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[networkingpm]

Transmission Media in Computer Network and Types

In the world of computer networks, transmission media plays a vital role in data communication. Whether it’s a small home network or a global internet system, the choice of transmission media affects speed, cost, and efficiency. In this article, we’ll dive into what transmission media is, its types, and where each type is used.

What is Transmission Media?

Transmission media refers to the physical pathways or channels through which data travels from one device to another in a network. It can be wired (guided) or wireless (unguided). Choosing the right transmission media is crucial for network performance, bandwidth, and overall efficiency.

Importance of Transmission Media in Computer Network

In any computer network, data is transmitted from one point to another through transmission media. The effectiveness of communication relies heavily on the quality of the media used. Factors such as signal attenuation, interference, cost, and data transfer speed are influenced by the type of transmission medium selected.

Types of Transmission Media

Transmission media can be broadly categorized into two types:

1. Guided Media (Wired Transmission)

Guided media uses a solid medium to guide signals from one point to another. It includes:

a. Twisted Pair Cable

Common in LANs

Two insulated copper wires twisted together

Types: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

Used in telecommunication and Ethernet networks

b. Coaxial Cable

Central copper conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding

Provides better noise resistance than twisted pair

Used in cable TV and early Ethernet networks

c. Optical Fiber Cable

Transmits data as light signals

High speed and long-distance communication

Immune to electromagnetic interference

Common in backbone networks and high-speed internet connections

2. Unguided Media (Wireless Transmission)

Unguided media transmits data without physical conductors. It includes:

a. Radio Waves

Used for wireless communication like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

Can travel through walls and long distances

b. Microwaves

Used in satellite communication and long-distance telephony

Requires line-of-sight between transmitter and receiver

c. Infrared

Used in remote controls and short-range communication

Cannot penetrate walls

Comparison Table: Guided vs. Unguided Transmission Media

Feature

Guided Media

Unguided Media

Medium

Physical (cables)

Wireless (air)

Speed

Higher (especially fiber optic)

Varies

Interference

Less (especially fiber)

More prone

Cost

Installation can be high

Cheaper to install

Mobility

Limited

High mobility

Where is Transmission Media Used?

Twisted pair: Home/office LANs, telephone lines

Coaxial: Cable TV, older broadband networks

Fiber optic: Internet backbones, high-speed networks

Radio waves: Wi-Fi, mobile phones

Microwaves: Satellite and long-range wireless communication

Infrared: TV remotes, short-distance data sharing

Bonus: What is the Full Form of CCNP?

CCNP full form is Cisco Certified Network Professional. It’s an advanced-level IT certification offered by Cisco Systems, focusing on networking skills including routing, switching, and troubleshooting, where understanding transmission media is fundamental.

Conclusion

Understanding the types of transmission media in computer networks is essential for anyone involved in networking. Whether you're studying for certifications like CCNP, building a network, or just curious about how data travels, knowing the role and differences of each medium can help you make smarter tech decisions.

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Exploring the CCNA Syllabus: What You Need to Know

In the world of networking, the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification is a prominent credential that serves as a gateway to various career opportunities. This article delves into the CCNA full form, offering a comprehensive guide on what you need to know to prepare effectively for this essential certification.

What is CCNA?

The full form of CCNA is Cisco Certified Network Associate. It is a certification offered by Cisco Systems, a leader in networking hardware and software. The CCNA certification is designed to validate an individual's ability to install, configure, and troubleshoot networks. This certification is crucial for those seeking to establish a career in networking and IT.

The CCNA Course Overview

The CCNA course provides foundational knowledge and skills required to manage and operate networks. It covers a broad range of topics, including networking fundamentals, IP connectivity, security fundamentals, and more. The course is structured to prepare candidates for the CCNA 200-301 exam, which is the latest iteration of the certification test.

CCNA Syllabus: What to Expect

The CCNA syllabus is designed to encompass a wide range of networking topics, ensuring a well-rounded understanding of network fundamentals. Here’s an overview of the key areas covered:

Network Fundamentals:

Understanding network components and their functions.

Knowledge of IP addressing, including IPv4 and IPv6.

Familiarity with network topologies and technologies.

IP Connectivity:

Configuring and verifying router and switch operations.

Understanding routing protocols such as OSPF and EIGRP.

Implementing NAT and understanding its role in connectivity.

IP Services:

Configuring DHCP, DNS, and other network services.

Understanding and implementing network services like NTP.

Security Fundamentals:

Basic security concepts and techniques.

Implementing and managing network security policies.

Understanding threat management and network attacks.

Automation and Programmability:

Basics of network automation and programmable network management.

Introduction to tools like Cisco DNA and Ansible.

CCNA Certification and Exam Details

The CCNA certification is achieved by passing the CCNA 200-301 course in india. This exam tests your knowledge and skills in the above areas and is a crucial step in obtaining the CCNA credential. Here are some details about the CCNA certification:

CCNA Exam Fees: The cost of the CCNA 200-301 exam varies by location but generally ranges around $300 USD. It's important to check the Cisco website or contact a local testing center for the most accurate information.

CCNA Certification Cost in India: In India, the CCNA certification cost is typically around ₹20,000 to ₹25,000. This fee includes the exam cost but may not cover additional expenses such as training or study materials.

CCNA Course Fees

The fees for a CCNA course can vary depending on the provider and location. On average, you can expect to pay between $500 and $1,000 USD for a comprehensive CCNA training course. In India, course fees might range from ₹15,000 to ₹40,000, depending on the training provider and course inclusions.

CCNP Full Form and Its Relation to CCNA

While the CCNA certification lays the groundwork for networking knowledge, the Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) certification is the next step for those looking to advance their career. The full form of CCNP is Cisco Certified Network Professional. The CCNP certification focuses on more advanced networking concepts and is ideal for those who wish to specialize further in network administration and management.

Preparing for the CCNA Exam

Effective preparation is key to passing the CCNA 200-301 exam. Here are some tips to help you succeed:

Study the Syllabus: Familiarize yourself with the CCNA syllabus and ensure you understand each topic thoroughly. Use official Cisco study materials and resources.

Enroll in a Course: Consider enrolling in a CCNA course that provides structured learning and hands-on practice. Many providers offer online and in-person courses.

Practice Exams: Take practice exams to gauge your understanding and readiness. Practice tests can help identify areas where you need further study.

Hands-On Experience: Gain practical experience by setting up a home lab or using simulation tools. Practical experience is invaluable for understanding real-world networking scenarios.

Join Study Groups: Participate in study groups or forums to discuss topics and clarify doubts with peers who are also preparing for the exam.

Conclusion

The CCNA certification is a valuable credential that can significantly enhance your career prospects in networking and IT. Understanding the CCNA syllabus and preparing thoroughly for the CCNA 200-301 course will set you on the path to success. Whether you're just starting or looking to advance your career, the CCNA certification offers a solid foundation and opens doors to further specialization, such as the CCNP. With the right preparation and resources, you can achieve your CCNA certification and take your networking career to new heights.

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CCNA training has become the most desired accreditation in the IT field for those looking for a career in computer networks and systems.

like CCNA digital marketing workshop, CCNA cyber ops certification also has wide scope in the IT certifications you must consult with the experts before going for any certifications as per your skills they will guide you to choose better certification so that it will help you to focus on what you want to be in your career.

Many outside of the IT field will not have heard of the CCNA training. Those who do know any aspect with building a career in IT view it as the most important course for all those starting out in the field. Why is CCNA training important? Anyone who is CCNA trained can move into variety of IT based positions for example: • IT help table • Field Technicians • Network Professionals • Every other job related to networking computer systems Where can IT professionals choose CCNA training? The CCNA Certification is the first step for several Cisco certification paths, including CCNA Security, CCNA Voice, CCNA Wireless, and CCNP. Once the Cisco Certified Network Associate certification has been achieved there are advanced CCNA courses specializing in specific areas of networking from security and routing to voice and wireless. There are a host of other Cisco Certified training courses where IT professionals can turn to specialize further in particular regions of networking. These courses are as follows: • Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) • Cisco Certified Security Professional (CCSP) • Cisco Certified Internetwork Professional (CCIP) • Cisco Certified Voice Professional (CCVP) • Cisco Certified Network Professional Wireless (CCNP Wireless) Job Opportunities for CCNA Professionals • CCNA professionals can find numerous jobs in IT companies as networking engineers. It has become a full fledged career unlike earlier days when folks were not encouraged for networking courses due to limited scope. Mega IT companies like IBM, HCL. Microsoft and Cognizant employ networking engineers in a large number so that they can take care of the entire web of networking in their companies. • With the increasing use of computers and laptops in every field of productivity, CCNA professionals are needed in a large number from offices, to shops and houses. As a CCNA networking engineer you may also prefer to work independently and make your own customers. Some companies which do not employ entire team of networking engineers, you may make them your clients and work on commission base. To work independently it is important to form contacts and make clients. Within this process, you can earn good sum of money and also gain networking experience. In later years as your business flourishes you may also employ a team of networking engineers to work under you. • The basic qualification required for CCNA course is 10+2 from a recognized board and good knowledge of computer basic. You may pursue CCNA course while at work also, there are some institutes that give you flexibility to continue your job and course simultaneously. • CCNA professionals may find great career choice in BPO and telecom sector. To get into reputed IT Company it is important to have a right approach with in-depth knowledge and specialized training. After acquiring some years of job history in a company, you may request a pay hike or switch to another company to consider better opportunities and remuneration. Due to the constant development and discoveries taking place in software, networking courses also undergo various changes and development. Therefore , it is important for every networking professional and student to maintain updated with current networking knowledge.

When should Choose CCNA or Network+ Certification? Keeping Your Experience in your mind If you don't have much networking experience and want an basic level yet professionally recognized certification, Network+ is a smart way to go. This is a very well-organized and structured program that aims to fill the knowledge gaps most people have in the beginning of their networking career. Network+ teaches you what networking technology is. It may be a great foundation for Cisco's CCNA (or Microsoft, or other vendor specific certifications for the matter), which teaches you to configure and troubleshoot this technology. So , if you are a beginner, don't look in the CCNA direction for now. Your time can come. For those who have a few years' networking experience and understanding, CCNA may be a very logical and career boosting way to go. This can be a very in depth study of networking as a whole, including routing, protocols, network design and much more. Even companies that avoid using Cisco equipment value the CCNA for the depth and complexity of the certification. It really is nearly impossible to achieve a CCNA without hands on lab experience, and this practical experience, combined with advanced knowledge, is extremely valuable.

Industry Penetration As the Network+ is vendor-neutral, it is recognized by just about all companies. Many of them, including Dell, HP, Ricoh, Sharp and Xerox require it. Highly valuable as they are, Cisco's certifications occasionally cause some frustration. 'What if I invest in my certification and my next employer does not use Cisco technology? ' some candidates think. While this is a valid point for any vendor-based approach, Cisco have made a name on their own - not only in terms of the technology, but with regards towards the quality and level of their certifications, too. Last but not least, with well over 50% of market penetration of Cisco technologies, chances are that your next employer use it.

Scope • CompTIA Network+ Certification: demonstrates one's knowledge of networking features and functions, including network technologies, installation and configuration, media and topologies, management, and security. • Cisco's CCNA Routing and Switching Certification: validates the candidate's capability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks. Not to jump to any conclusions just yet, however the descriptions suggest Network+ as being a fundamental certification, with CCNA R&S validating more advanced knowledge and proven hands-on experience.

Things You Must Know to Become a highly effective Cisco Network Engineer Maybe you decided on a career switch and/or fresh out of school, great you have decided that you want a career in computer networks. In particular, you would like to become a CCNA certified Cisco networks engineer. It often takes years of experience and some learning from mistakes before you can become effective at the job. Listed below are 2 tips that will hopefully fast track your desire of becoming an effective network engineer. With some luck, you'll be able to get CCNA certified and land your dream IT networking job. Get Your Cisco CCNA Certification The Cisco CCNA certification is still the most recognized IT certification available for IT networking professionals. One of the reasons is really because Cisco has been (and still is) the dominant player in the enterprise networking market. Cisco has been also taking many steps to combat cheating in the exam through the years. A CCNA certified person is recognized by the networking industry to be able to administrate and configure small to medium sized LAN networks.

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2020 SIP technology introduction

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is a multimedia communication protocol formulated by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).

It is an application layer control protocol for multimedia communication on an IP network. It is used to create, modify and terminate the session process of one or more participants. SIP is an IP voice session control protocol derived from the Internet, which is flexible, easy to implement, and easy to expand.

SIP interoperates with the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) responsible for voice quality. It also collaborates with several other protocols, including Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) for location, Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS) for authentication, and RTP for real-time transmission.

With the advancement of computer science and technology, the IP data network based on packet switching technology has replaced the core position of the traditional telephone network based on circuit switching in the field of communication with its convenience and low cost. The SIP protocol, as an application layer signaling control protocol, provides complete session creation and session modification services for a variety of instant messaging services. Therefore, the security of the SIP protocol plays a vital role in the security of instant messaging.

SIP appeared in the mid-1990s and originated from the research of Henning Schulzrinne and his research team in the Computer Department of Columbia University. In 1996, he submitted a draft to the IETF, which contained important content of SIP. In 1999, Shulzrinne deleted irrelevant content related to media content in the new standard submitted. Subsequently, the IETF released the first SIP specification, RFC 2543.

The SIP protocol is a protocol under development and continuous research. On the one hand, it draws on the design ideas of other Internet standards and protocols, follows the principles of simplicity, openness, compatibility, and scalability that the Internet has always adhered to in style, and fully pays attention to the security issues in the open and complex network environment of the Internet.

On the other hand, it has also fully considered the support for various services of the traditional public telephone network, including IN services and ISDN services. Use SIP invitation messages with session descriptions to create sessions so that participants can negotiate media types through SIP interactions. It requests the user's current location through proxy and redirection to support user mobility. Users can also register their current location. The SIP protocol is independent of other conference control protocols. It is designed to be independent of the underlying transport layer protocol, so it can expand other additional functions flexibly and conveniently.

SIP sessions use up to four main components: SIP user agent, SIP registration server, SIP proxy server, and SIP redirect server.

These systems complete SIP sessions by transmitting messages that include the SDP protocol.

1. User agent

SIP User Agent (UA) is an end-user device, such as mobile phones, multimedia handheld devices, PCs, PDAs, etc., used to create and manage SIP sessions. The user agent client sends a message. The user agent server responds to the message.

2. Register the server

The SIP registration server is a database containing the locations of all user agents in the domain. In SIP communication, these servers will retrieve each other's IP address and other related information and send them to the SIP proxy server.

3. Proxy server

The SIP proxy server accepts the SIPUA session request and queries the SIP registration server to obtain the address information of the recipient UA. Then, it forwards the session invitation information directly to the recipient UA (if it is in the same domain) or proxy server (if the UA is in another domain). The main functions are: routing, authentication, billing monitoring, call control, service provision, etc.

4. Redirect server

The SIP redirect server maps the destination address in the request to zero or more new addresses, and then returns them to the client. The SIP redirect server can be on the same hardware as the SIP registration server and the SIP proxy server.

SIP uses the following logic functions to complete communication:

User location function: Determine the location of end users participating in communication.

User communication capability negotiation function: Determine the type and specific parameters of media terminals participating in communication.

Whether the user participates in the interactive function: Determine whether a terminal joins a specific session.

Call establishment and call control functions: including "ringing" to the called party, determining the call parameters of the calling party and the called party, call redirection, call transfer, call termination, etc.

SIP is not a vertically integrated communication system. SIP is more appropriately called a component, and it can be used as a part of other IETF protocols to construct a complete multimedia architecture.

Therefore, SIP should work with other protocols to provide complete services to end users. Although the functional components of the basic SIP protocol do not depend on these protocols. SIP itself does not provide services. However, SIP provides a foundation that can be used to implement different services.

SIP does not provide conference control services and does not suggest that conferences should be managed as such. A conference can be initiated by establishing other conference control protocols on SIP. Since SIP can manage the sessions of all parties participating in the conference, the conference can span heterogeneous networks. SIP cannot and does not intend to provide any form of network resource reservation management. Security is particularly important for the services provided. To achieve the desired degree of security, SIP provides a set of security services, including denial of service prevention, authentication services (user-to-user, agent-to-user), integrity assurance, encryption and privacy services.

Comparison of H.323 protocol and SIP protocol:

H.323 and SIP are protocols introduced by the two camps of the communications field and the Internet respectively. H.323 attempts to treat IP telephones as well-known traditional telephones, but the transmission mode has changed from circuit switching to packet switching.

The SIP protocol focuses on using IP telephony as an application on the Internet. Compared with other applications (such as FTP, E-mail, etc.), it adds signaling and QoS requirements. The services they support are basically the same, and they all use RTP as a media transmission. Agreement. But H.323 is a relatively complicated protocol.

H.323 defines special protocols for supplementary services, such as H.450.1, H.450.2 and H.450.3. SIP does not specifically define a protocol for this purpose, but it conveniently supports supplementary services or intelligent services. As long as you make full use of SIP's defined header fields, and simply extend SIP (such as adding several fields), you can implement these services.

In H.323, the call establishment process involves the third signaling message: RAS signaling channel, call signaling channel and H.245 control channel. Only through the coordination of these three channels can the H.323 call be carried out, and the call establishment time is very long. In SIP, the session request process and the media negotiation process are carried out together.

Although H.323v2 has made improvements to the call establishment process, it is still incomparable compared to SIP which only requires 1.5 loop delays to establish a call.

The H.323 call signaling channel and H.245 control channel require reliable transmission protocols. SIP is independent of low-level protocols, and generally uses unconnectable protocols such as UDP, and uses its own credit layer reliability mechanism to ensure reliable message transmission.

In short, H.323 follows the traditional telephone signaling mode. H.323 conforms to the traditional design ideas in the communication field, carries out centralized and hierarchical control, and adopts the H.323 protocol to facilitate connection with traditional telephone networks.

The SIP protocol draws on the design ideas of other Internet standards and protocols, and follows the principles of simplicity, openness, compatibility, and scalability that the Internet has always adhered to in style, which is relatively simple.

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