#difference between izod and charpy impact test

[bottletesting]

The Presto Izod Impact Testing Machine is a specialized laboratory testing instrument designed for assessing the impact strength or resistance of various materials, particularly plastics and polymers. It is named after the Izod impact testing method, which is a standardized procedure for determining the energy required to fracture a specimen under a single blow. The difference between izod and charpy impact test helps manufacturers and researchers evaluate the toughness and durability of materials, which is crucial in industries where impact resistance is vital, such as automotive, aerospace, and construction. If you want to know about impact tester price then you can give us a call at +919210903903 or email us at info@prestogroup.com.

[prestotesting]

The charpy and izod test are both methods used to measure the impact strength or toughness of a material, particularly metals and alloys. The Charpy test involves striking a notched specimen with a pendulum hammer and measuring the energy absorbed by the specimen as it fractures. The charpy impact test  measures the resistance of the material to fracture under high-velocity impact loading. The Charpy and Izod tests are similar methods used to measure the impact toughness of a material, but difference between izod and charpy: like Test Configuration, Notch Location, Specimen Geometry, Pendulum Configuration, Energy Calculation,  these all is difference between izod and charpy test. Both tests are widely used in materials science and engineering to assess the toughness of materials, particularly in applications where the material will be subjected to impact loading, such as in structural components, machinery, and other industrial equipment. The results of these tests are important for ensuring the safety and reliability of these components in service.

[juniperpublishers-ttsr]

Methods for Evaluating the Properties of Composite Materials

Abstract

The article presents a review previously published experimental material deal with of using plasma-activated UHMWPE-fibers in manufacturing CM. To obtain new types of FRP with good properties, it is necessary to activate the reinforcing fibers, which allows one to raise the joint strength at the fiber/matrix interface. Wet-Pull-Out (W-P-O), Full-Pull-Out (F-P-O), and Impact Break (IB) methods have been developed due to this aim.

Keywords:     UHMWPE-fibers; CM, FRP, CFRP, HCM, Non-equilibrium low-temperature (NLT) plasma; Wet-Pull-Out (W-P-O) method; Full-Pull-Out (F-P-O) method; Impact break(IB) method; Specific absorbed-in-fracture energy

Abbreviations: UHMWPE-fibers: Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Fibers; CM: Composite Materials, FRP: Fiber-reinforced plastics; CFRP: Carbon fiber reinforced plastics; HCM: Hybrid composite materials; NLT plasma: Non-equilibrium low-temperature plasma; RF: RadioFrequency; W-P-O: Wet-Pull-Out; F-P-O: Full-Pull-Out method; IB: Impact Break

    Introduction

The historical growth of the world market of Ultra-High- Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Fibers (UHMWPE-fibers) and the products made of them is for better than 25-30% per year. Production of fibrous polymer Composite Materials (CM) made of UHMWPE-fibers, woven and non-woven fabrics will lead to a considerable increase in the market. Higher specific characteristics of such CM give the opportunity to reduce products weight and decrease the ecological pressure on the environment by lowering atmospheric emissions and reducing energy demands and fuel consumption.

Polyethylene molecule has covalent fully saturated chemical bonds and is noted for a low surface energy (^33mJ/ m2), which is the cause of UHMWPE-fibers inertness in interaction with different polymer matrices. Without the fibers activation their bonding with the matrix in CM is weak. It is necessary to increase surface energy of fibers. Fibers may be activated by means of Non-equilibrium Low-Temperature (NLT) plasma treatment of Radio-Frequency (RF) capacitive discharge at low-pressure. Plasma treatment increases surface energy and thereby activates the fiber [1].

To research effect of NLT plasma on the properties of multifilament UHMWPE-fiber and physical and chemical interaction between the fiber and the matrix, a set of experimental methods has been developed:

a. The technique of studying the wettability and impregnation of fiber with liquid polymer matrix [2];

b. The technique of determination of their joint strength and fiber critical length [2-4];

c. The technique of researching the effect of wettability and fiber impregnation with the matrix on their joint strength (Wet-Pull-Out method or laconic W-P-O) [5-8];

d. Technique of researching the mutual effect of reinforcing fibers and their properties on CM strength, strain and failure mode (Full-Pull-Out method or laconic F-P-O) [9]. All methods allow us to estimate the quality of UHMWPE-fibers treatment with plasma.

The velocity of loading strongly affects the mechanical properties of anisotropic fiber-reinforced composite materials (fiber-reinforced plastics FRP). To estimate dynamic properties of isotropic materials the pendulum-type testing machine is applied. The pendulum machine allows one to increase the velocity of impact by a factor of 10000. However, using the pendulums that look like the ones present in the tests by Charpy and Izod, have not provided suitable data upon impact for some FRP due to the materials anisotropy. Now the importance of materials anisotropy is recognised and failure theories suggested by Puck (1965) and Tsai (1984) are well known. At the same time the heterogeneous character of anisotropic CM is often neglected.

A method for study of the impact properties of anisotropic FRP by pendulum machine under low-velocity loading conditions has been developed. The method is called "Impact Break” (IB) and described in [10-12].

    Discussion

To improve the deformation and strength properties of CFRP and to eliminate the brittle-fragmentation nature of their destruction, it is advisable to include in their composition flexible organic fibers [10]. Effect of the components on the character of destruction and the properties of Hybrid Composite Materials (HCM) on the base of flexible and rigid matrices under a shock loading was investigated by the IB method [13].

HCM contain two or more fibers of various types. The more fibers are included in the composite, the more important is their interaction with the matrix at the fiber/matrix interface. To improve the adhesion of reinforcing fibers to the matrices and, correspondingly, shear strength at the interface, their NLT plasma treatment in RF capacitive discharge at a reduced pressure was used.

Changing the ratio of carbon fibers and plasma-activated UHMWPE-fibers into hybrid fiber, it is possible to control the properties of HCM. Introduction of 20% of UHMWPE-fibers into the hybrid fiber is increased the strength and specific absorbed-in-fracture energy of CFRP based on a flexible matrix by a factor of 1.3. HCM strength and specific absorbed-in- fracture energy are increased by the factors of ~1.4 and ~2.1 respectively at 50% of UHMWPE-fibers.

    Conclusion

Main challenges of the technology of FRP production from multifilament fiber are the following: the complete impregnation of the fiber with the matrix and creation of the strong joint between the matrix and the fiber. For improving the properties of CM, reinforced with UHMWPE- fibers, one should use three following methods: First, it is the impregnation of initial fibers in vacuum and the production of CM in vacuum; Second, it is plasma treatment of the fibers and the production of CM by the impregnation of plasma-activated fibers in air; Third, it is plasma treatment of the fibers and the production of CM by the impregnation of plasma-activated fibers in vacuum.

A W-P-O method for investigation of interaction of strengthening multifilament fibers with matrix in CM has been developed. The W-P-O method allows one to determine the basic parameters of CM production, loading and failure. By means of F-P-O method specially developed, it has been found out experimentally, that the strength of the joint of reinforcing UHMWPE-fibers with the matrix of CM was depended on the properties of adjacent fibers.

IBmethod for investigating the CM properties upon impactallows one to determine thespecific absorbed-in- fracture energy of FRP, ultimate tensile strength, the shear strength of the fiber to the matrix, the relative deformation and other characteristics of the CM under static and dynamic loading conditions.

To Know More About Trends in Technical and ScientificResearch Please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ttsr/index.php

To Know More About Open Access Journals Please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/index.php

[siva3155]

100+ TOP MMT Lab Viva Questions and Answers

MMT Lab Viva Questions :-

TENSILE TEST: 1) Differentiate between Engineering Stress/Strain and True Stress/Strain. 2) What is meant by Plastic & Elastic Deformation? 3) Define Upper Yield Point; Lower Yield Point; Ultimate Strength; Fracture Strength. 4) What is meant by Gauge Length? 5) What are the various types of fractures? 6) Differentiate between Brittleness and ductility? 7) Define the term Malleability? 8) What is Strain hardening? 9) How the microstructural defect like slip effects the deformation? COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST: 1) Differentiate between Compressive strength and tensile strength. 2) Describe the fracture mechanism of a material under compressive loading. 3) Theoretically compressive strength should be same as the tensile strength of a material, but practically it is not. Why? 4) What is anisotropy? How does it affect the mechanical properties? MODULUS OF RIGIDITY: 1) What is meant by modulus of rigidity? 2) Define torsion strength. 3) What are the factors which may affect the angle of twist? 4) What will be the effect on strength if a solid circular shaft is replaced by a hallow shaft of same dimension. 5) What is meant by strain energy? Give its expression in torsion for solid and hollow circular shaft. 6) What is Poisson’s Ratio? IMPACT TEST: 1) What is meant by toughness? 2) What is the purpose of V-notch in impact testing and what is its dimension? 3) What is resilience? 4) How does tempering change the toughness of a material? 5) Define Notch Impact Strength & Modulus of Rupture. 6) Differentiate between Izod & Charpy impact testing techniques? YOUNG’S MODULUS: 1) What is Young’s Modulus? 2) What is meant by Moment of Inertia? 3) How to find out the least count of vernier caliper. 4) What is the effect of temperature on Young’s Modulus? 5) How will you define a beam? 6) What is the difference between a simple supported beam & cantilever beam? 7) What are the formulae used to calculate the Moment of Inertia of a Square section beam; Rectangular section beam and a circular beam about the axis? 8) What is meant by Polar Moment of Inertia & how is it calculated? 9) Derive the relationship between Young’s Modulus, Modulus of Rigidity & Bulk Modulus. 10) Describe different types of loads on beam with the help of sketches. HEAT TREATMENT: 1) What is meant by heat treatment? 2) What are the different types of heat treatment? 3) Enumerate the need for heat treatment of steel? 4) List different types of hardness testing methods? 5) What is meant by BHN? 6) Differentiate between hardenability and hardness? 7) What are the different types of indenters used in hardness testing? 8) What are the factors which affect the hardness of steels? 9) Why is the minor load applied before applying the major load? 10) Derive the formula to calculate BHN. MICROSTRUCTURES: 1) Why the microstructures of metals are different from each other? 2) What are the effects of microstructure of steel and CI on their mechanical properties? 3) In which way the microstructure of copper is different from the microstructure of brass? 4) Define Pearlite, Austenite, Ferrite, Cementite, Martensite, Bainite, and Ledeburite. 5) What is the purpose of alloying? Describe few alloys of Copper and Aluminium. 6) How are steels classified based on their alloying (carbon) content? 7) What is Cast Iron? What are its types? 8) What are stainless steels? Give its composition. 9) Discuss in brief, the steel manufacturing process. 10) Discuss the properties and manufacturing process of the following: Composites; Ceramics; Plastics and Glass. 11) What are the specifications of grinding and polishing machines? 12) What is lapping? Which degree of accuracy can be achieved in metals by polishing? 13) Why is grinding performed before polishing? 14) What is the need of polishing on four grades of emery paper? 15) Why is the specimen rotated by 90°, while changing from one grade of emery paper to another? 16) Why is dry polishing done before wet polishing? 17) What is the purpose of wet polishing after dry polishing? 18) Why is alumina powder used in wet polishing? 19) What is the purpose of etching? 20) Which etchant is used for etching MS; aluminium; copper? 21) What is the principle of working of metallurgical microscope? MMT Lab Viva Questions and Answers Pdf :: Read the full article

[prestotesting]

Know more about uses ofcharpy and izod test

The charpy impact test is a method of determining the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. It is a standard test used to measure the toughness of a material, particularly metals.The test involves striking a notched specimen with a pendulum, which fractures the specimen and measures the energy required to break it. The amount of energy absorbed by the specimen is a measure of its toughness and is expressed in joules.The main difference between the charpy and izod test lies in the configuration of the specimen and the direction of the impact force. In the Charpy test, the specimen is notched on one side and the impact force is delivered on the opposite side. In the izod test, the specimen is notched on one side and the impact force is delivered on the same side as the notch. The izod impact tester is a device used to perform the Izod impact test, which is a standard test for determining the impact strength or toughness of materials, particularly metals.