#reverse transcriptase

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

TSRNOSS, p 514.

[whats-in-a-sentence]

One example of such a reverse transcriptase inhibitor is the compound AZT (see figure 25.22), which delays the progression from HIV infection to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). (...) Perhaps the best known of the HIV-fighting viral antimetabolites is zidovudine (AZT), an analogue of deoxythymidine in which the 3'-OH has been replaced by an azido group, N3 (figure 25.25).

"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.

[givingyouarandompathogen]

Pathogen assigned: Orthohepadnavirus hominoidei (Name based on ICTV standards)

Cause of hepatitis B, type of enveloped (partially) double stranded DNA virus

(Image from Wikipedia page)

Spread via: Sexual transmission, intravenous injection, crossing of the placental barrier

picture of a cute innocent baby animal "um this is who youre being mean to btw" thats not even true man youre a straight up vampire and you destroyed my village with your dark powers

[soumyafwr]

https://app.socie.com.br/read-blog/133443_reverse-transcriptase-market-size-share-and-forecast-2031.html

Reverse Transcriptase Market Size, Share and Forecast 2031

[wosospacegirl]

loved the latest alexia fic haha

i had an idea for us stem girlies (not wanting to study virology btw, so fkn real)

i was thinking a kika fic where readers a bio/stem student & is trying to teach kika something & likewise kika (and the rest of the younger barça girls) tries to teach r football

Summary: Y/N’s been buried in virus replication pathways for hours. Kika’s had enough.

A/N: for the STEM girls who haven’t seen the sun in 3 business days and need a footballer girlfriend to drag them outside - Everything written here was taken from my own notes...I hope they are right, or else it means I failed my own exam.

..

Y/n had been studying for what felt like seven years straight. 

Realistically, it had only been four hours, but time blurred somewhere between drawing replication cycles and muttering the difference between RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase.

Kika had been patient. She really had. She brought her water, kissed her temple, and even sat silently nearby, scrolling through TikTok while Y/n ranted about capsids and envelope proteins. 

But now it was too much.

“...and that’s why enveloped viruses are more susceptible to disinfectants,” Y/n concluded, still scribbling away. “You would’ve thought that the envelope would make them more resistant, right?”

There was a beat of silence.

“You realise we were just talking about lunch?” Kika said.

Y/n blinked. “Were we?”

“You brought up protein bars, and then somehow transitioned into protein coats. Again. That’s like the third time.”

“Okay, but it’s actually a really–”

“No.”

Kika stood up with the kind of quiet menace only a very tired girlfriend could summon.

“You need to get out of this apartment.”

“I’m busy! I have an exam, Francisca.”

“You need to touch some grass.”

Y/n gasped, clutching her notes to her chest. 

“You sound like my mom.. Are you okay? Did a neurodegenerative virus get to your brain?” Y/n  squinted her eyes, talking in a very mysterious and suspicious voice. “It could be rabies.”

Kika raised an eyebrow. “Por favor, put on some gym clothes.”

“No.”

“You’re coming with me to the training ground.”

“I’m not playing football.”

“You are, just a bit. You’re going to run, breathe some fresh air. Maybe learn how to use your legs again.”

Y/n narrowed her eyes. “I feel like you want to sabotage my academic life.”

Kika deadpanned, “I just want to have a normal conversation with my girlfriend again.”

Half an hour later, Y/n was in mismatched gym clothes, standing awkwardly on the sidelines of the Barça training pitch while Kika passed her a ball.

“Okay,” Kika said. “Basics. Pass it back.”

Y/n kicked it directly into Kika’s shin.

Kika didn’t even flinch. “Right. That was bad.”

“Yeah, well,” Y/n muttered. “I use my brain, not my feet.”

“You used your foot just now,” Kika deadpanned. “You’re just not good at keeping control of it.”

Before Y/n could come up with a scathing reply involving cortical motor neurons, a trio of voices interrupted from behind her.

“Hi amiga,” Jana grinned, jogged up with Pina and Vicky flanking her. “That pass was criminal.”

“Terrible,” Vicky added.

Pina nodded solemnly. “You’re bad, bad.”

Y/n crossed her arms. “Wow, thank you. So much support.”

Kika smirked from the sidelines.

“She made me come here,” Y/n gestured vaguely toward her girlfriend, “because apparently I’m ‘studying too much’ and need to ‘go outside like a normal person.’”

The girls blinked.

“What are you studying?” Jana asked.

Y/n brightened instantly, like a switch flipped. 

“Oh! I'm doing an exam on virus replication pathways, and it’s super interesting because…wait–okay, so you know HIV, right?”

All three nodded slowly, unsure where this was going.

“Well, it’s a retrovirus, which means it uses reverse transcriptase to turn its RNA into DNA inside the host cell. And that DNA actually integrates into the host’s genome and–wait, let me draw it.”

Somehow, within ten minutes, they’d migrated off the pitch and into the tactical analysis centre. 

A whiteboard was pulled over. Y/n commandeered a marker, drawing the double-stranded DNA meticulously.

“This is the viral envelope, this is the capsid, oh, and DpRd-RT is like–the main enzyme you have to remember, alright? So now we have a full DNA–”

Pina was blinking rapidly.

Vicky was furrowing her brows like she was trying to understand it, really trying.

Jana had started taking notes on her phone.

Kika walked in fifteen minutes later, looking for her girlfriend.

“Amor,” Kika said slowly, “why is my team being held hostage by you and– ai meu Deus…is that a virus?”

Y/n turned around, completely unfazed. “I’m teaching them how HIV uses the host's RNA polymerase II to transcribe proviral DNA.”

Kika stared. “...This started with a bad pass.”

“And now it’s a public health seminar!” Y/n grinned. “Honestly? You're welcome.”

[covid-safer-hotties]

Reference preserved in our archive (Daily updates!)

This study shows the importance of masking and distancing not just on covid, but all common respiratory infections. Even if we're wrong about covid, we're right about 7 other diseases. Mask up. Keep everyone more healthy.

Abstract Background. Microbiologic confirmation of respiratory tract infections gained importance during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study retrospectively evaluated seasonal distribution, clinical presentation, and complications of respiratory viral infections (RVIs) other than COVID-19 in children with cancer during and after the pandemic lockdown.

Methods. Two hundred and sixty-five inpatient and outpatient RVI episodes in 219 pediatric cancer patients confirmed by multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) panels from 13 centers were enrolled.

Results. Eighty-six (32.5%) of the total 265 episodes occurred in 16 months corresponding to the lockdowns in Türkiye, and the remaining 67.5% in 10 months thereafter. Human rhinovirus/enterovirus (hRE) (48.3%) was the most common agent detected during and after lockdown. Parainfluenza virus (PIV) (23.0%), influenza virus (9.8%), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (9.1%) were the other common agents. The 28.7% of episodes were lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), and complications and mortality were higher than upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) (25.0% vs 5.3%). Bacteremia was identified in 11.5% of culture-drawn episodes. Treatment delay in one-third and death within four weeks after RVI in 4.9% of episodes were observed.

Conclusion. During the pandemic, fewer episodes of RVIs occurred during the lockdown period. Respiratory viruses may cause complications, delays in treatment, and even death in children with cancer. Therefore, increased awareness of RVIs and rapid detection of respiratory viruses will benefit the prevention and, in some cases, abrupt supportive and some antiviral treatment of RVI in children with cancer.

[spectrumspace]

Context:

[phiralovesloki]

I went off about this a little bit yesterday, but I want to talk about it on its own today.

One of the amazing things about the internet is the sheer volume of information that's available to everyone. Just so much information, so many sources, at your fingertips.

It is not the job of the information itself to answer your questions. You need to figure out the answers to your questions using the information and your brain.

Yes, sometimes it's as simple as, "Huh, who discovered reverse transcriptase?" and then you look it up in the encyclopedia (remember those books????) and find your answer. But you didn't look up, "Who discovered reverse transcriptase?" You had to decide what to look up to answer your question. So you look up, "reverse transcriptase" and read through the information about it until you find the information you're looking for, and you recognize that the info answers your question.

"But Phira, I can just google it. If I google 'Who discovered reverse transcriptase?' it gives me the answer." I mean sure, I picked a simple question!

However, not only do you not know if the answer is correct, because genAI gets things wrong all the time, but you did not learn how to look up information!

You did not search for any sources yourself, and so you did not learn how to adjust search terms to find what you're looking for.

You did not actually look through any sources yourself, and so you did not learn how to assess the usefulness or validity of a source.

You did not have to determine the answer to your question based on information, and so you did not learn how to synthesize information to get your questions answered.

In fact, because you did not actually look up and read a single source yourself, you do not know if the answer to your question is valid!! I happen to know that the answer is valid because I already know who discovered reverse transcriptase because I'm a cell and molecular biologist whose graduate PI was one of Howard Temin's students, and I've read Howard Temin's paper! (I know, I know, also David Baltimore, but I don't have a personal link.)

To know whether or not this answer is correct, you have to do the basic research yourself. You have to search for sources, read the sources, and decide what the answer is. So what's the point of the genAI answer, when you need to do the legwork anyway? What's the point if you have to verify everything?

But also--learning how to do these things, to search for information, find and read sources, synthesize information--this is all critical. This is all important. You've gotta be able to do this. And not because [insert stuffy old person workplace norms here] or [insert "back in my day, we had to walk to school in the snow uphill both ways" whining here], but because knowledge and understanding are beautiful parts of being human in the world, and you are giving that up in exchange for nothing of value.

GenAI isn't giving you time and convenience. It's destroying the environment so that venture capitalist tech bros can line their pockets, so that companies can cut human jobs, so that health insurance companies can deny care, etc. etc. etc., in exchange for you not learning how to use your brains and often getting incorrect information that ranges from useless to downright dangerous.

[enbyzombies2]

sometimes you hear a biology term and you're like that can't be real. and not like sonic hedgehog gene, i mean like that reverse transcription (using RNA to create DNA, rather than regular transcription, which uses DNA to create RNA) is catalyzed by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase

[darkmaga-returns]

A Scientific Explanation of the Fraud of RT-PCR Testing for COVID-19

Corinne Michels

Nov 05, 2024

“The COVID-19 PCR tests were a fraud.” You have heard this before, but is it true or just more hype? Read this report and decide for yourself. It explains the fundamentals of the RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction) test kits for those who want to understand the facts. Do not expect an easy read. For starters, you will need to familiarize yourself with the basic structure of DNA. Understanding how misinterpretation of the RT-PCR test results was used to create the COVID-19 pandemic will be your reward. You will be immunized against future efforts to create fear and societal discord. Rest assured; they will try again!

A serious flu-like respiratory disease began to spread in early Fall 2019 with Wuhan, China, as “ground zero.” By December, worldwide spread of the disease was underway. Images of hapless pedestrians suddenly falling dead in the streets; overwhelmed hospitals in Lombardy, Italy; government-imposed lockdowns; and nonstop coverage of worldwide COVID deaths fanned the flames of fear surrounding this unknown disease. It was not enough to be symptom-free. People demanded the development of a test to detect silent carriers of the infectious agent.

Only the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 was known at the time, and the only available testing method used polymerase chain reaction, a.k.a. PCR. Despite many known contraindications, RT-PCR widespread testing for COVID-19 began. According to Dr. Trish M. Perl, an epidemiologist at Johns Hopkins and past president of the Society of Health Care Epidemiologists of America, blind faith in the results of technically complex molecular tests results in “pseudo-epidemics.”  [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/health/22whoop.html] The COVID-19 pandemic was one of those.

[mleprae]

me who did 2 articles and a seminar on retroviruses trying to remember what the fuck is an reverse transcriptase

[didanawisgi]

Abstract

Preclinical studies of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2, developed by Pfizer and BioNTech, showed reversible hepatic effects in animals that received the BNT162b2 injection. Furthermore, a recent study showed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be reverse-transcribed and integrated into the genome of human cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of BNT162b2 on the human liver cell line Huh7 in vitro. Huh7 cells were exposed to BNT162b2, and quantitative PCR was performed on RNA extracted from the cells. We detected high levels of BNT162b2 in Huh7 cells and changes in gene expression of long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1), which is an endogenous reverse transcriptase. Immunohistochemistry using antibody binding to LINE-1 open reading frame-1 RNA-binding protein (ORFp1) on Huh7 cells treated with BNT162b2 indicated increased nucleus distribution of LINE-1. PCR on genomic DNA of Huh7 cells exposed to BNT162b2 amplified the DNA sequence unique to BNT162b2. Our results indicate a fast up-take of BNT162b2 into human liver cell line Huh7, leading to changes in LINE-1 expression and distribution. We also show that BNT162b2 mRNA is reverse transcribed intracellularly into DNA in as fast as 6 h upon BNT162b2 exposure.

[er-cryptid]

Note Cards (December 2023)

1st Class Lever

2/3rd Down Femoral Shaft Diagram

2nd Law of Motion

Allosteric Fatty Acid Control

Antidiuretic Hormone

Arginase Disorder

Body Lever System

Bone Functions

Chemotherapeutic Mechanisms

Conservation Laws in Physics

Cytosol

Estuary

Extrasutural Bones

Genetic Transformation

Generalized vs Specialized Transduction

Growth Hormone

Hamstrings

Human Papillomavirus 16

Interpreting Bowel Sounds

Long Head of Biceps Femoris OIA

Long Head of Triceps Brachii

Metacarpal 1 - Dorsal

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Phage T4 Assembly

Physico-

Radius Upper Midshaft Diagram

Re

Rene-Robert Cavelier

Stylohyoid OIA

Submandibular Ganglion

Superior

Terminal Cisternae

Uses of Linezolid

Yucca faxoniana

Zhemaichu Horse

Zygomaticoorbital Foramen

[soumyafwr]

https://theomnibuzz.com/reverse-transcriptase-market-size-share-and-forecast-2031/

Reverse Transcriptase Market Size, Share and Forecast 2031

[science-sculpt]

RNA: The Dynamic Molecule Driving Life's Diversity

DNA, the blueprint of life, often steals the spotlight when it comes to genetics. But lurking in its shadow is another crucial molecule, RNA (Ribonucleic Acid), playing a pivotal role in the symphony of life. More than just a passive messenger, RNA boasts a vibrant history and holds exciting potential for the future. Let's embark on a journey to unveil the world of RNA, exploring its captivating story and why it deserves your attention.

The story of RNA's discovery began in 1860 when Friedrich Miescher isolated a mysterious "nuclein" from white blood cells. However, it wasn't until the 1950s that James Watson and Francis Crick, alongside Rosalind Franklin (whose contributions were initially overlooked), unraveled the structure of DNA, relegating RNA to a supporting role as a mere messenger molecule. But the plot thickened in the 1960s when researchers like Howard Temin and David Baltimore stumbled upon reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that could convert RNA into DNA, challenging the long-held "central dogma" of DNA being the sole source of genetic information. This discovery opened the door to a whole new understanding of RNA's diverse capabilities.

The Many Faces of RNA

But RNA isn't just a protein puppet master. There are different types of RNA, each with unique jobs:

Messenger RNA (mRNA): Delivers the protein-making message. Transfer RNA (tRNA): Brings the amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, to the party. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): The foreman of the ribosome factory, making sure everything runs smoothly. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA): A diverse bunch with various roles, from regulating genes to fighting viruses.

The true game-changer came in the early 2000s. Scientists stumbled upon a vast class of non-coding RNAs that don't code for proteins but have diverse and crucial functions. microRNAs (miRNAs), for example, regulate gene expression by silencing specific genes, while long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) control various cellular processes like development and disease. This discovery shattered the dogma that only protein-coding genes mattered, highlighting the crucial roles played by non-coding RNAs.

This newfound understanding of RNA's potential has ignited a revolution in medicine. Researchers are exploring RNA-based therapies for various diseases, from cancer and neurodegenerative disorders to viral infections. mRNA vaccines, like the ones used against COVID-19, harness the power of messenger RNA to deliver genetic instructions directly to cells, triggering immune responses. The future holds even more promise, with scientists exploring techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 to edit RNA and potentially treat genetic diseases.

New discoveries are constantly rewriting our understanding of this versatile molecule. Its adaptability and diverse roles make it a powerful tool for exploring the very essence of life, from evolution and development to disease and therapy. So, the next time you hear about genes, remember that RNA, the often-overlooked player, is just as crucial in shaping the tapestry of life. It's a story of constant evolution, unexpected discoveries, and immense potential, making RNA a molecule brimming with fascination and promise for the future.

[waterfall-ambience]

if the perpetua characters were a little older when the story started (the kids being maybe in their late teens) and damien was a few years further into biology he'd refute the claim of necromancy going against the 'natural order' of things by going "well, actually, there's always exceptions to what we consider to be the 'natural order', like the central dogma of molecular biology is dna > rna > protein, right? well reverse transcriptase can make genetic information flow in the opposite direction, and-" until he realises that he's subjected luna to a a 10 minute unskippable cutscene tangent instead of gloating and evilly monologuing like he should've been.