#it exists as a written text and a material object as a necessary step along the way to becoming a performance

[finelythreadedsky]

heyy. I have a bit of a silly question, but I haven't been able to find enough information to get over it. I've been trying to learn more about how theatre took place in Greece, and all sources I looked at so far mention that in each of the the three days of the festival of the city dionisias, the contesting playwrights would present three tragedies and one satyr play each. but I'm not clear yet on how many playwrights that meant exactly, nor in how were these playwrights were chosen to be there. if it was only one a day, do you know if there were other competitions beforehand to filter them out, or should we assume there weren't a lot of people able to compete at that level anyway? or if more than one playwright presented per day (seems odd since it would mean at least 8 works a day, which is a lot), do we have an estimate on how many they would be? sorryy if this is like. a really stupid question. but no one has been clear on it in the texts I've been looking at.

I don't have any specific ancient texts or modern scholarship to direct you to as sources on this, but here's a rundown:

The Dionysia had three days of tragic performance and three tragedians competing with four plays each. On each day, one playwright presented his work in the form of three tragedies plus one satyr play, so one playwright and four plays per day. There's some disagreement over what time the proceedings likely started/ended, but the performances probably took about 4-5 hours each day. So we're not thinking of the audience as sitting in the theater from sunrise to sundown, but we should probably also assume a fair amount of coming and going as well as snacking and talking in the audience during the plays. At the end of the third day prizes would be awarded. I would assume that the playwrights drew lots for going first/second/third, and I also suspect that it might have been seen as an advantage to go either last or first, though I'm not sure which. (And then the next day, the four competing comic playwrights presented one comedy each, all on the same day.)

We do know that the archon chose which playwrights would compete in tragedy at the Dionysia and allotted them funding and a chorus, but we don't know exactly how this choice was made, and the mechanism was probably different at different points in time. It was likely pretty informal at the beginning of the fifth century and become more formalized later on, once playwriting became a more established profession with a lot of prestige, and also once certain families had established it as their family business. I would imagine that c. 490 or so, the archon and the handful of working 'tragic' writers (probably something closer to amateurs) likely all knew each other, and the archon might have just picked three he liked or whose work in previous years had been good, maybe with some indication of the subject they were planning. From at least the second half of the fifth century and likely for the majority of it, would-be competitors probably submitted some sort of proposal to the archon, whether this was titles, full or partial draft scripts, outlines of their proposed plays, or maybe the playwright performing a sample monologue, and the archon chose which three would receive a performance slot in the festival and the funding to train a chorus. The winner from the previous year may have been guaranteed one of the three spots. But the archon would not have been able to see performances of these plays in order to judge whether or not to include them in the festival, except for what the playwright (or a friend) might be able to perform himself, since a playwright had to be approved by the archon before he would get personnel like a producer/sponsor, a chorus, or, in the later years of the fifth century, potentially his lead actor(s).

[clubmoneda]

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If you know the value of writing your copies for SEO, do not concentrate too much on injecting your key search words that the text becomes unreadable. By adding your words to the website naturally, you make sure that you do not sound like a robot until anyone visits.

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Encourage readers to take action after they've completed your copy. If you want them to contact you to let you know more or purchase a product online, tell them your next move at the end of the copy. By including an email address or a link to your home page, you provide them with a simple way to contact you when your company remains top of mind.

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[michaelandy101-blog]

The way to Create a Profitable Weblog Technique: A Step-by-Step Information

New Post has been published on https://tiptopreview.com/how-to-create-a-successful-blog-strategy-a-step-by-step-guide/

The way to Create a Profitable Weblog Technique: A Step-by-Step Information

Do you know that 55% of entrepreneurs say running a blog is their high inbound marketing precedence?

Did you additionally know that these entrepreneurs are 13x extra more likely to see optimistic ROI than entrepreneurs who do not spend money on running a blog?

During the last decade or so, companies have elevated income, improved model consciousness, and boosted conversions with worthwhile written content material printed for his or her target market and prospects. The important thing right here is that their weblog content material is worthwhile — it is not sufficient to easily have a weblog; there needs to be a objective or cause for its existence.

So, how will you create and preserve a profitable weblog that gives your target market worthwhile, high-quality content material — all whereas constructing your enterprise’s popularity as an business thought-leader and skilled?

The reply is with a weblog marketing technique.

Earlier than we overview the steps to your weblog marketing technique, let’s check out how one can begin a profitable weblog. We’ll additionally embrace examples of profitable weblog websites as an example a few of these steps.

The way to Begin a Weblog

Select your weblog matter and objective.

Register and host your weblog.

Design your weblog.

Determine who will write and handle your weblog.

Decide how steadily you may share weblog posts.

Write compelling and worthwhile content material.

Embrace CTAs.

Launch your weblog.

Monitor and analyze your weblog’s success.

1. Select your weblog matter and objective.

The primary a part of creating your running a blog technique is to obviously outline your weblog’s matter and objective.

Your weblog matter must be broad sufficient so you possibly can write a whole lot of articles about it but in addition particular sufficient to narrate to your enterprise area of interest and space(s) of experience.

When eager about your weblog’s objective, ask your self, “Why does this blog exist?”

It is best to be capable of reply that query in a single, simple, defining assertion. (Doc your weblog’s objective to you possibly can confer with it as you develop and your enterprise evolves.)

Should you need assistance defining your weblog’s objective, take a second to ask your self these questions:

What’s the higher objective your organization is attempting to meet?

What story helps this objective?

Who shares your ardour for this objective?

Is your group aligned with the which means of this objective?

Instance

HubSpot has 4 weblog properties: Marketing, Sales, Service and Website. Each blog focuses on its respective industry and relates the content back to the appropriate HubSpot product.

Source

2. Register and host your blog

This step is two-fold. First, let’s talk about your blog’s URL structure.

A domain name, also known as the root domain, is the text in a URL that identifies your website — and, therefore, your business — for a web browser. For example, HubSpot’s domain name is hubspot.com.

Subdomains are part of your root domain — they appear before the domain in your URL like this: blog.hubspot.com. “Blog” is the subdomain. Subdomains are helpful for organizing a lot of content, including multiple content types. If you have a large blog operation, this structure can help you over time. However, it does pass less authority from your root domain in the short-term.

Subdirectories are divisions of your domain that live on your website, but represent specific pages on your website. For example, a subdirectory that’d take visitors to a specific blog post on a website would look something like this: hubspot.com/blog/article-name. Subdirectories often pass more authority from your root domain and subdomain. However, they can make it hard to scale your content strategy over time since you need more subdirectories to organize your content properly and protect your user experience (UX).

Subdirectories can also represent certain types of content within a subdomain. For example, blog.hubspot.com/marketing/article-name takes visitors to a marketing article on blog.hubspot.com.

The option you choose for your blog has the potential to impact your organic ranking, which is why it’s important to choose wisely.

Next, you’ll need to pick a host for your business’s blog. The simplest way to host your blog is through the same software on which your website is run.

For example, HubSpot users can employ HubSpot CMS and entry their web site creation and administration instruments alongside their running a blog instruments — all from a central location.

One other frequent strategy to host your enterprise’s weblog is thru WordPress — examine HubSpot vs. WordPress here. Different fashionable choices embrace Wix, Bluehost, and Squarespace.

three. Design your weblog.

Design your weblog in a method that entices your readers to recurrently learn (and hopefully, share) your content material.

Your weblog must be inviting and on-brand. It must be well-organized, clear, and simple to navigate. Inside seconds of visiting your weblog, readers ought to know it is printed by your organization.

To do that, select a theme that is constant throughout your weblog properties and articles. Relying on the host you select on your weblog, you may doubtless have a number of theme choices which might be each free and paid.

For instance, HubSpot provides a market of free and paid blog template choices. Templates enable you simply customise and edit your blog template to tailor it to your enterprise.

The Assist Scout weblog is an excellent instance of lovely weblog design. Its minimalist design limits using copy and embraces destructive area by selling the newest posts with attractive characteristic photos. The weblog is aligned with the Assist Scout model and promotes readability and simple navigation.

Source

four. Determine who will write and handle your weblog.

Now it is time to consider who’s writing, operating, and managing your weblog. Ask your self (or your group): Who’s accountable for every function inside your weblog technique?

There are many transferring elements on the subject of your weblog — in case you don’t create possession round every part, it’s going to be tough to reap the advantages of a profitable weblog operation.

We have put collectively a listing of some examples of the roles that you must fill to successfully implement a running a blog technique.

Relying in your assets and the scale of your marketing group, you might discover one individual holds accountability for a number of roles.

5. Decide how steadily you’ll share weblog posts.

What number of weblog posts are you able to decide to writing and publishing? How usually are you planning on producing weblog content material on your viewers?

Consistency is the important thing to maintaining your viewers engaged and . This may even can help you preserve your standing as an energetic thought-leader and skilled in your business. Use a content calendar to constantly handle and schedule your weblog posts.

Plan and optimize your marketing content with these free calendar templates.

The great thing about creating such a running a blog rhythm and sharing that data by way of an editorial calendar is that it creates a way of accountability amongst your group of bloggers. It ensures all writers and contributors have optimized for key phrases, added CTAs, and edited their items by a sure time and date. This fashion, you may have a constant stream of content material your readers can get in sync with.

Should you’re a HubSpot CRM consumer, you already profit from an editorial calendar constructed proper into the COS.

6. Write compelling and worthwhile content material.

It is necessary to reiterate simply how vital it’s on your weblog content material to be each compelling and worthwhile to your readers. This performs a big half in the way you’re considered by your target market, prospects, rivals, and different business leaders. It is also how you are going to maintain readers engaged and dependable to your weblog — and hopefully changing to prospects, too.

Keep in mind, it takes extra time and power to acquire new subscribers than to take care of present readers. Plus, your present readers have the potential of turning into your model advocates sooner than new subscribers do. So, give attention to constantly producing content material that captivates your viewers all whereas offering them with helpful and worthwhile data so that they stick round for the long term.

Patagonia’s weblog, The Cleanest Line, is a captivating publication. It is not a generic model weblog that discusses Patagonia merchandise or prospects; it tells compelling tales written by a number of the greatest writers on the internet — but it nonetheless resonates with Patagonia’s target market and people who share its core values. I’ve personally spent hours studying the articles on The Cleanest Line, and it is endeared me to Patagonia within the course of.

Source

7. Embrace CTAs.

Are any of the explanations you are creating your enterprise’s weblog to drive natural site visitors to your web site, enhance conversions, and enhance gross sales?

That is nice information — however to perform these targets, you may want to incorporate related calls-to-action (CTAs) all through your weblog posts.

CTAs might be paid or free on your viewers members. Both method, efficient CTAs present readers with a degree of worth that they merely can not move up.

A CTA may share in-depth content material and knowledge along with your viewers on a particular matter. Or possibly it features a low cost code or particular deal in your services or products. A CTA may additionally present additional coaching associated to the topic of your weblog article.

Try this weblog put up in case you’re on the lookout for some examples of clickable CTAs to insert in your content material.

If you are a HubSpot consumer, the CRM provides a CTA creation tool that can assist you develop related — and even personalised — provides to drive site visitors to your touchdown pages and convert extra leads.

For instance, the Omniscient Digital weblog naturally weaves CTAs into its posts, making the linked gadgets a part of the broader story or takeaway. The aim of CTAs must be to encourage readers to take motion with out deviating too removed from the aim of the put up.

Source

eight. Launch your weblog.

Now it is time to launch your weblog!

That is the thrilling half — you lastly get to share the content material you’ve got been working so onerous to develop. Put your weblog content material on it is corresponding touchdown web page in your web site and ship your e-mail checklist of recipients their weblog article(s). Share it by way of social media and ship it to members of your community as you see match. 

9. Monitor and analyze your weblog’s success.

Keep in mind to trace and analyze the success of your weblog over time. To do that, resolve which metrics matter most to you and your enterprise. When you perceive how a particular metric contributes to a optimistic end result, then you can make your running a blog technique extra focused. Examples of running a blog metrics you may observe embrace:

Variety of readers and subscribers

Variety of web page views per put up

Variety of conversions

Variety of backlinks

Variety of referrals

Total site visitors

When making use of these metrics to the targets you are trying to set, think about the next questions to supply concrete targets that make sense for your enterprise.

Does this aim enable you obtain your objective, or is there one thing extra related we will aspire to?

Is that this aim aligned with the initiatives of different elements of our enterprise?

Which metrics observe the progress in direction of this aim? Are these metrics complementary or counterintuitive?

As soon as you identify which metrics you are going to use, begin by setting targets for a 60-day interval. This offers you sufficient time to see whether or not your technique is working after which you possibly can adapt your targets primarily based on the outcomes you see.

Subsequent, let’s dive into your weblog technique.

Weblog Advertising Technique

Your weblog is a crucial part of your enterprise marketing technique and can hopefully market your services, however to ensure that it do that, you should market the weblog itself.

A weblog marketing technique is the way you share and promote the content material in your weblog. Sadly, “build it and they will come” does not apply to running a blog in addition to it does in Subject of Desires.

In your weblog to do its supposed job — drive site visitors, convert guests, improve income, and/or promote your model as a thought-leader or skilled — it will need to have a marketing technique in itself. How will folks find your weblog? What kind of content material will maintain them studying? How are you going to use your different promotional channels to raise your weblog content material?

Comply with these blogging best practices to promote and market your blog content to your target audience.

Always keep your buyer personas top of mind.

When writing, managing, and scheduling your blog — or working on anything related to your blog, really — keep your buyer personas in mind. 

Ask yourself, “Who are our ideal customers?” and “Why do they need our product or service?” Once you can answer these questions in detail, you’ll be nail down your buyer persona(s).

Use this free template to create your business’s buyer personas.

When you create your buyer personas, doc an in depth description of who this individual is so you possibly can reference it has your enterprise and weblog develop. It is best to be capable of confer with this description each time you write a brand new weblog put up.

This fashion, you can create content material particularly suited to your goal prospects’ desires, wants, challenges, and/ or ache factors. This may even enable you flip your weblog into a strong lead conversion software for your enterprise (i.e. your weblog will present your readers and target market why they want your services or products).

To get a deeper understanding of the actions your purchaser personas are doubtless going to take, analysis the behaviors of your target market so you possibly can adapt and tailor your weblog content material to satisfy their wants in a method that pushes them to transform in a roundabout way. To conduct such a buyer analysis, you should use:

Control your competitors.

Talking of your competitor’s blogs, it is necessary to control these different thought-leaders in your business. Your rivals present perception into what’s working (or not working) when it comes to weblog content material amongst your target market.

It additionally tells you a bit bit about what they’re experimenting with and what you may want to perform to face out and supply your readers with worthwhile content material they cannot get anyplace else — one thing distinctive to your enterprise and your enterprise solely.

Create a listing of 5-10 of your closest rivals with blogs you could possibly conduct a content material audit on. Make conclusions about the kind of content material they share, distinctive methods they’ve applied of their weblog, and the way they’re doing when it comes to rating for the key phrases you hope to rank for.

Then, search for gaps of their content material so you possibly can capitalize on them. That can assist you do that, use instruments like QuickSprout, Open Site Explorer by Moz, and SEMRush Competitor Research.

Carry out website positioning and key phrase analysis.

When certainly one of your prospects searches a phrase on Google (or any search engine), you need them to search out your weblog (or internet web page), not a competitor’s. To make this occur, dedicate a while to researching which key phrases and phrases your target market is typing into search engines so you possibly can embrace them in your weblog posts the place they naturally match.

In different phrases, you may considerably enhance your possibilities of rating on the search engine outcomes web page (SERP) by performing applicable search engine optimization (website positioning) and key phrase analysis previous to writing your weblog put up, after which incorporating these findings in your content material.

Begin by creating a listing of 5-10 key phrase teams you wish to rank for, together with their related long-tail key phrases, within the SERP.

Keep in mind, Google’s algorithms are continually altering to grow to be extra intuitive — which means, outdated techniques like key phrase stuffing will harm your rating within the SERP. As a substitute, you are higher off writing copy that engages viewers members first and search engines second.

Observe: HubSpot prospects have entry to a built-in keyword and SEO tool to assist with this.

Focus on your blog’s SEO and keyword research with HubSpot CRM’s Content Strategy tool.

Determine the place you may distribute your weblog content material.

Strategically decide the place you may distribute your weblog content material. You selected a host for your blog already, meaning your content is likely already easily shareable on your website.

For example, if you use the HubSpot CRM and blogging software to host and handle your web site and weblog, it is easy so as to add your articles to their corresponding touchdown web page in your website.

Different methods and platforms by means of which you may distribute your content material embrace social media, reminiscent of Fb or LinkedIn, and online publishing platforms, reminiscent of Medium. You may also work with business leaders, specialists, and influencers to share your content material on their web sites and social profiles.

Promote your weblog content material.

It is in all probability protected to imagine you need your weblog content material to be as discoverable as attainable. When it comes to your running a blog technique, this refers to your potential to get your content material on the market so members of your target market discover, learn, and (hopefully) share it.

There are a lot of inbound techniques you should use to advertise your weblog. We touched on a number of choices above, however one other frequent type of efficient weblog promotion includes an influencer marketing technique.

Get started promoting your content with the help of a free influencer marketing guide.

To start, determine the important thing influencers in your area of interest or business you wish to contact and work with. These must be folks your present prospects and target market understand as credible, reliable… and, sure, influential.

As you start making and managing your influencer connections, stay in common contact with those who’re selling your weblog content material. Ensure what they’re doing to help, share, and promote your weblog content material and that their techniques meet your enterprise’s requirements — you wish to guarantee they’re representing your model precisely. In any case, you are doubtless paying them to advertise your content material amongst their viewers members.

You can also make your relationship along with your influencers even stronger by interacting with their content material recurrently to point out your help. For instance, in case you’re working with an influencer who additionally has a weblog, then go to their weblog and skim, touch upon, and share it (even when the content material they’re publishing is not essentially associated to your enterprise). 

The way to Preserve a Weblog

Creating and marketing your weblog is merely half the battle. As we talked about above, consistency is essential to a profitable weblog — which implies upkeep is many of the onerous work.

Creating weblog content material might be time-consuming, particularly if you intention to command authority in your area of interest with researched, considerate, and deliberate posts.

Because of this updating, repurposing, and republishing your existing blog content is so valuable — it saves you time and energy but it also allows you to efficiently achieve the results you’re looking for.

What do I mean by this? Well, ranking in the SERP with a net new post takes significantly more time (I’m talking months) than an updated post. Meaning, you’ll see a positive impact sooner if you start repurposing existing posts rather than solely creating new content.

Audit your existing blog posts to determine what you can repurpose and update. Outdated content to remove and/ or replace might include statistics, examples, infographics, quotes, product or service details, research, and irrelevant ideas. You can also add keywords you’ve determined are missing through your research.

(Check out this post if you’re looking for more ideas on how you can effectively repurpose your blog content.)

The process of updating content also allows you to reinvigorate the brand new content you’ve worked so hard on. Updating allows you to maintain the quality and relevance of your blog without having to recreate blog posts from scratch.

Grow Better With An Effective Blogging Strategy

Growing an influential blog in your niche is a surefire way to nurture your potential customers. By creating regular content that solves the challenges of your readers and fulfills their biggest curiosities, you’ll start to build a vault of trust and advocacy. This will inevitably contribute to the overall success of your business. Start with your purpose — the big why — and slowly unpack the individual levers that will contribute to your blog marketing performance through the steps and strategy we’ve reviewed above.

Editor’s note: This post was originally published in December 2014 and has been updated for comprehensiveness.

Initially printed Jan 12, 2021 7:00:00 AM, up to date January 12 2021

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estudar para o enem

7 valuable guidelines to spend on Enem

Enem is considered the most expected check with the calendar year for thousands and thousands of scholars who would like to enter greater training. While using the examination score you can receive a place in general public universities, scholarships in personal schools and also university student funding at low interest charges. To achieve a very good score you have to commit a lot time and energy to researching. On top of that, it really is important to learn the best way to take care of test time and answer queries rapidly.

one. Simulate and manage exam time One particular on the tricks to performing nicely at Enem should be to prepare hard. The exams are extremely comprehensive as well as the contributors have only some several hours to answer them. On average you may have three minutes to solve each individual problem and about one hour to get ready the essay and to go your text cleanse about the corresponding sheet. Basically, in combination with researching the contents a whole lot, it truly is important that you know the way to regulate the test time so that you do not operate the chance of leaving blank questions or kicking answers. Accomplishing simulated can help a lot. You may benefit from the ones that are structured by educational facilities and classes, solve some via the internet and even obtain the prior Enem exams around the Inep internet site. It is a fantastic way to get acquainted along with the sort of dilemma you might be getting over the Examination. After fixing the simulation, check out the template and assessment the issues you missed. It is actually essential to establish which material requirements a lot more notice.

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2. Practice creating It really is significant to train don't just with the objective tests, but also to the composing. The ultimate way to do that is by crafting a good deal. Practice the necessary design during the Enem utilizing the themes which have already appeared inside the Test. Understand that your essay will have to regard human legal rights which you would like to protect a point of check out, and existing a proposal of social intervention to the trouble dealt with. While in the starting, go ahead and take time it's going to take for being ready to argue and examine the proposed concept. With practice, try and construction your text far more promptly (remembering you'll need about one hour to write down your essay and cleanse it on exam working day).

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With it, you save on tickets, in tuition - the value is way decreased - therefore you can organize inside of a way which you absolutely comprehend your time. The quality of educating also leaves almost nothing being desired. For those who however desire to pass the Enem by studying all by yourself, know that it's not necessarily unachievable. For example, among all those authorized on all Fuvest phone calls in 2016, forty two.1% didn't go to virtually any education.

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[iyarpage]

Basic iOS Security: Keychain and Hashing

Update note: This tutorial has been updated for Xcode 9.2, Swift 4, iOS 11 and the iPhone X by Ryan Ackermann. The original tutorial was written by Chris Lowe.

One of the most important aspects of software development also happens to be considered one of the most mysterious and scary (and is thus avoided like the plague): application security. Users expect their applications to run correctly, keep their information private, and protect that information from potential threats.

In this tutorial, you will dive into the basics of iOS security. You’ll work with some basic cryptographic hashing methods to securely store user input in the iOS keychain – keeping your users’ data private and protected.

Apple has several APIs that will help keep your applications secure, and you’ll explore these while working with the keychain. In addition, you’ll use CryptoSwift – a well-reviewed, open-source library that implements cryptographic algorithms.

Getting Started

Use the Download Materials button at the top or bottom of this tutorial to download the starter project.

The sample app allows users to log in and see photos of their friends. Most of the app is already connected for you; your job is to secure the app.

Once you unzip the download materials, be sure to open Friendvatars.xcworkspace to properly include all the CocoaPod dependencies. Build and run to see that the app opens to a login screen:

Currently, nothing happens when you tap Sign In. This is because there isn’t a way to save the user’s credentials. That’s what you’re going to add first.

Why Security is Important

Before you dive into the code, you should understand why security in your application is necessary. The security of your application is especially critical if you’re storing private user data such as emails, passwords, or bank account information.

Why does Apple take security so seriously? From the photos you take, to the number of steps that were achieved during the day, your iPhone stores a lot of personal data. Keeping this data safe is very important.

Who are the attackers in the iOS ecosystem, and what do they want? An attacker might be a criminal, a business competitor, even a friend or relative. Not all attackers want the same thing. Some might want to cause damage or corrupt information, while others might want to see what presents they are getting for their birthdays.

It’s your job to make sure that the data being held by your application is protected against potential threats. Fortunately, Apple has built many strong APIs that simplify this task.

Apple’s Keychain

One of the most important security elements for Apple developers is the iOS Keychain, which is a specialized database for storing metadata and sensitive information. Using Keychain is the best practice for storing small pieces of data that are critical to your app such as secrets and passwords.

Why use the Keychain over simpler solutions? Wouldn’t storing the base-64 encoding the user’s password in UserDefaults be enough? Definitely not! It’s trivial for an attacker to recover a password stored that way. Security is difficult, and attempting your own custom solution is not a good idea. Even if your app is not for a financial institution, storing private user input should not be taken lightly.

Interacting with the Keychain directly is complicated, especially in Swift. You have to use the Security framework that is mostly written in C.

Fortunately, you can avoid using these low level APIs by borrowing a Swift wrapper from Apple’s sample code GenericKeychain. KeychainPasswordItem provides an easy-to-use Swift interface to the Keychain and is already included in the starter project.

Time to dive into code!

Using the Keychain

Open AuthViewController.swift. This view controller is responsible for the login form you saw initially. If you scroll down to the Actions section, you’ll notice that signInButtonPressed isn’t doing anything. Time to change that. Add the following to the bottom of the Helpers section:

private func signIn() { // 1 view.endEditing(true) // 2 guard let email = emailField.text, email.count > 0 else { return } guard let password = passwordField.text, password.count > 0 else { return } // 3 let name = UIDevice.current.name let user = User(name: name, email: email) }

Here’s what is going on:

You dismiss the keyboard to confirm that the user’s action did something.

You take the email and password the user input. If either is zero length, then you don’t want to continue. In a real world application, you should show the user an error here as well.

You assign a name to the user which, for purposes of this tutorial, you take from the device name.

Note: You can change the name of your Mac (used by the sim) by going to System Preferences ▸ Sharing and changing the computer’s name at the top. Additionally you can change your iPhone’s name by going to Settings ▸ General ▸ About ▸ Name.

Now add the following in signInButtonPressed:

signIn()

This calls your signIn method when signInButtonPressed is triggered.

Find textFieldShouldReturn and replace the break under case TextFieldTag.password.rawValue with:

signIn()

Now signIn() is called when the user taps return on the keyboard while the password field has focus and contains text.

signIn() is not complete yet. You still need to store the user object as well as the password. You’ll implement this in a helper class.

Open AuthController.swift, which is a static class that will hold the logic related to authentication for this app.

First, add the following at the top of the file above isSignedIn :

static let serviceName = "FriendvatarsService"

This defines the service name that will be used to identify the app’s data in the Keychain. To use this constant, create a signIn method at the end of the class like so:

class func signIn(_ user: User, password: String) throws { try KeychainPasswordItem(service: serviceName, account: user.email).savePassword(password) Settings.currentUser = user }

This method stores the user’s login information securely in the Keychain. It creates a KeychainPasswordItem with the service name you defined along with a unique identifier (account).

For this application, the user’s email is used as the identifier for the Keychain, but other examples could be a user ID or username that is unique. Finally, Settings.currentUser is set with user – this is stored in UserDefaults.

This method should not be considered complete! Storing the user’s password directly isn’t the best practice. For example, if an attacker compromised Apple’s Keychain, he could read your user’s passwords in plain text. A better solution is to store a hash built from the user’s identity.

At the top of AuthController.swift add the following below the Foundation import:

import CryptoSwift

CryptoSwift is one of the most popular collections of many standard cryptographic algorithms written in Swift. Cryptography is difficult and needs to be done correctly to be useful. Using a popular library for security means you don’t have to be responsible for the implementation of standardized hashing functions. The best cryptography is open to the public for review.

Note: Apple’s CommonCrypto framework provides many useful hashing functions for you, but it’s not easy to interact with it in Swift. This is why for this tutorial we opted for the CryptoSwift library.

Next add the following above signIn:

class func passwordHash(from email: String, password: String) -> String { let salt = "x4vV8bGgqqmQwgCoyXFQj+(o.nUNQhVP7ND" return "\(password).\(email).\(salt)".sha256() }

This method takes an email and password, and returns a hashed string. The salt is a unique string used to make common passwords, well, uncommon. sha256() is a CryptoSwift method that completes a type of SHA-2 hash on your input string.

In the example from earlier, an attacker who compromised Keychain would find this hash. The attacker might create a table of commonly used passwords and their hashes to compare against this hash. If you hashed just the user’s input without salting, and the password existed in the attackers hash table, the password would be compromised.

Incorporating a salt increases the complexity of the attack. Furthermore, you combine the user’s email and password with the salt to create a hash that won’t be easily cracked.

Note: For authentication with a server backend, the app and server would share the same salt. This allows them to build hashes in the same way and compare the two hashes to verify identity.

Back in signIn(_:password:), replace the line that calls savePassword with this:

let finalHash = passwordHash(from: user.email, password: password) try KeychainPasswordItem(service: serviceName, account: user.email).savePassword(finalHash)

signIn now stores a strong hash, rather than a raw password. Now it’s time to add this to the view controller.

Head back to AuthViewController.swift and add the following to the bottom of signIn():

do { try AuthController.signIn(user, password: password) } catch { print("Error signing in: \(error.localizedDescription)") }

Although this will store the user and save a hashed password, it’ll take a little more for the app to be signed in. AppController.swift needs a way to be notified when authentication changes.

You may have noticed that AuthController.swift has a static variable named isSignedIn. Currently, it’s always returning false even if the user signs in.

In AuthController.swift, update isSignedIn to:

static var isSignedIn: Bool { // 1 guard let currentUser = Settings.currentUser else { return false } do { // 2 let password = try KeychainPasswordItem(service: serviceName, account: currentUser.email).readPassword() return password.count > 0 } catch { return false } }

Here’s what’s going on:

Right away, you check the current user stored in UserDefaults. If no user exists, there won’t be an identifier to lookup the password hash from the Keychain, so you indicate they are not signed in.

You read the password hash from the Keychain, and if a password exists and isn’t blank, the user is considered logged in.

Now handleAuthState in AppController.swift will work correctly, but it would take a fresh app launch after signing in to update the UI correctly. Instead, a good way to notify the app of a state change such as authentication is through notifications.

Add the following to the bottom of AuthController.swift:

extension Notification.Name { static let loginStatusChanged = Notification.Name("com.razeware.auth.changed") }

It’s good practice to use a reverse domain identifier when composing custom notifications, which is usually derived from the app’s bundle identifier. Using a unique identifier can help when debugging so anything related to your notification stands out from other frameworks mentioned in your logs.

To use this custom notification name, add the following to the bottom of signIn(_:password:):

NotificationCenter.default.post(name: .loginStatusChanged, object: nil)

This will post a notification that can be observed by other parts of the application.

Inside of AppController.swift, add an init method above show(in:):

init() { NotificationCenter.default.addObserver( self, selector: #selector(handleAuthState), name: .loginStatusChanged, object: nil ) }

This will register AppController as an observer of your login notification. It will call handleAuthState when triggered.

Build and run. After signing in using any email and password combination, you’ll see the a list of friends:

You’ll notice that there aren’t any avatars, just names of friends. That’s not very pleasing to look at. You should probably sign out and forget about this unfinished app. Oh come on, even the sign out button doesn’t work. Time to leave a 1 star review and really give it to the developer!

Signing in works great, but there isn’t a way to sign out of the app. This is actually pretty easy to achieve, since there’s a notification that will signal any authentication state change.

Head back to AuthController.swift and add the following method below signIn(_:password:):

class func signOut() throws { // 1 guard let currentUser = Settings.currentUser else { return } // 2 try KeychainPasswordItem(service: serviceName, account: currentUser.email).deleteItem() // 3 Settings.currentUser = nil NotificationCenter.default.post(name: .loginStatusChanged, object: nil) }

This one is fairly simple but here’s the breakdown:

You check if you’ve stored a current user, and bail out early if you haven’t.

You delete the password hash from the Keychain.

You clear the user object and post the notification.

To wire this up, jump over to FriendsViewController.swift and add the following to the currently empty signOut:

try? AuthController.signOut()

Your new method is called to clear out the signed in user’s data when the Sign Out button is selected.

It’s a good idea to handle errors in your applications, but for the sake of this tutorial you’ll just ignore any error.

Build and run, then tap the Sign Out button.

Now you have a complete example of authentication working in an app!

Hashing

You did a great job getting authentication set up! However the fun isn’t over yet. Now you’ll address that blank space in front of the names in the friends view.

In FriendsViewController.swift, there is a list of User model objects displayed. You also want to show avatar images for each user in the view. Since there are only two attributes on the User, a name and email, how are you supposed to show an image?

It turns out there is a service that takes an email address and associates it with an avatar image: Gravatar! If you haven’t heard of Gravatar before, it’s commonly used on blogs and forums to globally associate an email address with an avatar. This simplifies things so that users don’t have to upload a new avatar to every forum or site they join.

Each of these users has an avatar associated with their email already. So the only thing you have to do is make a request to Gravatar and get their images. To do so, you’ll create a MD5 hash of their email to build the request URL.

If you look at the docs on Gravatar’s site, you’ll see you need a hashed email address to build a request. This will be a piece of cake since you can leverage CryptoSwift. Add the following, in place of the comment about Gravatar, in tableView(_:cellForRowAt:):

// 1 let emailHash = user.email.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) .lowercased() .md5() // 2 if let url = URL(string: "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/" + emailHash) { URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url) { data, response, error in guard let data = data, let image = UIImage(data: data) else { return } // 3 self.imageCache.setObject(image, forKey: user.email as NSString) DispatchQueue.main.async { // 4 self.tableView.reloadRows(at: [indexPath], with: .automatic) } }.resume() }

Here’s the breakdown:

First you normalize the email according to Gravatar’s docs, then you create a MD5 hash.

You construct the Gravatar URL and URLSession. You load a UIImage from the returned data.

You cache the image to avoid repeat fetches for an email address.

You reload the row in the table view so the avatar image shows up.

Build and run. Now you can view your friends’ avatar images and names:

Note: If your email returns the default white on blue G, then head over to Gravatar’s site and upload your own avatar and join your friends!

Where to Go From Here?

You now have a complete app the handles basic iOS security and authentication, and you can view avatars powered by Gravatar. You learned about the importance of security, about the iOS keychain and some best practices like storing hashes instead of plain text values. Hopefully, you also had a great time learning about this!

You can download the completed version of the project using the Download Materials button at the top or bottom of this tutorial.

If you’re interested in more ways to secure your applications, learn to use biometric sensors on the latest Apple products in this tutorial.

You can also read more about Apple’s Security framework if you want to really dig into the framework.

Finally, be sure to explore more security algorithms provided by CryptoSwift.

I hope you enjoyed this tutorial! If you have any questions or comments, please join the discussion below!

The post Basic iOS Security: Keychain and Hashing appeared first on Ray Wenderlich.

Basic iOS Security: Keychain and Hashing published first on https://medium.com/@koresol