission. The Quranic story of Iblīs, who represents the shayāṭīn in the primordial fall, shows that the shayāṭīn are both subordinative and created by God. Šayṭān proclaims that he fears God ('akhafu 'llah), which can mean both, that he is revering or frightened about God (the latter one the preferred translation).

The ḥādīth narrations are more related to the practical function of the shayāṭīn in everyday life. They usually speak about šayṭān, instead of Iblīs or shayāṭīn, given the ḥādīth literature links them to their evil influences, not to them as proper personalities. Yet, ḥādīth narrations indicate that they are composed of a body. The shayāṭīn are said to eat with their left hand, therefore Muslims are advised to eat with their right hand. Shayāṭīn, although invisible, are depicted as immensely ugly. The sun is said to set and rise between the horns of a šayṭān and during this moment, the doors to hell are open, thus Muslims should not pray periodically at this time. The shayāṭīn are chained in hell during Ramadan. Shayāṭīn are sent by Iblis to cause misery among humans and return to him for report. A šayṭān is said to tempt humans through their veins. Shayāṭīn try to interrupt ritual Muslim prayer, and if a šayṭān succeeds in confusing a Muslim, the Muslim is supposed to prostrate two times and continue. Satan and his minions battle the angels of mercy over the soul of a sinner; however, they are referred to as "angels of punishment" instead of shayāṭīn.

When it comes to the issue of invisible creatures, mufassirs usually focus on shayāṭīn and evil jinn and although they are similar in threatening humans, they are distinguished by one another. While the jinn share many attributes with humans, like having free will, and the ability to reason, and thus different types of believers, the shayāṭīn are exclusively evil. Further, the jinn have a limited lifespan, but the shayāṭīn die only when their leader ceases to exist. The father of the jinn is Al-Jann and the father of the shayāṭīn is Iblis.

In Tafsir al-Kalbi about Ibn 'Abbas, he is quoted as saying: Iblis is cursed and made his soldiers two teams, so he sent one team of them to the humans and another team to the jinn. In another account of him, the jinn are offspring of al-jann, unlike devils. The devils were born by Iblis and they perish only with him and the jinn die including the believer and the infidel (...) — Mahmud al-Alusi, "The Spirit of Meaning", Surah 6:112

Engku Ansaruddin Agus states that jinn, shaitan, and iblis are three different things; Iblis is the name, given by God, to an angel (Azazil) who disobeyed. Shaitan is a title for those who join Azazil's army, trained to destroy humans. Abu Mufti distinguishes in his commentary of Abu Hanifa's "al-Fiqh al-absat" that all angels, except Harut and Marut, are obedient. But all shayāṭīn, except Ham ibn Him ibn Laqis Ibn Iblis, are created evil. Al-Damiri reports from ibn Abbas, that the angels will be in paradise, the shayāṭīn will be in hell, and among the jinn and humans, some will be in paradise and some will be in hell. Only humans and jinn are created with fitra, meaning both angels and shayāṭīn lack free will and are settled in opposition.

Neither the origin of the shayāṭīn nor their creation is described in the Quran. Since their leader describes themselves in the Quran as being "created from fire", shayāṭīn are thought to be created from that. More precisely, sometimes considered the fires of hell in origin. Most mufassirs agree that the shayāṭīn are the offspring of Iblis. Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi reports that God offered Iblis support by giving him offspring, which are the shayāṭīn. Others describe the shayāṭīn as fallen spirits (sometimes heavenly jinn, sometimes fiery angels), outcast from the presence of God. Ibn Barrajan argues that the angels consist of two tribes: One created from light and one from fire, the latter being the shayāṭīn. Ibn Arabi describes the jinn as fire-made spiritual entities from the spiritual world. When they disobey God, they turn into shayāṭīn. Qadi Baydawi argues that shayāṭīn are perhaps not essentially different from angels, but differ only in their accidents and qualities.

Since the term shaitan is also used as an epithet to describe malevolent jinn (and humans), it is sometimes difficult to properly distinguish between shayāṭīn and evil jinn in some sources. Generally, Satan and his hosts of devils (shayatin) appear in traditions associated with Jewish and Christian narratives, while jinn represent entities of polytheistic background.

Shayāṭīn are linked to Muslim ritual purity. Ritual purity is important in attracting angels, while shayāṭīn approach impurity and filthy or desacralized places. Before reciting the Quran, Muslims should take wudu/abdest and seek refuge in God from the shayāṭīn. Reciting specific prayers is supposed to protect against the influence of the shayāṭīn.

Islamic philosophical cosmology asserts the belief in a singular God. In Islam, reverence is held for all the Abrahamic Prophets, including prominent figures like Moses and Jesus. Islamic tradition maintains that Prophets were sent to guide every tribe or community throughout history, with divine revelations being imparted to mankind repeatedly. However, the purity of these messages was sometimes compromised due to human tendencies such as corruption, jealousy, and heresy. Islam affirms that Muhammad was the final Prophet, and it asserts that the Quran, the holy book of Islam, remains unaltered by human hands.

It divides living beings into four categories: Animals, humans, angels, and shayāṭīn. Al-Farabi defines angels as reasonable and immortal beings, humans as reasonable and mortal beings, animals as unreasonable and mortal beings, and shayāṭīn as unreasonable and immortal beings. He supports his claim with the Quranic verse in which God grants Iblis respite until the day of resurrection.

Likewise, al-Ghazali divides human nature into four domains, each representing another type of creature: Animals, beasts, devils, and angels. Traits humans share with bodily creatures are animals, which exist to regulate ingestion and procreation and the beasts, used for predatory actions like hunting. The other traits humans share with the jinn and root in the realm of the unseen. These faculties are of two kinds: That of angels and the shayāṭīn. While the angels endow the human mind with reason, advise virtues, and lead to worship of God, the šayṭān perverts the mind and tempts it to commit lies, betrayals, and deceits, thus abusing the spiritual gift. The angelic nature instructs how to use the animalistic body properly, while the šayṭān perverts it. In this regard, the plane of a human is, unlike who's of the jinn and animals, not pre-determined. Humans are potentially both angels and devils, depending on whether the sensual soul or the rational soul develops.

The Brethren of Purity understand shayāṭīn as ontological forces, manifesting in everything evil.

Following the cosmology of Wahdat al-Wujud, Haydar Amuli specifies that angels reflect God's names of light and beauty, while the shayāṭīn God's attributes of "Majesty", "The Haughty" and "Domineering".Ibn Arabi, to whom Haydar Amuli's cosmology is attributed to, although making a clear distinction between the devils and the angels, interpreted shayāṭīn as beings of a similar function to that of angels, as sent and predescribed by God, in his Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya.

Sufi writers connect the descriptions of shayāṭīn mentioned in hadith literature to human psychological conditions. Devilish temptations are distinguished from the angelic assertions, by that the angels suggest piety by sharia, the shayāṭīn against God's law and sinful acts. He further elaborates an esoteric cosmology, visualizing a human's heart as the capital of the body, in constant struggle between reason and carnal desires invoked by the shayāṭīn. Ali Hujwiri similarly describes the shayāṭīn and angels mirroring the human psychological condition, the shayāṭīn and carnal desires on one side, and the spirit and the angels on the other. The evil urges related to the al-nafs al-ammarah in Sufism are also termed div.

[almaqead]

"The Sidiq." From Surah 70, Al-Ma'ārij – "The Ascending Stairways."

The Moral Code in the Quran is urging us to go up, but mankind just wants to go down, and down, and down. The two sides of our characters are pulling at the seam and as usual the bad guys are winning, the rest have their heads up their hiney holes.

The Surah says we cannot just go and plant our feet and give their necks and good yank, we cannot really take any action at all. The Quran is all we have, it is our only course of action. This act of contemplation as "nation" is called Sadaqah, it is the Seat, the Cause of Allah Himself.

About this the Surah says:

70: 32-37:

"˹The faithful are˺ also those who are true to their trusts and covenants;

and who are honest in their testimony;

and who are ˹properly˺ observant of their prayers.

These will be in Gardens, held in honour.

So what is the matter with the disbelievers that they rush ˹head-long˺ towards you ˹O Prophet˺,

from the right and the left, in groups ˹to mock you˺?"

Commentary:

Sadaq is a social contract that compels is to follow though on actions that are virtuous and good for the public.

The Arabic word ṣadaq (صَدَقَ) is a rich and foundational term in Islam, rooted in the triliteral root ṣ-d-q (ص د ق), which conveys the idea of truth, sincerity, loyalty, and fulfillment. It appears in various grammatical forms throughout the Qur’an, Hadith, and Islamic scholarly tradition and is crucial in understanding the Islamic conception of truthfulness, charity, and faithfulness to God and others.

🔹 I. LINGUISTIC ROOT: Ṣ-D-Q (ص د ق)

Core Meanings (from classical dictionaries like Lisān al-ʿArab and Tāj al-ʿArūs):

Ṣadaqa (verb): to be truthful, to speak the truth, to fulfill (a promise).

Ṣidq (noun): truth, sincerity, authenticity.

Ṣadīq: a truthful or loyal person (friend, ally).

Ṣiddīq: one who embodies truthfulness completely (title of highest integrity—e.g., Abu Bakr al-Ṣiddīq).

Ṣadaqah: voluntary charity—what is given sincerely.

Ṣidq al-niyya: sincerity of intention.

The word ṣadaq is dynamic—it links speech, action, and intention together.

📖 II. IN THE QUR’AN

The root ṣ-d-q appears in many forms across the Qur’an. Let’s group them by theme:

1. Allah Is the Source of Truth

وَمَنْ أَصْدَقُ مِنَ اللَّهِ قِيلًا “And who is more truthful in speech than Allah?” — Surah An-Nisa 4:122

وَعْدَ اللَّهِ حَقًّا وَمَنْ أَصْدَقُ مِنَ اللَّهِ قِيلًا “It is the true promise of Allah. And who is more truthful than Allah?” — Surah An-Nisa 4:87

Allah’s speech and promise are ultimate truth—the highest standard of ṣidq.

2. Truthfulness as a Virtue of Believers

لِيَجْزِيَ اللَّهُ الصَّادِقِينَ بِصِدْقِهِمْ “So that Allah may reward the truthful for their truth.” — Surah Al-Ahzab 33:24

فَإِنْ صَدَقُوا اللَّهَ يَكُنْ خَيْرًا لَهُمْ “But if they had been true to Allah, it would have been better for them.” — Surah Muhammad 47:21

3. Ṣidq = Highest Ranks of the Righteous

فَأُوْلَـٰٓئِكَ مَعَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمَ ٱللَّهُ عَلَيْهِم مِّنَ ٱلنَّبِيِّـۧنَ وَٱلصِّدِّيقِينَ وَٱلشُّهَدَآءِ وَٱلصَّـٰلِحِينَ ۚ وَحَسُنَ أُوْلَـٰٓئِكَ رَفِيقًا “… with the prophets, the ṣiddīqīn (most truthful), the martyrs, and the righteous...” — Surah An-Nisa 4:69

4. Ṣadaqah: Truthful Generosity

إِنَّمَا الصَّدَقَاتُ لِلْفُقَرَاءِ... “Verily, ṣadaqāt (charitable offerings) are for the poor…” — Surah At-Tawbah 9:60

Here, ṣadaqah (charity) is derived from ṣidq because it is a truthful proof of one’s faith. The Zakah system is built around this.

🕋 III. IN HADITH LITERATURE

1. Truthfulness Leads to Righteousness

"ʿAlaykum biṣ-ṣidq, fa-inna ṣ-ṣidqa yahdī ilā al-birr, wa-inna al-birra yahdī ilā al-jannah." “Adhere to truthfulness, for truthfulness leads to righteousness, and righteousness leads to Paradise…” — Sahih al-Bukhari & Muslim

2. Sadaqah as an Act of Truth and Mercy

"Kullu maʿrūf ṣadaqah." “Every good deed is a ṣadaqah.” — Sahih al-Bukhari

"Your smile for your brother is a ṣadaqah." — Tirmidhi

This links truthful giving, sincerity, and acts of kindness all to the same root concept.

🕌 IV. IN FIQH (ISLAMIC LAW)

Types of Ṣadaqah:

Ṣadaqah al-Māl: Financial charity

Ṣadaqah al-Fiṭr: Charity given at the end of Ramadan

Ṣadaqah Jāriyah: Ongoing charity

Ṣadaqah Nafl: Voluntary charity

Jurisprudentially, ṣadaqah is:

A proof of sincerity (niyyah)

A form of purification (tazkiyah)

A social contract of compassion (rahmah)

Fiqh texts (e.g. Al-Hidayah, al-Mughni) emphasize that true ṣadaqah must be:

Lawful in source

Sincere in intention

Not followed by reminders or harm (Qur’an 2:264)

🧠 V. IN SPIRITUALITY AND TAFSIR

Imam Al-Ghazali in Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din connects ṣidq (truthfulness) with the inner condition of the heart: A person cannot reach God unless their words, intentions, and actions are all in alignment — that is ṣidq.

Ibn al-Qayyim in Madarij as-Salikin: Ṣidq is the first station on the spiritual path, and all other virtues flow from it.

Al Maqead, the First Station is from whence all the knowledge of the Quran and Allah soak the mind. Once the mind is saturated all wrongdoing ends. This is the best way to help the world move past all the evil that has been done on its surface.

I do not listen nor pay attention to this world around me, I have as the Book says, trained my thoughts on what I know is right, good, just, fair, and propitious instead. One needs this kind of stability if one is going to ascend past the rubbish nonsense the planet has succumbed to. If every believer sits "properly" in their observations, it is inevitable the temperament all around each of us will change.

[smqazi]

EID-UL-ADHA, AFTER HAJJ IN MAKKAH, 1446 AH/2025 AD

Eid al-Adha is the second of the two main festivals in Islam alongside Eid al-Fitr. It falls on the 10th of Dhu al-HijjaH, the twelfth and final month of the Islamic calendar. Celebrations and observances are generally carried forward to the three (3) following days, known as the Tashreeq days.

Eid al-Adha

(Arabic: عيد الأضحى, romanized: ʿĪd al-ʾAḍḥā, lit. 'Feast of Sacrifice') is the second of the two (2) main festivals in Islam alongside Eid al-Fitr. It falls on the 10th of the twelfth and final month of the Islamic calendar.Celebrations and observances are generally carried forward to the three following days, known as the Tashreeq days.

Eid al-Adha is also sometimes called Eid II or "Greater Eid" (Arabic: العيد الكبير, romanized: Al-Eid-al-Kabeeer. As with Eid al-Fitr, theEid prayer is performed on the morning of Eid al-Adha, after which Qurbaan the Udhiyah or the ritual sacrifice of sheep, is performed.

In Islamic tradition, it honors the willingness of Abraham (‘Alaih-is-Salam)  to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to Almighty God's command  which Qurbaan the Udhiyah or the ritual sacrifice of sheep, is performed. In Islamic tradition, it honors the willingness of Abraham (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to Almighty God's command. 

Depending on the narrative, either Ishmael (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) or Isaac (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) are referred to with the honorific title "Sacrifice of GodAlmighty. Pilgrims performing the Hajj typically perform the tawaf and saee of Hajj on Eid al-Adha, along with the ritual stoning of the Devil on the Eid day and the following days. the Tawaf and saee of Hajj on Eid al-Adha, along with the ritual stoning of the Devil on the Eid day and the following days.

Etymology

The Arabic word عيد (ʿīd) means 'festival', 'celebration', 'feast day', or 'holiday'. The word عيد is a triliteral root (ʕ-y-d), with associated root meanings of "to go back, to rescind, to accrue, to be accustomed, habits, to repeat, to be experienced; appointed time or place, anniversary, feast day”. Arthur Jeffery contests this etymology, and believes the term to have been borrowed into Arabic from Syriac, or less likely Targumic Aramaic.

The holiday is called عيد الأضحى (Eid-al-Adha) or العيد الكبير (Eid-al-Kabeer) in Arabic.The words أضحى (Aḍḥā) and قربان (Qurbaan) are synonymous in meaning 'sacrifice' (animal sacrifice), 'offering' or 'oblation'. The first word comes from the triliteral root ضحى (Dahhaa) with the associated meanings "immolate; offer up; sacrifice; victimize". No occurrence of this root with a meaning related to sacrifice occurs in the Holy Qur’an but in the Hadith literature. 

Assyrians and other Middle Eastern Christians use the term to mean the Eucharistic host. The second word derives from the triliteral root قرب (Qarabah) with associated meanings of "closeness, proximity... to moderate; kinship...; to hurry; ...to seek, to seek water sources...; scabbard, sheath; small boat; sacrifice.” Arthur Jeffery recognizes the same Semitic root, but believes the sense of the term to have entered Arabic through Aramaic.

Eid al-Adha is pronounced Eid al-Azha and Eidul Azha, primarily in Iran and influenced by the Persian language, in the Indian subcontinent.[11]

Origin

One of the main trials of Abraham's (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) life was to receive and obey the command of God Almighty to slaughter his beloved son, Ishmael (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) the tawaf and saee of Hajj on Eid al-Adha, along with the ritual stoning of the Devil on the Eid day and the following days..

According to the narrative, Abraham (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) kept having dreams that he was sacrificing his son. Abraham (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) knew that this was a command from God Almighty. He told his son, as stated in the Holy Qur’an,

"Oh son, I keep dreaming that I am slaughtering you". he replied, "Father, do what you are ordered to do.

— Surah As-Saaffat 37, Ayah 102

Abraham (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) prepared to submit to the will of God Almighty and to slaughter his son as an act of faith and obedience to God Almighty. During the preparation, Iblis (Satan) tempted Abraham (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) and his family by trying to dissuade them from carrying out Almighty God's commandment, and Abraham (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) drove Iblis away by throwing pebbles at him. In commemoration of their rejection of Iblis, stones are thrown during Hajj rites at symbolic pillars, symbolizing the place at which Iblis tried to dissuade Abraham.(‘Alaih-ia-Salam).

Acknowledging that Abraham (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) was willing to sacrifice what was dear to him, God Almighty honored both Abraham (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) and his son. The Angel Gabriel [Jibreel (‘Alaih-ia-Salam)] proclaimed, "O Ibrahim, you have fulfilled the revelations," and a ram from heaven was offered by Angel Gabriel (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) to prophet Abraham (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) to slaughter instead of his son. Many Muslims celebrate Eid al-Adha to commemorate both the devotion of Abraham (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) and the survival of his son Ishmael (‘Alaih-ia-Salam).

This story is known as the Akedah in Judaism [Binding of Isaac (‘Alaih-ia-Salam)] and originates in the Torah,[18] in the first book of Moses (Genesis, Ch. 22). The Akedah is referred to in the Holy Quran in its 37th Surah, As-Saaffat.

The word "Eid" appears once in Al-Ma'idah, the fifth ` of the Holy Quran, with the meaning "a festival or a feast".

Observances

When preceding Eid al-Adha and during the Eid and Tashreeq days, Muslims recite Takbeer Like on Eid al-Fitr, the Eid prayer is performed on Eid al-Adha any time after sunrise and before the Zuhr prayer. In the event of a force majeure, the prayer may be delayed to the day after or the second day after Eid.

The Eid prayer is followed by a Khutbah (sermon). At the conclusion of the prayers and sermon, Muslims embrace and exchange gifts and greetings with one another, such as the phrase Eid Mubarak. Many Muslims also take this opportunity to invite their friends, neighbors and colleagues to the festivities to better acquaint them about Islam and Muslim culture.

Udhiyah

After the Eid prayer, Udhiyah, or the ritual sacrifice of cattle, is performed. Muslims who can afford it sacrifice Halalcattle, usually a camel, goat, sheep, or ram, as a symbol of Abraham's (‘Alaih-ia-Salam) willingness to sacrifice his only son. The animals have to meet certain age and quality standards to be considered for sacrifice.

In Pakistan alone, roughly 7.5 million animals, costing an estimated $3 billion (equivalent to $4.29 billion in 2024), were sacrificed in 2011.The meat from the sacrificed animal is generally divided into three (3) parts: the family performing the Udhiyah retains a third; while the remainder is equally divided between friends and relatives, and the poor.

The tradition for Eid al-Adha involves slaughtering an animal and sharing the meat in three (3) equal parts – for family, for relatives and friends, and for poor people. The goal is to make sure every Muslim gets to eat meat. However, there is a dissent among Muslim scholars regarding the obligatory nature of this sacrifice. 

While some scholars, such as Al-Kasani, categorize the sacrifice as obligatory (Wāǧib), others regard it only as an "established custom" (Sunna Mu'akkadah). Alternatives such as charitable donations or fasting have been suggested to be permissible by several Fuqahaa.

Cookies of Eid (ma'amoul)

Muslims are expected to dress in their finest clothing to perform Eid prayer in a large congregation in an open Waqf ("stopping") field called Eidgah or mosque. Cuisine traditionally associated with Eid al-Adha includes Ma’moul and Samosas.

Traditions[

Around the world, different traditions are followed on Eid al-Adha. For example, in Pakistan and Afghanistan, applying Henna is a famous tradition amongst women. In Pakistan, children receive Eidiee which is money and gifts given from elders. In the Middle East, traditional sweets are made. In African nations, gifts are given among friends and family is invited to feasts. While the cultures are different, the key values of celebration remain the same. Those values are giving, feasts, family, and grant celebrations.

In the Gregorian calendar

Conversion of Hijri years 1343 to 1500 to the Gregorian calendar, with first days of al-Muharram (brown), Ramadan (grey) and Shawwaal (black) bolded, and Eid al-Adha dotted – in the SVG file, hover over a spot to show its dates and a line to show the month.

While Eid al-Adha is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. The lunar calendar is approximately eleven days shorter than the solar calendar. Each year, Eid al-Adha (like other Islamic holidays) falls on one of about two to four Gregorian dates in parts of the world, because the boundary of crescent visibility is different from the International Date Line.

The following list shows the official dates of Eid al-Adha for Saudi Arabia as announced by the Supreme Judicial Council. Future dates are estimated according to the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia.The Umm al-Qura calendar is just a guide for planning purposes and not the absolute determinant or fixer of dates. 

Confirmations of actual dates by moon sighting are applied on the 29th day of the lunar month prior to Dhu al-Hijjah to announce the specific dates for both Hajj rituals and the subsequent Eid festival. The three days after the listed date are also part of the festival. The time before the listed date the pilgrims visit Mount ‘Arafat and descend from it after sunrise of the listed day.

In many countries, the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on the observation of the new moon by local religious authorities, so the exact day of celebration varies by locality.

[riwaq]

Exploring the Rich World of Arabic Dictionaries

Arabic dictionaries are a vital resource for anyone learning the Arabic language or delving into its rich literary and cultural heritage. These dictionaries go beyond simply providing definitions. They offer insights into the roots of words, their grammatical forms, and their contextual meanings, which makes them indispensable for both native speakers and learners.

Arabic is known for its complexity and beauty, and understanding the language often requires grasping the triliteral roots on which most words are built. For example, a single root can generate multiple related words with distinct meanings, all interconnected in fascinating ways. Arabic dictionaries help users navigate this complexity, offering clarity and depth.

One of the oldest and most respected Arabic dictionaries is "Lisan al-Arab" by Ibn Manzur. This comprehensive work, compiled centuries ago, remains a cornerstone for anyone studying classical Arabic. Modern learners, however, may prefer user-friendly, digital resources that integrate contemporary vocabulary and accessibility.

For individuals interested in studying Arabic as part of Quranic learning, a focus on understanding Quranic vocabulary can be particularly enriching. The Quran's language is eloquent and precise, and dictionaries tailored to Quranic studies often provide valuable context, such as explanations of verses and theological nuances.

If you’re eager to deepen your connection to the Quran while mastering Arabic, consider exploring Riwaq Al Quran. This platform offers tailored learning experiences, blending the beauty of the Quran with accessible Arabic instruction. Whether you’re a beginner or looking to refine your skills, they provide a supportive and engaging environment to grow your knowledge.

In short, Arabic dictionaries are more than just reference tools; they’re gateways to a deeper understanding of one of the world’s most expressive languages. With resources like Riwaq Al Quran to guide you, learning Arabic becomes not only manageable but deeply rewarding.

[drmaqazi]

WHAT IS ISLAM?

INTRODUCING ISLAM TO BEGINNERS, 

ESPECIALLY TO NON-MUSLIMS

Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Holy Qur’an and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (SallAllahu ’alaihi wa Sallam) the religion's founder. 

Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number approximately 1.9 billion worldwide and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians,

Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times through earlier prophets and messengers, including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. 

Muslims consider the Holy Qur’an to be the verbatim word of God and the unaltered, final revelation. Alongside the Holy Qur’an, Muslims also believe in previous revelations, such as the Taurat (the Torah), the Zabur (Psalms), and the Injil (Gospel). 

They believe that Prophet Muhammad is (SallAllahu ’alaihi wa Sallam) the main and final Islamic prophet, through whom the religion was completed. The teachings and normative examples of Prophet Muhammad (SallAllahu ’alaihi wa Sallam), called the Sunnah, documented in accounts called the Hadith, provide a constitutional model for Muslims. 

Islam is based on the belief in oneness and uniqueness of the God (tawhid), and belief in an afterlife (akhirah) with the Last Judgment—wherein the righteous will be rewarded in paradise (jannah) and the unrighteous will be punished in hell (jahannam).

The Five Pillars—considered obligatory acts of worship—are the Islamic oath and creed (shahada), daily prayers (salah), almsgiving (zakat), fasting (sawm) in the month of Ramadan, and a pilgrimage (hajj) to Makkah in Saudi Arabia. 

Islamic law, sharia, touches on virtually every aspect of life, from banking and finance and welfare to men's and women's roles and the environment. 

The two main religious festivals are Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. The three holiest sites in Islam are Masjid al-Haram in Makkah, Prophet's Mosque in Madinah, and Al-Aqsa' Mosque in Jerusalem.

The religion of Islam originated in Mecca in 610 CE. Muslims believe this is when Prophet Muhammad (SallAllahu ’alaihi wa Sallam). By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam. Muslim rule expanded outside Arabia under the Rashidun Caliphate and the subsequent Umayyad Caliphate ruled from the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus Valley. 

In the Islamic Golden Age, specifically during the reign of the Abbasid Caliphate, most of the Muslim world experienced a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various states and caliphates as well as extensive trade and religious conversion as a result of Islamic missionary activities (dawah), as well as through conquests.

The two main Islamic branches are Sunni Islam (85–90%) and Shi’ah Islam (10–15%). While the Shi’ah–Sunni divide initially arose from disagreements over the succession to Prophet Muhammad(SallAllahu ’alaihi wa Sallam). 

Shi’ah, they grew to cover a broader dimension, both theologically and juridically. The Sunni canonical hadith collection consists of six books, while the Shia canonical hadith collection consists of four books. 

Muslims make up a majority of the population in 49 countries. Approximately 12% of the world's Muslims live in Indonesia, the most populous Muslim-majority country; 31% live in South Asia; 20% live in the Middle East–North Africa; and 15% live in sub-Saharan Africa. Muslim communities are also present in the Americas, China, and Europe. Muslims are the world's fastest-growing major religious group, due primarily to a higher fertility rate and younger age structure compared to other major religions.

Etymology

In Arabic, Islam (Arabic: إسلام, lit. 'submission [to God]') is the verbal noun of Form IV originating from the verb سلم (salama), from the triliteral root س-ل-م (S-L-M), which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of submission, safeness, and peace.

In a religious context, it refers to the total surrender to the will of God. A Muslim (مُسْلِم), the word for a follower of Islam is the active participle of the same verb form, and means "submitter (to God)" or "one who surrenders (to God)". In the Hadith of Gabriel, Islam is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān (faith), and ihsān (excellence).

Islam itself was historically called Mohammedanism in the English-speaking world. This term has fallen out of use and is sometimes said to be offensive, as it suggests that a human being, rather than God, is central to Muslims' religion.

ARTICLES OF FAITH

Main articles: Aqidah and Iman

The Islamic creed (aqidah) requires belief in six articles: God, angels, revelation, prophets, the Day of Resurrection, and the divine predestination

DETAILS:

Islam is the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him (SallAllahu ‘alaihi wa Sallam) as the final Prophet of God Almighty (Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala).

In Arabic, Islām means ‘SUBMISSION,' from 'aslama which means to ‘SUBMIT (to God Almighty),' The word ISLAM in Arabic also means PEACE.

HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MUSLIM?

To become a Muslim, one simply declares the testimony of faith (in Arabic, it is called the shahada) with full conviction, in the presence of a witness. We wish to clarify that the whole matter is very easy, plain and simple, no water dipping, no money exchanged, and no certificate. The testimony of faith in Arabic is:

اشهد ان لا إله إلا الله و اشهد ان محمد الرسول الله

Ash hadu an laa ilaaha il Allah

I bear witness that there is nothing worthy of worship except God Almighty 

[Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala]

Wa ash hadu anna Muhammadar Rasul Allah And I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah 

(Peace and Blessings be upon him.)

FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

The Shahada is the first pillar of Islam and is what makes one a Muslim. The five (5) pillars of Islam consist of:

The testimony of faith (Shahada)

Five daily prayers (Salat)

Giving charity to the needy (Zakat)

Fasting the month of Ramadan

Performing the Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah) once in one’s lifetime, if able to do it.

ARTICLES OF FAITH

Faith is to believe in Allah, His Angels, His Books (including the Torah and the Bible), His Messengers (from Adam to Jesus to Muhammad), the Last Day, and to believe in providence, its good and its perceived harm.

IHSAN

Excellence is to worship Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta’ala) as if you see Him, or if you do not see Him, know that He surely sees you.

REFERENCES:

Al-Baqarah 2:208

O believers! Enter into Islam wholeheartedly and do not follow Satan’s footsteps. Surely he is your sworn enemy.

_____________

Ali 'Imran 3:19

True Religion, in God’s eyes, is Islam [devotion to Him alone]. Those who were given the Scripture did not dispute ˹among themselves˺ out of mutual envy until knowledge came to them. Whoever denies Allah’s signs, then surely Allah is swift in reckoning.

_____________

Ali 'Imran 3:85

Whoever seeks a way other than [Islam] complete devotion to God Almighty, it will not be accepted from them, and in the Hereafter they will be among the losers.

_____________

Al-Ma'idah 5:3

Forbidden to you are carrion, blood, and swine; what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah; what is killed by strangling, beating, a fall, or by being gored to death; what is partly eaten by a predator unless you slaughter it; and what is sacrificed on altars. You are also forbidden to draw lots for decisions. This is all evil. Today the disbelievers have given up all hope of ˹undermining˺ your faith. So do not fear them; fear Me! Today I have perfected your faith for you, completed My favour upon you, and chosen Islam as your way. But whoever is compelled by extreme hunger—not intending to sin—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

____________

At-Tawbah 9:33

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹true˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others, even to the dismay of the polytheists.

_____________

Al-Fath 48:28

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹right˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others. And sufficient is Allah as a Witness.

____________

As-Saf 61:9

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹true˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others, even to the dismay of the polytheists.

______________

Al-Anbya 21:77

And We made him [Noah] prevail over those who had rejected Our signs. They were truly an evil people, so We drowned them all.

________________________________

ARTICLES ON ISLAM

________________________________

REVISED

WHAT IS ISLAM

INTRODUCING ISLAM TO BEGINNERS, ESPECIALLY TO NON-MUSLIMS

Islam is the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him (SallAllahu ‘alaihi wa Sallam) as the final Prophet of God Almighty (Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala).

In Arabic, Islām means ‘SUBMISSION,' from 'aslama which means to ‘SUBMIT (to God Almighty),' The word ISLAM in Arabic also means PEACE.

HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MUSLIM

To become a Muslim, one simply declares the testimony of faith (in Arabic, it is called the shahada) with full conviction, in the presence of a witness. 

We wish to clarify that the whole matter is very easy, plain and simple, no water dipping, no money exchanged, and no certificate. The testimony of faith in Arabic is:

اشهدانلاإلهإلااللهواشهدانمحمدالرسولالله

Ash hadu an laa ilaaha illAllah

I bear witness that there is nothing worthy of worship except God Almighty [Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala].

Wa ash hadu anna Muhammadar Rasul Allah,

and I bear witness that Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him) is the Messenger of Allah.

FIVE (5) PILLARS OF ISLAM

The Shahada is the first pillar of Islam and that is what makes one a Muslim. The five (5) pillars of Islam consist of:

The testimony of faith (Shahada)

Five daily prayers (Salat)

Giving charity to the needy (Zakat)

Fasting the month of Ramadan

Performing the Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah) once in one’s lifetime, if able to do it.

ARTICLES OF FAITH

Faith is to believe in Allah, His Angels, His Books (including the Torah and the Bible), His Messengers (from Adam to Jesus to Muhammad), the Last Day (Day of Judgement), and to believe in providence, its good and its perceived harm.

IHSAN

Excellence is to worship Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta’ala) as if you see Him, or if you do not see Him, know that He surely sees you.

REFERENCES:

Al-Baqarah 2:208

O believers! Enter into Islam wholeheartedly and do not follow Satan’s footsteps. Surely he is your sworn enemy.

_____________

Ali 'Imran 3:19

True Religion, in God’s eyes, is Islam [devotion to Him alone]. Those who were given the Scripture did not dispute ˹among themselves˺ out of mutual envy until knowledge came to them. Whoever denies Allah’s signs, then surely Allah is swift in reckoning.

_____________

Ali 'Imran 3:85

Whoever seeks a way other than [Islam] complete devotion to God Almighty, it will not be accepted from them, and in the Hereafter they will be among the losers.

_____________

Al-Ma'idah 5:3

Forbidden to you are carrion, blood, and swine; what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah; what is killed by strangling, beating, a fall, or by being gored to death; what is partly eaten by a predator unless you slaughter it; and what is sacrificed on altars. 

You are also forbidden to draw lots for decisions. This is all evil. Today the disbelievers have given up all hope of ˹undermining˺ your faith. So do not fear them; fear Me! 

Today I have perfected your faith for you, completed My favor upon you, and chosen Islam as your way. But whoever is compelled by extreme hunger—not intending to sin—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

______________

At-Tawbah 9:33

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹true˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others, even to the dismay of the polytheists.

_____________

Al-Fath 48:28

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹right˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others. And sufficient is Allah as a Witness.

____________

As-Saff 61:9

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹true˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others, even to the dismay of the polytheists.

______________

Al-Anbya 21:77

And We made him [Noah] prevail over those who had rejected Our signs. They were truly an evil people, so We drowned them all.

______________

INTRODUCING ISLAM TO BEGINNERS, ESPECIALLY TO NON-MUSLIMS

Islam is the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him (SallAllahu ‘alaihi wa Sallam) as the final Prophet of God Almighty (Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala).

In Arabic, Islām means ‘SUBMISSION,' from 'aslama which means to ‘SUBMIT (to God Almighty),' The word ISLAM in Arabic also means PEACE.

HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MUSLIM

To become a Muslim, one simply declares the testimony of faith (in Arabic, it is called the shahada) with full conviction, in the presence of a witness. 

We wish to clarify that the whole matter is very easy, plain and simple, no water dipping, no money exchanged, and no certificate. The testimony of faith in Arabic is:

اشهدانلاإلهإلااللهواشهدانمحمدالرسولالله

Ash hadu an laa ilaaha illAllah

I bear witness that there is nothing worthy of worship except God Almighty [Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala].

Wa ash hadu anna Muhammadar Rasul Allah, 

and I bear witness that Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him) is the Messenger of Allah.

FIVE (5) PILLARS OF ISLAM

The Shahada is the first pillar of Islam and that is what makes one a Muslim. The five (5) pillars of Islam consist of:

The testimony of faith (Shahada)

Five daily prayers (Salat)

Giving charity to the needy (Zakat)

Fasting the month of Ramadan

Performing the Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah) once in one’s lifetime, if able to do it.

ARTICLES OF FAITH

Faith is to believe in Allah, His Angels, His Books (including the Torah and the Bible), His Messengers (from Adam to Jesus to Muhammad), the Last Day (Day of Judgement), and to believe in providence, its good and its perceived harm.

IHSAN

Excellence is to worship Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta’ala) as if you see Him, or if you do not see Him, know that He surely sees you.

REFERENCES:

Al-Baqarah 2:208

O believers! Enter into Islam wholeheartedly and do not follow Satan’s footsteps. Surely he is your sworn enemy.

_____________

Ali 'Imran 3:19

True Religion, in God’s eyes, is Islam [devotion to Him alone]. Those who were given the Scripture did not dispute ˹among themselves˺ out of mutual envy until knowledge came to them. Whoever denies Allah’s signs, then surely Allah is swift in reckoning.

_____________

Ali 'Imran 3:85

Whoever seeks a way other than [Islam] complete devotion to God Almighty, it will not be accepted from them, and in the Hereafter they will be among the losers.

_____________

Al-Ma'idah 5:3

Forbidden to you are carrion, blood, and swine; what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah; what is killed by strangling, beating, a fall, or by being gored to death; what is partly eaten by a predator unless you slaughter it; and what is sacrificed on altars. 

You are also forbidden to draw lots for decisions. This is all evil. Today the disbelievers have given up all hope of ˹undermining˺ your faith. So do not fear them; fear Me! 

Today I have perfected your faith for you, completed My favor upon you, and chosen Islam as your way. But whoever is compelled by extreme hunger—not intending to sin—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

______________

At-Tawbah 9:33

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹true˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others, even to the dismay of the polytheists.

_____________

Al-Fath 48:28

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹right˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others. And sufficient is Allah as a Witness.

____________

As-Saff 61:9

He is the One Who has sent His Messenger with ˹true˺ guidance and the religion of truth, making it prevail over all others, even to the dismay of the polytheists.

______________

Al-Anbya 21:77

And We made him [Noah] prevail over those who had rejected Our signs. They were truly an evil people, so We drowned them all.

______________

____________

SHORT

INTRODUCING ISLAM TO BEGINNERS, ESPECIALLY TO NON-MUSLIMS

Islam is the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him (SallAllahu ‘alaihi wa Sallam) as the final Prophet of God Almighty (Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala).

In Arabic, Islām means ‘SUBMISSION,' from 'aslama which means to ‘SUBMIT (to God Almighty),' The word ISLAM in Arabic also means PEACE.

HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MUSLIM

To become a Muslim, one simply declares the testimony of faith (in Arabic, it is called the shahada) with full conviction, in the presence of a witness. 

We wish to clarify that the whole matter is very easy, plain and simple, no water dipping, no money exchanged, and no certificate. The testimony of faith in Arabic is:

اشهد ان لا إله إلا الله و اشهد ان محمد الرسول الله

Ash hadu an laa ilaaha illAllah

I bear witness that there is nothing worthy of worship except God Almighty [Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala].

Wa ash hadu anna Muhammadar Rasul Allah, 

and I bear witness that Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him) is the Messenger of Allah.

FIVE (5) PILLARS OF ISLAM

The Shahada is the first pillar of Islam and that is what makes one a Muslim. The five (5) pillars of Islam consist of:

The testimony of faith (Shahada)

Five daily prayers (Salat)

Giving charity to the needy (Zakat)

Fasting the month of Ramadan

Performing the Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah) once in one’s lifetime, if able to do it.

ARTICLES OF FAITH

Faith is to believe in Allah, His Angels, His Books (including the Torah and the Bible), His Messengers (from Adam to Jesus to Muhammad), the Last Day (Day of Judgement), and to believe in providence, its good and its perceived harm.

IHSAN

Excellence is to worship Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta’ala) as if you see Him, or if you do not see Him, know that He surely sees you.

[monsooninn]

Berakhot 11b: 18. "The Barzel."

In the prior frame, I establish the fact the Mishnah, all Mishnah are a type of stochastic progression that results from the peculiar nature of the Alefbeis. Within, there is proof no matter how one performs Gemara, the Lord Most High will tell us what we need to know.

The Master of the Disciplines of the Hymns, Rabbi Ha'Manuna said:

18. And Rabbi Ha'Manuna said: "He who chose us from all the nations and gave us his Torah. Blessed are you, O Lord, the Giver of the Torah.' Rabbi Ha'Manuna said: This is an excellent one in the blessings.

The Value in Gematria is 8387, חג‎חז‎‎, haghaz, "celebrate with iron."

Below is proof my Gemara is correct and true, as is the Mishnah. God has chosen us to exalt mankind from the lizard he has become:

"The masculine noun ברזל (barzel) means iron, and it's a mystery where it came from, and thus what iron literally meant to the ancients (unlike English, Hebrew words are commonly part of large families of similar words, and words that look alike commonly have similar meanings).

Older dictionaries commonly attach our noun ברזל (barzel) to the verb ברז (baraz), to pierce, on account that iron objects were commonly used to skewer things, but fail to explain where the final ל (lamed) might have come from (as this is not at all a common suffix), or why bronze wasn't called after ברז (baraz), since bronze was used to skewer things long before iron was.

More modern commentators confidently declare that the quadriliteral (four-letter) word ברזל (brzl), meaning iron, existed all over the Semitic language spectrum and appears to have originated in Hittite (as barzillu), or else a Phoenician dialect, but obviously, there's no way to tell what barzillu might have literally meant and thus what sentiment iron was named after. The Arabic firzil and even the familiar Latin ferrum all derive from our source word ברזל (brzl), but it remains utterly unclear what the first users of that word had meant to say with it.

However, words were extremely important to the Hebrews and language sat enthroned like a deity at the heart of Jewish society — quite literally; see our article on the name YHWH, the name of the Lord, which was probably the Hebrew way of saying ABC. Linguistic science was considered a very important part of worship and Hebrew linguists rarely did things for no reason.

Iron ushered in a new age, and the Iron Age began around the same time that the alphabet was completed (Psalm 16:10), when mass literacy became the norm and every ordinary man began to have access to the recorded history and science that until then was the prerogative of highly specialized priests (Exodus 19:6). If these brilliant scholars indeed accepted the word ברזל (barzel) from a foreign language, and adopted it without altering it to their design (like they commonly did with famous names; see our article on Amraphel), it must have meant something fitting to them, in Hebrew.

Most Hebrew words consist of three letters, and words of two of four letters can often easily be derived from a triliteral root. Not so with ברזל (barzel), and that makes it likely that this word looked sufficiently enough like one or more meaningful compounds of multiple existing words. Or perhaps better formulated: our word ברזל (barzel) was accepted into the Hebrew vocabulary because, despite its irrelevant original meaning, it clearly declared what the ancient Hebrews thought of iron.

The Iron Age started around the time of David (10th century BC) but by then, iron had been known about for thousands of years and iron smelting had been going on since the Middle Bronze Age (centuries before iron overtook bronze as the choice metal for tools and weapons). That means that iron had originally been rejected, and that the Iron Age began not when ancient engineers figured how to work it, but when their warnings began to be ignored.

The word ברזל (barzel) may have resembled a compound based on the verb רזה (raza), to grow thin or to waste away, and particularly the noun רזי (razi), a wasting away, combined with לי (le ay), to me, as used in Isaiah's (8th century BC) haunting cry: "From the ends of the earth we hear songs, "Glory to the Righteous One," But I say, "Woe to me! (רזי־לי, razi-lay) Woe to me! (רזי־לי, razi-lay); Alas for me! The treacherous deal treacherously, and the treacherous deal very treacherously"" (Isaiah 24:16). The leading ב (b) could be ascribed to the particle ב (be), meaning in. And the whole compound ברזל (barzel) could be construed as a compressed version of ברזי־לי, b'razi-lay, meaning "in [this is] the demise of [everyone]".

Another way to explain our noun ברזל (barzel) is as a compound of the adjective בר (bar), meaning pure or clean, from the root we mentioned earlier: ברר (barar), to be pure or clean. The second part could be construed to come from the verb זלל (zalal), which sometimes means to shake or agitate, but mostly means to be worthless or make light of (the related verb זול, zul, means to be cheap or of little value).

Psalm 12:6 reads: "The words of the Lord are pure words; As silver tried in a furnace on the earth, refined seven times." Psalm 12:8 reads: "The wicked strut about on every side, when worthlessness (from זלל, zalal) is exalted among the sons of men."

[mrmcwigglyman]

*Pronounces "SQL" like a Proto-Semitic triliteral root*

[sorrymyrabbisaidno]

I'm learning more hebrew and verbs are so cool! Like the three word stem is so neat. Triliteral root systems are so cool! And it makes me wonder why it seems unique to semitic languages. It makes me want to learn more. Maybe when I get money I'll try to find a hebrew workbook.

[one-page-a-day]

4th of May 2024

I handed in my small paper on classic arabic-arabic dictionaries. I compared al-Fīrūzābādī's (d. 817/1415) Qamus al-Muhit and al-Zabīdī's (d. 1205/1791) Taj Al-Arus regarding their composition and their contents.

Both are rhymebased dictonaries, which means that the roots are sorted alphabetical, but starting with the last, followed by the first, then the intermediate radicals, that is, 3rd, 1st, 2nd in triliterals and 4th, 1st, 2nd, 3rd in quadriliterals.

Al-Qāmūs al-muḥīṭ is like Lisān al-ʿArab one of the most well-known dictionaries, the name of which stemmed from the Greek ōkeanós (ocean). Qāmūs subsequently became synonymous with muʿjam (lexicon) in general.

Taj Al-Arus is based on al-Fīrūzābādī’s al-Qāmūs, but al-Zabīdī expands it considerably and amends some of the author’s errors of explanation, vocalisation, and taṣḥīf (erroneous dotting of letters).

Baalbaki, R. (2020). Lexicography, Arabic. In K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_35848

As we say in Germany, "nach der Arbeit ist vor der Arbeit!"; and when one assignment is finished, the next one comes up. This time, I have to compare two Quran commentaries regarding one verse of the Quran. I will work with at-Tabarīs Ǧāmiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwīl āyi ʾl-Qurʾān and as-Suyūtīs ad-Durr al-Manṯūr fī t-tafsīr al-maʾṯūr on the verse 33:72: "Surely We offered the trust to the heavens and the earth and the mountains, but they refused to be unfaithful to it and feared from it, and man has turned unfaithful to it; surely he is unjust, ignorant;"

[inphront]

alcohol doesn’t work i’m drowning my problems in fantasy triliteral roots