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whateverthedragonswant · 4 years ago

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One thing that never gets mentioned or addressed is that Tyrion not only sold out Varys, in order to betray Varys, he betrayed Sansa. He says it himself when Dany confront him about. "She told me because she trusted me..." Jon (not the body snatched version in S7&8) would not have been blind to that and would have been very angry. He wouldn't have continued to trust Tyrion after that and let Tyrion of all people be his conscience. Tyrion just betrayed his family and put them in the line of fire.

Hi, Anon!

I am right there with you. The only consolation I take in that particular part of the story is that Sansa expected him to. But it still is pretty crappy.

Yes! He definitely would have noticed that and I do think he would have called him out on it (had this been Jon in character ;-) ). I do think that after 7x03, he didn’t trust Tyrion all that much tbh. I think of that look he gives Tyrion in 8x05 before walking away (3:32 - x). I don’t think he trusted him at all in that moment. Not that they would stop attacking if KL rang the bells (which interestingly enough, here is that line that was cut where Jon tells Tyrion he doesn’t think Dany will let anyone surrender that day), I don’t think he believes Tyrion for a second that he’s being legit here. Kit “Master of Microexpressions” himself strikes again lol. And then Davos and Tyrion share a look.

And then sadly, they completely negated this narrative by that jail cell scene in 8x06 (I am still convinced this was a reshoot) when they decided to make Dany’s end more sympathetic/tragic, do the whole writers vs audience lesson in cheering on tyrants while breaking the 4th wall, and all of Kit’s/Jon’s narrative dissolved into nothing. Now no one knows if he really loved Dany, or if he did, how much, unless they have access to the script that they submitted for the Emmys (which did not completely fit what we saw on screen). They have no idea what Jon was really thinking about anything before 8x05 in KL because we sort of gain back his POV (I would say it was partial) during the battle, after Grey Worm starts killing the Lannister soldiers, because at that point there was no concealing the horror and helplessness he felt at the slaughter he saw going on around him, even by his own men. But other than that, like you said, Jon Snow has been missing since he was in Dragonstone in season 7. The GA has no idea why Sansa did what she did. They had no idea Sansa was even in love with Jon unless they saw the script. That’s the bad part of this story telling (among other things of course). We shouldn’t have to go digging or become detectives to find this out. I wish I could have a one on one with Kit or even D&D at this point and just ask them, okay so tell me, no bs, what the hell went on here? Was Jon in love with her or not? Don’t give me the PR answer. Was Jon undercover like his wildling arc? Did Jon love Sansa back at all? Why is Arya sailing the seven seas? What happened to Jaime? Why no Cersei and Sansa reunion? All of it. LOL

Tyrion betrayed everyone, even himself. For someone who always boasted about his wit and his intelligence, who the audience rooted for since season 1, he really took a different turn. With how political and manipulative he became (which okay, it’s the Game of Thrones, so we get it) in order to keep someone in power that he knew to be a tyrant, possibly worse than Cersei, all because he was in love with her. His fans and the audience should also feel betrayed because his character also went bye bye. Though, I will admit I was in a less forgiving disposition towards him than I ever was towards Jon or Dany or Grey Worm. Because like Jon told him “and you’ve been by her side, counseling her” and we all know he saw the red flags, just like Varys, but at least Varys tried to do the right thing in the end.

And the thing that kills me? I don’t think he wanted to keep Dany in power because of this great love for her, or even his belief and faith in her. I think he just didn’t want to admit that he had been wrong, that she was indeed “more of the same”, and that he couldn’t not only accept the failure of being unable to steer/guide her to being the greatest ruler Westeros had ever seen so he could pat himself as a job well done for being the best Hand in history, but also he couldn’t accept that the one thing he chose to believe in had turned out not to be what he believed it to be. So Dany being the Queen of everyone’s hearts was his mission and it eclipsed Sansa, his family (though not Jaime), Jon, Varys (though Varys saved him he claimed once upon a time), his people, Westeros, all of it. It wasn’t just vanity as he claims in 8x06, it was also pride. It was completely self-serving and not for the good of the people or even Dany herself as he likes to proclaim. And Dany knew this about him, she confirms it to Sansa (8x02): “I didn’t ask him to be my Hand simply because he was good. I asked him to be my Hand because he was good, and intelligent, and ruthless when he had to be.” And she knew this because of what he says to her in 5x08: “I’d given up on life until Varys convinced me that you might be worth living for” after telling her that he thinks she might be the “right kind of terrible” & he told Dany earlier that he killed Tywin (x) - that line alone that he said is a powerful statement for sure and Dany knew what she was working with just from that conversation alone. (I love how Emilia portrays Dany here, it’s so clear she’s sussing him out)

It’s one thing to not see it coming. It’s another when you see the warning signs and willingly ignore them so you won’t be wrong, no matter how much louder they keep getting, until it’s in your face and you can’t ignore it anymore, and then try to pawn off the responsibility onto someone else (Jon). And him becoming the Hand again? In order to fix his mess? While Dany is dead, Jon is banished to the Wall, Varys is dead, Jaime and Cersei are dead, Arya’s become a sailor, and Sansa gets to go live alone without her family? Pardon the words, but they can simply fuck off with that ridiculous ending for him. He was the most culpable of all in this whole thing.

I can only hope that Tyrion’s story in the books is better and it will obviously be more fleshed out. Since they muddled it in the last season for everyone, and chose to keep shocking and awing the audience instead of showing the clues more clearly or coming to sensible endings for the narrative they had been telling for 7 years, we really can only wait to see if his fate will be the same.

Sorry, I guess I am officially anti-Tyrion now lol. Every time I watch those scenes, it just reminds me how angry I was with him at the time and how they handled his story in the end.

Thank you so much for the ask, nonnie! <3

#ask #got #game of thrones #anti tyrion #ask answered #gotask

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buttered-ghost-toast · 5 years ago

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OC background story//Secondary Characters

1: i’m aware they’re sorta boring in a sense (literally all 3/4 profile busts lol) but I couldn’t be bothered to get super detailed about them yet. I was trying to work out a look, and this is the quickest way lol. Lots of mistakes here, don’t focus on that. Just...jive with me.

2: idk that anyone is going to be interested, but i’m happy with my little babies! :) This kept me busy lol.

Long post ahead!

Okay, so the band, Adria was formed sort of by accident. None of the members thought they were really going to get anywhere and were mostly just learning to play instruments and jamming to escape the pressures of adolescent life.

Niri--her parents were very strict and proper. “Yes, sir. No, ma’am.” type people who do what they can to keep up appearances. Her father is a police detective and her mother was a homemaker after the birth of her children, but was once an attorney. They expected the same level of success from their children, having picked out career paths before the kids were even a speck in the womb. When Niri and her older brother showed excellence in academics, they moved to a new city, enrolling them in an academy that was known for churning out high level success stories--Politicians, Judges, CEO’s of major corporations...you get the drill. They were happy to practically go into debt forever if it meant their kids would be successful.

Year 1...Enter KOU.

Kou’s dad was always business first. He expected his son to be the same. So much so that the day after the birth, he went out and bought a whole building to keep for his son, the future doctor, to house his practice. Being from an old money family, there was never a shortage of opportunities to rub elbows and make a way for this kid to be a success no matter what. Through years of primary education, he was a quiet kid, but there was something under the surface that loved to go against the flow of where his life was forced to travel. His mother passed when he was very young, but she was the reason he was able to have few moments of peace and fun. He and Niri were school rivals, fighting for the top spot on the scholar’s board, but...they wound up giving up the struggle when they realized they had a lot in common and neither really cared to pursue their parents’ dreams. They stopped attending after school programs and chose to graffiti and vandalize the building Kou’s dad bought while it was still empty. When they weren’t tagging, they were listening to “inappropriate music” and that soon became them teaching themselves to play the songs on instruments they bought...with Kou’s dad’s credit card. They didn’t sound bad after a while!

One day, the pair skipped school altogether to avoid an exam they had not studied for. On their way out of the academy, they were tailed by someone they never expected would keep their secret so well...

KRISS

Kriss and Kou are cousins. Their mothers were twins, so the two share a few features, but their personalities couldn’t be any more opposite. Where Kou is a grounded, sensible person, Kriss is carefree and...kind of an idiot. His mother raised him on her own and as a very open, artistic soul, she taught Kriss to always follow his heart and his dreams. He’s basically never been told “No” in his entire life. He was a very energetic kid, so his mother urged him to try out the drums (maybe it would tire him out enough for a nap) which he ended up falling in love with. It’s one of the few things he ever really kept an interest in despite being pretty flighty with his pursuits otherwise. Once he realized what his cousin was up to, he set up a drum kit within a few hours and was glued to their side ever since.

Kriss’s mom is the only person who really believed in the band from the start. She would be a big help through their early years and to this day has a reserved spot to watch them play shows whenever she wants (usually stage right).

Did I mention Kriss was part of the percussion section of the academy band? Well, it was more of an orchestra, but still. He felt there was something lacking in their sound during jam sessions so after a few weeks, he called up a few friends.

Vash

Vash is a complete wildcard. He’s the sweetest person you’ll ever meet, but it takes a while to realize that because his personality is quite...Sharp. He has no problem speaking his mind, never has, and he’s not afraid to call anyone on their BS. Does an expert job of providing entertainment with his outbursts. His first words when he dropped by the “clubhouse” were “so you expect me to play in this shit hole?” His mouth usually got him in trouble at school so he was somewhat happy to have something to occupy his mind so his mouth wouldn’t run so often. He’d been playing music for many many years, his parents both being famous musicians themselves, so he has mastered quite a few instruments and often provides backup vocals because “none of the rest of you dingbats can be trusted to stay on key.”

He is the glue that holds everything together and his honesty keeps everyone grounded. He expects everything to run smoothly and on time, so he was made leader of the band within the first hour. It’s effortless and he keeps his cool pretty well under pressure, but the one person who manages to make him snippy is Eri.

ERI

Eri is a mess of a human being in the most endearing way. He’s a walking contradiction and he loves to push buttons. He and Vash have been neighbors and best friends since they were born. They’re the Yin to each other’s Yang and act like an old married couple, always disagreeing on the most basic things. It has never been an issue and the others love to watch a match go down. Where Vash is hands-on and always on track, Eri is laid back and couldn’t care less if something goes wrong. That’s not to say he’s not passionate about their dream, he’s just more of a “Things will happen as they happen, just go with the flow” type. His easygoing nature lends him a very grounded and rhythmic personality...perfect for a bassist. His favorite thing is spending time with friends and being able to just do what his soul calls him to do. He does, however, absolutely hate attention. It makes him feel pressured to act a certain way or do a certain thing and it just clashes with his entire vibe. He broke out in a rash when they got their first major gig and had to do a meet and greet. He loves his fans, but...can they not want pictures all the time? “I look awkward when I smile.” He really does. The boy doesn’t smile, it’s always a grimace.

Eri’s dad owns a very successful restaurant and often got the band small gigs like birthdays and weddings that he was hired to cater for. He doesn’t understand what they’re hoping to do, but hey, the kids play some mean covers of songs he grew up on. Besides, if his son is happy, that’s good enough for him.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For the first few years, they snuck around and the others lied for Niri and Kou when their parents had questions. They couldn’t say they weren’t all hanging out together, so once things got real, they moved their practices to Vash’s house since his parents had all the equipment they needed and didn’t really care one way or another about what was going on, too busy with tours and things.

Once they graduated, it was harder to cover. Niri came clean to her father, her mother having found out shortly before but promising to keep it quiet if she just quit and focused on school. Her father was furious and demanded she cut ties with her “hooligan friends” immediately as she was set to go to college and become a lawyer like her mother. Niri refused and was kicked out of her home after being called a failure of a child. This only fueled her fire to pursue her dream. She called Vash, mostly to cry in frustration, but he met her at the front of her neighborhood saying “I just felt something was up with your dumb self so I came by to check. Good thing I did. Let’s go, you’re moving in with me til we figure all this out.” The two soon became three when they got an apartment with Eri two months later.

Kou had a similar experience once he told his father he didn’t want to be a doctor and had no plans to attend his father’s alma mater (which he only got into after his father wrote a very generous check being Kou’s grades had slipped to an abysmal level) he was removed from the premises by security, cut off financially, and removed from the will within 2 hours. The only thing he managed to keep (for a while anyway) was his car, so he hopped in and drove over to his aunt’s house and lived there for a while with her and Kriss.

During this time, they still had small shows coming left and right. One night after a few years of a rough grind with no money and shitty daytime jobs, while playing a local club (that didn’t even pay them by the end of the set), they met a small time producer who liked their sound and asked them to record a demo. The producer played the demo to a group of friends that called a separate group of friends and eventually their little song made it to the ears of a real band who had an unexpected opening in their roster for an upcoming festival tour. Adria got the call and had to scramble to get their set list ready. It wasn’t anything big, just a side stage gig, but the more stops they played, the bigger the crowds they drew.

When they made it home after several stops, they were met by the producer who found them, asked to record a whole album and from there they filmed a very low budget MV and soon after their first single was playing on the radio. They were asked to appear on small time local talk shows. They spread like wildfire once their second single dropped, played on stations nationwide. More MVs and a headlining tour followed with a second album set to drop. Kriss and Niri were asked to be part of a 6 episode arc on a popular TV drama and a second tour. It was a tough climb, but they’ve been at it for 15 years. Niri and Kou did go back home at one point and faced their parents, attempting to make amends and build a bridge. Kou and his dad are in a much better place now, the old building they used to play around in was transferred into Kou’s name and they now use it as their recording studio/ band headquarters.

Niri’s family reunion was a little less of a happy ending, in fact, it’s still a work in progress. Her mother apologized and they cried a little over the years missed, but her dad is a very tough man to get through to. He acknowledged he was harsh in his actions but still feels justified in what he did. He says if it weren’t for his tough love, Niri wouldn’t have felt the need to work so hard to get to this place in her life. He did at least say thank you when Niri handed him a check to cover the hit her parents’ savings took when her brother went to medical school. She has weekly calls and video chats with her mom and her brother often makes it out to shows and sends her snaps when he sees her on TV or hears the band on the radio. Her dad sometimes texts her “Heard your new song. It’s loud.” That’s his way of saying he's giving it a chance and doesn’t exactly hate it.

#butter's OCs #the band Adria #OC backstory

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magicmanias · 6 years ago

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American Sweethearts

Pairing: Steve Rogers × Reader

Summary: The Avengers take road trip. Meanwhile, Steve tries his hardest to convince himself that he’s only friends with you.

Warnings: Fluff, Slight Angst, Smut!

Word Count: 4.5k (Wow)

A/N: This is my first time doing smut, so let’s hope it’s not shitty...

Post Age of Ultron (Steve, Tony, Natasha, Clint, Sam, Vision, Wanda, Rhodey, Bucky, Peter, Thor, Bruce, Y/N)

“Ok ok... Do we have everything?” You placed your backpack on the bed and carefully sifted through it. Hunting knife, rope, water, matches, food, first aid kit, towels, batteries, charger...

Everything is in there. You looked in your duffel bag; shoes, clothes, brush, earbuds, contacts, toothbrush, jackets, soap, shampoo, and conditioner.

You grabbed your things and went downstairs.

The Avengers had planned a camping trip in the woods in upstate Montana. Everyone was going: Tony, Steve, Natasha, Thor, Bruce, Sam, Vision, Bucky, Wanda, and Peter was tagging along.

“Roll call!” Tony yelled, putting an emphasis on ‘call.’ As he called each person, they went and placed their things in the large van Tony had bought specially for this occasion. When Tony called your name, you went ahead and put your things in and closed the trunk.

“Hey, squirt!” Clint messed with your hair and gave you a big bear hug. “I’ve missed you.”

“Aw, I miss you too, chicken-hawk,” you hugged him back. Clint had been away with his family for a while and you didn’t get much of a chance to formally greet him when Ultron attacked.

“Where’s Steve?” you asked. You looked around but saw him nowhere.

“Relax, sweetheart. He’s just finishing taking a shower. He went on a run. You don’t need to miss him that much,” Nat winked at you. You rolled your eyes, though your cheeks slightly flushed pink.

Tony slipped into the driver’s seat and despite everyone’s protest, he let Peter sit shotgun.

“This is BS, Stark!” Sam yelled as he took his seat in the third row of the van. “The kid gets the front with all the room and we gotta sit back here all cooped up?”

Tony shot up and placed his hands on Peter’s ears. “Relax, Big Bird. I just don’t want to lose the kid. His aunt’ll kill me,” he muttered. Peter gave his trademark look of confusion.

After the driver’s seat, there were four rows. Clint, Sam, and Nat sat in the back. Rhodey, Bruce, Thor sat in the third row. Wanda and Vision sat in the middle. And you, Steve, and Bucky sat in the front. Bucky went in the car first, followed by Steve, who insisted on taking the middle seat, and finally you.

“All aboard? Let’s go!” Tony put his foot on the gas and began to drive away from the compound.

—

Steve couldn’t stay still. As a soldier, he was used to staying completely motionless in cramped places for long periods of time. But that wasn’t the case now. His right leg bounced up and down, a nervous tick which Steve always had, ever since he was a scrawny little kid in Brooklyn. Bucky seemed to notice Steve bouncing his leg, but didn’t question it. He already knew it was because of the woman sitting across from him. Steve wasn’t nervous, however. He wasn’t scared either. No, scared was moments before the big fight to save the world. But this? This was terror. True, utter, horrifying terror. Though you couldn’t see it on his face, his heart rate soared and the butterflies in his stomach might as well have exploded. All because he was in the closest proximity he had ever been with Y/N. With the woman he could never stop thinking about. The woman he lived for. The woman he’d give up everything for.

The woman he loved so much that it hurt him in the cruellest ways possible.

Bucky watched as Steve gushed over at you. Your gaze was directed at the scene laid out behind the car’s windows. You plugged your earbuds in and played your Oldies playlist. Bucky rolled his eyes and elbowed Steve.

Steve gripped his arm and frowned at Bucky, mainly because he had been caught.

“Just talk to her,” Bucky whispered, not wanting the attention of the whole car.

“She’s listening to music,” Steve defended. He needed to find every excuse not to talk to you. Or more specifically, not to humiliate himself in front of you.

“She’d rather talk to you,” Bucky raised an eyebrow at Steve. He changed his seating to turn to Steve. “Look, punk. You’re not good with women. We know. But she likes you. A lot. So it doesn’t matter if you screw up. She’ll like you anyway. Just ask her out.”

“What? In the car? With Tony here? I don’t think so.” Steve chuckled lightly.

“I heard my name,” Tony called out behind him. “It better be about how great I look in these hiking boots.”

Bucky ignored Tony. ”I'll give you until the end of this trip. If you don't ask her out by then, I'm going to tell her myself and I'm going to pound you like the little punk you are.”

“Hey, I'm just as strong as you now.”

“Maybe, but I'm older.”

“Buck, we're both over a hundred years old by now. Age doesn't really matter at this point.”

“That's coming from the younger one.” Bucky winked at Steve.

Steve just rolled his eyes, ending his conversation with Bucky. He looked out of the window to his left—the window on your side. He tried to look at the forests of upstate New York, but found that his focus always returned to the girl leaning the car door, probably listening to Sinatra or Bennet.

You placed your chin in your hand and started to softly sing the next song.

“Daisy is darling, Iris is sweet, Lily is lovely, Blossom’s a treat…” you mumbled along to the song.

“Of all the sweethearts, a guy could meet… Well I finally chose an American Beauty Rose…” You popped your head up to look at Steve. You had instantly recognized Steve’s voice. It was almost as if your very being could detect his present actions. He hadn’t even realized that he continued to sing along with you.

You took your earbuds out and grinned at him. “You know that song?”

“I’m from the forties, doll,” Steve shrugged. “I know every Sinatra song. And American Beauty Rose just happens to be one of them.”

“Well, that is coming from ‘America’s Sweetheart Hero,’” you made quotations with your hands, finished with a cheesy salute. “I mean, the whole country is practically in love with you.”

Steve chuckled and shook his head. “I’m not perfect, Y/N.”

“No one is,” you agreed. “You’re less flawed than others, but you do still have flaws.”

“Oh? And what might those be?” He lifted an eyebrow at you as if he were challenging you. And you wouldn’t say no to a challenge against Captain America.

“Well to start, you’re incredibly handsome,” you teased. Steve looked down and blushed. “I mean, come on, now Clint has low self-esteem.”

“Hey!” Clint yelled from the back of the car. “I am perfectly fine with how I look.”

“Yeah, whatever Barton. Remember when you had that mohawk?” you shot back, turning your back to face the back of the car.

“That happened like seven years ago, man! And you’re still bringing it up?”

“Hey, you’re the one who had the awful haircut,” you shrugged, smirking. Steve felt a small pang of jealousy over the friendship you had with Clint. You always joked around with him and you were the closest with him. He watched at your eyes crinkled at Clint. You never looked at him the way you did with Clint.

She’s never going to look at me the way she does with him. I’m just her friend… Steve, you’re just her friend, he thought.

You turned back to him. “Don’t think I’m done with you, Steven Grant Rogers.”

“How do you know my middle name?”

“That’s beside the point. I have more flaws to point out. Like for one, you run too fast.” You looked at your hands in fake frustration. “I mean, what are you, the Flash?”

“That’s not really a flaw, doll,” Steve said. “And the handsome thing isn’t either.”

“Ok… fine. Um… You haven’t watched Star Wars yet,” you pointed out. “Everyone’s watched Star Wars.”

“Alright, fine. I’ll give that to you. I haven’t yet.”

“What’s Star Wars?” Bucky asked. Sam’s eyes widened.

“You don’t know what Star Wars is?”

—

Five hours and one Bucky vs. Sam fight later (Natasha intervened and won), it was getting pretty late, and you had finished rereading your book. So, you decided to try and get some sleep. Most of the Avengers were already knocked out; even Tony, who was now letting FRIDAY take the wheel.

You leaned against the side of the car, but it was uncomfortable. You shifted to try and find a better position but didn't work. You glanced over at the others to see what position they were in for inspiration but found that they were all sprawled over each other. Of course, you couldn't copy them—Steve was next to you.

Steve. He looked so peaceful when he slept. You knew he was a light sleeper and you didn't want to wake him up, you went back to trying to sleep on the door.

Steve stirred. He heard shifting. He cracked his eyes open slightly and peeked over at you. You were trying to sleep in the car. It was probably the cutest thing Steve had ever seen. The pout on your face was prominent at you tried to move the seat belt away from your cheek.

“Hey.” You jumped at the sound of his quiet, raspy voice.

“Oh, sorry. Did I wake you up? I didn't mean to. I know you're a light sleeper and—”

“It's ok, doll,” Steve interrupted, a smile on his face.” Can't sleep?”

“Uh, yeah. This damn car is uncomfortable. You'd think Tony would have invented a car you can sleep in by now.”

“You can sleep on my shoulder,” he said quickly. He bit his bottom lip in embarrassment. You brought your hand up to your face to cover your hot cheeks.

“Or—you don't have to. I was just offering if you wanted—”

“Can I?” It was your turn to interrupt. You gave him a meek smile to encourage him.

“Yeah,” he breathed out. The smile you gave him nearly knocked him out. He swallowed. If he could barely handle a smile, how could he survive a whole weekend with you?

Slowly, you turned to place your head on Steve's shoulder. You could feel Steve tense at your touch. You muttered a small ‘thank you’ before closing your eyes.

Steve had always believed in a heaven, but now he knew what it felt like. It was you by his side. He couldn't sleep anymore. All he could do was watch your even breaths and soft mewls you made in your sleep.

Steve snapped out of his thoughts. What was he doing? You’re just her friend, Steve. Just a friend.

—

You woke up to yelling the next morning.

“Tony! Just park the damn car!” Sam yelled.

“No, I don’t want to.”

“Come on, Stark,” Thor continued. “We want to stop at the strawberry farm!”

“The strawberry farm?” You rubbed the sleep from your eyes. Hesitantly, you lifted your head from Steve’s shoulder.

“Hey sleepy,” Steve said softly. “We were just uh… debating on whether or not to stop by a strawberry farm.”

“Why are we debating about it? It’s a strawberry farm.” You immediately forgot about your interrupted sleep. “Let’s go!”

“We would, but Stark here refuses,” Natasha said.

“Look, Pepper is allergic to strawberries and if I bring home strawberries to her one more time, she’ll probably leave me,” Tony defended.

“Tony! Park. The damn. Car,” you practically growled.

Tony parked the car and everyone got out. You ran out to the farm and quickly got a basket to pick some strawberries.

Steve laughed at you as you ran through the field. Everyone was excited, but no one was as excited as you. He imagined himself running with you and feeding you strawberries. Friends can do that, right?

“Fuck it, I’m getting some strawberries. I’ll just eat ‘em by myself,” Tony said as he handed the farmer twenty dollars. “We can eat them on the ride.”

Everyone picked a basket of strawberries and already began to sit down and eat them. Peter and Wanda played with the farmer’s puppies.

“Hey, we should probably get back on the road. Can someone get Y/N?” Wanda asked.

“I got it,” Steve volunteered, a little too quickly. The rest of the Avengers went back to the car and waited. Steve began to go back into the field to chase you down.

“Y/N! Y/N, we’re leaving now.”

“Oh, ok. I’m coming,” you called over. You pick a couple more strawberries before starting to run over to Steve.

“Ah!” You tripped over a rock and fell. Before you hit the ground, you felt an arm swing around your waist.

Steve stayed quiet as he lifted you up and placed you back on your feet. He handed you back your basket. You bit your lip in embarrassment.

“I’m sorry. I’m such a clutz,” you gave him a weak laugh.

“It’s ok. I um… We should get back.”

What was he about to say?

—

One more day and a lot of pee breaks later, you were finally at the campsite in Montana. You all trudged into the forest and finally, you found a good spot to set up.

“Ok, now we can fit two people in each tent. Everyone partner up!” Tony yelled.

Wanda partnered with Vision, Nat went with Bruce, Thor went with Clint, Rhodey went with Tony (they let Peter join them because Tony brought a really big tent for himself). Steve was about to go up to Bucky and ask if wanted to bunk together, but before he could, Sam snatched him up.

“Buck? I thought you hated Sam,” Steve asked, confused.

“Nah, it’s fine. We just bicker. Plus, guess who you’re stuck with now.” Bucky winked at him before picking up his tent and leaving with Sam.

Steve’s eyes widened in realization. He quickly turned around to see you, smiling awkwardly and nervously at him. You felt anxious. You didn’t want to ask him to share a tent with you! Would he even want to?

Steve approached you. “Hey, doll. Guess we’re stuck together, huh?”

“Uh, yeah. Sorry about that. I guess all the couples kind of stuck together and I’m surprised Bucky and Sam are together. You don’t have to share with me if you don’t want to bu—”

“Woah, doll. Slow down,” he chuckled. “I’m happy to share with you.” You blushed heavily at him and just hoped he didn’t notice.

Steve tried to ignore the blush on your cheeks but it made his heart clench. He could get through this. He could get through this.

A few camp songs and a ton of s’mores later, it was getting late once again. The Avengers retired to their tents to get some sleep.

Steve walked into his tent to find you there.

“Um, where should I change?” you squeaked.

“Oh, uh. You can change here. I’ll just walk out.” Steve’s voice almost cracked at your question. He avoided thinking about it and walked out of the tent.

When you were done, he walked back in and he tried to quell his reaction. You were wearing tiny pajama shorts with an almost see-through white tank top. He could see your nipples poke through your shirt, even though you tried to cover it with your hair. It didn’t work. He swallowed and averted his gaze.

“Er, are you going to change too?” you asked. You shifted your feet awkwardly.

“Oh, yeah. But you can stay. I don’t want you to have to put your shoes on to go outside,” Steve answered.

“Ok,” you managed to answer. It came out merely above a whisper. You turned around to face the wall of the tent so Steve could change. You were in the same area of confined space with the person you had a massive crush on while he changed. Great.

Eventually, you turned back around to see Steve in loose sweatpants and no shirt. You had to bite your lip again just to keep yourself from letting out a moan. He looked so good. You imagined what it would be like if he took you right in the forest.

“Sorry, I usually sleep without a shirt. But I can put one on,” Steve blurted out, snapping you out of your dirty thoughts.

“Huh? Oh no, it’s ok!” you said quickly. “If that’s how you normally sleep, then feel free. It’s perfectly fine.”

Suddenly, you shivered as you realized just how cold it was without your sweatshirt.

“I should have brought warmer pajamas,” you muttered.

“If you’re cold, you can um...you can share my sleeping bag with me. It can fit both of us. You don’t have to. Only if you’re comfortable.” Steve realized how dumb that sounded and began to suggest another option. “Or maybe Tony has some more blankets.”

“Could I sleep with you?” you asked him quietly. You played with the hem of your shirt. A nervous habit which Steve had noticed a while ago. He loved your little nervous habits.

“Yeah,” he breathed out the breath he didn’t know he was holding. He sat back down into his sleeping bag and you climbed in with him. He scooted as far away from you as possible to avoid making you uncomfortable. But much to his disbelief, you snuggled up into his chest, making contact with him as much as possible.

You were so cold, you tried to take all of Steve’s heat. You just hoped he was ok with it.

Steve almost sighed at the feeling of having you so close to him. Sure, he’d hugged you before, but having you close like this, was something completely different. He felt himself harden at the feeling of you rubbing up against him to gain friction to heat yourself up. In the process, you had accidentally rubbed your leg against him and he had to suppress a moan.

Soon, you fell asleep in Steve's arms and he fell asleep with his face covered in your hair.

—

“Up and at ‘em crew!”

You jumped at Sam's voice. Everyone got up from their tents. Nat, Clint, Bucky, Vision, Thor and Rhodey were out in a couple of seconds. The others took a little longer, including you and Steve.

You were hesitant to leave his arms, but you would have to get up at some point.

You didn't really know what to say to him, so you remained silent while you both changed, your backs turned.

You walked out of the tent with Steve to see the group standing around.

“You took a long time to get ready,” Wanda whispered to you. “Any reason?”

“Um no?” you mumbled, playing with the buttons on your flannel.

Wanda didn't say anything in response but you saw the suspicion is her eyes. She gave you a light pat on your shoulder and turned her attention to Vision.

“Everybody got everything?” Bucky asked.

“Alright let's go!” Clint yelled.

They decided to go on a hike through the forest, walk up part of the mountain nearby, and finally end up at a waterfall that dumped into a lake.

After a couple of hours, you made it to the cliffside pathway of the mountain.

You took your camera out to take pictures of the group. Your favourite one was of Steve and Bucky looking at the view.

“I see the lake waterfall!” Bruce said. Peter, Thor, and Clint ran ahead of the group to see the large lake.

Finally, the Avengers arrived to the large lake. They set up the things they brought and sat to enjoy the view.

Bruce and Clint taught Thor and Peter how to fish, Rhodey tried to pry Tony’s tech away from him, Bucky, Steve, and Vision began to make a fire, and you, Wanda, and Nat started to take a walk around the lake.

“So, Steve huh?” Nat asked you, raising an eyebrow.

“I don't know what you're talking about,” you asked, trying to keep your composure.

“We know you like him,” Wanda explained.

“Well I— I don't… I mean I…” you sighed. “Was it that obvious?”

“Only to us,” Nat reassured. “Steve, on the other hand, is totally blowing his cover?”

“What do you mean?”

“He likes you too. He's so bad at covering it up,” Wanda laughed.

“You should tell him you like him,” Nat urged, giving you a slight nudge.

“What? No! I can't tell him. He-He doesn't like me like that. We're friends.”

“Are you kidding? Rogers is practically in love with you, Y/N,” Nat scoffed.

“The way he looks at you… isn't the way someone looks at a friend,” Wanda stopped walking to look at you. She looked serious. “Believe me, Y/N. He loves you.”

—

The sun started to set and the Avengers began to settle down by the fire. But you couldn't sit down. You were filled with anxiety.

Did Steve really love you? Did he really look at you the way Wanda said he did?

You needed to clear your head. You decided to go for a swim. It was dark, so you stripped out of your clothes, leaving just your bra and panties on, behind a rock near the waterfall and jumped into the cold water.

You swam underneath the waterfall to have some time to yourself and think things over. There was a large opening made of stone in the cliff behind the waterfall.

You sat down facing the waterfall and placed your head in your hands.

“Y/N.” You heard someone moan your name.

You yelped and stood up. It was Steve. Bare naked. And masturbating. To you. You gasped and turned around. You blushed profusely.

“Oh my God! I'm so sorry. I didn't know anyone was in here,” you apologized. You suddenly realized how little you were wearing as well and your blush grew.

“Oh God, I'm so sorry Y/N. I didn't mean for you to see… Um. You can turn around now. I put some pants on,” Steve said nervously. You slowly turned around with your hands trying to cover yourself. He gave you a weak smile.

“Sorry,” he said again.

“I-It's ok. I mean I just heard my name so I looked behind me and… ” you stuttered.

“I'm so sorry. This is really embarrassing. I didn't um…”

“Steve?”

“Yeah?” He placed his hand on the back of his neck, avoiding eye contact with you.

“Do you like me?” You walked closer to him. You felt yourself grow wet.

“I-I uh…” He sighed in defeat. “Y/N, I'm in love with you.”

“You-You are?” You felt your breath hitch.

He nodded slightly in reply, still avoiding your gaze.

You closed the space in between the two of you and he looked down at you.

“I love you too, Steve,” you breathed.

He met your eyes with his in surprise. “You do?”

You nodded and smiled.

Steve couldn’t believe it. You loved him? You were in love with him… Before thinking, Steve grabbed your face and kissed you. It was hungry—like he had been starved of you. His hands grabbed both sides of your face. It grew more and more heated. His hands lowered to your hips and he began moving you to the wall of the stone cliff. Your back hit the wall and you broke off the kiss.

“I want you,” you cooed. You rubbed your hips against him to gain some friction. He moaned, nut held your hips firm and closed his eyes shut.

He opened his eyes and looked deep into yours. “Are you sure you want this?”

“Yes, God yes. Steve, I want you.” You started to unbuckle his pants and pulled them down, releasing his hard cock. You moaned at the sight. You started to lower yourself to have a taste, but Steve stopped you.

“You first, princess.” He unclasped your bra and moved your panties to the side. He stuck a finger into your dripping pussy.

“You’re so wet.” You whimpered at his touch, but you craved more. “Steve please,” you begged. “I need you so much.”

“I’ve wanted you for so long,” Steve whispered. “Now that I have you, I’m taking my time.” He took his finger out of you and you sighed at the loss. You gasped when you left his tongue lick a stripe along your clit.

“Oh God, Steve,” you moaned. He continued to lick your clit. He stuck two fingers in your cunt and began to move them in and out. You were a moaning mess. “Oh… Yes. Oh my god, Steve. Steve!”

You felt yourself reaching your high when Steve removed his fingers once again and stood up. You were about to protest when Steve crashed his lips onto yours. You moaned his mouth. He tugged at your panties and ripped them off of you before tossing them to the side. You felt the tip of his cock poke into your opening.

“Are you ready for me, doll?”

“Yes, Steve. I need you so bad,” you moaned against his mouth.

Slowly, he sheathed himself inside of you. He grunted and suppressed a moan. “God, you’re so tight.”

Eventually, you moved your hips to tell him you were ready for him to start moving. He began to slowly thrust into you, pushing you further into the wall. “Y/N, God, I love you so much,” he grunted. You shifted your hips slightly, which caused him to let out a moan.

He started to thrust into you faster. You continued to moan and buried your nose into his shoulder. You felt your high coming again. “Steve,” you whimpered. “I-I gonna cum!”

“Me too, doll,” he grunted. He brought his hand to your clit and began to rub it quickly. You let out a loud moan. “Come on, doll. Cum for me.”

“Oh, oh Steve! Oh God! Steve,” you moaned as your pussy throbbed and you came over his cock. Steve was close behind as he let go inside your pussy, his cum filling you up.

“That was so much better than I ever imagined it,” you breathed as you came down from your high.

“You imagined it?” Steve asked, smiling at you.

“Maybe…” you mumbled, hiding your face in his chest.

“Y/N?” Steve said softly, brushing a hand through your hair.

You hummed in response.

“I meant what I said,” he continued. “I love you.”

“I did too,” you said, looking up at his bright blue eyes. “I love you.”

Steve kissed you again, softer and more affectionate this time.

“Maybe we should get back to the group. We’re probably leaving now,” Steve said. You began to pick up your clothes.

“Maybe we can have a round two in the tent,” you suggested, putting your bra on.

“If you can stay quiet while I fill you up again,” Steve said. You bit your lip to hide your moan.

“Come on. The sooner we get back, the sooner we can get to it. We do share a tent after all.”

Tag List: @crist1216 @mylittlefandomfanfictions @winenighthoe @denzmallows

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confrontingbabble-on · 6 years ago

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How can you know that something is full of bullshit?

1. It contains Obvious Bullshit: The bible, the uneducated and the willfully ignorant think the earth is flat...that evolution does not operate by natural selection...that the world was created about 6,000 years ago...that the entire earth was covered in a flood...

2. It presents Fantasy Bullshit as (unverifiable) fact: The bible, the uneducated and the willfully ignorant think that primitive fantasy stories are all that’s required to prove the existence of Satan...god(s)...magical trees containing magical fruit...virgin birth...walking on stormy seas...original sin...redemption through believing in stories...eternal life...heaven...hell...

3. Con-men and women, and con-institutions use it to manipulate others for self-enrichment and self-aggrandizement...despite not being able to prove it’s hollow claims...

4. You have to accept what the con-artists tell you...on faith...without evidence...without question...

5. You’d have to be deluded or indoctrinated to believe that it’s true...

6. It’s assertions are surrounded by provable facts...but it’s central claim(s) are devoid of any verifiable evidence...for example, “In the US, in New York, in New York City, in Central Park, by the fountain, under a tree...sat god...offering eternal life to all...and he said that he wants you to give me your cash...!”

See also:

“ Cognitve Bias ...provides a great foundation for understanding the role our brains play in creating, recognizing or falling victim to BS.

On Bullshit by Harry G. Frankfurt is a popular book on the subject.

Carl Sagan’s Baloney Detection Kit

Why we lie – Short essay summarizing some basic research into the psychology of lies (LiveScience).

Why smart people defend bad ideas – The older, twisted sister to this essay.

Bullshit entry at wikipedia.”

From...https://scottberkun.com/essays/53-how-to-detect-bullshit/#1

And... A Beginner’s Guide to Calling BS...https://www.thecut.com/2017/06/a-beginners-guide-to-calling-b-s.html

Further... Carl Sagan’s Rules for Bullshit-Busting and Critical Thinking...https://www.brainpickings.org/2014/01/03/baloney-detection-kit-carl-sagan/

#nonreligious #atheist #agnostic #secular humanist #skeptic #Religion #Christianity #religious insanity

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captainnickjohn-blog · 6 years ago

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Hold My Beer. I Need a Career.

Forgive me, I'm a sucker for stupid rhymes.

I normally really don't enjoy bringing attention to myself, but for my first blog post, I wanted to, well....bring attention to myself.

Specifically, I wanted to write about my interest in beer. You might be wondering, "yea, who isn't interest in a beer right now?", or just straight up, "how is that even an interest?"

Well, over the last couple years I've spent time reading books, watching videos, visiting places, speaking with experts, all about beer. It’s something I've appreciated learning more about and I wanted to discuss how this interest has brought me to where I am today. This is an exercise in reflection for me. For you, there are some insights about me as well as some decent photos of beer!

I'll be examining how my beer interest came about and how I threw myself into it. I'll also talk about how I hoped to take this interest and turn it into something of a career. Finally, some thoughts about where my head is now and how my goals may have altered, but not eliminated something that I really enjoy.

Also just FYI, it's been really f**king hot outside. Let this post be a reminder to cool off with a delicious, cold pint. *insert wink face*

Beer Beginnings

It was September of 2016, I was a line cook at Jack Astor’s and I just got moved up to becoming a server. Moving from a line cook position to serving was a lot to take in all at once: learning the steps of good service, carrying three full plates at a time (took a lot of trial and error, and hungry irritated guests), and learning all of the different specialty drinks and beers.

At that time, Jack Astor's had over 20 draught taps and already I was wondering, "how on Earth am I going to remember all of these?" As luck would have it, the restaurant decided to add an additional 20 taps to their repertoire, which made me double down with, "Seriously, how on EARTH am I going to remember all of these??"

Memorizing the names of all the beers was one thing, but retaining every beer's style, flavour profile, aroma, and attitude (I’m kidding, that's not a thing) were daunting to me. My solution: I had to learn about beer!

Back then, I was only drinking classics like Canadian or Budweiser; if it were hot enough I'd even go for a Kronenbourg Blanc or a Shock Top, but for me, that was a bit of a rarity. Hell, I honestly didn't even know that beer was broken up into two categories: ales and lagers, maybe YOU didn't even know that!

So to tackle this problem of mine, I took the time to watch several beer videos and look at beer infographics. Once I felt I knew about enough about the foundations of beer, I went back to the Astor's 40+ draught beer menu and guess what - it took WAY less time than I'd thought to remember all of the beers!

My work was done; I knew all 40+ beer taps and their styles, and I could even somewhat comfortably talk about the beers’ tastes to guests (with a pinch of BS). However, the more I spoke about beer at work and after reflecting on the beer learning I had done, I had the realization that I genuinely LOVED learning about beer. That whole process for me was actually kind of a blast.

While writing this part I've thought about a time before this where I had a blissful learning experience, and I completely blanked. That was very telling to me. So, I figured I should commit myself to learn more about beer.

To get started, I ordered the mother of all beer books from Amazon, "The Oxford Companion to Beer." Given the size and scale of it, I prefer to call it The Holy Beerble:

P.S. I am aware I don't keep a very neat workspace, coffee stains and all.

Over 800 pages of diligent research on almost every single thing about beer that you could imagine. Beer countries? No problem. Beer styles? Yup. Beer history? Child's play. That one famous beer guy who did that one famous beer thing? It’s in there. This encyclopedia was amazing. The sheer amount of research done to create this is absolutely astounding. Even today, I will read through it and continue to make notes. I even ordered a couple more books on beer:

This was fun for me. I didn't mind taking the time to learn more about something I ACTUALLY liked.

Committing to the 'Craft'

Work at Astor’s was slowing down going into the winter of 2017. By then, I would casually read beer articles online or look through some of my beer books. Beer is a fun subject to learn about and share with others. That said, I felt that it was time I should try making my own beer! I knew a solid amount about the beer-making process already i.e. the mash, the boil, fermentation, bottling, etc., and I felt I should apply what I know to make something of my own. Maybe I could impress friends and family, save money on buying beer from the LCBO or The Beer Store, and it would add another layer to this new hobby of mine.

I figured a brewing kit would be my next subsequent Christmas gift to myself, so what I did was start simple: a 1-gallon starter kit, 10 empty beer bottles, bottle caps, bottle capper, other miscellaneous brewing equipment, and some 2-row barley and Cascade hops.

Homebrewing and commercial brewing are different behemoths, and I knew more about the commercial brewing process. That wasn't really going to help me here because I didn't have 50+ hectolitre tank to brew beer in, so I had to watch a few YouTube instructional home brewing videos to get in the right mindset.

I was eager to brew my first batch: a SMaSH (Single Malt and Single Hop) pale ale. A super simple recipe to start with that would ideally lead to a nice tasting beer. For those who don't know, brewing beer require ALOT of both patience and (ugh) cleaning. Literally, I spent over half of my time brewing just cleaning all of the equipment again and again. Any sort of impurity, big or small, is enough to completely ruin a batch of beer. I already respected brewing as an art form, but I learned more about how difficult it really is to make delicious beer that adheres to a certain style. After a 6-hour brew day plus a few weeks of fermentation, this was the result:

Aesthetically, it's a nice looking SMaSH beer, right?! But the taste....let's just say the taste did not match the look. This was a very important lesson in detecting off-flavours in a beer. There was plenty of them.

I didn't get discouraged; I crafted a chocolate maple porter that tasted pretty solid as well as a decent red ale. Despite my improvements with small batches of beer, I really had a difficult time seeing myself get too serious about it. For one thing, I didn’t always have enough room to fit 10-12 bottles of beer in my fridge. Imagine I start making 5-gallon batches that can yield over 50 bottles of beer, where the hell would I put all that? And if I ruined the batch? That’s a hell of a lot of waste. So, I decided I’d stick with learning and not doing.

YouTube videos and books are great and all, but it's helpful to have a more hands-on learning experience. Enter Prud'homme - a Canadian beer education program with 4 levels of certifications, the top one being "Level 4 - Beer Sommelier."

Prud'homme Level 1 was a lot of fun, and while I knew the lion's share of introductory beer knowledge, the class gave me, even more, to think about. It was a group of 10 in my class (including myself), and each class we were given different styles of beer to try. Up until then, I never really kept any actual notes of the beers I've had, but in class, we would dissect a beer's taste, mouthfeel, finish, colour, clarity, and additional info.

The longer I was in the class, the more I realized that I preferred talking about a beer's characteristics over brewing the beer myself. I'd bought and read all these beer books, I've experimented with brewing, and now I've worked towards my Level 1 Beer Enthusiast certification; clearly, there's something here for me to dive into. I'd been out of school for over a year by that point, and here was this interest of mine that I'd spent time on.

I thought to myself that I should take this more seriously and try to shape this newfound passion of mine into the beginnings of a career.

The Pursuit of Hoppiness

That nugget of internal thinking actually helped influence my decision to apply for a postgraduate degree. Before this, I'd been glancing at different school programs in London, Waterloo, Toronto, etc., but it was mostly looking at programs that might complement my Criminology degree i.e. social work.

If I'd taken this strongly to learning about beer, how can I apply that interest and start a career? I did some thinking over a couple of weeks and ultimately, I decided that getting into marketing could be an excellent opportunity to pursue my interest. Not to mention that marketing is a very versatile degree that would open a lot of doors for me.

I liked the idea of being able to help out the little guy (small-scale craft/micro-brewers) over becoming a cog in the wheel of the bigger beer corporations. Ultimately, I found my way to the George Brown College Digital Media Marketing program web page. It checked off a lot of points on my program criteria list: 1-year in length, a good distance from London, learning all about digital tools used in the workplace, and a semester of work experience!

Getting Forked

Now that I'd made a decision to pursue marketing that could lead to a gig marketing beer, I figured I should find some REAL work experience of being in a brewery.

First and foremost was trying to get a job at Forked River Brewing Company. By then I had met and developed a solid rapport with a few of their staff, and eventually, it led to me landing a job there!

In mid-March, I was hired to help in different areas around the brewery. Sometimes the bosses needed me to work retail or within the brewery, it really depended on the demand of that week. My main goal was to get a very clear idea of how a brewery operates and about their approach to marketing.

On the retail side, I would talk with customers about the beer, sharing with them all of the traits of the beers. There were also other run-of-the-mill retail tasks like handling the cash register, stocking the shelves, or just making sure that people don't steal any beer.

During my time in the brewery itself, I would mostly help the brewmasters with canning (so. many. f***ing cans.) and filling up kegs, but I was also given a chance to help with the actual brewing. I'd go in twice a week early in the morning and work for about 5-6 hours. What I enjoyed the most was the very relaxed atmosphere compared to my time at Astor's. Both were fun, but for entirely different reasons.

I was even given a chance to work a couple of beer festivals around London and in Sarnia. Those days were the most fun because I could speak about the beers with confidence and encourage festival-goers to try our stuff. Overall, I had a great time over at Forked River and I am grateful to have had that opportunity.

George Brown Ale

Before I knew it, September came along and I was starting my program at George Brown. It felt weird to be back in school but I was excited to be taking this step towards a new career. In order to keep my mind fresh on everything beer, I got a job as a bartender at Biermarkt Don Mills; they've got 150+ beers including draught and bottles. Weekends were my game, closing bar Friday through Sunday (goooood times). They were kind enough to give me another beer book that doubled as an employee handbook:

This new program was looking to be a great fit. It's worth noting though that I had spent a lot of my internship search on breweries or beer distribution companies. I wasn't having much luck with that until the next best thing came along - My Wine Canada, a wine/spirits marketing and sales company right down the street from my school building.

Was it beer? Nope. But it's the next best thing.

And also, wine's pretty great! The role itself was "Digital Marketing Manager", very expensive-sounding, right?

What enticed me about it was this internship would give me as close a perspective of what it's like to handle the marketing for beer as I could get. I was setting up social media content calendars, editing and creating photo content, writing wine blogs, drafting weekly emails, and coming up with catchy and funny captions.

Seeing the Bigger Pitcher

The funny thing is, after spending four months with My Wine Canada, I wasn't as certain about wanting to find a marketing job related to beer. Oddly enough, I spent so much time obsessing about finding a job just like it, that I forgot to really sink my teeth into marketing. I was surprised to find that I really liked learning about marketing. Made me reflect (again) on what I was doing.

In my final semester, I've wondered about whether or not my priorities were as straight as they should have been. For most of this program, I've been so narrowly focused on finding a marketing job involving craft beer that I may have completely missed other great opportunities. I don't want that to happen going forward, so I'm taking that into account and keeping an open mind without losing sight of why I got into this program in the first place. Beer is a hobby that's going to stick around in my life and because of it, I have gotten involved in great things and introduced me to some amazing people, and I wouldn't trade that away.

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decorishing · 3 years ago

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meterbd · 4 years ago

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SDC Nickel Detection Kit in Bangladesh

SDC Nickel Detection Kit ৳ 6,300.00 SDC Nickel Detection Kit 1 Set Description Product Codes: 4235: Nickel Detection Kit, 200 Test by One Pack. Nickel ions can be released by some Nickel-containing materials. Prolonged direct contact with Nickel ions can cause skin sensitization and lead to allergic contact dermatitis. BS EN 1811:1998+A1:2008 states that nickel is the most frequent cause of…

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#Nickel Detection Kit #sdc #SDC Nickel Detection Kit

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exactlydeafeningdeer · 4 years ago

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Electric cables are normally installed on the assumption of a safe working life

Electric cables are normally installed on the assumption of a safe working life of at least 20 years. Changes in the insulating material take place with the passing of time and these changes, which may eventually result in an electrical breakdown, are accelerated at higher temperatures. Thus, if the working life is fixed, the limiting factor is the temperature at which the cable is required to operate.

During operation, the temperature at which the cable will operate depends upon the ambient temperature and the heating effects of the current produced due to the resistance of the cable conductors.

The heat dissipation of buried cables depends on the depth of laying, ground ambient temperature and its thermal resistivity, these being dependent on their geographical location and the season of the year. Nearby cables would also affect the ground temperature. Cables in air reach steady operating temperatures more quickly than similar cables underground and large cables take longer than small ones.

The heat may cause a change in the properties of an insulating material or in extreme cases, deformation may occur. It is important, therefore, to realise that there is “a cable for the job”.

There is a very wide range of cables designed to operate at voltages up to 400 kV. It is not possible to discuss all these in this book, but the reader is referred to a publication, Copper Cables, published by the Copper Development Association.

The majority of cables have copper conductors and in a cable these may vary from a single conductor to stranded construction.

The number of electric wire contained in most common conductors is 3, 7, 19, 37, 61 or 91. Thus, 37/0·083 indicates that the conductor has 37 wires each having a diameter of 0·083 in.

Study of electric cable used for 18 years outdoors in Romania shows that only 2% of original quantity of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate has been lost during service life. Formulation was stabilized with lead stabilizer. Twenty percent of original stabilizer was used and required replacement in recycling process.3

A similar study in Sweden (see formulation in the next section) showed that only 1% of extractable matter was lost during 30-40 years of cable use, material was thermally stable, and mechanical performance measured by elongation changed very little. Experimental studies conducted in laboratory which simulated service life by thermal aging at 80°C and considering activation energy in Arrhenius equation at 95 kJ/mol showed that cables should perform for at least 44 years. The cables collected from field are suitable for recycling with minimal adjustments to formulation. Figure 13.19 shows that stability of insulation has linear relationship with duration of aging. Figure 13.20 shows that changes in elongation are very small.4

Degradation of insulation performance of electric cables is basically evaluated by tests and analyses. Based on the result of equipment qualification tests, subsequent analyses to confirm the integrity after a 60-year service period of cables and the result of insulation resistance measurement and insulation diagnostic tests, it has been concluded that immediate degradation of insulation performance is unlikely to occur for most types of cables.

Degradation of insulation performance is detected by the insulation resistance measurement, insulation diagnostic tests and performance tests of systems and components, which are performed during the inspection.

The Japanese government commenced a national R&D project on cable ageing to have more accurate prediction. Under this project many experiments are being performed to acquire time dependent data of cable ageing. Superposition of the time dependent data proposed by IEC 1244-2 is proposed as a suitable method to predict cable ageing.

The Japanese plant utilities conduct measurement of insulation resistance to monitor degradation of insulation performance and are planning to perform sample investigation to acquire actual degradation data of cable insulations.

An area of rubber cable technology where much research and development work has been concentrated in recent years is that of the behaviour of cables in fires. Although they may overheat when subject to current overloads or mechanical damage, electric cables in themselves do not present a primary fire hazard. However, cables are frequently involved in outbreaks of fire from other causes which can eventually ignite the cables. The result can be the propagation of flames and production of noxious fumes and smoke. This result, added to the fact that cables can be carrying power control circuits which it is essential to protect during a fire to ensure an orderly shutdown of plant and equipment, has led to a large amount of development work by cablemakers. This work has included investigations on a wide range of materials and cable designs, together with the establishment of new test and assessment techniques.

Although PVC is essentially flame retardant, it has been found that, where groups of cables occupy long vertical shafts and there is a substantial airflow, fire can be propagated along the cables. Besides delaying the spread of fire by sealing ducts at spaced intervals, an additional safeguard is the use of cables with reduced flame propagating properties. Attention has also been focused on potential hazards in underground railways, where smoke and toxic fumes could distress passengers and hinder their rescue. Initially, compounds with reduced acidic products of combustion were incorporated in cables which have barrier layers to significantly reduce the smoke generated. In the meantime, other cablemaking materials have been developed which contain no halogens and which also produce low levels of smoke and toxic fumes as well as having reduced flame propagating properties. These are now incorporated in British Standards such as BS 6724 and BS 7211.

A different requirement in many installations, such as in ships, aircraft, nuclear plant and the petrochemical industry (both on and off-shore), is that critical circuits should continue to function during and after a fire. Amongst the cables with excellent fire withstand performance, mineral insulated metal sheathed cables are particularly suited for use in emergency lighting systems and industrial installations where ‘fire survival’ is required. As fire survival requirements on oil rigs and petrochemical plants become more severe, new control cable designs have been developed to meet fire tests at 1000°C for 3h with impact and water spray also applied, and also to have low smoke and low toxic properties.

Another novel approach to fire protection in power stations and warehouses is the use of fire detector cables (Figure 31.4). These are used in a system which both detects and initiates the extinction of a fire in the relatively early stages of its growth. These cables have also been installed in shops, offices and public buildings, where the cables can be used to operate warning lights or alarms.

The starting point is the real-life cable installations, simply because any fire regulation aims at addressing real-life fires. However, realistic cable installations cannot be used in a testing and classification system. The costs will be enormous as the number of different installations is almost infinite. The solution is therefore based on the assumption that certain large-scale reference scenarios can be representative of real-life hazards and that performance requirements of the cables can be identified in these reference scenarios. The term reference scenario is here used for an experimental set-up that is deemed to represent real life.

In exact terms the representation will never be true. However, a reference scenario is created in such a way that experimental fires in the scenario will be representative of a large number of real practical cases sufficiently accurately for a regulator. The burning behaviour of cables in the reference scenarios can then be linked to the burning behaviour in standardised test procedures. This is achieved by analysing fire parameters like heat release rate, flame spread and smoke production from experiments in the reference scenario and comparing them to the standard rate. When this link is established it is possible to use measurements in the standardised tests for classification. Thus the classification of a table in a standard test will reflect a certain burning behaviour in the reference scenario which in turn is linked to real-life hazard situations.

The test used to determine the flame resistance of electric cables, signal cables, and cable splice kits is described in Title 30, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 7, Subpart K (CFR 30, 2005). The principal parts of the apparatus are a test chamber or a rectangular enclosure measuring 17 inches deep by 14 inches high by 39 inches wide (43.2 cm deep by 35.6 cm high by 99.1 cm wide) and open at the top and front. The floor or base of the chamber is lined with a noncombustible material to contain burning matter which may fall from the test specimen during a test. Permanent connections are mounted to the chamber and extend to the sample end location. The connections are used to energize the electric cable and splice specimens. The connections are not used when testing signaling cables. A rack consisting of three metal rods, each measuring approximately 3/16 inch (0.48 cm) in diameter is used to support the specimen during a test. The horizontal portion of the rod which contacts the test specimen shall be approximately 12 inches (30.5 cm) in length. A natural gas type Tirrill burner, with a nominal inside diameter of 3/8 inch (0.95 cm), is used to apply the flame to the test specimen.

For tests of electric cables and splices, a source of either alternating current or direct current is used for heating the power conductors of the test specimen. The current flow through the test specimen is regulated and the open circuit voltage is not to exceed the voltage rating of the test specimen. An instrument is used to monitor the effective value of heating current flow through the power conductors of the specimen. Also, a thermocouple is used to measure conductor temperature while the cable or cable splice kit is being electrically heated to 400 °F (204.4 °C). For the electric cable test, three specimens each three feet (0.91 m) in length are prepared by removing five inches of jacket material and two inches of conductor insulation from both ends of each test specimen.

For splice kits, a splice is prepared in each of three sections of a MSHA-approved flame-resistant cable. The cable used is the type that the splice kit is designed to repair. The finished splice must not exceed 18 inches (45.7 cm) or be less than 6 inches (15.2 cm) in length for test purposes. The spliced cables are three feet in length with the midpoint of the splice located 14 inches (35.6 cm) from one end. Both ends of each of the spliced cables are prepared by removing five inches of jacket material and two inches of conductor insulation. The type, amperage, voltage rating, and construction of the power cable must be compatible with the splice kit design.

The test specimen is centered horizontally in the test chamber on the three rods. The three rods are positioned perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the test specimen and at the same height. This arrangement permits the tip of the inner cone from the flame of the gas burner to touch the jacket of the test specimen. For splices, the third rod is placed between the splice and the temperature monitoring location at a distance 8 inches (20.3 cm) from the midpoint of the splice. The gas burner is adjusted to produce an overall blue flame five inches (12.7 cm) high with a three-inch (7.6 cm) inner cone and without the persistence of yellow coloration. The power conductors of the test specimen are connected to the current source. The connections must be compatible with the size of the cable's power conductors to reduce contact resistance. The power conductors of the test specimen are energized with an effective heating current value of five times the power conductor ampacity rating at an ambient temperature of 104 °F (40 °C).

The electric current is monitored through the power conductors of the test specimen with the current measuring device. The amount of heating current is adjusted to maintain the proper effective heating current value until the power conductors reach a temperature of 400 °F (204.4 °C). For electric cables, the tip of the inner cone from the flame of the gas burner is applied directly beneath the test specimen for 60 seconds at a location 14 inches (35.6 cm) from one end of the cable and between the supports separated by a 16 inch (40.6 cm) distance. For the splices made from the splice kits, the tip of the inner cone from the flame of a gas burner is applied for 60 seconds beneath the midpoint of the splice jacket. After subjecting the test specimen to the external flame for the specified time, the burner flame is removed from beneath the specimen while simultaneously turning off the heating current. The amount of time the test specimen continues to burn is recorded after the flame from the burner has been removed. The burn time of any material that falls from the test specimen after the flame from the burner has been removed is added to the total duration of flame. The length of burned (charred) area of each test specimen is measured longitudinally along the cable axis. The procedure is repeated for the remaining two specimens. For a cable or splice kit to qualify as flame resistant, the three test specimens must not exceed a duration of burning of 240 seconds and the length of the burned (charred) area must not exceed 6 inches (15.2 cm). The flame test of an electric cable is shown in Fig. 13.4 – the electric cable did not meet the test criteria.

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americanmysticom · 4 years ago

Photo

THE INDOCTRINATION DOCUMENTARY

APRIL 25TH 2003 THE CDC FILED FOR A PATENT ON THE CORONAVIRUS TRANSMITTED TO HUMANS

"Under 35 U.S.C.101 Nature is Prohibited from Being Patented. Either the SARS COVID Virus was manufactured therefore making a patent on it legal - or it was natural therefore making a patent on it illegal.

BREAKING!!! April 25th 2003 the CDC Filed for a Patent on the Coronavirus Transmitted to Humans Thrivetime Show: Business School without the BS Published July 31, 2021

https://rumble.com/vkl8u2-breaking-april-25th-2003-the-cdc-filed-for-a-patent-on-the-coronavirus-tran.html?mref=6zof&mrefc=3

If it was manufactured it was a violation of chemical and biological weapons treaties and laws. If it was natural filing a patent on it was illegal. In either outcome, both are illegal. In the spring of 2007 the CDC filed a petition with the patent office to keep their patent application confidential and private. They actually filed patents not only on the virus but on its detection and a kit to measure it." - Dr. David Martin

Learn the TRUTH About the COVID-19 www.TimeToFreeAmerica.com

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minimac-mspl · 2 years ago

Text

Field inspection

1) Visual Inspection of Oil in a Sample Bottle:

- Colour: wrong or mixed oil, photo-catalytic reaction, oxidation and thermal degradation, soot, chemical contamination

- Emulsions and Cloudiness: haze to buttermilk, cuff, stable or unstable, additive floc, salt, air, glycol

- Free Water: colour, speed of separation, level

- Sediments – colour: amber, black, translucent, settling rate, density and particle size, laser through the bottle

2) Using Oil Colour as a Field Test:

- You can check the colour of the oil sample with the help of an oil change colour gauge by using glass or PET plastic bottles

- Without a gauge, you can compare the sample with a new oil sample and observe the colour, if you find that colour of the oil is milky or dark, then check the contamination & moisture in oil with the help of an Oil testing kit

3) Moisture Detection by Vision:

- Visual inspection

- Transparent container

- Use comparators and good lighting, laser pointer is also effective

- Hazy to milky appearance may indicate water emulsion

4) Routine Inspection of Sight Glasses in Oil Analysis:

- Change in oil level – up or down, sudden and significant changes are serious

- Sight glass foaming

- Oil colour, darkening, turbidity, etc.

- BS& W bowl shows oxidised oil

- Use a blue pen-light for checking the oil level and quality insight glasses

5) Other Audible Inspection:

- Gearing – A singing gear is a happy gear, usually, it means it is one that is hitting

- Hydraulics – High metallic sounds from pumps means there is water in oils

- Marbles on the tin roof mean cavitation

6) Using your Sense of Touch:

A) Lube: Oils should feel slippery, not clingy. Greases should feel buttery, not stringy or lumpy

- Grease consistency can be estimated manually with a butter knife, you can tell the difference between #2 and #3

B) Contaminants – Sludge: hard, pasty, sticky

- Particles / Sediments

- Filter debris

7) Using Oil Odour as a Field Test:

Purpose quickly detect odour – Producing changes in an oil’s chemistry and constituents.

For best results with scenting, use comparators for examples, bottles of new oil, oxidised oil, burnt oil, diesel contaminated oil, etc.

Also read: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-inventory-management-anshuman-agrawal-mlt-1-/

Minimac focuses on lubrication reliability and contamination control - Doctor's for your machine!

Call +91 7030901266 for Condition Monitoring.

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keeeeeeellysdesignresearchblog · 4 years ago

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Week 2: Ethic Forms

Observational Research

-In-depth one on one interviews

-Expert interviews

-Focus groups

Human behaviour is complex:

People can change over time in different ways

: skills

: goals

: motivations

: perception

: beliefs

Embrace the unknown:

-Ego, assumption, expertise, bias, risks, status quo

-Evidence, story, truth, emotion, change, insight

Motivations, Beliefs & values needs ←———→ Reactions *****

Interview tips:

show me....

how you....

tell me more about....

why do you think that is?

talk me through what you're thinking about at that moment

Take me back to the moment you

Tell me about the last time you did that

When you want to make sure you understand, you think there's something a couple of layers of BS your BS detector detects

summary reply: have I got this right?

so which one was it, so, you'd recommend, but only to people with

what people do and what people say isnt always the same

what people feel and what people say isnt always the same

what people say they think and what people think isnt always the same

Rules:

dialogue not data

wildcard

freestyle

be a 'thoughtsniper'

be flexible

capture

reflect

plan ahead and create a tool kit for yourself

#Studio

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biomedgrid · 4 years ago

Text

Biomed Grid | Pediatric Nursing Triage in Mass Gathering: Education and Training Issues

Introduction

Deaths of children in hospital often occur within the first 24 h of admission. Many of these deaths could be prevented if very sick children were identified and appropriate treatment started immediately upon their arrival at the health facility. This can be facilitated by rapid triage for all children presenting to hospital in order to determine whether any emergency or priority signs are present and providing appropriate emergency treatment. WHO therefore published guidelines and training materials for pediatric emergency triage, assessment and treatment (ETAT) [1]. WHO pediatric ETAT guidelines aim to identify children presenting with airway obstruction and other breathing problems, circulatory impairment or shock, severely altered CNS function (coma or convulsive seizures) or severe dehydration, because it is these children who require urgent appropriate care to prevent death [1].

In 2013, [2] WHO guideline development scoping group reviewed the pediatric ETAT guidelines and identified areas of care and specific recommendations that should be updated considering the new evidence and international consensus [2]. Three priorities for the care of sick infants and children were identified: detection of hypoxemia and use of oxygen therapy, fluid management of infants and children presenting with impaired circulation and management of seizures. This guideline is intended for use in low-resource settings to provide clinical guidance to these health workers on managing infants and children presenting with signs of severe illness [2]. In 2003, the USA adopted and designed the emergency severity index (ESI). All are 5 category scales. The triage categorization level procedures depend on the patients’ complaints and the vital signs as well as the expertise of the triage person(nurse/physician/others). It requires education and training.

Methods

Articles were reviewed by two team members, and relevant articles were obtained and reviewed by the team. Articles were selected from peer-reviewed journals; focused on the role of the nurse in pediatric triage (hospital and pre-hospital), the required clinical competencies, the expected number of years of experiences both in ambulatory care and ER too, the hospital policy regarding nursing role, the Ministry of Health as a governing body for qualified health professionals, and the nursing curriculum in the Faculties of Nursing in the Middle-Eastern Region. The aim is to encourage policy makers and Ministry of Education in collaboration with Ministry of Health, to make the case for the inclusion of training on triage in nursing education programs

Concept of Triage

‘‘Triage’’ is a useful tool used in emergency departments (EDs) to prioritize the care of patients. Through a methodical process of different sequential steps, the triage nurse assigns a color code which goes from red critical patient with immediate access to medical examination to a white code that represents no urgency. Clinical studies have shown that the incorrect assessment at triage represents one of the major errors in EDs and the patients can be victims of errors during the process of care, especially in complex systems such as EDs [3].

The triage recommended in the guidelines defines the priority to receive treatment using four color codes in the form of: Red (very critical, highest priority); Yellow (average critical, medium priority); Green (low critical, low priority, treatment can be delayed); and White (non-critical, urgent intervention is not required) [3]. Triage is defined as prioritizing or sorting the patients for the care and treatment, it is the process of determining the priority of patients’ treatments based on the severity of their condition. The term comes from the French verb trier, meaning to separate, sift or select. Triage may result in determining the order and priority of emergency treatment, the order and priority of emergency transport, or the transport destination for the patient. Triage may also be used for patients arriving at the emergency department or telephoning medical advice systems. the concept of triage as it occurs in medical emergencies, including the prehospital setting, disasters, and emergency room treatment [4]. The goals of Triage, as set forth by the Canadian Association Of Emergency Physicians (CAEP), the National Emergency Nurses Affiliation of Canada (NENA) are: (1) to rapidly identify patients with urgent, life threatening conditions (2) to determine the most appropriate treatment area for patients presenting to the ED (3) to decrease congestion in emergency treatment areas; to provide ongoing assessment of patients (4) to provide information to patients and families regarding services, expected care, and waiting times, and (5) to contribute information that helps to define departmental acuity [5].

What is a Triage Nurse?

Ebrahimi M et al. [6] concluded that Triage nursing as a relatively new role for nurses is a challenging role in a dynamic environment which needs significant development to be practiced. Prioritizing is defined as the pivotal role for triage nurse. Comprehensive educational programs and developmental research are required to support diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in triage practice by nurses. Moreover, triage nurses must be aware of alternative health care facilities, she must have a minimum degree of BS in nursing and must have a minimum 2-year experience in ED. Also, triage nurses must have a minimum 40-hour educational courses annually

A Triage Nurse is a registered nurse positioned in an emergency room (ER) or facility; responsible for assessing patients and determining their level of need for medical assistance. The criteria used to evaluate a patient include the type of injury or illness, its severity, symptoms, patient explanation of emergency, and vital signs. A Triage Nurse is typically the first point of clinical contact for patients visiting an ER. A nurse who is trained in triage is trained to quickly assess and sort patients so that they can get the proper attention and care [7-16]. The Emergency Nurses Association (ENA) has comprehensively indicated several educational programs (CPR, ALS) in addition to other triage educational programs. Furthermore, interpersonal qualifications including interpersonal, interdisciplinary, critical thinking, and communication skills as well as accurate decision making have been stated by several emergency associations. However, triage nurses are required to perform prioritizing of the patient care, take educational programs, and provide a safe environment as well as interpersonal qualifications needed to fulfill this role [17-20].

Knight A [21] confirmed that the role of the pediatric triage nurse is to have thorough knowledge of up to date practices in caring for the child, and to accurately assess and manage the child. Also, nurses triaging the unwell child should include evidencebased decisions in applying a triage category guideline, effective care including accurate and informed education of parents. Every nurse working on triage should maintain current knowledge and have continuous education concerning the child and the unwell child to promote best patient outcomes and maintain best practice standards. As stated in the emergency triage education kit: “The triage nurse makes urgency decisions and employs locally based policies and procedures to expedite care for all patients,”. Infants and small children differ from adults both psychologically and physiologically implicating challenging levels of assessment for the triage nurse. Initial and continuous assessment of the child is imperative to achieve best patient outcomes and reduce the risk of inaccurate triage assessments, and education of the parents is a role of the triage nurse that promotes comfort and security in the level of care being provided [22].

Role of Triage Nurse

According to Sinclair [10], the basic job description for triage nurse is the same for any registered nurse, plus at least 2 years of critical care experience in a large ICU setting. The role requires identification of nurses who possess the following qualities: a) Competency for working on several different units b) A capacity to work independently c) Goal oriented d) Self- directed e) Able to identify and set priorities f) Assertive with a positive attitude g) Able to work well with the professional staff

Aacharya et al. [23] illustrated that, the nurse must be able to calmly and capably communicate with a patient in need, ask appropriate questions, make good decisions quickly and focus in situations that might be highly stressful. Communication skills are essential, because triage nurses often must explain things to patients and their families as well as delegate certain tasks to other health professionals. A triage nurse is an important part of an emergency care team, working to ensure that patients who need treatment right away are prioritized properly. It is the job of a triage nurse to competently assess patients in emergency care. These may be patients suffering illness or patients who have been involved in accidents or other traumatic events. Since many patients can come through the doors of an emergency room, it is important that a trained and skilled nurse be able to decide who needs care most urgently. Some patients may be able to be treated quickly, while other patients may need to go to other parts of the hospital in order to have other services [24-28].

Delphi method was used to develop a role description of triage nurse relying on the emergency medicine experts. Based on Delphi method, Triage nurse is responsible for patients status until the first physician visit, manage ethical conflict in triage decisions, manage aggressive patients effectively, perform the first assessment in the ED, estimate life-threatening risk of chief complaints, prioritize patients based on assessing respirations, pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature, O2 saturation, and other diagnostic measures, follow organization’s guidelines during decision making [25]. Triage nurses are responsible for facilities of triage room and she are not permitted to leave the triage room. Triage nurses must document triage assignments and report daily and monthly statistics of triage. Diagnostic and therapeutic related interventions must be performed by triage nurses [11]. In case of doubt, triage nurses must consult with attending physician or head nurse, also in case of doubt, triage nurses must assign patient to the higher level of acuity. Triage nurses must reconsider their decisions if requested from medical directors. Triage nurses must explain waiting time to the first visit, explain necessary information relating to the patient condition, as well as explain necessary information relating to alternative facilities for care and treatment [9].

All triage is done by registered nurses (RNs), but the Emergency Nurses Association recommends that a nurse have more training and skills than just basic nursing. Some of the recommended components of that training includes CPR and ALS courses. Another important course they recommend is the Emergency Nurse Pediatric course, which trains nurses to work triage in disaster situations that involve children. Trauma nursing and geriatric emergency nursing courses are also recommended so nurses can be trained to handle a variety of patients in situations related to trauma and emergency. There may be other important courses for nurses preparing to work in triage, but these are considered some of the standard ones. Nurses in this area generally also work toward certifications as either a Certified Emergency Nurse (CEN) or a Certified Pediatric Emergency Nurse (CPEN) [29]. A Mirhaghi et al. [7] reported that responsibilities of a triage nurse include; Perform patient assessment, reassess patients who are waiting, initiate emergency treatment if necessary, manage and communicate with patients in waiting room, provide education to patients and families when necessary, sort patients into priority groups according to guidelines, transport patients to appropriate treatment areas, communicate status of patients to doctors and nurses, and triage nurses must also be able to multitask and make decisions when information is limited.

Pre-hospital and Field Triage During Mass-casualty Incidents and Disasters / Pre-hospital Care System and Emergency Medical Services (EMS)

Pre-hospital care also known as the post-crash response consists of the urgent medical care provided to patients at the scene of injury, within the ambulance or other transporting vehicle until patients are transported to the emergency department (ED) of a hospital. Post-crash response in particular starts from extracting victims from vehicles or in vicinity of the accident. Pre-hospital care is a series of interventions that start at the incident scene and end at the hospital. It is a part of a larger system, which is known as trauma system [30].

Pre-hospital care provides an urgent care that requires timely appropriate medical attention to save lives or minimize permanent disabilities. Improvement in patient care outcomes is associated with improvements in pre-hospital care system. The World Health Organization (WHO) encouraged countries in its 2011 global plan for road safety to implement five pillars: 1) road safety management 2) safer roads and mobility 3) safer vehicles 4) safer road users and 5) pre-hospital or post-crash response [31]. Pre-hospital care is a remote critical care triage process, where Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and care are received before reaching the hospital. However, two EMS models are followed in the world. One, known as Franco-German model, brings the hospital to the patient, where most of the patients are treated at the site of incident. While the other model, Anglo-American, brings the patient to the hospital, where patients are transported to the hospital emergency departments as promptly as possible. The former is based on “delay and treat” philosophy whereas the latter is a “load and go” [32]. Although both are considered successful EMS models, outcomes cannot be easily compared given the fundamental difference in their operational methods.

The primary aim of EMS is to prevent unnecessary mortality and long-term morbidity by providing timely critical medical care to acutely sick patients. The role of emergency medical providers is very crucial. It affects patient’s journey from the point of impact to hospital discharge. Therefore, EMS providers are always under the pressure to develop and maintain skills of quick and effective decision making with limited information [33]. The American College of Emergency Physicians and ENA published task-force recommendations (originally approved in 2003 and revised in 2010) to implement a “reliable, valid five-level triage scale such as the Emergency Severity Index (ESI)” [34]. Other examples of 5-level triage scores include the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale, the Manchester Triage Scale, and the Australasian (National) Triage Scale. These indices are algorithmic and consider whether the patient is in extremis, the clinical context of presentation, the resources available, and vital signs. The triage scales have been applied successfully to adults and children and are appropriate tools to apply to a broad population who present to the emergency department with a variety of signs and symptoms [35].

Figure 1:The Pediatric Assessment Triangle and its components

According to the study of Timothy Horeczko et al. [36], who stressed that The Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT) is a rapid evaluation tool that establishes a child’s clinical status and his or her category of illness to direct initial management priorities. Recently the PAT has been incorporated widely into the pediatric resuscitation curriculum. Emergency nurses can rely on the PAT as an objective early warning of children in or at high risk for clinical deterioration. It is especially helpful in cases when history and physical examination are limited. Furthermore, the PAT serves as a common vocabulary between health-care providers [37]. The Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT) generates a rapid, global assessment using only visual and auditory clues; it requires no equipment and takes seconds to perform. The PAT was designed to enable the provider to articulate formally a general impression of the child, establish the severity of the presentation and category of pathophysiology, and determine the type and urgency of intervention. Using the PAT, the provider makes observations of 3 components: appearance, work of breathing, and circulation to the skin (Figure 1) [38].

Nurses’ Involvement Decision Making

The decision-making process is commonly termed triage and has been described as the sorting of medical conditions into different categories to achieve a true priority of care [12]. There are several factors that support the involvement of nurses in CPR decision making. As a result of lengthy stays, nurses spend a lot of time with many long- term care patients and could be expected to have a good understanding of their values and beliefs. Nurses are usually the first responders during an in-hospital cardiac arrest and must either initiate CPR or withhold it. In order to fulfill their role as patient advocates, nurses need to be informed about decisions that affect their patients. Although nurses are infrequently consulted before the CPR decision making process, several studies have reported that they desire greater involvement and they believe they can offer a unique and worthwhile perspective [39].

The Resuscitation Council (UK) recommends that doctors, nurses, medical students and student nurses should be trained to use automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) to facilitate early defibrillation, and that AEDs should be available to all non- critical ward areas. The nursing position is reinforced by the chief nurse (UK) who, as part of the “National Health Service plan” to raise standards, recommends nurse defibrillation as a basic rather than an extended role. Nurses are key health care professionals for using AEDs in hospitals and for teaching other first responders--inside and outside hospitals--how to use AEDs. Although the use of AEDs by nursing staff has been suggested and implemented in many hospitals, studies assessing the results of this practice are limited with small sample size [40]. For nurses to initiate defibrillation there is clearly a need for a widespread change in philosophy as well as equipment. Simply introducing AEDs may not be enough to improve survival. First, nurses must accept defibrillation as a primary rather than extended role. The concept of nurse-initiated defibrillation is supported by many nurses. Combining AED training with annual BLS training may facilitate the acceptance of defibrillation as a nursing role and assist in its wider dissemination [41].

Researchers in the USA in the early 1980s found that triage was associated with a wide range of patient handling activities during disasters. If, however, triage was the prioritization of victims based upon assessment of need, the evidence suggested this rarely occurred. Certainly, in the UK there is an expectation that triage should be carried out at the scene of a major incident, and both the NHS Executive in England and Ambulance Service Association refer to on scene triage, yet neither document outlines what exactly is meant by triage. This can only lead to confusion—who should be performing triage, what form of triage should be used, triage for treatment (triage sieve) or for transportation (triage sort), should other models of triage be used, what skills should prehospital emergency care providers be taught? It is entirely possible that each provider on scene is using a different approach to triage without universal understanding [12].

Hajj Mass Gathering

Hajj is a unique gathering with Mecca and Kaaba being spiritually important to many faiths across the globe, especially Muslims. This is because of the proclamation of the prophet’s father, Ibrahaam, when he called all mankind to perform Hajj. That is why all Muslims on Earth feel that they must visit Mecca and Kaaba on a specific date and time, and that is the reason this small location hosts one of the largest human gatherings in the world [15]. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines mass gatherings as “events attended by a sufficient number of people to strain the planning and response resources of a community, state or nation. Mass gatherings can have good and bad long-term effects on the health sectors of host countries. As the largest annual mass gathering in the world, the hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca overburdens Saudi Arabia’s health system because 2 to 3 million Muslim pilgrims from more than 180 countries converge on the country’s holiest sites [8].

Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia

Infection was a frequent feature of the Hajj especially with poor pre-Hajj Health care from Pilgrims came from low-income countries, crowded accommodations. Poor hygiene, unknown medical background, Extreme heat, poor prepared stored food and inadequate pre-Hajj vaccination are leading to many of infectious diseases like respiratory/airborne diseases, Meningitis, food/water borne diseases and blood borne diseases. Apart from vaccination in a pandemic situation, the effectiveness of yearly influenza vaccination for Hajj pilgrims is questionable because of differences in the viral strains used in vaccines in the northern and southern hemispheres [42].

The Saudi Minster of Health recognized the threat early and instituted a variety of infectious control measures, including screening, Monitoring port of entry and isolation for suspected cases, surveillance for infectious diseases epidemiology, and computer-based information systems, laboratory testing, infection control; and provide proper treatment [26]. Saudi recommendation to all pilgrims to wear surgical facemask when in crowds, hands hygiene and to be vaccinated against seasonal influenza [27]. Saudi Ministry of Health reported the preventive measures to control the infectious diseases as follow updated annual vaccination, enforcement of regulations about food and water security, regulation of head shaving and sterilized razors, Pilgrims awareness for hands hygiene, adequate hydration, facemask use, Sunscreen, Insect repellents, food and water and personal hygiene, avoid severe crowds. Initiate self-treatment as needed, continue usual medications, reporting illness and recommendations about respiratory hygiene. These improvements have taken place at the same time as important changes to infrastructure, including accommodation for pilgrims to reduce overcrowding and risk of spread of infection [19].

Triage During Mass Gatherings

Triage is a complex process and is one means for determining which patients most need access to limited resources. Triage has been studied extensively, particularly in relation to triage in overcrowded emergency departments. The need for an effective triage and acuity scoring system for use during mass gatherings is clear, as these events not only create multiple patient encounters, but also have the potential to become mass-casualty incidents. Furthermore, triage during a large-scale disaster or mass-casualty incident requires that multiple, local agencies work together, necessitating a common language for triage and acuity scoring [43]. Scant research has been done to develop and test an effective triage approach for use in mass-gathering and mass-participation events, although there is a growing body of knowledge regarding the health needs of persons attending large events. Existing triage and acuity scoring systems are suboptimal for this unique population, as these events can involve high patient presentation rates (PPR) and, occasionally, critically ill patients. Mass-gathering events are dangerous; a higher incidence of injury occurs than would be expected from general population statistics [43].

Telephone Triage

Practices have been encouraged to develop flexible models of access tailored to local needs. Telephone triage, in which a patient requesting a face-to-face appointment is, in the first instance, offered a call back from a doctor or nurse, is increasingly being adopted to manage demand. During the telephone call, the need for an appointment can be assessed and the most appropriate management plan agreed, including a face-to-face follow-up consultation if appropriate. Because a proportion of patients do not immediately require any further contact extending beyond the telephone call, this system would appear to be more efficient than the usual care arrangement in which face-to-face appointments are provided without triage [44].

Study of Tim A. Holt et al. concluded that telephone triage is not associated with a reduction in overall clinician contact time during the index day. Introducing telephone triage in primary care requires careful consideration of the organizational structure and culture, staff skills and experience, perceived need and anticipated outcomes, staffing issues, and the geographical location and primary care setting in which triage might be introduced [45]. Murdoch et al. [46] concluded that staff experiences and perceptions of telephone triage are shaped by the way practices communicate with staff, prepare for and sustain the changes required to implement triage effectively, as well as by existing practice culture, and staff and patient behavior arising in response to the changes made. Telephone triage reconfigures the function, skills and identities of staff according to how the activities of their everyday working practice shift as a result of its introduction. Staff resources need to be appropriately allocated in order to ensure staff are not overburdened, and appointment sessions need to be organized in line with triage sessions to ensure appointments are not wasted and that patients are not being inappropriately triaged into emergency slots [47].

Conclusion

1. Triage nursing as a relatively new role for nurses needs significant development to be practiced. Comprehensive educational programs and developmental research are required to support diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in triage practice by nurses. 2. Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT) as evaluation tool has been incorporated widely into the pediatric resuscitation curriculum. 3. Triage related interventions still need extensive development to be reliable enough to practice by triage nurses. 4. A nurse without specific training in triage and inexperienced in critical care was identified as the ‘‘root cause’’ of the sentinel event. To make improvements we planned a triage training course (for newly employed nurses and a refresher course for existing staff) and created a team of dedicated triage nurses. 5. Telephone triage, in which a patient requesting a faceto- face appointment is, in the first instance, offered a call back from a doctor or nurse, is increasingly being adopted to manage demand.

6. Due to the annual Hajj pilgrimage, Emergency Medicine training in Saudi Arabia emphasizes mass gathering casualty care, disaster preparedness and ability to cope with multicultural people with no background medical knowledge. Emergency Medicine training programs include a National Hajj Preparation course and mandatory Hajj rotation during the residency program to prepare for this real-world challenge [18]. 7. Nurses have insufficient knowledge about disaster preparedness due to a lack of acceptance of core competencies and the absence of disaster preparedness in nursing curricula. 8. The recommendation that education in disaster preparedness, response and management must be included and further developed in basic nursing programs as well as in all postgraduate nursing programs.

9. The nursing education community has agreed that the existing curricula are too focused on content and do not teach the most vital nursing skills of critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and decision-making [48]. In fact, the National League for Nursing in the United States mandates that critical thinking skills must be included in nursing programs in order to gain accreditation. 10. language barriers are a major issue for triage nurses, especially in terms of comprehending the subtle nuances of critical messages. In effort to reduce such misunderstandings as well as to establish better clinician-patient communication for such hospitals, it would be wise to offer classes on basic foreign language skills for health professionals [49].

11. Inaccurate decisions and systemic inefficiency of triage nurses, despite their degree of experience, can result in patients being under-triaged or over-triaged. 12. Specific to pediatric emergency departments, most of the patient data is gathered from the parents. For this reason, nurses in pediatric triage training should be taught specific skills and techniques in information gathering when dealing with the parents. 13. Emergency departments typically have structured triage guidelines for health care providers. Such guidelines aid in determining which patients must be evaluated promptly and which may wait safely, and aid in determining anticipated use of resources [50].

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