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faulty-writes · 5 years ago

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Warning: Blood Mention. Slight Self Esteem Issues. Slight Manga Spoilers.

Fandom: My Hero Academia

Pairing: Tenya Iida x Hitoshi Shinsou

[ Alright. This is yet another weekly prompt from @bnhabookclub this sfw prompt is Space/Galaxy AU. Once more I decided to use one of my favorite rare ships. ]

[ Tenya Iida is a student in class 2-A, training to become a defender of the universe. Much like the various other defenders or ‘heroes’ of his world, all willing to lay down their lives to protect the innocent. Hitoshi Shinsou is a recently transferred student into class 2-A, trying to catch up to the fellow students and prove his worth. However, it’s quite difficult for him to focus when the one he admires is in the same class. After a training exercise doesn’t go as expected, Hitoshi seems disappointed in himself. But Tenya offers him some advice and a little something special to motivate him. ]

U.A. High Academy, a high privileged educational facility that caters to shaping young students into model adults. There were several fields of study that one can be placed into. The Technologies Department, dedicated to the craft of developing new technology to aid the brave heroes of the universe and the knowledge of how to effectively make repairs to various agency ships that were responsible for taking care of distress calls.

There was the Fighter Pilot Division, exclusively reserved for those that were willing to put their lives at risk for missions that required stealth and power. Though it had been nearly a century since the last war took place which left Earth uninhabitable. The survivors of the aftermath used their combined quirk skills and knowledge to devise a plan that would be able to start a new civilization within the Milky Way Galaxy.

Though it was a mystery how quirks would be affected in this new zero gravity set up. But with each passing generation, the quirk users seemed to grow stronger. Grasping their abilities at a younger age than their previous predecessors and as civilization came to rise, another set of government-issued rules came into play. Separating regular civilian quirk users from those that would be the start of the universe's defense system.

A new licensing system came to be which also separated those deemed as heroes. You could be a cadet, which was the modern-day sidekick. A Lieutenant, someone who carried the ability to be a leader and teach the younger generation how to properly use their quirks. Lieutenant's, much like heroes can defend against evil as they too possess a license allowing them to do so. Still, heroes, or defenders as some called them. Stood high above the rest and were praised for their bravery and dedication.

Such heroes were made in the Cadet Division, where select students train their quirks under the supervision of a lieutenant, to hopefully one day become a defender of the universe alongside the many great heroes already present. U.A. High Academy also had a General Studies department, usually reserved for students who couldn’t pass the entrance exam or showed a lack of motivation for the various departments available to them.

Hitoshi Shinsou happened to be one of those students, but he longed to be a cadet. Despite the fact, his jealousy had originally blinded him, made him believe his quirk was useless compared to the lavish ones the students in the Cadet Division displayed. He had gone to Lieutenant Aizawa who took him under his wing and trained him to use his binding scarf as well as teach him some defense moves.

Encouraged him to explore the limitations and extensions of his quirk. In a way, Hitoshi felt as though he owed the man. But as he came to find out, there were many others that believed in him. Especially after he had successfully passed the exam to get into the Cadet Division, thinking back to it. He was nervous when he stood among the students of class 1-A and 1-B, but they all seemed friendly.

But one student, in particular, caught his eye, yet he could never find the courage to talk to them. He could barely even look at them without feeling butterflies, despite the countless times he reminded himself of his goal. Tenya Iida was slowly capturing his heart. His transfer to the Cadet Division would take place at the beginning of his second year and though he knew it’d take a lot of hard work to catch up to the rest of the students, he’d do whatever it took to prove himself.

He wanted to be a cadet, he wanted to be seen as a hero one day and he wouldn’t let anything stand in his way. The remainder of his first year was hell, every day he found himself growing impatient. Eager to start a new chapter of his life, he had kept in contact with a few students from class 1-A. Midoriya was one of them and he managed to get some information about Tenya through him.

He learned that Tenya’s reason for wanting to become a cadet was because of his admiration for his brother, who unfortunately was a recently retired Lieutenant who had an agency called Team Idaten. Hitoshi, though he was normally seen as a monotone individual, felt saddened when he learned that. Yet admired the fact that even with such a misfortune.

Tenya continued on, willing to become the next Ingenium as his brother wanted. He wondered if Tenya knew anything about him though, he could only imagine how the other felt about him. Especially after he declared war on class 1-A right before the Sport’s Festival. But, he knew such a fear couldn’t keep him at bay. On the first day of his second year, he walked into Class 2-A and watched as several familiar faces turned to look in his direction.

One of which was Midoriya, who smiled and waved at him. “Shinsou!” he called, “Over here!” the boy cringed, he hated attention and that was certainly something you got when someone else shouted your name across the room. However, his eyes widened when he noticed that Tenya was sitting among Midoriya’s little group and his heart skipped a beat. He quickly ducked his head, dammit.

He clenched his jaw before shyly walking over, despite the fact his shoes were the only thing staring back at him before he felt a firm hand on his shoulder. He gasped and lifted his head. However, his voice caught in his throat when he saw Tenya Iida standing in front of him. His shoulders broad and a gentle smile on his face, his glasses were halfway down the bridge of his nose.

But he reached his hand up to push them back into place which made Hitoshi swallow, God the sight of Tenya made his mouth go dry. “Hello!” he bellowed before retracting his hand from Hitoshi’s shoulder, but he almost missed that strong touch. Still, Tenya placed his hand on his chest and continued to speak. “As class president, I would like to welcome you to Class 2-A. I am quite aware that you may have a difficult time catching up to the fellow students as they have more experience,” Hitoshi glanced to the side and his fists tightened, yeah.

He didn’t need to be reminded of that, of course, they had more training. They had better quirks and combat skills he couldn’t possibly hope to match...yet. “However, if you need any help. Training or otherwise, please do not hesitate to ask me. As class president, I have a duty to my fellow students and I shall not rest knowing one of them is struggling.” he finished before dropping his hand and Hitoshi hoped his blush wasn’t noticeable.

Tenya had a way with words and he found himself smiling. “Yeah,” he replied, his voice was scratchy and rough. But Tenya returned his smile, which sent Hitoshi’s heart sky-rocketing faster than the escape pods of a ship. However, when Lieutenant Aizawa walked in. His hair down in its usual fashion and his tired expression seemed to be a permanent accessory.

His eyes scanned the classroom, Aizawa was the man that taught him the very limited skills he knew and he was a little nervous to see what further training the man had laid out for him. “Take your seats.” Hitoshi swallowed and hesitantly walked over to his desk. Hanging his backpack on the provided desk hook before facing forward, his hands curled in his lap.

He couldn’t help the nervous feeling that continued to consume him, he wondered if every potential cadet felt this way. Still, mornings were reserved for normal classes such as English, which was usually first period. This followed by Math, History, and so on. When afternoon came, it switched to cadet training where you’d slip into your cadet uniform. Some were modified to withstand the user’s quirk, but they were all standard and painted with the U.A. Academy colors which consisted of blue and white.

They also had the U.A. Academy logo and the name of the cadet was displayed on the right side. They were skin tight and allowed for easy movement, which was useful during combat. The students were then guided to the training grounds which were distanced away from the school for safety reasons. There were various training scenarios, replicas of cities and such. But it seemed like Lieutenant Aizawa wanted to keep things simple today and brought his cadets to what looked like a warehouse filled with various metal scraps and empty barrels.

It looked similar to the training ground Hitoshi had set foot on last year when he had passed the test to get into the cadet course. He looked at Aizawa, his eyes slit in suspicion. He wondered if the man did this on purpose, though it was often hard to figure out the puzzle Aizawa left behind. But one thing was for certain, he almost always had a plan with everything he did.

“Today’s training exercise will improve your evasive and defensive skills. If any of you are brave enough to go head to head with your opponent, you have permission to do so. However, I have paired each of you with someone that is your opposite. Someone that I believe will help improve the skills you are lacking.” Yeah, that was Aizawa alright. Somehow it felt as though he enjoyed torturing his students, but as a Lieutenant.

He took pride in watching his students grow, even if they failed along the way. The fact that U.A. Academy pumped out so many famous heroes, was one of the reasons they pushed their students so far. “Mm…” Hitoshi groaned under his breath, “Of course you’d do this.” he said as he crossed his arms, though his words caught Midoriya’s attention. “Uh…” the boy began to speak, catching Hitoshi’s attention.

“What,” he said as he turned to look at the green-haired boy, though he might have seemed intimidating because of his tone. Midoriya took a step back but kept his eyes locked with Hitoshi’s. “Are...you okay?” he asked and Hitoshi only sighed in reply. “Yeah...I’m fine,” he said before looking over at Aizawa, his fingers curled into the fabric of his uniform. Though it was clear he was lying, in fact, he felt a little insecure about how he would perform and who he’d be up against.

“Hm?” he turned his head when he heard another class approach, “Oh no,” he muttered as he watched the cadets of class 1-B approach. “Late again,” Aizawa commented and Sekjiro Kan growled in return. “Shut it, my students are here. Start the training exercise and witness the victory that my class will bring,” he replied which caused Aizawa to roll his eyes. “Fine,” he said before pulling out a piece of paper, it was scribbled with the students he had chosen to go head to head.

“Alright, first match up. Shinsou vs Momona.” he felt his stomach drop to the floor, out of all the people Aizawa could have chosen, why Momona? The blond was annoying, conceited and his quirk was...well maybe he had no right to say given his limited quirk usage. “Ah yes! How wondrous!” Momona declared, spinning on his feet, one hand to his chest and the other raised high in the air. He then lowered his hands, directing his attention to Hitoshi.

A chuckle sounded in his throat before he pointed his finger at the purple-haired boy, “I hope you’re ready to taste defeat! After all, class 1-A is just that. A bunch of losers,” Hitoshi raised his eyebrow while Kirishima practically hissed and pounced on Monoma. “What’s the big deal!? You’re always insulting our class! Fact is, we’re the only ones who have actually had a taste of what it’s like to defend the universe, to be true cadets, and face down the villains that are scattered across the galaxy! What the hell have you done?!” he questioned as he tried to claw the blond but Iida and Midoriya restrained him.

Monoma scuffed and stepped back, “How rude…” he said, taking note that Kirishima left some rips in his uniform. “He assaulted me!” he exclaimed as he pointed a finger at the angry red-head who was currently fighting to break free of the ones holding him back. “Oh shut it! Like you didn’t deserve that!” Kirishima cried back before Lieutenant Aizawa came over and restrained the students, though he didn’t bother using his Erasure.

Instead, he used his custom made scarf, and wrapped the students up as if they were mummy’s. “Quiet down,” he said, speaking as calmly as ever, though Hitoshi’s lips were already sealed closed. But his eyes drifted over to Iida, who was currently scolding Kirishima. Somehow it made him smile, Iida was always so professional and strict about following rules and trying to steer people onto the right path. It was admirable in a word.

“Control your student, he’s causing problems,” Aizawa informed Kan who scoffed and crossed his arms. “My students don’t cause problems,” he replied, making Aizawa roll his eyes once more. “Fine, whatever. Let’s just get this started.” he said as he looked at his paper once more, “Like I said, Shinsou and Momona. Take your positions on opposite ends, on my mark you’ll begin. Understood?” Hitoshi broke his glance away from Iida and turned to look at his teacher.

“Yeah,” he said before reaching down to place his mask over his nose, his scarf was laying contently around his shoulders. He looked over to Monoma as they made their way to the metal landscape. “I do hope you’re ready to lose.” the blond commented making Hitoshi roll his eyes, he didn’t believe bickering got anything done. However, he did try and use that tactic against Midoriya, but that was only to get the others mind under his control.

It wasn’t because he thought he was better than someone else or simply to start drama. He kept quiet and took his position on the opposite side of the training ground. He felt a little uncomfortable being surrounded by metal scraps and uncovered wires. But regardless, he decided to take cover behind an old air vent. He was crouched down, waiting until Aizawa gave the signal. In the meantime, he thought of possible strategies that he could use to counter Monoma.

His quirk was copy, but it was highly unlikely he could actually copy Hitoshi’s quirk. But Monoma’s skills in combat were pretty good and possibly outmatched his own. That’s what worried him the most, he was still learning how to use his scarf as well. So that put him at a disadvantage but like every great cadet and hero. He’d have to work with what he got and when Aizawa gave the signal.

Hitoshi decided that going head to head with Monoma would be the best option. Take out the enemy as soon as possible, but it was a little tricky jumping over the various obstacles and avoiding the metal scraps so he wouldn’t trip. Monoma seemed to have a similar idea, however when he came into view. Hitoshi noticed the smirk he wore and got his scarf ready, maybe if he could wrap him up. Disable him in some way so he could get an advantage in battle.

However, as soon as he got his scarf ready. Monoma jumped onto the side of a nearby building which had Hitoshi stopping in his tracks. His eyes were wide as he watched the fellow cadet make his way to another rooftop. He clenched his jaw and quickly used his scarf, sending it flying in Monoma’s direction. However, the boy turned and ran. Hitoshi quickly pulled his scarf, making easy work of wrapping around one of Monoma’s ankles.

“Oh my, you don’t think this will actually stop me. Has class 1-A sunk that low? Perhaps you need more training.” Monoma smirked before grabbing a piece of the scarf, Hitoshi firmly planted his feet into the ground. Knowing what was about to happen, “Tug of war? Don’t mind if I do.” he chuckled before pulling and Hitoshi quickly learned the boy wasn’t holding back. His feet scraped across the ground and he wrapped the scarf around his hands, trying to keep himself steady as he used his own strength to pull back.

Hoping to send Monoma flying toward him, but instead, the boy smirked once more. Hitoshi should have seen it coming when Monoma released his hold on the scarf. It sent him flying back, stumbling over his feet. He let out a cry when he tripped over a metal scrap, it cut into the back of his ankle. He clenched his teeth, trying his best to ignore the pain. But Monoma jumped from the roof, determined to pin Hitoshi to the ground.

“Damn it.” he hissed and crossed his arms as he noticed the boy reel his fist back. Hitoshi effectively blocked it, but he could feel the pain radiate down his arm. More than likely Monoma’s punch would leave a bruise. He cried out when he finally hit the ground, Monoma straddled himself on top of Hitoshi and continued to land hits. “Get off,” Hitoshi growled, reaching up to grab Monoma’s wrists.

“Oh, do my ears deceive me? Is that a student from class 1-A begging?” he questioned, before breaking Hitoshi’s hold. Before he could properly react, he felt the sting of Monoma’s fist against his cheek. His head violently turned and his mask flew off, revealing a dribble of blood from the corner of his mouth. He growled and turned back to look at Monoma. Once more grabbing his wrists, but his hands trembled and unlike before, there was a certain fire in his eye.

His face twisted with anger and somehow it scared Monoma. “What’s this?” he questioned before Hitoshi squirmed underneath him and brought his leg up, kicking Monoma square in the jaw. He watched as a small amount of blood splattered and a whimper left Monoma’s mouth, though it was mumbled by the blond’s hands. Hitoshi then used his scarf, effectively wrapping the thick cloth around Monoma’s waist and arms.

He growled and wiggled against the restraints. Narrowing his eyes at Hitoshi who still remained beneath him, “Y-You hit me!” he said, there were lines of blood dripping from his mouth and Hitoshi could only assume he had accidentally bitten his lip when the kick happened. Not that he cared that much if this was a life or deathmatch with a villain. Obviously, Hitoshi would be the victor, however, he heard footsteps coming.

“Alright...that’s enough.” his eyes widened at the sound of Aizawa’s voice and he quickly retracted his scarf, it laid loosely around his neck once more. Monoma scoffed and finally stood up, Hitoshi quickly followed, despite his ankle still bleeding. But as usual, he tried to put on a brave face. Especially in front of his lieutenant, he looked at Aizawa. His eyes were narrowed and obviously he was angry, Hitoshi couldn’t help but feel as though that anger was directed at him. Still, he was taken off guard when Aizawa stepped in front of Monoma and looked at the damage.

Monoma’s jaw was darkening in color, more than likely the signs of a bruise forming and blood still dripped from his lip. Hitoshi felt a lump form in his throat when Aizawa turned his glance at him, damn those eyes were intimidating. “I trained you to become a worthy cadet, the point of this training exercise was to practice your skills. I guess you’re the winner.” Aizawa said though Hitoshi felt anything but.

He growled and began limping, as he got closer to the group of students. He could hear their muttered comments, his quirk depicted him as a villain but now, would his actions be the cause of their impression of him? He growled softly, hanging his head low. However, there was one student who seemed rather concerned for him and reached out to grab his shoulder. “Pardon,” Hitoshi’s eyes widened as he immediately recognized the voice and slowly turned to see Tenya, a gentle smile was on his face but his eyes held a serious expression.

Normally the sight of him would cause Hitoshi’s heart to race but now, it was only weighed down by a small sense of guilt. Still, those butterflies filled his stomach all the same. “Yeah?” he replied, looking up at the other who reached up to adjust his glasses. “Forgive me if this seems rather imposing, but dear classmate. Are you feeling well? That display was rather...interesting.” Tenya said, his free hand moving this way and that as he spoke.

It almost made Hitoshi chuckle, but he forced himself to keep quiet. Tenya saw everything he did on the training ground, great. He had almost forgotten that cameras were everywhere and were often used to study the students and keep track of their improvement. Still, to know the one he favored saw his...display. It was disheartening and Hitoshi looked toward the ground, staring at his own shoes.

Tenya noticed this, a clear sign that his fellow student wasn’t comfortable enough to talk about the incident or perhaps he didn’t trust Tenya enough. In that sense, he couldn’t blame the other. After all, connections were formed on trust and he didn’t know Hitoshi enough to call him anything more than what he was. Just a classmate, though Tenya did notice those odd glances Hitoshi gave him and the way he’d look away when Tenya noticed he was staring.

It seemed as though he had caught the other's interest somehow, but what form of interest was still up in the air. Still, Hitoshi was a rather unforgettable individual. One who had single-handedly scared the cadets of class 1-A when he declared war on them. Yet, Tenya couldn’t stand to see one of his classmates looking so disappointed and reached one hand out. Delicately placing his fingers beneath Hitoshi’s chin and tilted his head up. He partly expected Hitoshi to fight it.

But he didn’t, he had already made a fool of himself. So why should he fight anything? Still, the dull expression in his eye was evident enough to show Tenya he wasn’t interested in anything at the moment. But Tenya wouldn’t give up, even if Hitoshi didn’t listen. He had to say and do what he felt as though a true hero would. One day he would be a brave lieutenant like his brother and in that sense, he couldn’t let anyone down and he wouldn’t rest knowing that someone was unhappy.

“Forgive me, perhaps this is quite out of line for me to say. But...violence at times is the only answer. You felt as though you were being threatened and despite the exercise being merely a form of training. I believe at that moment, you felt as though it were real and applied the skills you knew to break yourself of Monoma’s hold.” Hitoshi grumbled, despite the fact his cheeks were warm. Tenya was touching him and his hand felt so strong and yet gentle.

Could he ever be lucky enough one day to be able to hold that hand? Still, he may have a point. At that moment, when Monoma had him pinned down. He felt like a trapped animal, willing to claw and bite his way free. Was that sad? He glanced away a moment, taking a deep breath before he reached to take hold of Tenya’s wrist. He pushed it away which confused Tenya, though what more did he expect?

Perhaps a more...physical approach was necessary to get his point across and with that in mind, his expression grew cross. Though even so, it didn’t seem to phase Hitoshi. “Iida, I appreciate-” he gasped when he felt Tenya cup his face and much like before, tilted it just so. Hitoshi felt a lump form in his throat as he stared into those soft eyes, they were a hypnotizing color. “I see my words hold little effect, perhaps you will listen to this.” Hitoshi watched as a smile came to Tenya’s face before he leaned close.

“I-Iida?” Hitoshi questioned, feeling his heart race in his chest. He was more than certain what Tenya was going to do and closed his eyes, ready to feel those lips he had been dreaming of. He could feel the heat of Tenya’s breath, but unlike he expected. The touch of those feather lips didn’t come which caused Hitoshi to open his eyes, “Hm?” Tenya, though he wasn’t normally known for teasing, leaned up to press a kiss to Hitoshi’s forehead.

As soon as he felt those warm lips touch his skin, his eyes widened and his cheeks flushed pink. When Tenya pulled away, he took note of Hitoshi’s expression and almost chuckled. Though he knew that would be rude as he didn’t believe in laughing at other's expense. Still, it was quite amusing. He removed his hands before leaning close to Hitoshi’s ear. “A compromise, perhaps motivation. Perform your best next time and my lips…” he reached up to press his thumb against Hitoshi’s bottom lip.

“Will touch yours,” he smirked before stepping away, but Hitoshi was shocked. Tenya...said he’d kiss him if he did better? He swallowed and hesitantly looked at the other, “Are we in agreement?” Tenya asked as he held his hand out, waiting for Hitoshi to shake it. Though he only stared at that offered hand, part of him wondered if Tenya was lying, or if he believed that this means of a kiss would truly motivate him. Either way, Hitoshi didn’t have anything to lose.

He’d still have to put his all into training to catch up with the other students, but even so. It was almost as if Tenya was cheering him on, after all, he was the only student that cared enough to try and speak to Hitoshi after what had happened. He took a deep breath and finally grabbed Tenya’s hand. “Deal,” he said with a nod, which seemed to make Tenya happy.

“Very well, I look forward to your future performance,” he said before returning to the fellow cadets, Hitoshi watched the one he admired walk away before he reached up to touch his forehead. A smile came, he’d get that kiss next time. But for now, he’d have to find Recovery Girl. His ankle needed some healing.

#shiiida #shinsou x iida #bnha bookclub #iida x shinsou #tenya x hitoshi

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proheromidoriyashouto · 6 years ago

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Quirkless Hero!Deku and Artist/Youtuber!Shouto AU expansion

Shouto was expelled from the Hero Course by Aizawa after the Sports Festival for his refusal to use all his might (neglecting half his quirk) when the chips are down. Shouto went to General Studies and after some serious introspection post-Hosu (he was dragged along by Ende*vore to do grunt work as punishment and happened to come across Tenya and an Idaten intern he didn't know facing off against Stain) began to find solace in art and writing classes and decided to take his life into his own hands.

Shouto started a gaming channel because Ochako- while introducing him to Super Smash Bros Ultimate- noted that he has a nice voice and he likes the story-telling capabilities of games, so why not? What does he have to lose? His striking appearance and slight fame will surely garner him a boost in viewership early on, and they do.

He initially has to run the channel from Tenya's home since Ende*vore would never allow it. He starts off playing multiplayer games because those are what his friends introduce him to so they can play together, but he inevitably shifts toward single-player games that devote quite a lot of time into compelling story campaigns and exploration. His first delves are into Horizon: Zero Dawn, God of War, the Fallout series, Portal 1 & 2, the Witcher series, and the Last of Us since these are the most prominent games at the time (remakes of games in 22XX tend to release in the same year and order the originals did to get the most playtime out of fans). He’s not good at it to start. He reads from a script and he’s stiff and uncomfortable in front of the camera. He thought he was desensitized to that given his time in the limelight thanks to his name but there’s something about talking to a small webcam that feels, well, silly, and... intense. Personal. It’s a serious detractor, and the comments he receives about it are almost enough to shut down the channel for good. His friends’ support gets him through though and he starts to develop a considerable following.

Before he realizes, he’s spending all his free time playing games with purpose, creating new videos on a nearly daily basis, brainstorming how to structure theory and lore episodes, and worrying about how his uploads are perceived. He runs charity live streams, plays fan-picked hero games, scours every last hint of lore from side-quests, get those sweet sweet completionist Platinum trophies that only like 1% of players get for every game.

Ende*vore cuts him off from his money, and inheritance. Shouto tentatively starts support pages and is surprised by the number of people willing to shell out for him. He starts to really feel the burn-out as he struggles to create more video content for awards before Momo suggests making things. Real, physical things for awards that will give him a break for the grind, and that he can use to improve his art skills. He smacks himself when he realizes that he can also use art as a way of re-connecting with his mother.

Visits at the hospital become days spent drawing, painting, sculpting, and knitting. His mother shocks him in a display of lace-making and he feels a pang of grief when he learns that it was a tradition in her family that she hadn’t been able to pass down to him. She’d taught Fuyumi and Touya a bit but Ende*vore found out and put a stop to it, saying that his legacy was the only one they needed to concern themselves with. She was too afraid of the harm her husband would bring upon the children if she tried again with Natsuo and Shouto. After hearing that there’s nothing more Shouto wants to learn (lace-crafts are his awards for months, and then on occasion for years to come).

His channel, SpicyHeathenGaming, steadily grows over the years and once he graduates from U.A., he devotes himself entirely to running it. By the time he has the formal encounter with Deku, he has millions of subscribers and has become quite comfortable in the public persona he’d crafted (it’s easy to slip into given his natural penchant for straight-man-esque dry humor). He’s almost 25, successful in a precarious field, and... happy. Genuinely at peace. There are days when he misses the rush of a fight, the satisfaction of post-rescue, and on bad days, he thinks of all the people he never saved. He schedules an appointment with his therapist and moves on.

Deku is the one to note that the Day They Met wasn’t at the construction site as he thought, but during the battle of Stain vs Team Idaten Round 2 (and U.A. Students) as the media has labelled it. Shouto is shocked but not for long. The similarities to his then-Idaten costume are prevalent in Deku’s short white mask, midnight leg guards, and heavy black soles but the rest is substantially changed. He’s vaguely reminiscent of a teal/aqua All Might- especially with his cowl on- rather than the Ingenium line now.

He’d become infamous for becoming a hero “the old fashioned way“ through interning and shadowing directly with Pros for years, foregoing hero-high school altogether.

While none of the schools outright forbid quirkless students from applying, Deku had said in his debut press conference, despite passing Ketsubutsu, Shiketsu, and U.A.’s entrance exams, I was denied admittance. They all said something to the effect of ‘I had a “weak constitution”’, ‘my “supposed passion” had been deemed insufficient hot air,’ and ‘my “heroic spirit” wouldn’t be enough to match the rigor of a top-rated hero-course’s training.’ A good friend of mine, Tenya Iida, had been at the same U.A. entrance exam as myself and after learning about my struggles put in a word for me with his family. I didn’t ask for a handout, but when the legitimate options are not truly available to you, what choice even is there? I wasn’t going to turn down the one chance I had left. Team Idaten was good to me and I wouldn’t be the man I’ve become if not for them. In all honesty, Deku shrugged, an almost apologetic look on his face, almost. I was starting to fall into a pretty dark place. I might have become a villain.

Deku had faced ire from Pros, alumni and non-alumni from the schools alike for those remarks, and public opinion had been torn between disdain for slandering the institutions of hero education or support for him having become a hero despite all the odds against him- a true, old-school origin story. All Might had surprised many by showing Deku support, and many U.A.-borne Pros had followed in his example. Ketsubutsu and Shiketsu had not been nearly as kind, with few exceptions. Deku’s rivalries with Dynamic Blitz (one-sided feud in reality), Magnitude, Cloudburst, and Sideburn Tress were almost as well-known as All Might and Endeavor back when they were heroes.

Deku was a world-wide icon for the roughly 2 billion quirkless people in existence, only one of a hand-full of quirkless Pros throughout the world since the dawn of quirks, and the first ever in Japan’s history. He was leagues above Shouto. Shouldn’t have paid him any more mind than any other civilian he’d saved. If not for Shouto’s disastrous inability to handle situations like anything resembling a normal person. He’d seen a strong, handsome, trend-setting, status-quo defying, internationally known hero up close in person, who not only recognized him for his channel but his private art blog and shop, reaching toward his evidently panicking self and had activated his right side as though it was the neglected half, and frozen their hands together.

He’d made a fucking fool of himself... but still... wound up with a number in his pocket and a wink emoji. He never got such lascivious flirting sent his way. Curses, that wink emoji. Not with his scar and eye-straining coloration and lack of proper skin and hair care. No way. What if Deku winked at him in real life? In public? Scandalous. What was he going to do?

Fuyumi. Tenya, help me.

Um, sure?

With what?

...kill me.

-Shou-!

W-why would you-!!

Please, just, vaporize me right now, I’m staring at the moon just take me by surprise, I’m begging you. Actually call Aoyama I have money.

Little brother! What’s brought this on?

That’s not an explanation! If you need help-

I... I have a date.

(Shouto is verrrr out of practice with his powers and dating and is a complete disaster gay. Izuku’s kinda suave and you can thank Tensei’s Big Brother Influence for that. Izuku saved Eri and Kouta okay I promise I have an explanation. All Might was a dick and never found Izuku to apologize. Izuku’s kinda bitter about it but he’s living his best life so :///////. OFA? Never met her. Mirio would be OFA’s 9th in this AU after losing Permeation. Will expand into a proper fic and post to AO3 when its done- I already have too many AUs at once going on.

Population estimates put humans stabilizing at about 11 billion in the 2200s - BNHA was already in modern day when quirks came and its been 200 years since then as per canon- and 20% of the population is slightly more than 2 billion. 2 billion quirkless people.

Dynamic Blitz is that motherfucker. You know who Magnitude and Cloudburst are~. Three guess as to Sideburn Tress’ identity. He wasn’t outwardly hostile but something about him set off red-flags for me. Also strikes me as having a lot of school pride.)

#tododeku #deku and spicyheathen au #part 2 of this #just follow my tags #todoroki shouto #midoriya izuku #quirkless hero deku and artist.youtuber shouto #fucking flip the fic trend #bnha manga #bnha spoilers #bnha manga spoilers #for the mirio thing #bnha

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makeupartistinmumbai-blog · 8 years ago

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Mechanical Engineering Designing

The steam engine, a major driver in the Industrial Revolution, underscores the importance of engineering in modern history. This beam engine is on display in the Technical University of Madrid.

Engineering is the application of mathematics, as well as scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge in order to invent, innovate, design, build, maintain, research, and improve structures, machines, tools, systems, components, materials, processes, solutions, and organizations.

The discipline of engineering is extremely broad and encompasses a range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied science, technology and types of application.

The term Engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning "cleverness" and ingeniare, meaning "to contrive, devise".[1]

The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD, the predecessor of ABET)[2] has defined "engineering" as:

The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation or safety to life and property.[3][4]

Main article: History of engineering Relief map of the Citadel of Lille, designed in 1668 by Vauban, the foremost military engineer of his age.

Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley. Each of these inventions is essentially consistent with the modern definition of engineering.

The term engineering is derived from the word engineer, which itself dates back to 1390 when an engine'er (literally, one who operates an engine) originally referred to "a constructor of military engines."[5] In this context, now obsolete, an "engine" referred to a military machine, i.e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, e.g., the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

The word "engine" itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium (c. 1250), meaning "innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention."[6]

Later, as the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering[4] entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the discipline of military engineering.

The Ancient Romans built aqueducts to bring a steady supply of clean fresh water to cities and towns in the empire.

The Pharos of Alexandria, the pyramids in Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Acropolis and the Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aqueducts, Via Appia and the Colosseum, Teotihuacán and the cities and pyramids of the Mayan, Inca and Aztec Empires, the Great Wall of China, the Brihadeeswarar Temple of Thanjavur and Indian Temples, among many others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of the ancient civil and military engineers.

The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep.[4] As one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC.[7]Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains. The Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer,[8][9] and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. Some of Archimedes' inventions as well as the Antikythera mechanism required sophisticated knowledge of differential gearing or epicyclic gearing, two key principles in machine theory that helped design the gear trains of the Industrial Revolution, and are still widely used today in diverse fields such as robotics and automotive engineering.[10]

Chinese, Greek, Roman and Hungarian armies employed complex military machines and inventions such as artillery which was developed by the Greeks around the 4th century B.C.,[11] the trireme, the ballista and the catapult. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed.

The first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery.[12] The development of this device gave rise to the Industrial Revolution in the coming decades, allowing for the beginnings of mass production.

With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, the term became more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied to these ends. Similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering.

The International Space Station represents a modern engineering challenge from many disciplines.

The inventions of Thomas Newcomen and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to modern mechanical engineering. The development of specialized machines and machine tools during the industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad.[4]

Structural engineers investigating NASA's Mars-bound spacecraft, the Phoenix Mars Lander

John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is often regarded as the "father" of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours, and lighthouses. He was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse (1755–59) where he pioneered the use of 'hydraulic lime' (a form of mortar which will set under water) and developed a technique involving dovetailed blocks of granite in the building of the lighthouse. His lighthouse remained in use until 1877 and was dismantled and partially rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Smeaton's Tower. He is important in the history, rediscovery of, and development of modern cement, because he identified the compositional requirements needed to obtain "hydraulicity" in lime; work which led ultimately to the invention of Portland cement.

The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of "engineer" for the first time with a count of 2,000.[13] There were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the U.S. before 1865. In 1870 there were a dozen U.S. mechanical engineering graduates, with that number increasing to 43 per year in 1875. In 1890 there were 6,000 engineers in civil, mining, mechanical and electrical.[14]

There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics established at Cambridge until 1875, and no chair of engineering at Oxford until 1907. Germany established technical universities earlier.[15]

The foundations of electrical engineering in the 1800s included the experiments of Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric telegraph in 1816 and the electric motor in 1872. The theoretical work of James Maxwell (see: Maxwell's equations) and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other engineering specialty.[4]Chemical engineering developed in the late nineteenth century.[4] Industrial scale manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created, dedicated to the development and large scale manufacturing of chemicals in new industrial plants.[4] The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.[4]

The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland

Aeronautical engineering deals with aircraft design process design while aerospace engineering is a more modern term that expands the reach of the discipline by including spacecraft design. Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the start of the 20th century although the work of Sir George Cayley has recently been dated as being from the last decade of the 18th century. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering.[16]

The first PhD in engineering (technically, applied science and engineering) awarded in the United States went to Josiah Willard Gibbs at Yale University in 1863; it was also the second PhD awarded in science in the U.S.[17]

Only a decade after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, there was extensive development of aeronautical engineering through development of military aircraft that were used in World War I. Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental background science continued by combining theoretical physics with experiments.

In 1990, with the rise of computer technology, the first search engine was built by computer engineer Alan Emtage.

For a topical guide to this subject, see Outline of engineering § Branches of engineering. The design of a modern auditorium involves many branches of engineering, including acoustics, architecture, and civil engineering. Hoover Dam

Engineering is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with differing areas of engineering work. Although initially an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, throughout an engineer's career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of the outlined areas. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches:[18][19][20]chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.

Main article: Chemical engineering

Chemical engineering is the application of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering principles in order to carry out chemical processes on a commercial scale, such as petroleum refining, microfabrication, fermentation, and biomolecule production.

Main article: Civil engineering

Civil engineering is the design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply, and treatment etc.), bridges, dams, and buildings.[21][22] Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines, including structural engineering, environmental engineering, and surveying. It is traditionally considered to be separate from military engineering.[23]

Main article: Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering is the design, study, and manufacture of various electrical and electronic systems, such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications, instrumentation, controls, and electronics.

Main article: Mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is the design and manufacture of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation products, engines, compressors, powertrains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, vibration isolation equipment, manufacturing, and mechatronics.

Main article: List of engineering branches

Beyond these "Big Four", a number of other branches are recognized. Historically, naval engineering and mining engineering were major branches. Other engineering fields sometimes included as major branches are manufacturing engineering, acoustical engineering, corrosion engineering, instrumentation and control, aerospace, automotive, computer, electronic, petroleum, environmental, systems, audio, software, architectural, agricultural, biosystems, biomedical,[24]geological, textile, industrial, materials,[25] and nuclear engineering.[26] These and other branches of engineering are represented in the 36 licensed member institutions of the UK Engineering Council.

New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches – for example, Earth systems engineering and management involves a wide range of subject areas including anthropology, engineering studies, environmental science, ethics and philosophy of engineering.

One who practices engineering is called an engineer, and those licensed to do so may have more formal designations such as Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer, Incorporated Engineer, Ingenieur, European Engineer, or Designated Engineering Representative. In the UK many skilled trades are called "Engineer" including gas, telephone, photocopy, maintenance, plumber-heating, drainage, sanitary, auto mechanic, TV, Refrigerator, electrician, washing machine, TV antenna installer (satellite) and many others.

Design of a turbine requires collaboration of engineers from many fields, as the system involves mechanical, electro-magnetic and chemical processes. The blades, rotor and stator as well as the steam cycle all need to be carefully designed and optimized.

Engineers apply mathematics and sciences such as physics to find novel solutions to problems or to improve existing solutions. More than ever, engineers are now required to have a proficient knowledge of relevant sciences for their design projects. As a result, many engineers continue to learn new material throughout their career.

If multiple solutions exist, engineers weigh each design choice based on their merit and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. The crucial and unique task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to yield a successful result. It is generally insufficient to build a technically successful product, rather, it must also meet further requirements.

Constraints may include available resources, physical, imaginative or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and additions, and other factors, such as requirements for cost, safety, marketability, productivity, and serviceability. By understanding the constraints, engineers derive specifications for the limits within which a viable object or system may be produced and operated.

A general methodology and epistemology of engineering can be inferred from the historical case studies and comments provided by Walter Vincenti.[27] Though Vincenti's case studies are from the domain of aeronautical engineering, his conclusions can be transferred into many other branches of engineering, too.

According to Billy Vaughn Koen, the "engineering method is the use of heuristics to cause the best change in a poorly understood situation within the available resources." Koen argues that the definition of what makes one an engineer should not be based on what he produces, but rather how he goes about it.[28]

A drawing for a booster engine for steam locomotives. Engineering is applied to design, with emphasis on function and the utilization of mathematics and science.

Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, logic, economics, and appropriate experience or tacit knowledge to find suitable solutions to a problem. Creating an appropriate mathematical model of a problem allows them to analyze it (sometimes definitively), and to test potential solutions.

Usually, multiple reasonable solutions exist, so engineers must evaluate the different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best meets their requirements. Genrich Altshuller, after gathering statistics on a large number of patents, suggested that compromises are at the heart of "low-level" engineering designs, while at a higher level the best design is one which eliminates the core contradiction causing the problem.

Engineers typically attempt to predict how well their designs will perform to their specifications prior to full-scale production. They use, among other things: prototypes, scale models, simulations, destructive tests, nondestructive tests, and stress tests. Testing ensures that products will perform as expected.

Engineers take on the responsibility of producing designs that will perform as well as expected and will not cause unintended harm to the public at large. Engineers typically include a factor of safety in their designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure. However, the greater the safety factor, the less efficient the design may be.

The study of failed products is known as forensic engineering and can help the product designer in evaluating his or her design in the light of real conditions. The discipline is of greatest value after disasters, such as bridge collapses, when careful analysis is needed to establish the cause or causes of the failure.

A computer simulation of high velocity air flow around a Space Shuttle orbiter during re-entry. Solutions to the flow require modelling of the combined effects of fluid flow and the heat equations.

As with all modern scientific and technological endeavors, computers and software play an increasingly important role. As well as the typical business application software there are a number of computer aided applications (computer-aided technologies) specifically for engineering. Computers can be used to generate models of fundamental physical processes, which can be solved using numerical methods.

One of the most widely used design tools in the profession is computer-aided design (CAD) software like CATIA, Autodesk Inventor, DSS SolidWorks or Pro Engineer which enables engineers to create 3D models, 2D drawings, and schematics of their designs. CAD together with digital mockup (DMU) and CAE software such as finite element method analysis or analytic element method allows engineers to create models of designs that can be analyzed without having to make expensive and time-consuming physical prototypes.

These allow products and components to be checked for flaws; assess fit and assembly; study ergonomics; and to analyze static and dynamic characteristics of systems such as stresses, temperatures, electromagnetic emissions, electrical currents and voltages, digital logic levels, fluid flows, and kinematics. Access and distribution of all this information is generally organized with the use of product data management software.[29]

There are also many tools to support specific engineering tasks such as computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software to generate CNC machining instructions; manufacturing process management software for production engineering; EDA for printed circuit board (PCB) and circuit schematics for electronic engineers; MRO applications for maintenance management; and AEC software for civil engineering.

In recent years the use of computer software to aid the development of goods has collectively come to be known as product lifecycle management (PLM).[30]

Robotic Kismet can produce a range of facial expressions.

The engineering profession engages in a wide range of activities, from large collaboration at the societal level, and also smaller individual projects. Almost all engineering projects are obligated to some sort of financing agency: a company, a set of investors, or a government. The few types of engineering that are minimally constrained by such issues are pro bono engineering and open-design engineering.

By its very nature engineering has interconnections with society, culture and human behavior. Every product or construction used by modern society is influenced by engineering. The results of engineering activity influence changes to the environment, society and economies, and its application brings with it a responsibility and public safety.

Engineering projects can be subject to controversy. Examples from different engineering disciplines include the development of nuclear weapons, the Three Gorges Dam, the design and use of sport utility vehicles and the extraction of oil. In response, some western engineering companies have enacted serious corporate and social responsibility policies.

Engineering is a key driver of innovation and human development. Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, has a very small engineering capacity which results in many African nations being unable to develop crucial infrastructure without outside aid.[citation needed] The attainment of many of the Millennium Development Goals requires the achievement of sufficient engineering capacity to develop infrastructure and sustainable technological development.[31]

Radar, GPS, lidar, ... are all combined to provide proper navigation and obstacle avoidance (vehicle developed for 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge)

All overseas development and relief NGOs make considerable use of engineers to apply solutions in disaster and development scenarios. A number of charitable organizations aim to use engineering directly for the good of mankind:

Engineering companies in many established economies are facing significant challenges with regard to the number of professional engineers being trained, compared with the number retiring. This problem is very prominent in the UK where engineering has a poor image and low status.[33] There are many negative economic and political issues that this can cause, as well as ethical issues[34] It is widely agreed that the engineering profession faces an "image crisis",[35] rather than it being fundamentally an unattractive career. Much work is needed to avoid huge problems in the UK and other western economies.

Main article: Engineering ethics

Many engineering societies have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large. The National Society of Professional Engineers code of ethics states:

Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct.[36]

In Canada, many engineers wear the Iron Ring as a symbol and reminder of the obligations and ethics associated with their profession.[37]

Engineers, scientists and technicians at work on target positioner inside National Ignition Facility (NIF) target chamber

Scientists study the world as it is; engineers create the world that has never been.

— Theodore von Kármán[38][39][40]

There exists an overlap between the sciences and engineering practice; in engineering, one applies science. Both areas of endeavor rely on accurate observation of materials and phenomena. Both use mathematics and classification criteria to analyze and communicate observations.[citation needed]

Scientists may also have to complete engineering tasks, such as designing experimental apparatus or building prototypes. Conversely, in the process of developing technology engineers sometimes find themselves exploring new phenomena, thus becoming, for the moment, scientists or more precisely "engineering scientists".[citation needed]

In the book What Engineers Know and How They Know It,[41] Walter Vincenti asserts that engineering research has a character different from that of scientific research. First, it often deals with areas in which the basic physics or chemistry are well understood, but the problems themselves are too complex to solve in an exact manner.

There is a "real and important" difference between engineering and physics as similar to any science field has to do with technology.[42][43] Physics is an exploratory science that seeks knowledge of principles while Engineering uses knowledge for practical applications of principles. The former equates an understanding into a mathematical principle while the latter measures variables involved and creates technology.[44][45][46] For technology, physics is an auxiliary and in a way technology is considered as applied physics.[47] Though Physics and Engineering are interrelated it doesn't mean a Physicist is sufficient where an Engineer is required. For this mobility, a physicist to work as an engineer requires additional and relevant specialized training.[48] Physicists and engineers engage in different lines of work.[49] But PhD physicists who specialize in sectors of technology and applied science are titled as Technology officer, R&D Engineers and System Engineers.[50] Though as an engineer, role of a physicist is limited.[51] Physicists in their field, work in theoretical analysis and experimental research.[52]

An example of this is the use of numerical approximations to the Navier–Stokes equations to describe aerodynamic flow over an aircraft, or the use of Miner's rule to calculate fatigue damage. Second, engineering research employs many semi-empirical methods that are foreign to pure scientific research, one example being the method of parameter variation.[citation needed]

As stated by Fung et al. in the revision to the classic engineering text Foundations of Solid Mechanics:

Engineering is quite different from science. Scientists try to understand nature. Engineers try to make things that do not exist in nature. Engineers stress innovation and invention. To embody an invention the engineer must put his idea in concrete terms, and design something that people can use. That something can be a complex system, device, a gadget, a material, a method, a computing program, an innovative experiment, a new solution to a problem, or an improvement on what already exists. Since a design has to be realistic and functional, it must have its geometry, dimensions, and characteristics data defined. In the past engineers working on new designs found that they did not have all the required information to make design decisions. Most often, they were limited by insufficient scientific knowledge. Thus they studied mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and mechanics. Often they had to add to the sciences relevant to their profession. Thus engineering sciences were born.[53]

Although engineering solutions make use of scientific principles, engineers must also take into account safety, efficiency, economy, reliability, and constructability or ease of fabrication as well as the environment, ethical and legal considerations such as patent infringement or liability in the case of failure of the solution.[citation needed]

Leonardo da Vinci, seen here in a self-portrait, has been described as the epitome of the artist/engineer.[54] He is also known for his studies on human anatomy and physiology.

The study of the human body, albeit from different directions and for different purposes, is an important common link between medicine and some engineering disciplines. Medicine aims to sustain, repair, enhance and even replace functions of the human body, if necessary, through the use of technology.

Genetically engineered mice expressing green fluorescent protein, which glows green under blue light. The central mouse is wild-type.

Modern medicine can replace several of the body's functions through the use of artificial organs and can significantly alter the function of the human body through artificial devices such as, for example, brain implants and pacemakers.[55][56] The fields of bionics and medical bionics are dedicated to the study of synthetic implants pertaining to natural systems.

Conversely, some engineering disciplines view the human body as a biological machine worth studying and are dedicated to emulating many of its functions by replacing biology with technology. This has led to fields such as artificial intelligence, neural networks, fuzzy logic, and robotics. There are also substantial interdisciplinary interactions between engineering and medicine.[57][58]

Both fields provide solutions to real world problems. This often requires moving forward before phenomena are completely understood in a more rigorous scientific sense and therefore experimentation and empirical knowledge is an integral part of both.

Medicine, in part, studies the function of the human body. The human body, as a biological machine, has many functions that can be modeled using engineering methods.[59]

The heart for example functions much like a pump,[60] the skeleton is like a linked structure with levers,[61] the brain produces electrical signals etc.[62] These similarities as well as the increasing importance and application of engineering principles in medicine, led to the development of the field of biomedical engineering that uses concepts developed in both disciplines.

Newly emerging branches of science, such as systems biology, are adapting analytical tools traditionally used for engineering, such as systems modeling and computational analysis, to the description of biological systems.[59]

There are connections between engineering and art;[63] they are direct in some fields, for example, architecture, landscape architecture and industrial design (even to the extent that these disciplines may sometimes be included in a university's Faculty of Engineering); and indirect in others.[63][64][65][66]

The Art Institute of Chicago, for instance, held an exhibition about the art of NASA's aerospace design.[67]Robert Maillart's bridge design is perceived by some to have been deliberately artistic.[68] At the University of South Florida, an engineering professor, through a grant with the National Science Foundation, has developed a course that connects art and engineering.[64][69]

Among famous historical figures, Leonardo da Vinci is a well-known Renaissance artist and engineer, and a prime example of the nexus between art and engineering.[54][70]

Business Engineering deals with the relationship between professional engineering, IT systems, business administration and change management. Engineering management or "Management engineering" is a specialized field of management concerned with engineering practice or the engineering industry sector. The demand for management-focused engineers (or from the opposite perspective, managers with an understanding of engineering), has resulted in the development of specialized engineering management degrees that develop the knowledge and skills needed for these roles. During an engineering management course, students will develop industrial engineering skills, knowledge, and expertise, alongside knowledge of business administration, management techniques, and strategic thinking. Engineers specializing in change management must have in-depth knowledge of the application of industrial and organizational psychology principles and methods. Professional engineers often train as certified management consultants in the very specialized field of management consulting applied to engineering practice or the engineering sector. This work often deals with large scale complex business transformation or Business process management initiatives in aerospace and defence, automotive, oil and gas, machinery, pharmaceutical, food and beverage, electrical & electronics, power distribution & generation, utilities and transportation systems. This combination of technical engineering practice, management consulting practice, industry sector knowledge, and change management expertise enables professional engineers who are also qualified as management consultants to lead major business transformation initiatives. These initiatives are typically sponsored by C-level executives.

In other fields not associated with professional engineering the words "engineer" or "engineering" has been adapted to mean design, develop, contrive, manipulate, implement an outcome.[citation needed] In political science, the term engineering has been borrowed for the study of the subjects of social engineering and political engineering, which deal with forming political and social structures using engineering methodology coupled with political science principles. Financial engineering has similarly borrowed the term.

Main article: Outline of engineering Lists Glossaries Related subjects (Redirected from Mechanical Engineering)

Mechanical Engineering, is the discipline that applies engineering, physics, and materials science principles to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the design, production, and operation of machinery.[1][2] It is one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering disciplines.

The mechanical engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural analysis, and electricity. In addition to these core principles, mechanical engineers use tools such as computer-aided design (CAD), and product life cycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices, weapons, and others.

Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 18th century; however, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. In the 19th century, developments in physics led to the development of mechanical engineering science. The field has continually evolved to incorporate advancements; today mechanical engineers are pursuing developments in such areas as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. It also overlaps with aerospace engineering, metallurgical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, and other engineering disciplines to varying amounts. Mechanical engineers may also work in the field of biomedical engineering, specifically with biomechanics, transport phenomena, biomechatronics, bionanotechnology, and modeling of biological systems.

W16 engine of the Bugatti Veyron. Mechanical engineers design engines, power plants, other machines... ...structures, and vehicles of all sizes.

The application of mechanical engineering can be seen in the archives of various ancient and medieval societies. In ancient Greece, the works of Archimedes (287–212 BC) influenced mechanics in the Western tradition and Heron of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) created the first steam engine (Aeolipile).[3] In China, Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) improved a water clock and invented a seismometer, and Ma Jun (200–265 AD) invented a chariot with differential gears. The medieval Chinese horologist and engineer Su Song (1020–1101 AD) incorporated an escapement mechanism into his astronomical clock tower two centuries before escapement devices were found in medieval European clocks. He also invented the world's first known endless power-transmitting chain drive.[4]

During the Islamic Golden Age (7th to 15th century), Muslim inventors made remarkable contributions in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari, who was one of them, wrote his famous Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices in 1206, and presented many mechanical designs. He is also considered to be the inventor of such mechanical devices which now form the very basic of mechanisms, such as the crankshaft and camshaft.[5]

During the 17th century, important breakthroughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering occurred in England. Sir Isaac Newton formulated Newton's Laws of Motion and developed Calculus, the mathematical basis of physics. Newton was reluctant to publish his works for years, but he was finally persuaded to do so by his colleagues, such as Sir Edmond Halley, much to the benefit of all mankind. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is also credited with creating Calculus during this time period.

During the early 19th century industrial revolution, machine tools were developed in England, Germany, and Scotland. This allowed mechanical engineering to develop as a separate field within engineering. They brought with them manufacturing machines and the engines to power them.[6] The first British professional society of mechanical engineers was formed in 1847 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, thirty years after the civil engineers formed the first such professional society Institution of Civil Engineers.[7] On the European continent, Johann von Zimmermann (1820–1901) founded the first factory for grinding machines in Chemnitz, Germany in 1848.

In the United States, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was formed in 1880, becoming the third such professional engineering society, after the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871).[8] The first schools in the United States to offer an engineering education were the United States Military Academy in 1817, an institution now known as Norwich University in 1819, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1825. Education in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science.[9]

Archimedes' screw was operated by hand and could efficiently raise water, as the animated red ball demonstrates.

Degrees in mechanical engineering are offered at various universities worldwide. In Ireland, Brazil, Philippines, Pakistan, China, Greece, Turkey, North America, South Asia, Nepal, India, Dominican Republic, Iran and the United Kingdom, mechanical engineering programs typically take four to five years of study and result in a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. or B.S.), Bachelor of Science Engineering (B.Sc.Eng.), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.), Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (B.M.E.), or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) degree, in or with emphasis in mechanical engineering. In Spain, Portugal and most of South America, where neither B.Sc. nor B.Tech. programs have been adopted, the formal name for the degree is "Mechanical Engineer", and the course work is based on five or six years of training. In Italy the course work is based on five years of education, and training, but in order to qualify as an Engineer one has to pass a state exam at the end of the course. In Greece, the coursework is based on a five-year curriculum and the requirement of a 'Diploma' Thesis, which upon completion a 'Diploma' is awarded rather than a B.Sc.

In Australia, mechanical engineering degrees are awarded as Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical) or similar nomenclature[10] although there are an increasing number of specialisations. The degree takes four years of full-time study to achieve. To ensure quality in engineering degrees, Engineers Australia accredits engineering degrees awarded by Australian universities in accordance with the global Washington Accord. Before the degree can be awarded, the student must complete at least 3 months of on the job work experience in an engineering firm. Similar systems are also present in South Africa and are overseen by the Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA).

In the United States, most undergraduate mechanical engineering programs are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) to ensure similar course requirements and standards among universities. The ABET web site lists 302 accredited mechanical engineering programs as of 11 March 2014.[11] Mechanical engineering programs in Canada are accredited by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB),[12] and most other countries offering engineering degrees have similar accreditation societies.

In India, to become an engineer, one needs to have an engineering degree like a B.Tech or B.E or have a diploma in engineering or by completing a course in an engineering trade like fitter from the Industrial Training Institute (ITIs) to receive a "ITI Trade Certificate" and also have to pass the All India Trade Test (AITT) with an engineering trade conducted by the National Council of Vocational Training (NCVT) by which one is awarded a "National Trade Certificate". Similar systems are used in Nepal.

Some mechanical engineers go on to pursue a postgraduate degree such as a Master of Engineering, Master of Technology, Master of Science, Master of Engineering Management (M.Eng.Mgt. or M.E.M.), a Doctor of Philosophy in engineering (Eng.D. or Ph.D.) or an engineer's degree. The master's and engineer's degrees may or may not include research. The Doctor of Philosophy includes a significant research component and is often viewed as the entry point to academia.[13] The Engineer's degree exists at a few institutions at an intermediate level between the master's degree and the doctorate.

Standards set by each country's accreditation society are intended to provide uniformity in fundamental subject material, promote competence among graduating engineers, and to maintain confidence in the engineering profession as a whole. Engineering programs in the U.S., for example, are required by ABET to show that their students can "work professionally in both thermal and mechanical systems areas."[14] The specific courses required to graduate, however, may differ from program to program. Universities and Institutes of technology will often combine multiple subjects into a single class or split a subject into multiple classes, depending on the faculty available and the university's major area(s) of research.

The fundamental subjects of mechanical engineering usually include:

Mechanical engineers are also expected to understand and be able to apply basic concepts from chemistry, physics, chemical engineering, civil engineering, and electrical engineering. All mechanical engineering programs include multiple semesters of mathematical classes including calculus, and advanced mathematical concepts including differential equations, partial differential equations, linear algebra, abstract algebra, and differential geometry, among others.

In addition to the core mechanical engineering curriculum, many mechanical engineering programs offer more specialized programs and classes, such as control systems, robotics, transport and logistics, cryogenics, fuel technology, automotive engineering, biomechanics, vibration, optics and others, if a separate department does not exist for these subjects.[17]

Most mechanical engineering programs also require varying amounts of research or community projects to gain practical problem-solving experience. In the United States it is common for mechanical engineering students to complete one or more internships while studying, though this is not typically mandated by the university. Cooperative education is another option. Future work skills[18] research puts demand on study components that feed student's creativity and innovation.[19]

Engineers may seek license by a state, provincial, or national government. The purpose of this process is to ensure that engineers possess the necessary technical knowledge, real-world experience, and knowledge of the local legal system to practice engineering at a professional level. Once certified, the engineer is given the title of Professional Engineer (in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Bangladesh and South Africa), Chartered Engineer (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or European Engineer (much of the European Union), or Professional Engineer in Philippines and Pakistan.

In the U.S., to become a licensed Professional Engineer (PE), an engineer must pass the comprehensive FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam, work a minimum of 4 years as an Engineering Intern (EI) or Engineer-in-Training (EIT), and pass the "Principles and Practice" or PE (Practicing Engineer or Professional Engineer) exams. The requirements and steps of this process are set forth by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES), a composed of engineering and land surveying licensing boards representing all U.S. states and territories.

In the UK, current graduates require a BEng plus an appropriate master's degree or an integrated MEng degree, a minimum of 4 years post graduate on the job competency development, and a peer reviewed project report in the candidates specialty area in order to become a Chartered Mechanical Engineer (CEng, MIMechE) through the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. CEng MIMechE can also be obtained via an examination route administered by the City and Guilds of London Institute.

In most developed countries, certain engineering tasks, such as the design of bridges, electric power plants, and chemical plants, must be approved by a professional engineer or a chartered engineer. "Only a licensed engineer, for instance, may prepare, sign, seal and submit engineering plans and drawings to a public authority for approval, or to seal engineering work for public and private clients."[20] This requirement can be written into state and provincial legislation, such as in the Canadian provinces, for example the Ontario or Quebec's Engineer Act.[21]

In other countries, such as Australia, and the UK, no such legislation exists; however, practically all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics independent of legislation, that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion.[22]

Further information: FE Exam, Professional Engineer, Incorporated Engineer, and Washington Accord

Mechanical engineers research, design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal devices, including tools, engines, and machines.

Mechanical engineers typically do the following:

Mechanical engineers design and oversee the manufacturing of many products ranging from medical devices to new batteries. They also design power-producing machines such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines as well as power-using machines, such as refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.

Like other engineers, mechanical engineers use computers to help create and analyze designs, run simulations and test how a machine is likely to work.[23]

The total number of engineers employed in the U.S. in 2015 was roughly 1.6 million. Of these, 278,340 were mechanical engineers (17.28%), the largest discipline by size.[24] In 2012, the median annual income of mechanical engineers in the U.S. workforce was $80,580. The median income was highest when working for the government ($92,030), and lowest in education ($57,090).[25] In 2014, the total number of mechanical engineering jobs was projected to grow 5% over the next decade.[26] As of 2009, the average starting salary was $58,800 with a bachelor's degree.[27]

An oblique view of a four-cylinder inline crankshaft with pistons

Many mechanical engineering companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have begun to incorporate computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and 3D solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD). This method has many benefits, including easier and more exhaustive visualization of products, the ability to create virtual assemblies of parts, and the ease of use in designing mating interfaces and tolerances.

Other CAE programs commonly used by mechanical engineers include product lifecycle management (PLM) tools and analysis tools used to perform complex simulations. Analysis tools may be used to predict product response to expected loads, including fatigue life and manufacturability. These tools include finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).

Using CAE programs, a mechanical design team can quickly and cheaply iterate the design process to develop a product that better meets cost, performance, and other constraints. No physical prototype need be created until the design nears completion, allowing hundreds or thousands of designs to be evaluated, instead of a relative few. In addition, CAE analysis programs can model complicated physical phenomena which cannot be solved by hand, such as viscoelasticity, complex contact between mating parts, or non-Newtonian flows.

As mechanical engineering begins to merge with other disciplines, as seen in mechatronics, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is being used with other CAE programs to automate and improve the iterative design process. MDO tools wrap around existing CAE processes, allowing product evaluation to continue even after the analyst goes home for the day. They also utilize sophisticated optimization algorithms to more intelligently explore possible designs, often finding better, innovative solutions to difficult multidisciplinary design problems.

The field of mechanical engineering can be thought of as a collection of many mechanical engineering science disciplines. Several of these subdisciplines which are typically taught at the undergraduate level are listed below, with a brief explanation and the most common application of each. Some of these subdisciplines are unique to mechanical engineering, while others are a combination of mechanical engineering and one or more other disciplines. Most work that a mechanical engineer does uses skills and techniques from several of these subdisciplines, as well as specialized subdisciplines. Specialized subdisciplines, as used in this article, are more likely to be the subject of graduate studies or on-the-job training than undergraduate research. Several specialized subdisciplines are discussed in this section.

Mohr's circle, a common tool to study stresses in a mechanical element Main article: Mechanics

Mechanics is, in the most general sense, the study of forces and their effect upon matter. Typically, engineering mechanics is used to analyze and predict the acceleration and deformation (both elastic and plastic) of objects under known forces (also called loads) or stresses. Subdisciplines of mechanics include

Mechanical engineers typically use mechanics in the design or analysis phases of engineering. If the engineering project were the design of a vehicle, statics might be employed to design the frame of the vehicle, in order to evaluate where the stresses will be most intense. Dynamics might be used when designing the car's engine, to evaluate the forces in the pistons and cams as the engine cycles. Mechanics of materials might be used to choose appropriate materials for the frame and engine. Fluid mechanics might be used to design a ventilation system for the vehicle (see HVAC), or to design the intake system for the engine.

Training FMS with learning robot SCORBOT-ER 4u, workbench CNC Mill and CNC Lathe Main articles: Mechatronics and Robotics

Mechatronics is a combination of mechanics and electronics. It is an interdisciplinary branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and software engineering that is concerned with integrating electrical and mechanical engineering to create hybrid systems. In this way, machines can be automated through the use of electric motors, servo-mechanisms, and other electrical systems in conjunction with special software. A common example of a mechatronics system is a CD-ROM drive. Mechanical systems open and close the drive, spin the CD and move the laser, while an optical system reads the data on the CD and converts it to bits. Integrated software controls the process and communicates the contents of the CD to the computer.

Robotics is the application of mechatronics to create robots, which are often used in industry to perform tasks that are dangerous, unpleasant, or repetitive. These robots may be of any shape and size, but all are preprogrammed and interact physically with the world. To create a robot, an engineer typically employs kinematics (to determine the robot's range of motion) and mechanics (to determine the stresses within the robot).

Robots are used extensively in industrial engineering. They allow businesses to save money on labor, perform tasks that are either too dangerous or too precise for humans to perform them economically, and to ensure better quality. Many companies employ assembly lines of robots, especially in Automotive Industries and some factories are so robotized that they can run by themselves. Outside the factory, robots have been employed in bomb disposal, space exploration, and many other fields. Robots are also sold for various residential applications, from recreation to domestic applications.

Main articles: Structural analysis and Failure analysis

Structural analysis is the branch of mechanical engineering (and also civil engineering) devoted to examining why and how objects fail and to fix the objects and their performance. Structural failures occur in two general modes: static failure, and fatigue failure. Static structural failure occurs when, upon being loaded (having a force applied) the object being analyzed either breaks or is deformed plastically, depending on the criterion for failure. Fatigue failure occurs when an object fails after a number of repeated loading and unloading cycles. Fatigue failure occurs because of imperfections in the object: a microscopic crack on the surface of the object, for instance, will grow slightly with each cycle (propagation) until the crack is large enough to cause ultimate failure.

Failure is not simply defined as when a part breaks, however; it is defined as when a part does not operate as intended. Some systems, such as the perforated top sections of some plastic bags, are designed to break. If these systems do not break, failure analysis might be employed to determine the cause.

Structural analysis is often used by mechanical engineers after a failure has occurred, or when designing to prevent failure. Engineers often use online documents and books such as those published by ASM[29] to aid them in determining the type of failure and possible causes.

Structural analysis may be used in the office when designing parts, in the field to analyze failed parts, or in laboratories where parts might undergo controlled failure tests.

Main article: Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is an applied science used in several branches of engineering, including mechanical and chemical engineering. At its simplest, thermodynamics is the study of energy, its use and transformation through a system. Typically, engineering thermodynamics is concerned with changing energy from one form to another. As an example, automotive engines convert chemical energy (enthalpy) from the fuel into heat, and then into mechanical work that eventually turns the wheels.

Thermodynamics principles are used by mechanical engineers in the fields of heat transfer, thermofluids, and energy conversion. Mechanical engineers use thermo-science to design engines and power plants, heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, heat exchangers, heat sinks, radiators, refrigeration, insulation, and others.

A CAD model of a mechanical double seal Main articles: Technical drawing and CNC

Drafting or technical drawing is the means by which mechanical engineers design products and create instructions for manufacturing parts. A technical drawing can be a computer model or hand-drawn schematic showing all the dimensions necessary to manufacture a part, as well as assembly notes, a list of required materials, and other pertinent information. A U.S. mechanical engineer or skilled worker who creates technical drawings may be referred to as a drafter or draftsman. Drafting has historically been a two-dimensional process, but computer-aided design (CAD) programs now allow the designer to create in three dimensions.

Instructions for manufacturing a part must be fed to the necessary machinery, either manually, through programmed instructions, or through the use of a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) or combined CAD/CAM program. Optionally, an engineer may also manually manufacture a part using the technical drawings, but this is becoming an increasing rarity, with the advent of computer numerically controlled (CNC) manufacturing. Engineers primarily manually manufacture parts in the areas of applied spray coatings, finishes, and other processes that cannot economically or practically be done by a machine.

Drafting is used in nearly every subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, and by many other branches of engineering and architecture. Three-dimensional models created using CAD software are also commonly used in finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

Mechanical engineers are constantly pushing the boundaries of what is physically possible in order to produce safer, cheaper, and more efficient machines and mechanical systems. Some technologies at the cutting edge of mechanical engineering are listed below (see also exploratory engineering).

Micron-scale mechanical components such as springs, gears, fluidic and heat transfer devices are fabricated from a variety of substrate materials such as silicon, glass and polymers like SU8. Examples of MEMS components are the accelerometers that are used as car airbag sensors, modern cell phones, gyroscopes for precise positioning and microfluidic devices used in biomedical applications.

Main article: Friction stir welding

Friction stir welding, a new type of welding, was discovered in 1991 by The Welding Institute (TWI). The innovative steady state (non-fusion) welding technique joins materials previously un-weldable, including several aluminum alloys. It plays an important role in the future construction of airplanes, potentially replacing rivets. Current uses of this technology to date include welding the seams of the aluminum main Space Shuttle external tank, Orion Crew Vehicle test article, Boeing Delta II and Delta IV Expendable Launch Vehicles and the SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket, armor plating for amphibious assault ships, and welding the wings and fuselage panels of the new Eclipse 500 aircraft from Eclipse Aviation among an increasingly growing pool of uses.[30][31][32]

Composite cloth consisting of woven carbon fiber Main article: Composite material

Composites or composite materials are a combination of materials which provide different physical characteristics than either material separately. Composite material research within mechanical engineering typically focuses on designing (and, subsequently, finding applications for) stronger or more rigid materials while attempting to reduce weight, susceptibility to corrosion, and other undesirable factors. Carbon fiber reinforced composites, for instance, have been used in such diverse applications as spacecraft and fishing rods.

Main article: Mechatronics

Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. The purpose of this interdisciplinary engineering field is the study of automation from an engineering perspective and serves the purposes of controlling advanced hybrid systems.

Main article: Nanotechnology

At the smallest scales, mechanical engineering becomes nanotechnology—one speculative goal of which is to create a molecular assembler to build molecules and materials via mechanosynthesis. For now that goal remains within exploratory engineering. Areas of current mechanical engineering research in nanotechnology include nanofilters,[33] nanofilms,[34] and nanostructures,[35] among others.

See also: Picotechnology Main article: Finite element analysis

This field is not new, as the basis of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Finite Element Method (FEM) dates back to 1941. But the evolution of computers has made FEA/FEM a viable option for analysis of structural problems. Many commercial codes such as ANSYS, NASTRAN, and ABAQUS are widely used in industry for research and the design of components. Some 3D modeling and CAD software packages have added FEA modules. In the recent times, cloud simulation platforms like SimScale are becoming more common.

Other techniques such as finite difference method (FDM) and finite-volume method (FVM) are employed to solve problems relating heat and mass transfer, fluid flows, fluid surface interaction, etc. In recent years meshfree methods like the smoothed particle hydrodynamics are gaining popularity in case of solving problems involving complex geometries, free surfaces, moving boundaries, and adaptive refinement.[citation needed]

Main article: Biomechanics

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to biological systems, such as humans, animals, plants, organs, and cells.[36] Biomechanics also aids in creating prosthetic limbs and artificial organs for humans.

Biomechanics is closely related to engineering, because it often uses traditional engineering sciences to analyse biological systems. Some simple applications of Newtonian mechanics and/or materials sciences can supply correct approximations to the mechanics of many biological systems.

Over the past decade the Finite element method (FEM) has also entered the Biomedical sector highlighting further engineering aspects of Biomechanics. FEM has since then established itself as an alternative to in vivo surgical assessment and gained the wide acceptance of academia. The main advantage of Computational Biomechanics lies in its ability to determine the endo-anatomical response of an anatomy, without being subject to ethical restrictions.[37] This has led FE modelling to the point of becoming ubiquitous in several fields of Biomechanics while several projects have even adopted an open source philosophy (e.g. BioSpine).

Main article: Computational fluid dynamics

Computational fluid dynamics, usually abbreviated as CFD, is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the interaction of liquids and gases with surfaces defined by boundary conditions. With high-speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved. Ongoing research yields software that improves the accuracy and speed of complex simulation scenarios such as transonic or turbulent flows. Initial validation of such software is performed using a wind tunnel with the final validation coming in full-scale testing, e.g. flight tests.

Main article: Acoustical engineering

Acoustical engineering is one of many other sub disciplines of mechanical engineering and is the application of acoustics. Acoustical engineering is the study of Sound and Vibration. These engineers work effectively to reduce noise pollution in mechanical devices and in buildings by soundproofing or removing sources of unwanted noise. The study of acoustics can range from designing a more efficient hearing aid, microphone, headphone, or recording studio to enhancing the sound quality of an orchestra hall. Acoustical engineering also deals with the vibration of different mechanical systems.[38]

Manufacturing engineering, Aerospace engineering and Automotive engineering are sometimes grouped with mechanical engineering. A bachelor's degree in these areas will typically have a difference of a few specialized classes.

China Shipping Development (SEHK: 1138, SSE: 600026) is a Chinese shipping company with its headquarters in Shanghai. The company is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

The company produces, pursues and sells as a shipping company ships worldwide. China Shipping Group Company, founded on the 1 July 1997, is the holding company of China Shipping Development. Among the rest, the companies China Shipping Container Lines und China Shipping Haisheng also belong to the Parent company. The main business focus of the company involves coastal, ocean and Yangtze River cargo transportation, ship leasing, cargo forwarding and cargo transport agency, purchase and sale of ships, repair and development of containers, ship spare parts purchase and sale agency, consultancy and transfer of shipping technology.[1]

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