#ionic applications

[grey-space-computing]

Augmented Reality (AR) in Ionic Apps: Transforming User Experiences

Augmented Reality (AR) is revolutionizing user engagement with mobile applications. By overlaying digital information in the real world, AR provides immersive experiences that engage users like never before. The Ionic Framework, known for its robust and flexible app development capabilities, is perfectly suited for incorporating AR, transforming user experiences, and setting new standards in app design.

What is Augmented Reality (AR)?

Augmented Reality (AR) combines the physical world with digital content, enhancing real-world environments with computer-generated perceptual information. Unlike Virtual Reality (VR), which creates a completely virtual environment, AR overlays digital elements onto the real world, providing a blended view that enhances the user's perception of reality.

The Ionic Framework

Ionic is an open-source framework that facilitates the creation of high-quality mobile and desktop apps using web technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Its key features include a comprehensive library of pre-designed components, powerful CLI tools, and seamless integration with various front-end frameworks. Ionic's versatility and ease of use make it a popular choice for developers aiming to create innovative applications.

Benefits of Integrating AR in Ionic Apps

Integrating AR into Ionic apps offers several advantages:

Enhanced User Engagement: AR adds an interactive layer to applications, making them more engaging and enjoyable.

Improved User Experience: AR provides intuitive and immersive experiences, leading to higher user satisfaction.

Competitive Advantage: Offering AR features can differentiate your app in the competitive app market, attracting more users.

Key AR Features in Ionic Apps

Real-time Object Recognition: AR can instantly identify and interact with physical objects.

Spatial Mapping: AR creates a detailed map of the surrounding environment, enabling more accurate and immersive experiences.

Interactive User Interfaces: AR enhances user interfaces, making them more dynamic and interactive.

Tools and Technologies for AR in Ionic

Several tools and technologies are available for integrating AR into Ionic apps:

ARCore by Google: Brings advanced AR features to Android platforms.

ARKit by Apple: Offers AR features for iOS devices.

Vuforia and Other AR SDKs: Third-party SDKs that provide additional AR functionalities.

Setting Up an Ionic Project for AR Development

Installing Ionic: Begin by installing the Ionic CLI.

Setting up ARCore/ARKit: Integrate ARCore for Android or ARKit for iOS into your project.

Project Configuration: Configure your project to include necessary dependencies and settings for AR development.

Building Basic AR Functionality in Ionic

Creating an AR Scene: Set up the initial AR environment.

Adding AR Objects: Incorporate digital objects into the AR scene.

Implementing User Interactions: Enable interactions between users and AR elements.

Advanced AR Features in Ionic Apps

Marker-based AR: Uses specific images or objects as triggers for AR content.

Markerless AR: Does not rely on specific markers, allowing for more flexible and dynamic experiences.

Location-based AR: Leverages GPS data to place AR content according to the user's location.

Challenges in Developing AR with Ionic

Optimizing Performance: Prioritize seamless and responsive AR interactions.

Device Compatibility: Addressing variations in AR capabilities across different devices.

User Experience Design: Creating intuitive and user-friendly AR interfaces.

Best Practices for AR Development in Ionic

Testing and Debugging: Thoroughly test AR features to ensure reliability and performance.

Cross-Platform Compatibility: Ensure your AR app works seamlessly on both Android and iOS.

User-Centric Design: Focus on creating AR experiences that meet user needs and expectations.

.

Future Trends of AR in IonFAQsic Apps

The potential for AR in app development is More:

Emerging Technologies: Stay updated with the latest AR tools and frameworks.

Innovative Features: Anticipate new AR capabilities that can enhance app experiences.

AR's Future: Delve into how AR will continually transform mobile app development.

Conclusion

Augmented Reality in Ionic apps offers unparalleled opportunities to create engaging and immersive user experiences. By leveraging the power of AR, developers can build innovative applications that stand out in the competitive app market. With continuous advancements in AR technology, the future of AR in Ionic apps is bright, promising even more exciting developments.

1. How do AR and VR differ?AR integrates digital content with the real world, while VR immerses users in a completely virtual environment.

2. In what ways can AR improve user experiences in apps?AR delivers interactive and immersive experiences, significantly boosting user interaction and satisfaction in apps.

3. What are the key tools for AR development in Ionic? Key tools include ARCore for Android, ARKit for iOS, and third-party SDKs like Vuforia.

4. What are the common challenges in AR development? Challenges include performance optimization, device compatibility, and user experience design.5. How can I get started with AR development in Ionic? Start by installing Ionic, setting up ARCore/ARKit, and configuring your project for AR development.

[webstep-technologies]

Best Ionic app development agency in UK

In the dynamic realm of mobile app development, finding the right partner can make all the difference between a successful venture and a missed opportunity. Amidst the myriad of choices in the UK market, one company shines as the beacon of excellence in Ionic app development — WEBSTEP. Renowned for its expertise, innovation, and commitment to quality, WEBSTEP has earned its reputation as the best Ionic app development agency in UK. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into what sets WEBSTEP apart and why it’s the go-to choice for businesses seeking top-notch Ionic app solutions.

Why Ionic App Development? In the ever-evolving landscape of mobile app development, businesses are continually seeking innovative solutions to stay ahead of the curve and engage with their audience effectively. Among the plethora of options available, hybrid Ionic app development has emerged as a compelling choice for companies aiming to strike the perfect balance between efficiency and excellence. In this article, we’ll explore why Ionic app development is a game-changer in the world of mobile apps.

Cross-Platform Compatibility: One of the standout features of Ionic app development is its ability to create cross-platform applications that run seamlessly on multiple devices and operating systems. By leveraging web technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, Ionic allows developers to write code once and deploy it across various platforms, including iOS, Android, and the web. This cross-platform compatibility not only streamlines the development process but also maximizes the reach of the app, ensuring broader accessibility for users.

Native-Like User Experience: While hybrid apps traditionally struggled to match the performance and user experience of native applications, Ionic has changed the game with its native-like UI components and themes. With Ionic, developers can create apps that not only look but also feel like their native counterparts, thanks to a rich library of pre-designed UI elements and animations. This ensures a smooth and immersive user experience across different platforms, enhancing user satisfaction and retention.

Rapid Development: Time-to-market is critical in today’s fast-paced business environment, and Ionic excels in accelerating the app development process. By providing a comprehensive set of tools, plugins, and ready-made components, Ionic empowers developers to build feature-rich apps quickly and efficiently. Moreover, Ionic’s intuitive development environment and robust community support further streamline the development workflow, allowing businesses to launch their apps faster and gain a competitive edge in the market.

Cost-Effectiveness: In addition to speed, Ionic app development offers significant cost advantages compared to native app development. Since Ionic apps are built using web technologies, developers can leverage their existing skills and resources, eliminating the need for specialized knowledge or separate development teams for each platform. This results in lower development costs and faster ROI for businesses, making Ionic an attractive option for startups and small to medium-sized enterprises with budget constraints.

Scalability and Maintainability: As businesses grow and evolve, scalability and maintainability become paramount considerations for their mobile applications. Ionic’s modular architecture and built-in tools for testing, debugging, and performance optimization make it well-suited for scaling applications as demand increases. Furthermore, Ionic’s active community and regular updates ensure ongoing support and maintenance, keeping apps up-to-date and competitive in the long run.

In conclusion, WEBSTEP stands out as the best Ionic app development company in UK, offering businesses a simple yet effective solution to meet their mobile app needs. With a focus on simplicity and efficiency, WEBSTEP provides tailored Ionic app development services that empower businesses across various industries to succeed in today’s digital landscape. From enhancing customer engagement to streamlining operations and driving growth, WEBSTEP’s expertise in Ionic app development ensures that businesses can achieve their goals with ease.

[prodigitalyofficial]

Native vs. Hybrid Mobile App Development: Making the Right Choice

Introduction

In the rapidly evolving landscape of mobile technology, businesses are presented with a crucial decision when developing mobile applications: Should they opt for native app development or go the hybrid route? This decision significantly affects user experience, development cost, and time-to-market. This comprehensive guide will delve into the differences between native and hybrid mobile app development and help you make an informed choice for your project.

Understanding Native App Development

Native apps provide unparalleled performance and seamless integration with the device's hardware and software. They offer a superior user experience due to their responsiveness and access to platform-specific features. involves creating applications designed to run on a specific platform or operating system, such as iOS or Android. These apps are built using platform-specific programming languages like Swift for iOS and Java/Kotlin for Android. Native App Development

The Benefits of Native App Development

1. Performance: 

Native apps are optimized for the specific platform they are developed for, resulting in better performance and smoother user interactions.

2. User Experience: 

Native apps provide a consistent and intuitive user experience, adhering to the design guidelines of each platform. It contributes to higher user engagement and satisfaction.

3. Access to Device Features: 

Native apps can leverage device-specific features like GPS, camera, and push notifications, enhancing the app's functionality.

4. Offline Functionality: 

Native apps often function offline, allowing users to access certain features without an internet connection.

Challenges of Native App Development

1. Cost and Time: 

Developing separate apps for different platforms can be time-consuming and expensive. It requires hiring specialized developers for each platform.

2. Updates: 

Managing updates and bug fixes for multiple native apps can be challenging, especially if the development team is not well-equipped.

Understanding Hybrid App Development

Hybrid app development aims to create applications that run on multiple platforms using a single codebase. These apps are typically built using web technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, wrapped in a native container. This approach allows developers to write code once and deploy it across different platforms, saving time and resources.

The Benefits of Hybrid App Development

1. Cost-Efficiency: 

Since a single codebase is used for multiple platforms, development costs are significantly lower than native app development.

2. Faster Development: 

Building a hybrid app is shorter due to the reuse of code across platforms, resulting in quicker time-to-market.

3. More accessible Updates: 

Updating a hybrid app involves changing the shared codebase, simplifying the process, and ensuring platform consistency.

4. Wide Reach: 

Hybrid apps can reach a broader audience as they are compatible with iOS and Android devices.

Challenges of Hybrid App Development

1. Performance: 

Hybrid apps sometimes lag behind native apps, especially for complex animations and intensive graphics.

2. Limited Access to Device Features: 

While hybrid apps can access certain device features, they might not offer the same level of integration as native apps.

3. User Experience: 

Due to platform-specific design guidelines and differences, achieving a seamless user experience across different platforms can be challenging.

Making the Right Choice

When deciding between native and hybrid mobile app development, consider the following factors:

1. App Complexity: 

For complex apps that require intensive graphics or intricate interactions, native development might be more suitable.

2. Budget: 

Hybrid development could be cost-effective if you have budget constraints and want to develop for both platforms.

3. Time-to-Market: 

If speed is crucial, hybrid development can help you launch your app faster.

4. User Experience: 

If delivering a seamless and platform-specific user experience is your priority, native development is the way forward.

5. Long-Term Goals: 

Consider your app's long-term goals and the potential need for ongoing updates and improvements.

Finding the Right Mobile App Development Company

Whether you choose native or hybrid development, partnering with the right mobile app development company is crucial for success. Look for a company that specializes in both web and mobile app development. Consider their expertise in native and hybrid approaches, portfolio, client reviews, and ability to understand your project's unique requirements.

Conclusion

In the realm of mobile app development, choosing between native and hybrid approaches is a decision that requires careful consideration. Native apps offer unparalleled performance and user experience, while hybrid apps provide cost-efficiency and quicker development. Ultimately, the right choice depends on your project's complexity, budget, and goals. Whichever path you choose, collaborating with a reputable mobile app development company will ensure your project's success in the competitive app market.

[beatrice-otter]

[image description: chart titled Talk Like A Technician: The Use of Technobabble.

Technology in Star Trek is complex and works in scientific concepts and principles that are far beyond what the majority of Players and Gamemasters are knowledgeable in. Throughout the collected media, Starfleet officers discuss technology using terms that most Players are not going to know. Instead of expecting Players to study and memorize technical manuals and reference books that have been published over the years we've provided an easy way to talk like a Starfleet engineer. Anyone can do "technobabble"!

To use the chart simply gather and roll d20s and consult the chart below for technical new terms and concepts.

Occasionally portions of the chart may not be applicable to the scene or circumstance. In that case simply omit that portion of technobabble!

The chart has six columns, Roll, Action, Descriptor, Source, Effect, and Device. Each has 20 rows.

Roll: numbers 1-20

Action: refocus, amplify, synchronize, redirect, recalibrate, modulate, oscillate, intensify, nullify, boost, reverse, reconfigure, actuate, focus, invert, reroute, modify, restrict, reset, extend

Descriptor: microscopic, macroscopic, linear, non-linear, isometric, multivariant, nano, phased, master, auxiliary, primary, secondary, tertiary, back-up, polymodal, multiphasic, tri-fold, balanced, oscillating

Source: Quantum, positronic, thermionic, osmotic, neutrino, spatial, resonating, thermal, photon, ionic, plasma, nucleonic, verteron, gravimetric, nadion, subspace, baryon, tetryon, polaron, tachyon

Effect: flux, reaction, field, particle, gradient, induction, conversion, polarizing, displacement, feed, imagining, reciprocating, frequency, pulse, phased, harmonic, interference, distortion, dampening, invariance

Device: inhibitor, equalizer, damper, chamber, catalyst, coil, unit, grid, regulator, sustainer, relay, discriminator, array, coupling, controller, actuator, harmonic, generator, manifold, stabilizer.

/end id]

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Researchers develop proton barrier films using pore-free graphene oxide

Kumamoto University's research team, led by Assistant Professor Kazuto Hatakeyama and Professor Shintaro Ida of Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, has announced a groundbreaking development in hydrogen ion barrier films using graphene oxide (GO) that lacks internal pores. This innovative approach, published in Small, promises significant advancements in protective coatings for various applications. In their study, the research team successfully synthesized and developed a thin film from a new form of graphene oxide that does not contain pores. Traditionally, GO has been known for its high ionic conductivity, which made it challenging to use as an ion barrier. However, by eliminating the internal pores, the team created a material with dramatically improved hydrogen ion barrier properties.

Read more.

[erbiumspectrum]

hii how are you? I'm currently studying inorganic chem, mainly coordination compounds but it's proving difficult. I'm unable to fully grasp what's going on. Can you please advise me on coordination compounds and inorganic chem in general? thank you!!

Hi!

Inorganic coordination chem is part of my thesis, you've come to the right place :) Also, I'm going to make this a university-level thing - I didn't study coordination chem in school, so I'm assuming that's the level you expect - but if you actually need advice on studying high school inorganic chem, please let me know!

First, a textbook rec: I studied off Cotton's Basic inorganic chemistry a lot and I liked it. My professor recommended Atkins' Inorganic chemistry too; I admit I didn't use it that much bc I also had some Polish textbooks I found very helpful, but from what I did see, it seemed very comprehensive and in-depth - so if Cotton isn't enough, Atkins might be better for you.

Inorganic chem

orbitals matter: I think it's important to grasp orbitals and hybridization before going any further. This stuff keeps coming up again and again, so if you find yourself struggling with understanding concepts in inorganic chem, I'd suggest making sure you understand atomic and molecular orbitals first.

periodic table trends: please don't memorize them. Please. Understand them. There's a reason why, for example, atomic radii decrease within periods even though both electrons and protons are added as you move to the right (the screening effect - and again, orbitals!). Once more, I liked the way it was explained in Cotton's textbook.

I found flashcards very helpful for studying the properties of the elements and their compounds as that's mostly memorization. Same for HSAB, really.

if your inorganic chem course covers elements of group theory too, here is a website my thesis supervisor told me about :) I think it's pretty great. If you're digging really, really deep into it, Cotton has a whole textbook on group theory in chemistry (Chemical Applications of Group Theory), but I doubt you'd need it for a basic inorganic chem course.

I've also answered an ask on studying chemistry in general - perhaps you'll find it useful too.

Coordination chem

surprise, surprise: ✨ orbitals ✨. Once more, to understand what's going on with coordination compounds, first you need to understand the molecular orbital theory well.

metals oftentimes have a preference for a specific coordination number. Frequently, a whole group will have a preference for the same CN (group 7 ions, for example, prefer CN = 6). That doesn't mean other CNs don't exist, but knowing there's a pattern can be helpful while studying.

coordination numbers aren't totally random. The rules may not be strict and foolproof, but again, there's a general pattern that's worth keeping in mind: bigger ion usually = higher CN (duh?), CNs are usually even (and we still don't really know why that's so! Although it may have to do with geometry and symmetry) and sometimes depend on the charge of the ligand.

crystal field theory. Okay so CFT is really cool, but I see how it can be super confusing too. I'm not sure how deep you have to dig into this stuff for your course, so apologies if I go a little overboard 😅 My advise for studying it would be:

try to visualize the given complex, actually see the position of the ligands in relation to the orbitals

remember: it's all about lowering the energy. That's the core of CFT. Pauli's exclusion principle always, always stands, but CFT tells us coordination compounds are systems that "want to" have the lowest possible energy so bad they'll sometimes break Hund's rule to obtain it

keep in mind CFT is only a model. Some parts of it may not make any sense to you (like the fact it treats all metal - ligand bonds as purely ionic). It just so happens that despite its many simplifications that are obviously not true, CFT still accurately describes many complex compounds

I've had an ask on studying nomenclature, too.

again, I don't know how complex (pun not intended) you need my tips to get, so if you have any specific questions, feel free to hmu :) I'll try my best to explain

[mindblowingscience]

The scientific community has long been enamored of the potential for soft bioelectronic devices. But they’ve faced hurdles in identifying materials that are biocompatible and have all of the necessary characteristics to operate effectively. The new research is a step in the right direction. Researchers have modified an existing biocompatible material so that it conducts electricity efficiently in wet environments and can send and receive ionic signals from biological media.

Continue Reading.

[helen0086]

Study on the storage stability of phycocyanin from Spirulina obtusususiae

Abstract: The effects of temperature, sunlight and different additives on the stability of aqueous solutions of phycocyanin were studied. It was concluded that phycocyanin should be stored at 40 ℃ and protected from light, and should be stored under neutral conditions; glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol could effectively improve the stability of phycocyanin, and the pigment preservation rate of phycocyanin increased from 50.90% to 78.10%, 67.02% and 69.08% after 72 h at room temperature, respectively; the stabilizers of phycocyanin were compounded with glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol in the mass ratio of 1 : 1 : 0.3 and left at 4 ℃ for 14 days. After adding glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol as stabilizers in the mass ratio of 1:1:0.3, the pigment retention rate of the alginate was increased by 54.4% compared with that of the unadded alginate after being placed at 4 ℃ for 14 d. The pigment retention rate of the alginate added with the additive was increased by 16.1% compared with that of the unadded one after being placed at 25 ℃.

Spirulina (English name spirulina), also known as "spirulina", belongs to the family of Cyanobacteria, Chlamydomonas; at present, there are three types of large-scale cultivation at home and abroad, namely, Spirulina major, Spirulina obtususus and Spirulina indica. Spirulina obtususus is a blue-green seaweed (cyanobacteria) belonging to the Candida family.

It is a non-branched, multicellular spiral mycelium with a length of about 200 μm~300 μm and a width of about 5 μm~10 μm [1]. The amino acid composition of the proteins contained in Spirulina obtusususiformis is very uniform and reasonable, which suggests that it can be used as a potential health food for human beings [2].

Phycocyanin is one of the photosynthesizing proteins in the phycobilins, which are chromophore polypeptides consisting of α and β subunits with a molecular weight of about 20,000 daltons [3]. The phycobilisome in the cyanobacterium Spirulina obtususus is composed of an alpha and beta subunit in the center and a phycocyanin in the periphery. Phycocyanin is the most important bile protein in Spirulina, accounting for about 20 % of the dry weight [4-6]. It has a blue color in aqueous solution and fluoresces in purple. The UV-Vis spectra of phycocyanin in Spirulina obtusususiformis show characteristic absorption peaks at 278, 360 and 620 nm [7]. It has also been shown that the maximum absorption peak of L. obtususus is at 620 nm and its fluorescence emission peak at room temperature is at 645 nm [8].

Natural pigments are very rich in variety and are classified according to a variety of bases. According to solubility can be divided into fat-soluble pigments, water-soluble pigments; according to the source can be divided into animal pigments, microbial pigments and phytochromes; in order to classify the different chemical structures for anthocyanins, carotenoids and other five categories [9-10].

Alginin is a natural blue pigment with high application value. It has been shown to be anticancer[11-12] and can be used as a health food for patients with enteritis[13] . It is highly water-soluble and can be easily extracted from Spirulina. In the process of extraction and purification, the control of pH value and ionic strength is very crucial for the stability of algal blue protein. The discoloration and denaturation of phycocyanin is determined by the grade of protein polymers, and its polymer form is mainly affected by light intensity, light time, temperature, pH value, irradiation and protein concentration [14-17].

It has been studied that the higher concentration of sodium chloride can protect the stability of alginate, and the appropriate amount of sodium benzoate can protect the color and preservation of alginate to a certain extent [18-19], but the stability of alginate is still low. Therefore, on the basis of previous studies, this experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different food-grade additives as well as glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol additives on the stability of alginate.

1 Materials and Methods

1.1 Materials and Main Instruments

Spirulina obtususifolia powder: Inner Mongolia Wuxingzhao Ecological Industry Development Co.

FD-10 Freeze Dryer: Beijing DTY Technology Development Co., Ltd; 756PC UV Spectrophotometer: Tianjin Prius Instrument Co., Ltd; DK-98-II Electric Thermostatic Water Bath: Tianjin Taiste Instruments Co.

1.2 Extraction and purification of algal blue protein

1.2.1 Extraction of algal blue proteins[19]

Appropriate amount of spirulina powder was dissolved in distilled water according to the material-liquid ratio of 1:40 (mass ratio), and then stirred with a stirring rotor at a speed of 1,000 r/min for 1.5 h. It was frozen at -18 ℃, and then thawed rapidly in a 37 ℃ water bath for 24 h. After repeating this procedure for four times, it was centrifuged at a high speed for 10 min at 10,000 r/min, and the absorbance at 620 and 280 nm was measured after taking the supernatant and diluting it with appropriate multiplicity.

1.2.2 Purification of algal blue proteins[17]

Take the crude extract of algal blue protein with the concentration of 5 mg/mL, slowly add ammonium sulfate solid to the saturation degree of 40%, and at the same time, carry out magnetic stirring until complete dissolution, stand at 4 ℃ for 2 h, then centrifuged at 10 000 r/min for 15 min, collect the precipitate, dissolve it in an appropriate amount of distilled water, and then freeze-dried after dialysis and set aside.

1.3 Research on storage stability of algal blue protein

1.3.1 Effect of temperature on the stability of phycocyanin[19]

30 mg of alginate was dissolved in 30 mL of citrate phosphate buffer at pH 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0, and incubated in 6 temperature gradients (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ℃) for 30 min. The absorbance was measured at 620 nm after appropriate dilution, and the pigment retention rate was calculated. The pigment retention rate was calculated according to equation (1):

Pigment retention rate/% = ×100 Equation (1)

1.3.2 Effect of daylight illumination on the stability of phycocyanin [19]

Two groups of 1 mg/mL aqueous phycocyanin solution were taken, one group was irradiated under a single light source (sunlight) and the other group was stored away from light, and then diluted appropriately after 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours, respectively, and the absorbance value was measured at 620 nm to compare the changes in the retention rate of phycocyanin pigments.

1.3.3 Effect of pH on the stability of algal blue protein

Take 0.1 g of alginate powder and dissolve it in 100 mL of citrate phosphate buffer with pH value of 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 respectively, there are 5 groups in total, and take samples at 30 min intervals to dilute appropriately, and measure the absorbance value at the wavelength of 620 nm, and then compare the changes of the preservation rate of the alginate pigment.

1.3.4 Effect of food additives on the stability of algal cyanoproteins [20-21]

Take 100 mL of algal blue protein solution with a concentration of 1 mg/mL, and add the following additives in order according to the maximum additive amount of food additives stipulated in GB 2760-2011 Standard for the Use of Food Additives: glucose (5 g), sucrose (5 g), sodium chloride (5 g), sorbitol (0.003 g), sodium benzoate (0.000 2 g), ascorbic acid (0.002 g), and sodium benzoate (0.000 2 g), and the following additives are added to the solution. 0.002 g). After 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure to sunlight at room temperature and appropriate dilution, the absorbance value at 620 nm was measured to compare the changes in the retention rate of phycocyanin pigments. The effects of different concentrations of glucose and sodium chloride on the stability of algal blue protein were measured according to the above method. Select appropriate concentrations of glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol and add them into the aqueous solution of phaeocyanin, and carry out the test according to the above method to observe the change of pigment retention rate.

2 Results and analysis

2.1 Effect of temperature on the stability of phycocyanin

The effect of temperature on the stability of phycocyanin is shown in Fig. 1.

As can be seen from Fig. 1, the pigment retention rate of algal blue protein decreased with the increase of temperature when it was placed at different temperatures for 30 min. When the temperature was 20 ℃

The pigment retention rate of alginate stored at 40 ℃ was almost unchanged; the pigment retention rate of alginate stored at 50 ℃ and 60 ℃ decreased by 11.68% and 20.71%, respectively, compared with that of the initial one after 30 min, and the pigment retention rate of alginate stored at 70 ℃ showed the greatest decrease, which was 58.58% lower than that of the initial one.

High temperature will destroy the structure of algal blue protein and cause its denaturation, resulting in a decrease in the pigment retention rate of algal blue protein. It can be seen from the results that phycocyanin has the highest and most stable pigment retention rate between 20 ℃ and 40 ℃. Therefore, high temperature storage should be avoided below 40 ℃.

2.2 The effect of light on the stability of phycocyanin

The effect of sunlight illumination on the stability of phycocyanin is shown in Fig. 2.

As can be seen from Fig. 2, under the irradiation of room temperature and single sunlight source, the pigment retention rate of the algal blue protein solution decreased greatly from 48 h. At the same time, the color fading was obvious, and the color gradually changed from sapphire blue to light blue from 48 h, and became almost colorless and transparent at 60 h. The pigment retention rate decreased by 59.31% compared with that at 0 h, and the rate of the pigment retention rate was only 29.26% of the initial one at 72 h. The color retention rate of the solution decreased from 0 h to 60 h, and the color retention rate of the solution was only 29.26% of the original one at 72 h. After 72 h, the pigment retention rate was only 29.26%. The pigment retention rate of phycocyanin stored at room temperature under the condition of light protection was higher than that of sunlight, but the effect was not great, and the pigment retention rate of phycocyanin at 72 h was 13.51% higher than that of sunlight. It can be concluded that the sensitivity of phycocyanin to heat is greater than that to light, but light also has a certain effect on the pigment stability of phycocyanin. Therefore, phycocyanin should be stored under light-proof conditions.

2.3 Effect of pH value on the stability of algal blue protein

The effect of pH on the stability of phycocyanin is shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 3 shows that the pigment retention rate of phycocyanin solution at pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 was small, and the pigment retention rate was kept in the range of 95.49%~102.19%; and it can be seen that the phycocyanin was the most stable and the highest pigment retention rate was found at pH 6.0. At pH 7.0, the pigment retention rate decreased greatly, from 100 % to 87.46 % gradually. This may be due to the fact that the alkaline condition damaged the structure of phycocyanin, so it should be preserved in neutral condition instead of alkaline condition.

2.4 Effect of additives on the stability of algal blue proteins

The effect of food additives on the stability of algal blue proteins is shown in Fig. 4.

Additive type

Fig. 4 Effect of food additives on the stability of algal blue proteins

Fig.4 The influence of food additives on stability of phycocyanin

Figure 4 shows that the retention rate of phycocyanin pigments in phycocyanin solutions with different additives increased and then decreased during 72 h of storage at room temperature under sunlight. This may be due to the incomplete dissolution of phycocyanin at the beginning. The highest pigment retention was observed in the alginate with glucose, sorbitol and ascorbic acid, which decreased from the initial 100 % to 78.10 %, 69.08 % and 67.24 %, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of the blank group (50.90 %). This may be attributed to the fact that the additives can protect the color of the algal blue protein and increase its pigment retention rate. However, the solution of phycocyanin with ascorbic acid produced a large amount of precipitation. Therefore, glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol were selected for further study.

2.5 Effect of glucose concentration on the stability of algal blue proteins

The effect of glucose concentration on the stability of phycocyanin is shown in Fig. 5.

As shown in Fig. 5, the color retention rate of glucose-added phaeocyanin increased after 24 h, and then decreased with time. This may be due to the color protection effect of glucose on phycocyanin. The pigment retention rate of the alginate without glucose did not change much after 24 h at room temperature. When the concentration of glucose was 10 mg/mL, the absorbance value of phycocyanin increased greatly after 24 h, and the pigment retention rate of phycocyanin increased by 16.15%, which was 12.62% higher than that of phycocyanin without added glucose; the pigment retention rate of phycocyanin with added glucose at 10 mg/mL reached 78.09%, which was 27.19% higher than that of phycocyanin without glucose. After 72 h, the color retention rate of the solution with 10 mg/mL glucose reached 78.09%, which was 27.19% higher than that of the solution without glucose, and then the retention rate of alginate color tended to slow down as the concentration of glucose solution increased. Therefore, for the purpose of cost saving, 10 mg/mL of glucose was chosen for the next study.

2.6 Effect of sodium chloride concentration on the stability of algal blue proteins

The effect of NaCl concentration on the stability of algal blue protein is shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6 Effect of sodium chloride concentration on the stability of algal blue protein

As can be seen from Fig. 6, the pigment retention rate of the alginate without NaCl remained almost unchanged after 24 h, while the absorbance values of the alginate with NaCl increased, which was attributed to the protective effect of NaCl on the color of the alginate to inhibit the denaturation of the alginate. The color retention rate of the solution with 10 mg/mL NaCl was significantly higher than that of the blank group after 72 h, reaching 75.90%, and then leveled off. Therefore, in order to save the cost of the experiment, 10 mg/mL NaCl was chosen for the next study.

2.7 Effects of sorbitol, sodium chloride and glucose on the stability of phycocyanin

The effects of sorbitol, NaCl and glucose on the stability of phycocyanin are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7 shows the complex color protection effect of the three additives on phycocyanin. The pigment retention rate of the alginate solutions increased to different degrees after 24 h at room temperature under sunlight, which was attributed to the color protection effect of the additives. In the blank group, the pigment content of the alginate solution remained almost unchanged after 24 h, and then decreased rapidly; the absorbance value of the alginate solution with the addition of sorbitol, dextrose and sodium chloride increased the most obviously, which was 41.29% higher than that at 0 h, and 38.38% higher than that of the alginate solution without the addition of the additives; and the color preservation was 23.01% higher than that of the blank group at 72 h. The effect of color preservation was very obvious. After 72 h, the color preservation rate was higher than that of the blank control group by 23.01%, and the color preservation effect was obvious. The stability of sorbitol-added phycocyanin was second, and its pigment preservation rate was 19.09% higher than that of the blank control group after 72 h at room temperature under sunlight. This is due to the compound effect of sorbitol, glucose and sodium chloride on alginate to play a good role in color protection and preservation, which is better than several other combinations of additives. Therefore, sorbitol, dextrose and sodium chloride can be added as compound stabilizers in alginate at a mass ratio of 1 : 1 : 0.3.

2.8 Effect of three additives on the stability of algal blue proteins

The initial pictures of phycocyanin (without additive) and phycocyanin (with additive) at (4±5)°C and (25±5)°C are shown in Fig. 8, and the pictures of phycocyanin (without additive) and phycocyanin (with additive) at (4±5)°C and (25±5)°C after 14 d are shown in Fig. 9, and the effects of three additives on the stability of phycocyanin are shown in Fig. 10.

Figures 8, 9 and 10 show the changes in pigment content of phycocyanin after the addition of glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol as stabilizers for 14 d. The pigment retention rate of phycocyanin solutions decreased with the increase of storage days and varied under different conditions. The pigment retention of phycocyanin solutions decreased with the increase of storage days, and the pigment retention varied under different storage conditions. The most suitable storage condition for phycocyanin solution was 4 ℃ with preservative, and its pigment retention rate only decreased by 30.21% after 14 d of storage, which was 54.5% higher than that of phycocyanin stored at 4 ℃ without additive. However, the pigment retention rate of the unadditive alginate solution was almost zero after 14 d of storage at 25 ℃, with almost total loss of phycocyanin, and the pigment retention rate of the additive solution was 16.1% higher than that of the unadditive one. The pigment retention rate of the additive solution was significantly higher than that of the unadditive one at 25 ℃ and 4 ℃, which was attributed to the excellent color protection and anticorrosive effect of the three additives on the phycocyanin. This is due to the fact that the combination of the three additives has a good effect on the color protection and preservation of phycocyanin. Therefore, alginate is suitable for storage at low temperature with additives.

3 Conclusion

Differences in temperature, sunlight and pH all affect the storage stability of phycocyanin, with temperature having the most pronounced effect on the stability of phycocyanin and sunlight having a lesser effect on the stability of phycocyanin.

Appropriate concentrations of sorbitol, dextrose and sodium chloride can obviously protect the color of alginate and preserve it, and do not affect its properties. In this experiment, the three additives were added into the aqueous solution of phycocyanin, and it was found that they had obvious improvement effects on the storage stability of phycocyanin pigments. The compound additives added to phycocyanin can be widely used in food, cosmetics and other fields, and has high application value.

References:

[1] Hedenskog G, Hofsten A V. The Ultrastructure of Spirulina platensis -A New Source of Microbial Protein[J].Physiologia Plantarum, 1970, 23(1):209- 216

[2] Belay A, Ota Y, Miyakawa K, et al. Current knowledge on potential health benefits of Spirulina[J]. Journal of Applied Phycology, 1993, 5(2):235-241

[3] Serena Benedetti, Sara Rinalducci, Francesca Benvenuti, et al. Pu - rification and characterization of phycocyanin from the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae [J]. Journal of Chromatography B, 2006, 833(1):12-8

[4] Jaouen P, Lépine B, Rossignol N, et al. Clarification and concentra- tion with membrane technology of a phycocyanin solution extracted from Spirulina platensis[J]. Biochemical Society Transactions, 1999, 13(12):877-881

[5] Cohen Z. Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira), Physiology, Cell-Biology and Biotechnology [J]. Quarterly Review of Biology, 1997 (3):353 - 354

[6] Jespersen L, Stromdahl L D, Olsen K, et al. Heat and light stability of three natural blue colorants for use in confectionery and bever- ages[J]. European Food Research & Technology, 2005, 220 (3/4): 261-266

[7] Yin Gang, Li Chen. Separation and purification of algal bile proteins and polysaccharides from Spirulina and product characterization [J]. Fine Chemical Industry, 1999, 16(2):10-13

[8] PENG Weimin, SHANG Shutian, FU Youlan, et al. Studies on the nature of bile protein in Spirulina obtususus[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 1999, 4(C00):35-38

[9] Hui Qiusha. Research overview of natural pigments[J]. Northern Pharmacology, 2011, 8(5):3-4

[10] GUO Fenghua,WANG Hui . Research on the extraction and application of natural pigments[J]. Shandong Food Fermentation , 2007, 36(4):36-38

[11] Ch R,González R,Ledón N,et al. C-phycocyanin: a biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects[J]. Cur- rent Protein & Peptide Science, 2003, 4(3):207-216

[12] Eriksen N T. Production of phycocyanin--a pigment with applica - tions in biology, biotechnology, foods and medicine[J]. Applied Mi- crobiology & Biotechnology, 2008, 80(1):1-14

[13] Fretland D J, Djuric S W, Gaginella T S. Eicosanoids and inflamma DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2017.12.008

#phycocyanin #Spirulinaobtusususiae #phycocyaninpowder

[edge-oftheworld]

hiii my friend just told me that if I sent you the 5sos member i think I'm most like, and permission to look at my blog you would psychoanalyze me? i thought that might be fun.

I'm not a huge 5sos fan, but I think I'm most like Calum. I think Michael is my favorite.

omg! i saw your dilithium post too and I hope that's going well, senior (?) chemistry can be brutal. and yeah absolutely!

you're naturally curious and easygoing, and you love novelty and diversity and learning about different ways to do things, different ways to exist, until you find something that comfortably fits you and then the peace you feel about that is so much better than trying to conform with what people say you should be. you get bored and start to feel uncomfortable when things are all the same all the time or when the same handful of people are telling everyone else what to do. part of that comes from being in a minority group, but part of it is just who you naturally are and even if you were white, cis and straight you think you'd still be drawn to people who break the mold.

you're drawn to anyone who's unashamedly themselves, and that's not because you're not yourself but sometimes you're quiet and people overlook you, or you're overlooked because you're well behaved according to their standards, but their standards are made up anyway, so who gave them the authority to judge you using things that don't even exist? it's a common aspec experience--people find reasons to judge who people are with, but when you're not with anyone they scramble for reasons to accuse you of wrongdoing, only to find none and infantilise you instead, focusing instead on the things you're good at, calling you 'career oriented' for not having a partner, not realising that binary is just as false as everything else.

there are things you're good at that you don't really care for, and things you love that you could be good at, and probably will be because you love them, so you're automatically going to spend more time on them. it's common sense, you don't understand why people don't get it.

you're observant and you notice a lot of trends as well as the ways that the world COULD be if people didn't just go through the same motions that this colonial society recommends. you're a dreamer and an idealist. you love philosophy, but only to a point, when it stops having practical applications it starts to go over your head sometimes because when it does that, it stops opening the doors to building community and family and instead starts to feel exclusionary, like that age-old trolley argument that totally disregards ANY sort of creativity and creates a false binary, something you hate.

your curiosity and love for complexity is one reason you're studying chemistry, and you're in so many fandoms! don't let people take that away from you: these things can be wonderous and joyful and you can look at ionic and covalent bonds and think to yourself: I'm most drawn to people who some say are opposite to me (loud, sometimes 'rude' but who makes these social rules anyway) but in other ways are exactly the same. lithium and oxygen are opposites, or are they? how about sodium and chlorine? aren't they more alike than you think? you don't appear like an outcast on the surface but you're committed to authenticity and you're going to go wherever that is, and it sure isn't with the mainstream people trying to hide their whole selves to be cool. they'll learn eventually. you already have.

[shankhachil]

Countdown to JEE (Main): Week 3/33

(I need to take new pictures LMAOOOOOOOOO)

This week was a bit less productive than usual, JEE-wise! But that's because my school unit tests have started and I needed to revise English since I had barely touched any of the lessons in the syllabus.

I think I have done more-or-less-okay in terms of question solving though... let's see —

Test results:

none this week!

Topics covered:

Physics: Electrostatics, Current Electricity, Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current, Gravitation, Geometrical Optics, Electromagnetic Waves, Wave Optics (7/3)

Chemistry: Solid State, Coordination Chemistry, Hydrocarbons, Alcohols and Ethers, Ionic Equilibrium, Halogen Derivatives (6/3)

Mathematics: Limits, Indefinite Integrals, Definite Integrals, Matrices (4/3)

Questions solved:

Physics: - Allen Electrostatics module, O2, JEE (Main) and JEE (Advanced) archives — 57 questions, 52 correct - Allen Geometrical Optics module, O1 — 100 questions, 95 correct - Allen Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current module, O1 — 33 questions, 29 correct - Allen Gravitation module, JEE (Main) archives — 43 questions, 41 correct - Allen Current Electricity module, O1 — 51 questions, 50 correct - H. C. Verma Electromagnetic Induction — 20 questions, 19 correct - H. C. Verma Light Waves — 20 questions, 19 correct - Allen Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Optics module, O1 and O2 — 47 questions, 35 correct - FIITJEE JEE (Main) archives, Optics — 21 questions, 17 correct Total: 392/60 questions, 307 correct (uh-oh, gotta work on that accuracy)

Chemistry: - Allen Solid State module, O1, O2, JEE (Main) and JEE (Advanced) archives — 131 questions, 115 correct - Allen Coordination Chemistry module, O1 — 40 questions, 34 correct - Allen Hydrocarbons module, O1, O2 and S1 — 57 questions, 55 correct - Himanshu Pandey, Alcohols and Ethers — 40 questions, 36 correct - Allen Ionic Equilibrium module, O1 — 20 questions, 18 correct - Kota Question Bank Halogen Derivatives — 40 questions, 36 correct Total: 328/60 questions, 300 correct

Mathematics: - Allen RACE 5, 6, 7 — 30 questions, 27 correct - Allen Limits module, O1 and O2 — 50 questions, 45 correct - Arihant Integral Calculus Indefinite Integrals, Exercise 1 and 2 — 55 questions, 45 correct - Sameer Bansal* Indefinite Integrals, Exercise 1 — 31 questions, 27 correct Total: 166/60 questions, 144 correct *this book was sponsored by @warning-coffee-is-explosive! thanks king <3

GRAND TOTAL: 886/400 questions, 751 correct

Oh. It turns out I just feel like I've been unproductive.

Upcoming tests:

23/06/2024 (Sunday) — Allen monthly test. Topics: Kinetic Theory of Gases; Physical Thermodynamics; Electrostatics; Potential and Capacitance; Current Electricity; Electromagnetic Induction; Alternating Current; Electromagnetic Waves; Waves on a String; Sound Waves; Ray Optics; Wave Optics; Circle; Functions; Differentiation; Applications of Derivatives; Indefinite Integrals; Definite Integrals; Area Under a Curve; Differential Equations; Matrices; Silicates; Molecules That Do Not Exist; Coordination Chemistry; Metallurgy; Electronic Displacement Effects; Halogen Derivatives; Atomic Structure; Chemical Equilibrium; Solid State; Solutions; Chemical Kinetics; Chemical Thermodynamics. I'm feeling a little better about this one now...

See you again next week!

[banarjeenikita]

Silicone Emulsion Manufacturing Process: How It Works and Why Quality Matters

Silicone emulsions are widely used across various industries, including textiles, automotive, personal care, construction, and agriculture, due to their unique properties such as water repellency, lubrication, anti-foaming, and heat resistance. The manufacturing of silicone emulsions requires precision, high-quality raw materials, and strict quality control measures to ensure a stable and effective product.

This article explores the silicone emulsion manufacturing process, the key factors affecting quality, and why businesses should choose reliable manufacturers for their silicone emulsion needs.

What is a Silicone Emulsion?

A silicone emulsion is a stable mixture of silicone oil, water, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. Since silicone oil is hydrophobic (does not mix with water), emulsifiers are added to ensure even dispersion, creating a uniform, milky or translucent liquid.

Silicone emulsions can be classified into:

Non-ionic emulsions – Stable across a wide pH range and used in textiles, coatings, and lubricants.

Anionic emulsions – Used in applications where high surface activity is required, such as defoamers and mold-release agents.

Cationic emulsions – Used for fabric softeners and hair care products due to their excellent adhesion properties.

Silicone Emulsion Manufacturing Process

1. Selection of Raw Materials

The process begins with selecting high-quality silicone oil, water, and emulsifiers. The type of silicone oil (dimethyl silicone, amino silicone, or modified silicone) depends on the end-use application.

Silicone Oil – Provides the key functional properties such as lubrication, water repellency, or anti-foaming.

Emulsifiers – Surface-active agents help mix silicone oil with water.

Stabilizers – Prevent phase separation and maintain long-term emulsion stability.

2. Emulsification Process

The emulsification process ensures homogeneous dispersion of silicone oil in water using high-speed mixing and mechanical shear.

a) High-Speed Mixing

The silicone oil and emulsifier are premixed to ensure proper coating of the silicone molecules. This mixture is then added to water while being continuously stirred at high speed.

b) High-Shear Homogenization

To achieve a stable emulsion, manufacturers use high-shear homogenizers, which apply intense mechanical force to break down silicone droplets into micron or submicron sizes. This process ensures:

Uniform particle size distribution

Improved stability and shelf life

Better performance in end-use applications

3. pH Adjustment and Stabilization

After emulsification, the pH level of the mixture is adjusted to prevent coagulation or phase separation. Stabilizers such as biocides or preservatives are also added to prevent microbial growth, ensuring long-term shelf stability.

4. Filtration and Quality Testing

Once the emulsion is prepared, it undergoes filtration to remove any impurities or undispersed particles. Manufacturers conduct rigorous quality control tests to ensure the product meets industry standards.

Key quality tests include:

Viscosity Measurement – Ensures the correct fluidity for application.

Particle Size Analysis – Confirms uniform droplet dispersion.

pH Testing – Ensures stability in various environments.

Thermal Stability Test – Determines performance under temperature fluctuations.

Freeze-Thaw Cycle Test – Assesses resistance to temperature changes in storage.

5. Packaging and Storage

After passing quality control tests, the silicone emulsion is packaged in drums, IBC tanks, or bottles, depending on customer requirements. Proper storage conditions are essential to maintain stability—most emulsions should be stored at room temperature away from direct sunlight.

Why Quality Matters in Silicone Emulsion Manufacturing

The performance and effectiveness of silicone emulsions depend heavily on the manufacturing quality. Here’s why quality control is critical:

1. Stability and Shelf Life

Poorly formulated silicone emulsions can experience phase separation, sedimentation, or microbial contamination. High-quality manufacturing ensures:

Long shelf life without separating or thickening.

Stable performance under different pH and temperature conditions.

2. Consistent Performance Across Applications

Industries such as automotive, textiles, and cosmetics require consistent product quality for smooth application and uniform results. Reliable manufacturers maintain:

Uniform viscosity and particle size.

High purity silicone content for enhanced performance.

3. Safety and Compliance

Silicone emulsions used in cosmetics, food processing, and medical applications must comply with FDA, REACH, and ISO regulations. Low-quality emulsions may contain impurities or harmful additives, leading to product failure or regulatory non-compliance.

4. Cost Efficiency and Customer Satisfaction

Using high-quality silicone emulsions prevents production issues, defects, and application failures, leading to lower costs and better end-product quality. Customers benefit from:

Reduced wastage due to product failure.

Improved customer satisfaction and brand reputation.

Choosing a Reliable Silicone Emulsion Manufacturer

To ensure high-quality silicone emulsions, businesses should partner with reliable manufacturers that offer:

ISO-certified production facilities with advanced R&D capabilities.

Customized formulations tailored to industry-specific applications.

Rigorous quality control testing to ensure consistency and performance.

Sustainable and eco-friendly production practices.

Technical support and documentation for regulatory compliance.

Conclusion

The silicone emulsion manufacturing process involves precise emulsification, stabilization, and quality control to create a stable and effective product. High-quality silicone emulsions play a crucial role in industrial coatings, automotive applications, personal care products, and textiles, making it essential to source from trusted manufacturers.

By choosing high-quality silicone emulsions, businesses can ensure consistent performance, safety, and cost efficiency, ultimately improving their product quality and customer satisfaction.

[ibchemist]

Notes for Metallic Bonding

METALLIC BONDING AND STRUCTURE

Delocalised electrons - electrons that are not associated with one specific atom and are free to move within the molecule structure

Metallic bond - the electrostatic attraction between a lattice of cataions and a sea of delocalised electrons.

In metals, state which electrons are the delocalised electrons present between positive ions in the lattice = valence electrons

Mg(s) has metallic bonding in the interaction between positive metal ions and delocalised valence electrons in a three-dimesional lattice structure. The metal itself is neutral and is made up of many, many atoms.

Identify the ways in which solid metals are similar to solid ionic and covalent network substances:

I. Lattice structures II. Non-directional bonding III. Electrostatic attractions between positive and negative species

Solid metals, ionic compounds and network covalent solids form three-dimensional lattices. In all three types of bonding there is an electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged species. Metallic – between cations and delocalised electrons, ionic – between cations and anions, covalent – between positive nuclei and shared electron pair.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF METALS

Lustre (shiny appearance)

Delocalised electrons in a metal lattice interact with visible light. When visible light hits the surface of a metal, the electrons absorb some of that energy and vibrate. This vibration generates a second wave of light, which radiates from the surface.

Sonority (sound when struck)

When a metal surface is struck, the free electrons in the metallic lattice can move easily, propagating the incoming sound energy easily throughout the material.

Malleability (can be reshaped on compression) & Ductility (can be drawn out into a wire)

When stress is applied (for example, by bending, hitting with a hard object or pulling), layers within the lattice shift in response to that stress. As these layers shift, the cations in the lattice remain surrounded by delocalised valence electrons, meaning the metallic bonding also remains unaffected.

Electrical conductivity

The delocalised valence electrons can move throughout the metallic lattice. When a potential energy difference is applied to the metal, the delocalised electrons are repelled by the negative terminal and attracted to the positive terminal. This is why metals can conduct electricity in their solid state and why metals are used for electrical wires and cables.

Thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity in metals is a result of the free electrons in the lattice.

STRENGTH OF THE METALLIC BOND

Strength of the metallic bond

The smaller the radius of the metal ion, the stronger the metallic bond. This is because of the shorter distance between the positive nucleus of the cation and the surrounding delocalised electrons. Dictionary

Charge of the metal ion

The higher the ionic charge, the stronger the metallic bond. This is because:

greater charge on the metal ion

greater number of delocalised valence electrons

The greater the ionic charge and the smaller the ionic radius, the stronger the metallic bond. The stronger the metallic bond, the higher the melting point.

TRANSITION METALS

As there are a large number of valence electrons from both the s and d orbitals, this results in a greater electron density within the metallic lattice. This increased electron density in turn increases the strength of the metallic bond.

Hardness

valence electrons (delocalised) increase attraction and increase metallic bond which results in greater hardness

Electrical Conductivity

Transition elements are electrically conductive. These metals form their metallic bonds through the delocalisation of electrons in unfilled d orbitals. The electrostatic attraction between metal ions in the lattice and delocalised electrons increases with an increasing number of electrons in d orbitals.

In comparison to s block metals, the melting point and electrical conductivity of transition metals are HIGHER and HIGHER

[drhotpenis]

I saw you posting about crystals, can I ask what do you use them for? Or do you just like them? I'm assuming you're not into them for spiritual reasons

you think i'd waste my time trying to "heal my shadow self"- i have so many more valuable applications for crystals, I can actually appreciate their true usefulness.

you know how incredible it is that these formations of gallium, ionic nitride, phosphorus, and germanium can be found within these perfect structues... christ, makes my life easier

[oprezoindia]

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