#fun with stabilizers

[femchef]

So today was the first day back for teachers (semester starts on Monday) and I was going over my notes from one of my classes and picking out things to share with another teacher who’s teaching the same class on one of our satellite campuses -

So anyway, does anyone want to read my lecture notes on thickening agents that I turned into a study guide (I wrote one up during the semester because we didn’t have any previously prepared materials because other instructors just skip or gloss over the chapter but I felt like it was worth the time to focus on the topic and also I’m a Nerd about stuff that makes things gooey).

You know what - I’m just going to post it under a cut below, because it’s fun and also an infodump.

**For context, even though my notes go into more specifics than the required reading, the book for the class is called How Baking Works by Paula Figoni (3rd edition, tbh needs an update but is a good reference), and the link I am telling them to refer to for more information on gelatin that includes conversion charts is here:

Thickening Agents Study Guide

1. Thickening vs. Gelling

1.1. Thickening = moving slowly, viscous, but still some movement while set

1.1.1. Either when sugars and proteins become loosely entangled or when water is absorbed and trapped by swollen starch granules, or when air bubbles in foams or fat droplets in an emulsion slow water movement.

1.2. Gelling = completely set, no movement whatsoever

1.2.1. When water and other molecules are prevented from moving around at all, usually when sugars and proteins bond or tightly entangle and form a larger network that entraps water and other molecules.

1.3. A number of thickening/gelling agents are interchangeable in different quantities.

2. Food-Grade Gelatin (Type A Gelatin) is produced by boiling or soaking pigskins in acid; the connective tissue breaks down into thick strands of collagen and thinner strands of gelatin

3. Powdered Gelatin is made from lower-grade pulverized sheets

4. For more information, take some time to view the attached link in blackboard and the conversion charts.

5. Vegetable Gums = polysaccharides that absorb large quantities of water and swell to produce thick liquids and gels. Veg Gums are a nice source of dietary fiber (think fiber one Powder added to drinks)

5.1. Pectin = present in all fruits

5.1.1. LM (low Methoxyl) Pectin = Also comes from citrus peels or apple. Used in low-calorie jams and jellies, relies on calcium rather than sugar to solidify. Suitable for dairy-based products. Becomes increasingly firm as calcium is added until it reaches saturation point, at which time it begins to reverse in process and soften.

5.1.2. HM (high Methoxyl) Pectin = Comes as Rapid Set or Slow Set; extracted from citrus fruit peels. Rapid-Set for products that require suspension; Slow-Set for recipes that require a smooth texture with no suspension (such as a jelly)

5.1.3. NH (Thermal Reversible) Pectin = Modified LMP; Requires sugar and acidity to gel (and less calcium), and can be melted, set and remelted – requires heat to activate properly. ‘NH’ because of the Ammonia Hydroxide treatment it receives to modify (NH3(aq))

5.1.4. Apple Pectin = Derived from apples. Usually sold as a powder, can be used as a gelling and thickening agent, as well as a stabilizer. Is high in healthy carbs, dietary fiber, sodium, manganese, copper, and zinc – which is why it is a common ingredient in health supplements and pharmaceuticals. Additionally used in laxatives for natural purgative qualities.

5.2. Agar = Is a polysaccharide extracted from either of two varieties of red algae (ogonori and tengusa); has gelling/setting properties that behave remarkably like animal protein. Less agar is required than gelatin, and agar has the benefit of holding shape at room temperature. Cannot be used to stabilize aerated products, and does not whip well.

5.3. Carrageenan = a family of sulphated polysaccharides, name comes from variety of red seaweed found off the Irish Coast termed “Irish Moss”. Typically used in conjunction with meat and dairy products, for which they work particularly well, in large-scale production for stabilization, thickening gelling and texturing.

5.4. Guar and Locust Bean Gum

5.4.1. Guar Gum = Extracted from the endosperm of Guar Beans (legume); does not self-gel like LBG, but is more soluble. Requires high temperatures, high ph and longer times to cause gelling. Low-cost alternative to many other agents and starches, and is 8 times more effective than cornstarch. Used commercially, and stays stable when frozen/thawed.

5.4.2. Locust Bean Gum = Extracted from endosperm of bean on Carob Tree. Dispersible in hot and cold liquid, and converts to gel with addition of minimal amount of sodium borate. Is naturally sweet and is typically used to sweeten foods and as a replacement for chocolate.

5.5. Gum Arabic = Acacia/Senegal/Indian/Sudani Gum = Harvested from Sap of two Acacia Tree Species. Primarily used as a stabilizer (such as in sodas and cosmetics).

5.6. Gum Tragacanth = derived from several species of legumes in the genus Astragalus (Tragacanth, lit. “Goat + Thorn”, which is common name). Largely produced/exported from Iran. Is viscous, odorless, and tasteless water-soluble sap. Traditional binder for pigments in artist’s pastels, and main gum used in fabricated Gumpaste.

5.7. Xanthan Gum = derived from a species of bacteria, Xanthomonas Campestris (same bacteria which causes a variety of plant diseases, such as black rot in brassicas and bacterial wilt in turf grass). Produced via fermentation of glucose and sucrose. Is used to stabilize emulsions (is not an emulsifier in itself). Also helps suspend solid particles in liquids. Commonly used as a thickener in egg white substitutes and to build matrix in gluten-free products where there is no gluten-development.

5.7.1. Shear Thinning/Pseudo-Plasticity: Non-Newtonian behavior of fluids who’s viscosity decreases under ‘shear strain’. Examples Ketchup and Salad Dressing.

5.8. Methylcellulose = “Modified Vegetable Gum” an emulsifier and bulk-forming laxative. Unique property of Setting when Hot and Melting when Cold – commonly used in ice creams for this reason.

6. Starches = Starch molecules are polysaccharides that are arranged in one of 2 ways: either as long, straight chains or as short, but highly branched chains.

6.1. Amylose = long, straight chain starches

6.1.1.  Clouds when cooled

6.1.2.   Firm, heavy-bodied gel when cooled

6.1.3.   Not freezer stable

6.1.4.   Thicker cold than Hot

6.1.5.  Masks flavors

6.2. Amylopectin = short, branched chain starches

6.2.1.   High Clarity

6.2.2.   Thickens, but does not Gel

6.2.3.   Less Likely to weep over time

6.2.4.  Less likely to weep when thawed (more freezer-stable)

6.2.5.  Same thickness hot or cold

6.2.6.  Less likely to mask flavors

6.3. Cereal Starches = extracted from endosperm of cereal grains

6.3.1. Cornstarch

6.3.2. Rice Starch

6.3.3. Wheat Starch

6.3.4. Waxy Maize

6.4. Root Starches = Extracted from roots/tuber plants

6.4.1. Potato Starch

6.4.2. Tapioca Starch

6.5. Modified Food Starches = Starches treated with one or more chemicals to possess more desirable properties or results. (i.e. increased stability with excessive heat/acid, texture, speed of setting)

6.5.1. Corn

6.5.2. Potato

6.5.3. Arrowroot

6.5.4. Tapioca

6.5.5. Waxy Maize (clear and clearer tasting)

6.5.6. Instant Starches = pregelatinized or cold-water swelling (jello cold pudding mix).

6.6. Refer back to previous chapters about gelatinization of starches

6.7. Refer to chart 12.5, pg. 337 for a comparison of properties

Homework: 1-30, Ch. 12

[nipuni]

THE DOCTOR We had a pact, him and me. Every star in the universe, we were going to see them all.

My version of The Master and The Doctor in their Academy days 😊

A speedpaint video of this will be available at my Patreon on april 1st!

[lucabyte]

Not all who wander are lost. Some who wander, however, are extremely, extremely lost.

[5ummit]

Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014)

[intertexts]

woe........ emo be upon ye.....

[123itsbri]

i rest easy knowing our love mixes in my heart

[wis-art]

little comic i made based on this ask @scyrus42 sent me

[cordiallyfuturedwight]

mots7 hobi for @senor-hoberto 🤍 (cr. namuspromised)

[dragondawdles]

hi been noodling with designs for block guys have some sandy boys

[kirby-the-gorb]

[puppyeared]

fascinated by LINE stickers lately, so i tried making fake ones with my sona lol

[lacefuneral]

stede pink suit tribute

[acadjonne]

so hear me out

tim drake and danny fenton are twins

jack drake really did have a brother named eddie, once upon a time. eddie drake also had a wife, and she was expecting twins, but of course gotham is gotham. right before the twins would be born, eddie died, but his wife was brought to the hospital and lived long enough for the twins to be born.

jack and janet drake adopt the older twin, tim, because people knew that eddie and his wife were going to have a baby, and they had been considering having a kid themselves. but no one knew the drakes were expecting twins, and jack and janet don’t want two babies, so they arrange for the younger twin to be anonymously given up.

well, through some insane miscommunication, the other twin ends up in illinois, where he’s adopted a few months later by jack and maddie fenton. of course, because danny was given up anonymously, there’s no information whatsoever about his birth family

tim finds out he’s got a twin when he’s eleven or twelve by finding his birth certificate and an ultrasound print in his father’s safe. he starts looking for his twin, but doesn’t find a whole lot on his own.

(even when tim becomes robin, he never thinks of mentioning his twin to bruce.)

when they’re 14, tim meets sam manson at a gala in gotham. she’s originally from gotham as well, but moved to amity park as a kid, so this was her first time back in a long time. danny had just recently found out he was adopted, so of course when sam sees tim and he looks exactly like danny, she puts two and two together and approaches tim.

once sam gets back to amity, she puts danny and tim in contact. they agree that it sounds super unlikely on paper since danny was found in a hospital in chicago, while tim was born in gotham, and danny’s birthday is a couple days off from tim’s because no one knew exactly what day he was actually born, but they also look way too much alike for it to be coincidence.

of course, before they can get a dna test done, danny’s portal accident happens, and he gets super squirley about it after that whenever tim mentions it. plus they’re both minors and the drakes are never around to actually consent to it so it would be kinda weird for tim to insist on a dna test at that point.

but they stay in touch for the next few years, both expertly dodging any mention of their hero activities, and even manage to meet up for their sixteenth birthday. they hang out for a weekend in cleveland because it’s neutral ground, pretty much right smack in the middle between amity park and gotham. then, a few weeks after the events of d-stabilized, shit hits the fan.

valerie knows vlad is also plasmius, and after giving (dani) ellie a good head start, she starts going after him, outing him to the whole town in the process. of course, vlad assumes danny is the one who told valerie, so he outs danny as phantom as well. vlad manages to shake valerie, the fentons, and the giw, but danny isn’t so lucky, and gets captured by the giw.

of course, once they find out he’s been captured, sam, tucker, and jazz start planning to break him out and get him somewhere safe. obviously they can’t take danny to either the manson or foley houses, the giw would check there first, and they can’t take him to jazz’s college dorm either. gotham has a lot of ambient ectoplasm though, and the giw (probably) wouldn’t go anywhere near batman’s territory even with the anti-ecto acts, so sam calls tim and asks if they can take danny to him once they rescue him.

of course, tim had no idea about anything going on in amity park, not that team phantom knew that. turns out the giw have been covering things up forever, and the extremely high ectoplasm leaking from the fentons’ portal doesn’t help either. but of course sam assumes he knows because most of amity park is actively protesting against the giw and demanding danny’s release and it’s about to start getting violent any second now, and if it’s such big news in amity then of course tim knows danny is phantom by now, right?

but tim’s able to keep hold of himself long enough to let sam know that yes, danny can come to gotham, all of team phantom can come to gotham once they’ve rescued him, and once he’s let her go he immediately goes to the other bats and sounds the alarms

so queue the justice league showing up in amity park to deal with the giw, and inquiries about the legality of the anti-ecto acts and how they overlap with meta protection laws get raised, and danny gets rescued, and team phantom is evacuated to gotham.

once things have calmed down, tim tells danny about being red robin and they bond over hero stuff. danny fixes jason’s pit-induced anger problems because holy shit dude your ectoplasm is rancid. bruce of course takes on look at danny and decides to adopt him.

anyway, thanks for coming to my ted talk.

[completeoveranalysis]

[1]

xxxHolic Chapter 84!

All aboard the Spooky Yuuko Lifestyle!

I’m living for this. I’m also living for those shoes. What are those, Yuuko. What are they. 

But that aside we love appreciate the most extravagant fashion possible in this world or the next.

And then the imagery.

Yuuko poised gracefully in the largest bird cage you’ve ever seen. The shadow in the background shows the cage is completely empty. 

The cage is held up by a wing. The wing is directly in line with the bell in Yuuko’s hand. They are not the same shape. 

The cage is held up by a curling hook. It’s directly in line with another big curl that Yuuko is sitting on. They aren’t the same shape either.  

Yuuko is dressed in the most amazing style that seems to be based on a phoenix, or a peacock. She’s also just… sitting right next to one. Which she completely outshines in every way. 

Yuuko holds the bell out behind her, right through the bars, as if she could have left at any time - or as if her power could never be restricted to the cage. Or if she was never actually in the cage at all. 

It’s very much like those birds that Watanuki delivered in a much earlier chapter, but the other way around - they were only visible as shadows, but here Yuuko is only visible without a shadow.

It’s also very much like the Birdcage kingdom, which also featured giant cages and a bell that I can't quite remember the details of but suddenly want to rewatch very badly.

Like Watanuki’s previous cover, it’s playing with ideas of being between existence and non-existence, of being sometimes visible but not always, of being between the real and the imitation, of having a sort of freedom but also being contained, of being sort of brought back from the dead but stuck half way back to reality - and being on the verge of bringing it all crashing down. 

It’s exactly what you’d expect from Yuuko!

[weaverhornet]

as awful as it's actually been to live through, liz trusses 45 days in office is objectively hilarious on reflection. girlie walked in, had three quiet weeks of royalty circus when the queen kicked it, proceeded to immediately crash the £ by making economic plans so bad that every single market in the world went What The Fuck, spend a little under a month scrambling and back pedaling and changing ministers and desperately trying to cling onto power before finally dramatically resigning after 45 entire days (the shortest time of any prime minister ever) and starting a panic 7 day long leadership election just so that the Tories can try and avoid calling an actual general election. good job everyone

[villainsandvictimsalliance]

Pairing Tomura and Dabi for containment reasons because what do you mean Dabi tried to burn his little bro alive when they were kids and Tomura did turn her older sister into dust?