#seed processing in odisha

[rjzimmerman]

Excerpt from this story from The Revelator:

Saudamini Mohakud, the 65-year-old elder of her village, proudly calls herself the daughter and bride of the Eastern Ghats, the range of mountains that borders the eastern Indian state of Odisha. The mountains’ undulating wooded hills cradle her native village, Punasia, where she was born and wed. Saudamini says she could not have been happier growing up in its lap of lush greenery, which included about 50 acres of the community forests near her village.

“The forests were then a treasure trove of nature’s bounties, providing us with fruits, vegetables, tubers, medicines, and numerous other resources that sustained our households,” says Saudamini, now a grandmother to four children. “Our sacred grove, dedicated to our village deities, also flourished within these community forests.” The village cattle, too, grazed at the edge of the forest and community pastures.

But in the 1980s the forests began to disappear. The hills turned bare. According to villagers, loggers rampantly smuggled timber. Summers became hotter; dusty winds from the nearby hills hit the village. Rainfall became scarce and erratic. Agriculture, their primary means of livelihood, became uncertain. Depleted forest resources also hit their secondary source of income: collecting seeds, mushrooms, flowers, and other wild plants.

By the 1990s Punasia’s economy was as bare as the nearby hills. “This resulted in migration of men and youths from our village to find work outside,” rues Saudamini.

But over the past two decades, Punasia village has turned that around. A dedicated band of women led by Saudamini have nurtured nearly 50 acres of degraded forest patches and restored them to their former glory.

The formerly depleted forests have regrown with native trees such as sal, siali, mahua, tamarind, mango, and bamboo. Natural water bodies have also been revived with regular rainfall and rising water tables.

“It was hard work” that relied upon their traditional knowledge, recalls Mami Mohakud, now 35 and a member of Saudamini’s team. “We reared the reappearing saplings in the forests, created fences around them, and saved them from grazing cattle.”

Saudamini’s 20-year-old granddaughter, Nirupama, says these protected and restored community commons are an intrinsic part of Punasia’s existence, spiritual, cultural, and ecological heritage, as they are for other Indigenous communities. “They are not just forests or grazing land for us, but deeply connected with our feelings, sustenance, and day-to-day life,” she says.

Community commons also provide many ecosystem services that regulate the local climate, a process seen around the world, according to Sharat Kumar Palita, a professor in the department of biodiversity and conservation of natural resources at Central University of Odisha, Koraput.

“Different kinds of commons — including forest patches, water bodies, and grazing lands — play their respective roles in maintaining favorable microclimatic conditions,” says Palita.

[enterprisereview]

Santosh Kumar Sahu: A Visionary Revolutionizing India’s Agricultural Logistics

India’s agricultural sector has been rife with post-harvest losses, financial exclusion, and fragmented logistics. Enter Santosh Kumar Sahu, the founder and CEO of Go Green Warehouses, whose bold, eco-conscious, and tech-integrated vision is transforming the agri-logistics landscape. Through the fusion of sustainability, artificial intelligence, and farmer empowerment, Santosh Kumar Sahu is engineering a future where Indian agriculture works for every stakeholder — from smallholder to enterprise.

From Small-Town Roots to Agri-Tech Leader

Originating from Odisha, Santosh Kumar Sahu pursued a BSc in Agriculture from OUAT and later earned an MBA in Agri-IT from DA-IICT, rounding off his education with corporate stints at Godrej Agrovet, Reliance Retail, and Krishidhan Seeds. 

In 2018, he co-founded Go Green Warehouses with Maulik Shah, motivated by a dual mission: enabling farmers to store their produce affordably and gain financial access through warehousing collateral .

Tackling the Trust Deficit & Post-Harvest Loss

One of India’s longstanding issues is the mistrust between farmers and warehousing operators. Santosh Kumar Sahu tackled this by implementing an “8‑C” trust framework — clarity, compassion, competence, commitment, connection, consistency, character, and contribution — backed by transparent processes and hands-on leadership. Simultaneously, Go Green rolled out micronetworks of micro-warehouses to reduce post-harvest loss from 10‑30% to under 1% — fueling both food security and farmers’ income .

Building a Comprehensive Agri-Value Ecosystem

Under Santosh Kumar Sahu’s direction, Go Green Warehouses has become much more than a storage business. It now includes commodity testing, sorting, grading, financial facilitation via 32+ banks and NBFCs, market linkages, and third-party logistics (3PL) — all powered by digitized systems and AI tools. These layered services empower farmers of all scales to store, learn, finance, and sell better.

Scaling with Technology & Green Principles

Since launching in Gujarat in 2018, Go Green Warehouses has expanded to 600+ sites across 23 states — serving more than 4,000 farmers and FPOs. Integral to this growth has been AI-enhanced logistics — using data to predict traffic trends, optimize loads, and streamline schedules, lowering costs and increasing reliability . Solar-powered warehouses with IoT sensors and digital quality control systems reflect Santosh Kumar Sahu’s commitment to merging sustainability with operational excellence .

Leadership and Culture Spark Innovation

A Founder-Driven, Inclusive Culture

Santosh Kumar Sahu fosters a performance culture rooted in empowerment, experimentation, and deep mentorship. He personally mentors his top 50 employees, encouraging feedback loops, career planning, and data-driven improvement — driving internal ownership and resilience .

Resilience Built from Challenges

From bootstrapping to weathering financial constraints and cash-flow tight spots, Santosh Kumar Sahu emphasizes resilience born of discipline and innovation. His philosophy? Be adaptable, learn fast, fail fast — and come back stronger.

Differentiating Through Trust & Transparency

In a crowded market, Go Green stands out by integrating four phases of engagement: Launch, Communication, Authentication, and Interaction — ensuring clarity and reliability at every juncture. This methodical, AI-monitored CRM flow has cultivated loyalty and reduced risk.

Strategic Vision — Domestic Depth & Global Reach

Domestic Domination, Global Ambitions

Go Green’s footprint spans rural India to urban port clusters. Now, Santosh Kumar Sahu plans to extend into pharma, FMCG, and auto sectors through 3PL expansion. His ambition? Create a vertically integrated agri-logistics platform on par with global standards.

Partnerships and Policy Impact

Recognizing government support like the ₹1 lakh crore Agricultural Infrastructure Fund, Santosh Kumar Sahu sees an opportunity: leverage public-private partnerships to democratize micro-warehouse access, especially for 85% Indian farmers being smallholders.

Mentorship and Sector Insight

To emerging founders, Santosh Kumar Sahu offers advice rooted in pragmatism:

Prudently manage finances — get cash flow right before scaling

Explore value-driven sectors like 3PL in FMCG, auto where infrastructure needs are high 

These lessons reflect his blend of farmer-first mindset and business scalability.

AI Adoption at the Core

Using AI for Precision Logistics

AI isn’t just buzz — it’s transformation. Santosh Kumar Sahu integrates AI-driven warehouse management — including quality automation, location tracking, asset surveillance, and real-time compliance audits — to improve speed, accuracy, and trust .

Predictive Insights for Farmers

By analyzing demand forecasts, weather patterns, and historical price trends, Go Green makes AI-powered predictions to help farmers decide when to store or sell — contributing to better pricing and income optimization.

Data-Driven Sustainability

Beyond productivity, Santosh Kumar Sahu points AI at sustainability: monitoring energy consumption and carbon footprint across green warehouses. The goal is to refine eco-strategies and support India’s net-zero ambitions.

Tangible Impact and Future Outlook

Real Outcomes for Farmers and Ecosystems

Under Santosh Kumar Sahu’s leadership, Go Green Warehouses has:

Stored ₹8,000 crore+ worth of produce

Increased farmer incomes via better logistics and pricing

Reduced post-harvest loss from 10% to under 1%

Built 600+ green-powered warehouse sites

Brokered finance through 32+ banks and NBFCs 

These metrics affirm a model that is both economically sound and socially impactful.

The Path Ahead

Santosh Kumar Sahu charts ambitious next steps:

Deepening AI-enabled commodity testing, risk management, and forecasting

Expanding micro-warehouses in remote zones for last-mile coverage

Venturing into international logistic hubs

Building global-ready systems grounded in ethical and green frameworks

Final Reflection

Santosh Kumar Sahu exemplifies visionary leadership — combining agronomic insight, AI-powered logistics, and a people-first mindset. By blending green innovation, data intelligence, and deep trust, he is crafting an agricultural logistics system that empowers India’s farmers, transforms markets, and scales sustainably for the future.

His story reminds us: meaningful change happens when technology, ecology, and empathy align — and when one determined leader fires the spark.

[enochsgroup]

Mahua Seed Dryer Manufacturers

Mahua Seed Dryer Manufacturers: Supporting Sustainable Agriculture and Tribal Economies

They are integral to the livelihoods of many tribal and rural communities, especially in states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and parts of Maharashtra. As these seeds are highly perishable and sensitive to moisture, the process of drying becomes essential in preserving their quality, longevity, and market value. This is where Mahua seed dryers come into the picture—and the role of manufacturers specializing in these machines becomes critical.

Understanding the Importance of Mahua Seeds

Mahua seeds are used for extracting oil, which is widely utilized in cooking, soap making, and even for medicinal and cosmetic applications. The remaining seed cake after oil extraction serves as cattle feed or natural fertilizer. However, the high oil content in these seeds makes them vulnerable to fungal infections and rancidity if not dried properly. Traditional sun drying, while still in use, is highly inefficient and unreliable due to weather conditions, pest infestation, and hygiene concerns.

The introduction of mechanical seed dryers, specifically designed for Mahua, has revolutionized post-harvest processing. These machines allow for controlled drying that retains the seeds' oil content, prevents spoilage, and boosts income for local collectors and processors.

The Role of Mahua Seed Dryer Manufacturers

Manufacturers of Mahua seed dryers are responsible not just for producing machinery, but for enabling a more sustainable and scalable supply chain for Mahua-based products. Their work involves a deep understanding of seed biology, climate sensitivity, rural infrastructure, and socio-economic contexts.

These manufacturers typically focus on:

Customized Design Solutions: Mahua seeds have specific moisture content and thermal tolerance. Seed dryer manufacturers must design machines that can handle low-temperature drying (often around 45–60°C) to preserve the oil quality while ensuring adequate dehydration.

Energy Efficiency: Since many areas where Mahua is harvested are off-grid or have erratic electricity, manufacturers often integrate alternative energy sources like biomass, solar thermal, or hybrid systems into the dryers. This not only reduces operational costs but also aligns with eco-friendly practices.

Scalability: From small-scale batch dryers used by individual farmers or cooperatives to large-scale continuous dryers employed by processing units, manufacturers design machines that cater to a wide range of operational needs.

Ease of Use and Maintenance: Given that many end-users may not be technically trained, seed dryers need to be intuitive to operate, easy to clean, and resilient in rural conditions. Low maintenance and spare parts availability are crucial features in the design process.

Safety and Compliance: Ensuring the machines meet safety standards, use food-grade materials where necessary, and comply with government norms related to agricultural processing machinery is also a key responsibility.

Types of Mahua Seed Dryers

There are various types of dryers used in the drying of Mahua seeds, each suited to different user needs and processing volumes.

1. Batch Dryers

Batch dryers are ideal for small to medium-scale users. These machines allow for controlled drying in discrete batches. They are relatively simple in construction and operation, making them a good fit for rural settings. 

2. Continuous Flow Dryers

These are used by larger processors who handle bulk quantities of Mahua seeds. The seeds are dried as they move through a heated chamber on a conveyor or in layers. This method is efficient for high throughput and is often paired with automated feeding and unloading systems.

3. Solar Dryers

Given the climatic conditions of Mahua-producing regions, solar dryers have emerged as a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative. While they require a larger space and are somewhat weather-dependent, hybrid models that combine solar and electric/biomass energy provide greater reliability.

4. Tray Dryers and Fluidized Bed Dryers

These are more advanced options often used when uniformity in drying is critical. Though they require more investment and infrastructure, they offer higher precision and better control over drying parameters.

Challenges for Manufacturers

While the market for Mahua seed dryers is growing, manufacturers face several challenges:

Awareness and Adoption: Many tribal communities still rely on traditional drying methods due to lack of awareness or affordability of machines.

Logistics and Distribution: Reaching remote areas with machinery, providing installation, training, and after-sales service can be logistically complex.

Affordability and Financing: High upfront costs can deter buyers, especially in rural economies. Manufacturers often need to work with NGOs, cooperatives, or government schemes to enable financing.

Standardization Issues: Unlike crops like paddy or wheat, Mahua seed processing lacks widespread standardization, requiring customized solutions for each region or user group.

The Road Ahead

As government initiatives like the Minor Forest Produce (MFP) scheme and tribal empowerment programs gain traction, the demand for efficient post-harvest machinery like Mahua seed dryers is expected to rise. Manufacturers who can innovate, localize, and partner with grassroots organizations will find significant opportunities in this sector.

There is also growing interest in organic and natural products globally. With Mahua-based oils and extracts entering premium health and beauty markets, ensuring consistent quality through proper drying becomes even more critical. Manufacturers that incorporate data monitoring, remote diagnostics, and IoT in their machines can add significant value for both local users and large-scale processors.

Conclusion

Mahua seed dryer manufacturers play an essential role in linking traditional forest economies with modern supply chains. Their machines enable better preservation, quality, and profitability of one of India's most valuable non-timber forest products. As the sector evolves, innovation, inclusivity, and sustainability will define the success of these manufacturers—creating impact not just in business, but in the lives of those who rely on Mahua for their livelihoods.URL: For more information, visit Enochsgroup : Mahua Seed Dryer Manufacturers

[foodchainsystem1]

The Journey of Cashews in India from Farm to Plate

Cashews in India: those creamy, crescent-shaped delights we love to snack on, mix into curries, or blend into rich vegan sauces. But have you ever paused to wonder about the journey they take before landing in your kitchen? India, one of the largest producers and exporters of cashews in the world, has a fascinating story to tell about this humble nut. Let’s take a walk through the vibrant, labor-intensive, and flavorful journey of cashews - from farm to plate.

Cultivation – Where It All Begins

Cashews are not true nuts; they’re seeds of the cashew apple, grown on the cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale), a native of Brazil. However, they’ve found a second home in the warm coastal states of India, especially in Kerala, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu.

Roasted cashew nuts trees thrive in sandy, well-drained soils with ample sun. Farmers usually plant them during the monsoon season, and it takes about three years for a tree to begin yielding fruits.

Each cashew apple bears a single seed-the cashew nut-which dangles beneath like a tail. Harvesting usually peaks between February and May.

Harvesting & Collection – A Fruit with a Twist

Once ripe, the cashew apples are handpicked — a process that demands both timing and patience. Interestingly, while the apple is edible and used in local fermented drinks or chutneys, it's the nut that steals the show globally.

After collecting the nuts, farmers sun-dry them for several days. This drying step is essential to preserve the nut and reduce moisture content before processing.

Processing – The Real Challenge

This is the most labor-intensive and complex stage in the journey. Cashew processing involves multiple steps-most of which are still done by hand in many Indian facilities:

Roasting or steaming: The outer shell of the cashew nut contains a corrosive liquid called anacardic acid, which can cause skin burns. The nuts are either drum-roasted or steam-treated to loosen the shell and neutralize the toxic oil.

Shelling: Workers skillfully crack open the shells to extract the kernel. This requires experience and care to avoid breaking the delicate nut inside.

Drying and peeling: The extracted kernels are dried again, then peeled to remove the thin brown skin covering the nut-another meticulous manual task.

Grading: Finally, cashew nut paste are sorted and graded based on size, color, and quality. From the famous "W180" (large, whole nuts) to broken bits used in sweets, each grade has its place.

Quality Control & Packaging

After processing, the cashews are cleaned, sometimes lightly roasted, salted, or flavored, and then vacuum-packed or sealed in airtight containers. Hygiene and quality control are crucial, especially for exports.

India exports cashews to more than 60 countries-with the U.S., UAE, Netherlands, and Japan among the top buyers. But a large portion also finds its way into Indian homes, kitchens, and street-side snack stalls.

From Pantry to Plate – A Star Ingredient

Indian cuisine celebrates cashews like no other. They add richness to gravies like korma and butter chicken, bring crunch to sweets like kaju katli and halwa, and feature in everything from biryanis to trail mixes.

With rising awareness around plant-based diets, cashews are also starring in non-dairy milk, cheeses, and creamy sauces-proving just how versatile they are.

A Nut with a Cultural and Economic Impact

The cashew industry supports millions of workers-many of them women-in rural parts of India. But it also faces challenges: fluctuating prices, climate changes, and the need for better working conditions and mechanization.

As consumers, knowing where our food comes from helps us appreciate it more - and make more informed, ethical choices.

Final Thoughts

The next time you munch on a kaju nut, think about its journey-from the red earth of a coastal Indian farm to the processing unit, and finally to your plate. It's more than just a snack; it's a testament to tradition, labor, and innovation.

[newspatrolling]

Know Real Owner Of Land And Prevent Land Sale Scam - Check Land Records Online With Bhulekh

With digitized land records available on Bhulekh, users can avoid getting defrauded by fake land sellers

Buying land can be a good investment opportunity, as rates continue to rise. However, one has to be careful about fake land sellers operating in the market. To bring transparency into land records, the government has introduced the Bhulekh platform. Most states now have this online land records facility, although the exact name may vary from state to state.

How to check land records with Bhulekh?

Most states have their digital land records, although the website names are different. For example, the online land records for Uttar Pradesh are available at https://upbhulekh.gov.in/, whereas it is https://mpbhulekh.gov.in/mpbhulekh.do for Madhya Pradesh. Similarly, the state of Rajasthan operates the https://apnakhata.rajasthan.gov.in/ website for accessing land records online. People living in Delhi can access the land records online via https://edistrict.delhigovt.nic.in/in/en/Public/RORDetails.html. Other states have their respective dedicated websites for land records. Some more examples given below.

Uttarakhand: Bhulekh/Devbhoomi - https://bhulekh.uk.gov.in/

Tamil Nadu: Patta Chitta - https://eservices.tn.gov.in/eservicesnew/index.html

Andhra Pradesh - https://meebhoomi.ap.gov.in/

Bihar - https://biharbhumi.bihar.gov.in/Biharbhumi/

Chhattisgarh: Bhuiyan - https://bhuiyan.cg.nic.in/

Gujarat: AnyRoR - https://anyror.gujarat.gov.in/

Haryana: Jamabandi - https://jamabandi.nic.in/

Himachal Pradesh: Himbhoomi - http://himachal.nic.in/revenue/

Karnataka: Bhoomi - https://landrecords.karnataka.gov.in/

Maharashtra: Bhulekh Mahabhumi - https://mahabhumi.gov.in/

Punjab: Punjab Land Record Society - https://jamabandi.punjab.gov.in/

Odisha: Bhulekh - https://bhulekh.ori.nic.in/

The process of finding the details of land records is largely the same on all such websites. One just has to choose the district name, tehsil and village. Some websites may also allow direct searching by village name, plot number, etc. Once the required information is entered, the website will display the names of the current owners of the land. This provides a clear view of who actually is the real owner of the land. Anyone can access these land records as the data is publicly available.

Also read :: https://newspatrolling.com/free-movies-download-websites/ and https://newspatrolling.com/best-site-to-download-mp3-songs-free-online/

What are the benefits of Bhulekh?

There are various benefits available via Bhulekh online land records, as mentioned below.

Prevent land scams - One of the most important benefits is the prevention of land scams. Many people who want to buy land often get duped by scamsters and fraudsters. These scamster may sell land that may not even belong to them. With Bhulekh, land buyers can find the real owner of the land. Since the land records are uploaded on government websites, there is clarity on who is the real owner. This will ensure that land buyers are dealing with a genuine landowner and not a fake one.

Resolve land disputes - With Bhulekh, users can resolve their land disputes. This will ensure that each owner gets their land and costly and lengthy court cases can be avoided.

Aadhaar seeding - The government has now started the process of linking land records to Aadhaar numbers and phone numbers. This will bring even more transparency into land records. And making land frauds a lot more difficult to execute.

Help in inheritance - Online land records via Bhulekh can help in issues related to inheritance. It will help establish the right ownership of land.

As is evident from above, Bhulekh is playing a key role in bringing more transparency to land records. If you are planning to buy land, it is important to first verify the real owners via Bhulekh.

[drgyana]

How to Protect Your Heart While Managing Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and heart health are closely linked. If you are managing CKD, you may already know that it can increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. The kidneys and heart work together to maintain balance in your body, so when one is affected, the other can suffer too. In this blog, we’ll explore simple, actionable steps to protect your heart while living with CKD.

Understanding the Link Between CKD and Heart Health

Chronic Kidney Disease can lead to heart problems because of the increased workload on your cardiovascular system. When the kidneys cannot filter waste effectively, it leads to high blood pressure and fluid retention, which strain the heart. Over time, this can result in conditions like heart failure or coronary artery disease.

Signs to Watch Out For

It’s essential to monitor both your heart and kidney health. Common symptoms of cardiovascular stress in CKD patients include:

Shortness of breath

Swelling in the legs or feet

Chest discomfort

Irregular heartbeat

If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a healthcare professional immediately. For those living in Odisha, seeking advice from the best cardiologist in Bhubaneswar can ensure you receive expert care tailored to your needs.

Heart-Friendly Tips for CKD Patients

Control Blood Pressure High blood pressure is a major risk factor for both CKD progression and heart disease. Regularly monitor your blood pressure and follow a low-sodium diet to keep it in check.

Manage Cholesterol Levels High cholesterol can accelerate the hardening of arteries, increasing heart disease risk. Include heart-healthy fats like those from fish, nuts, and seeds in your diet while limiting saturated fats.

Stay Active (Within Limits) Moderate physical activity helps improve circulation and strengthens the heart. Always consult your doctor before starting an exercise routine, especially if you’re managing CKD.

Monitor Fluid Intake While staying hydrated is essential, too much fluid can strain your heart. Follow your doctor’s recommendations on how much water you should consume daily.

Take Prescribed Medications Your doctor may prescribe medications to manage blood pressure, cholesterol, or fluid levels. It’s crucial to take them as directed. Missing doses can increase the risk of complications.

Dietary Considerations

Eating right is a cornerstone of managing both CKD and heart health. Your diet should focus on:

Low Sodium Foods: Choose fresh vegetables, lean meats, and low-sodium alternatives. Avoid processed or packaged foods.

Potassium Management: Some CKD patients need to limit potassium. Check with your doctor about safe options.

Protein Intake: Excessive protein can strain the kidneys, so stick to moderate amounts as advised by your dietitian.

Regular Health Check-Ups

Routine check-ups are essential for CKD patients to monitor both kidney and heart health. Regular blood tests, ECGs, and echocardiograms can help detect any issues early. Consulting a skilled specialist, such as the best cardiologist in Bhubaneswar, can make a significant difference in managing your overall health.

Why Holistic Care Matters

CKD doesn’t just impact your kidneys; it affects your entire body. Addressing other factors like diabetes, obesity, and stress is crucial for comprehensive care.

Diabetes Control: High blood sugar levels can harm both the heart and kidneys. Regular monitoring and proper medication are key.

Weight Management: Maintaining a healthy weight reduces strain on your cardiovascular system.

Stress Management: Chronic stress can raise blood pressure, so consider relaxation techniques like yoga or meditation.

When to Seek Expert Help

If you notice worsening symptoms or feel unsure about your health plan, don’t hesitate to consult a specialist. Early intervention can prevent complications and improve your quality of life.

Final Thoughts

Living with Chronic Kidney Disease requires attention to multiple aspects of health, particularly the heart. By following these steps, you can protect your cardiovascular system and maintain a better quality of life.

For expert advice and personalized care, consult Dr. Gyana Ranjan Nayak, known as the best cardiologist in Bhubaneswar, who specializes in helping patients with CKD and heart conditions manage their health effectively.

Consult Dr. Gyana Ranjan Nayak

[dirumscollective]

Pattachitra Painting: A Journey Through Colors and Stories

In the colorful tapestry of Indian art, Pattachitra painting stands out as a testament to tradition, creativity, and storytelling. Originating from the state of Odisha, Pattachitra is a form of traditional cloth-based scroll painting that has transcended generations, preserving tales from mythology, folklore, and everyday life. Let's embark on a journey through the intricate brushstrokes and vibrant hues of Pattachitra, exploring its rich history, techniques, and enduring significance.

The Origins and Evolution of Pattachitra

Centuries ago, in the sacred lands of Odisha, Pattachitra emerged as a visual medium for narrating religious narratives and legends. The word "Pattachitra" is derived from Sanskrit, where "Patta" means cloth and "Chitra" means picture. Thus, Pattachitra literally translates to "painting on cloth." Initially, these paintings adorned the walls of temples and were integral to religious rituals and ceremonies.

Over time, Pattachitra evolved into portable art forms, with artists painting intricate designs on cloth scrolls made from specially treated cotton fabric or dried palm leaves. The themes expanded beyond religious motifs to encompass scenes from epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as depictions of rural life, flora, and fauna.

The Artistic Techniques Behind Pattachitra

At the heart of Pattachitra lies meticulous craftsmanship and dedication to tradition. The process begins with the preparation of the canvas, which involves treating the cloth with a mixture of chalk and gum made from tamarind seeds to create a smooth surface that can absorb colors. Next comes the sketching stage, where the artist outlines the design using charcoal or pencil.

The colors used in Pattachitra are derived from natural sources, with artists preparing their pigments from minerals, stones, and plant extracts. These colors are mixed with water and applied in layers, starting with lighter shades and gradually adding depth and detail. The use of bold outlines and intricate patterns characterizes Pattachitra paintings, lending them a distinctive aesthetic appeal.

Themes and Symbolism in Pattachitra

Pattachitra paintings serve as visual narratives, weaving together stories that have been passed down through generations. Each motif and symbol carries profound meaning, reflecting the cultural heritage and beliefs of the region. From depictions of gods and goddesses to scenes of everyday life, every element in a Pattachitra painting is imbued with symbolism and significance.

One of the recurring themes in Pattachitra is the depiction of Lord Jagannath, the presiding deity of Odisha, along with his siblings, Balabhadra and Subhadra. These divine figures are often portrayed in vibrant colors, surrounded by intricate floral motifs and geometric patterns. Other popular themes include the Dasavatara (the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu), scenes from the life of Krishna, and tales of love and valor from the epics.

Preserving Tradition in a Modern World

In today's fast-paced world, the legacy of Pattachitra continues to thrive, albeit facing challenges from modernization and changing artistic trends. Yet, artisans and connoisseurs alike are steadfast in their commitment to preserving this ancient art form. Efforts are underway to provide support and recognition to Pattachitra artists, ensuring that their skills are passed down to future generations.

Moreover, Pattachitra has found a global audience, captivating art enthusiasts and collectors with its timeless charm and cultural richness. Exhibitions, workshops, and collaborations with contemporary artists have helped elevate the profile of Pattachitra on the international stage, reaffirming its status as a cherished heritage of India.

In Conclusion: A Tapestry of Tradition and Creativity

Pattachitra painting transcends the boundaries of time and space, bridging the gap between the past and the present. Through its vibrant colors and intricate designs, it tells stories of gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, and the timeless beauty of life itself. As we delve deeper into the world of Pattachitra, we not only appreciate its artistic brilliance but also recognize its role in preserving cultural heritage and fostering creativity for generations to come.

[indianarts]

Pattachitra Art: Stories in Every Stroke

Pattachitra painting is a form of art that derives its culture from the provinces of the east, specifically West Bengal and Odisha. The ancient temples and shrines of Odisha have their origins from centuries ago. It is believed that the pattachitra artists and their artwork emerged roughly in the 12th century. Pattachitra is one of India's oldest surviving folk art forms. The core of this art form infers from a word that is made up of two expressions derived from the Sanskrit words—“Patta” which is cloth and “Chitra” which refers to the pictures. This eccentric art form has a tradition of integrating paintings that are not only cloth-based but also act as a visual storytelling medium. Often it is accompanied by songs too.

Chitrakar makes pattachitra paintings

“Chitrakars” as the Pattachitra artists are famously known, primarily make idol paintings that are based on mythology. Its popular themes include the Badhia (a depiction of the temple of Jagannath), Krishna Lila (an enactment of Jagannath as Lord Krishna displaying his powers as a child), Dasabatara Patti (the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu); and Panchamukhi (a depiction of Lord Ganesh as a five-headed deity). The Patua community of artisans is dedicated to creating the Pattachitra artwork. These artisans are called various names such as Patu, Patua or Pota. The living spaces of the Patua community are scattered across West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha in India and some parts are also in Bangladesh. Talking about the current federal initiatives, the government has organized many art festivals or international showcases with the intent of safeguarding and showcasing Pattachitra artwork.

Recognition of artists and their significant role in keeping Pattachitra culture alive 

Chalchitra, integral to Bengal Pattachitra, holds significance as the background portrayal of Durga Pratima or idol. Also known as Debi Chal or Durga Chala, it serves as the canvas for the artistic expression of Patuas, who refer to it as Pata Lekha, indicating the writing of Pattachitra. Historically, Chalchitra was utilized in idols dating back 300–400 years in the Nabadwip Shakta Rash tradition. Though it faded for a period, Chalchitra has experienced a resurgence in popularity.

Pattachitra in Durga Puja

Durga Patta(Pot), also known as Durga Sara, holds a distinguished position in Bengal Pattachitra and is recognized as a worshiped form. This particular Pattachitra is revered during Durga Puja in the Hatsarandi Sutradhar society of Birbhum district and Katwa. The hemispherical Durga Patta(Pot)features a central depiction of Durga, surrounded by paintings of Ram, Sita, Shiva, Nandi-Vringi, Shumbha-Nishumbha, and more. This intricate portrayal not only pays homage to religious traditions but also serves as a testament to the artistic brilliance embedded in Bengal Pattachitra.

Pattachita Paintings changing with time

With the passage of time, Pattachitra art too underwent extraordinary transitions. The "Chitrakars" have painted tussar silk, palm leaves, and various other materials in addition to the linen generally painted on. In recent years, Pattachitra has been painted on showpieces, handbags, sarees, wall hangings, and etc. In Spite of their conventional application of vibrant colors and figurines which has stood the test of time through generations although it was never hindered by Pattachitra’s originality.

Creating a Pattachitra involves meticulous preparation

The laborious processes employed in producing Pattachitra paintings, from priming the canvas to incorporating fine details. Use of natural substances including materials, colors derived from plants and minerals, and traditional brushes designed from bamboo or the hair of animals. The artist prepares the canvas by applying a paste made from tamarind seed gum and white stone powder onto a cloth. Natural pigments are then used to bring the figures and scenes to life. Pattachitra is a disciplined art style with guidelines and limitations. Paintings by Pattachitra must include a border with flowers and must use natural colors that are limited to one tone. This results in a unique style and atmosphere that is peculiar to Pattachitra and cannot be duplicated.

Pattachitras are not just beautiful works of art; they serve a deeper purpose. Traditionally, they were used to adorn temples and depict religious narratives for devotees. Today, they are not only collector's items but also a way for artists to preserve and share their cultural heritage. You can also have the pattachitra as one of the traditional heirlooms in your family. Owning a pattachitra painting can also be a source of pride and fascination for family members and visitors alike. Get your favorite Pattachitra atwork here at Dirums.

[shiimperial-india]

What are the Benefits of GI Tag Given to Kai chutni of Odisha

Introduction:

In the vibrant culinary landscape of Odisha, a unique and extraordinary delicacy stands out - Kai Chutni, a chutney made from red ants. This unusual and flavorsome condiment has not only captured the taste buds of locals but has also become a symbol of Odisha's rich gastronomic heritageThe scientific name for the red ant commonly used in Kai Chutni is Oecophylla smaragdina. These ants are not only known for their distinct citrusy flavor but also for their high protein content, making them a valuable addition to the culinary landscape.

Geographical Indication (GI) is a tag given to products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, reputation, or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that origin. This recognition not only adds value to the product but also protects it from imitation.

The Unlikely Culinary Star - Kai Chutni

Kai Chutni is a traditional condiment that traces its roots to the tribal communities of Odisha. The key ingredient that sets this chutney apart is the red ant, locally known as "kai." The process of making Kai Chutni involves carefully collecting these ants, ensuring they are free from harmful chemicals, and blending them with a mix of spices to create a tangy and spicy concoction.

Benefits of Kai Chutni:

1. Rich in Proteins: Red ants are a good source of protein, making Kai Chutni a nutritious addition to the diet. This unique chutney provides an alternative protein source for those looking to diversify their nutritional intake.

2. Antioxidant Properties: The spices used in Kai Chutni, combined with the inherent properties of red ants, contribute to the chutney's antioxidant qualities. Antioxidants play a crucial role in neutralizing harmful free radicals in the body.

3. Cultural and Culinary Heritage: Kai Chutni is not just a dish; it's a reflection of Odisha's cultural diversity and culinary ingenuity. Embracing such traditional foods helps in preserving and promoting the rich heritage of the region.

How to make the Kai Chutni?

Step 1: Collecting the star ingredient

Gather fresh red ants and make sure they are free of pesticides or any other harmful substances. It takes patience and gentleness to do this step.

Step2: Prepare the spice blend

Crush mustard seeds and garlic cloves in a mortar or grinder, then add red or green chili flakes. Adjust the amount of spice to your liking.

Step3: Blend the ants

Add the red ants you have collected to the spice mixture and grind the ants together. This way, you get the unique flavor of the ants and the aromatic spices all mixed together.

Step4: Generate the base

Heat a little bit of cooking oil in a pan, then add the spice and ants mixture, stirring-frying until all ingredients are well-combined.

Step5: Add Tanginess

Add a little tamarind (tamarind pulp) to the spice mixture. The tangy flavor of the tamarind will complement the spicy chutney base.

Step6: Seasoning

Adjust the salt according to your taste preferences. Stir the mixture well to ensure all the ingredients are evenly combined.

Step 7: Serving

Allow the chutney to cool before serving. It pairs exceptionally well with rice, dosa, or even as a unique dip for snacks.

Importance of GI for Kai Chutni:

1. Preservation of Authenticity: The GI tag ensures that Kai Chutni can only be produced in a specific geographical area, safeguarding its authentic preparation methods and ingredients. This protection helps maintain the unique flavor profile that has been passed down through generations.

2. Economic Empowerment: The GI tag can significantly boost the local economy by promoting the sale of authentic Kai Chutni. With the recognition, the traditional communities involved in its production are empowered, as their knowledge and skills are acknowledged on a broader scale.

3. Global Recognition: Geographical Indication provides global recognition to unique regional products. With the tag, Kai Chutni has the potential to become a sought-after delicacy beyond Odisha, contributing to the state's cultural representation on a global stage.

  Conclusion:

Odisha's Kai Chutni, made from red ants, is not just a culinary delight but a testament to the rich cultural tapestry of the region. The benefits of this unique condiment extend beyond the plate, encompassing nutritional value, cultural heritage, and economic empowerment. The Geographical Indication tag further solidifies its place in the culinary world, ensuring that Kai Chutni continues to be a cherished and protected gem of Odisha. As we savor the flavors of this extraordinary chutney, let us also celebrate the importance of preserving and promoting the diverse culinary traditions that make our world so deliciously unique.

[enterprisereview]

Santosh Kumar Sahu: A Visionary Revolutionizing India’s Agricultural Logistics

India’s agricultural landscape has long been plagued by inefficiencies — from post-harvest losses to fragmented supply chains. Enter Santosh Kumar Sahu, the driving force behind Go Green Warehouses, whose revolutionary vision and innovative strategies are transforming agri-logistics across the nation. Combining his deep agricultural expertise, technological insights, and commitment to sustainability, Santosh Kumar Sahu is spearheading a revolution, integrating AI-empowered systems to empower farmers and maximize efficiency.

From Rural Roots to Leadership in Agri-Tech

Born in a small village in Odisha, Santosh Kumar Sahu pursued agricultural sciences at OUAT, then honed his management skills with an MBA in IT and agriculture from DA-IICT. Over 18+ years, he amassed rich experience at Godrej Agrovet, Reliance Retail, NCML, and Krishidhan Seeds. But it was in 2018 that he teamed up with Maulik Shah to launch Go Green Warehouses — marking the turning point in India’s agri-logistics sector.

AI Meets Warehousing — A Smart Evolution

Under the leadership of Santosh Kumar Sahu, Go Green Warehouses is not just expanding its physical footprint; it’s innovating with digital infrastructure. By deploying AI-powered inventory management systems, predictive analytics for demand forecasting, quality control automation, and smart monitoring using IoT sensors, Santosh Kumar Sahu ensures that warehouses can dynamically optimize storage, reduce spoilage, and offer real-time dash boarding to farmers and traders.

These AI tools streamline operations, cut human error, and improve transparency — fostering trust among stakeholders while reducing costs and enhancing farm incomes.

Holistic Agri-Logistics — Beyond Storage

The ecosystem built by Santosh Kumar Sahu goes far beyond storage facilities:

Collateral Management & Commodity Finance: Enables farmers to leverage their stored produce as collateral for loans.

Post-Harvest Services: Sorting, grading, and quality assurance are embedded into each repository.

Market Linkages: Digital interfaces connect farmers and FPOs directly with buyers, avoiding exploitative middlemen.

Vertical Integration: Expansion into commodity testing, agro-processing, 3PL services, and agritech solutions powered by AI.

This end‑to‑end model not only slashes post-harvest losses but also empowers small and marginal farmers with financial inclusion and market access.

 A Network of Green Warehouses

Under Santosh Kumar Sahu’s guidance, Go Green Warehouses has grown from a single operation in Gujarat in 2012 to a network spanning 600+ warehouses across 24+ states, serving over 4,000 farmers and FPOs. By 2025, the company aims to emerge as India’s largest agri-storage provider — and potentially expand globally. AI-driven expansion planning, risk monitoring, and operational efficiency are key to this ambitious roadmap.

Leadership Rooted in Trust and Sustainability

Trust forms the foundation of Santosh Kumar Sahu’s leadership. He emphasizes transparency through what they term the “8 Cs of Trust” (clarity, compassion, character, competence, commitment, connection, contribution, consistency). This philosophy ensures that every stakeholder — from warehouse staff to rural farmers — feels respected and heard.

He fosters a learning culture, empowering employees to experiment and innovate. Failures are treated as lessons — an empowering approach that fuels creativity and ensures continuous improvement in both logistics and tech.

Sustainability at the Core

Environmental stewardship is a non-negotiable for Santosh Kumar Sahu. Under his stewardship, Go Green Warehouses harnesses:

Renewable energy systems (solar panels, LED lighting)

Eco-friendly packaging and materials

Energy-efficient storage environments

Waste reduction initiatives

By integrating AI to monitor energy use and emissions, Santosh defines “green” not only as an aesthetic but as an operational ethos — saving both the environment and operational costs while enhancing brand image.

Farmer Empowerment Through Technology

AI-driven mobile apps and online dashboards roll out in regional languages, offering real-time info on:

Storage status

Quality grading results

Loan eligibility

Market trends and price forecasts

Under Santosh Kumar Sahu, these tools level the playing field for smallholders. Digital literacy training ensures that farmers actively use technology, driving adoption and inclusion.

H5: Collaborative Ecosystem Building

Collaboration lies at the heart of Santosh’s expansion strategy. Go Green Warehouses partners with:

Financial institutions for collateral-based lending

NABL-certified labs for quality assessments

Commodity exchanges and input vendors for market integrations

Agrotech start-ups for AI-driven hardware and data analytics

This networked model exemplifies Santosh Kumar Sahu’s vision of inclusive, tech-driven agricultural logistics.

Results and Impact

The integration of AI and sustainable practices under Santosh Kumar Sahu’s leadership has delivered impressive results:

Over 8000 crore INR worth of commodities stored

Farmer incomes increased through reduced spoilage and better pricing

Post-harvest losses slashed by up to 30–40%

600+ locations, servicing 4,000+ farmers and FPOs

Building trust with strong financial partnerships and premium clients

These metrics validate how Santosh Kumar Sahu’s model is not just visionary, but substantively transformative.

 Looking Ahead

Santosh’s roadmap includes:

Further penetration into rural micro-warehousing

Full digital integration via AI and blockchain

Expansion into adjacent sectors — cold chain, pharma, FMCG storag

Exploring global partnerships at ports and logistic hubs

Santosh Kumar Sahu is also investing in R&D for novel agritech solutions — AI-based pest detection, predictive shelf-life analytics, and automated quality grading — all aimed at creating a smarter, more resilient agricultural ecosystem.

Leadership Advice from Santosh

Some key insights from Santosh Kumar Sahu:

1.Trust first — build value before pursuing profits

2.Patience and perseverance — renew focus even in the face of setbacks.

3.Empower your team — decentralize decision-making for innovation.

4.Listen and learn — stakeholder feedback fuels iterative improvements.

5.Aim for impact, not just scale — sustainability and empowerment are core success metrics.

 Legacy of Transformation

More than a corporate leader, Santosh Kumar Sahu is an agent of socioeconomic transformation — uplifting rural communities, fostering sustainable development, and advocating for a digital agriculture revolution. His journey from a small village in Odisha to leading a pan-India agritech enterprise underscores the power of vision and purposeful execution.

[jamjamdigital]

Seed Processing In Bargarh, Odisha | Happy New Year 2021 | Jam Jams Group

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[lupinepublishers]

Lupine Publishers | Magical Hands of a Tribal Farmer Set a Milestone in Finger Millet Cultivation-A Case from Koraput, Odisha, India

Abstract

The nutritious millets traditionally occupied substantial part of the diets and cropping systems in tribal areas of Odisha. Millets require less water and are more resilient to climate vulnerability. They can also be cultivated on the undulating terrain. Reduction in millets resulted in nutrition deficiency. In order to address growing crop failures and nutritional issues, millets need to be revived. Majority of the farmers in Koraput district of Odisha are tribal, resources poor and mostly dependent on onset of monsoon for agriculture. The rainfall in this region is erratic and prolonged drought conditions are common occurrences. Numbers of rainy days were decreased over the period of time. Millets being climate resilient crops systems, revival of millets will enhance resilience of the farming systems and household food security against Climate Change. Finger millet is the second staple food after rice. Area under millets is drastically declining resulting in narrowing of the food diversity in consumption at household level. Increasing urban demand, improvements in processing machinery, availability of improved cultivars, better agronomic practices and possibility of accessing support irrigation has increased the potential of realizing higher productivity in millets thereby improving nutrition security, resilience and economic security of tribal households. The farmers were cultivating many traditional varieties in the past, but now have changed to improved varieties because the traditional varieties continuously perform low in terms of productivity due to mixture of seeds, loss of purity and long duration. This paper analyses how a tribal family set a milestone in finger millet by adopting improved agronomic and good agricultural practices (Figure 1).

Keywords: Cropping System; Nutrition Deficiency; Climate Resilient Crop; Koraput; Seeds

Introduction

Odisha is predominantly an agricultural state with a cultivated area of 90.54 lakhs ha and average production of 25.44 million tons. Koraput district comes under Eastern Ghats high land type agroecological zone. The district enjoys tropical climate characterized by hot summer (20.5°C to 38°C), cold winters (12 °C to 29 °C and rainy seasons (19 °C to 28 °C). The winter season generally commences from late November and continues up to the end of February. The summer season commences from March and continues till middle of June. It is observed that about 80% of the total annual rainfall takes place due to south-west monsoon between the middle of June and mid-October. The north east monsoon gives erratic and insufficient rainfall. The average annual rainfall varies between 1320-1520mm (Figure 2 & 3). Although the district is having high rainfall, the number of rainy days is restricted to 70-80 days/ annum. The district is drought prone because of the erratic and uneven pattern of rainfall. The entire Koraput district has a unique physiographic set up. Except the north western and west-west central part, the rest of the district is occupied by dense forest with highly rugged mountains, interspersed with intermundane valleys. The total geographical area is 8,807 Sq. Km. The population of Koraput district as per 2011 census 1,379,647 of which male and female were 678,809 and 700,838 respectively with the schedule caste population is 196540 (14.2.%) and schedule tribe population 697583 (50.6%). The literacy percentage of the district is 49.29 as against 72.9 of the state. Population density is 157/km2. The proportion of district population to the Odisha state population is 3.29%, Sex Ratio (Per 1000) 1032: 999. The total cropped area is about 3.56 lakh ha out of which 1.53 lakh ha (43.0% of TCA) is irrigated and 2.03 lakh ha (57.0% of TCA) is under rain fed area. The main sources of irrigation are canals, rivers, farm ponds, dug wells to net sown area of the district. Among the different crops, cereals accounts for 54.5% of the irrigated area followed by other crops (34.6%), coarse cereals (4.7%), horticulture & plantation (2.9%), pulses (2.5%) and oil seed crops (0.7%). The primary source of income is from Agriculture whereas secondary source from agriculture labourer and daily wages. Kharif is the major cropping season where farmers cultivate cereals, millets and pulses. In Rabi season few pulses crops, oil seed crops and vegetables are being cultivated and majority of the farmers migrated in search of wage labourer both within the district and outside the district. The majority of farmers hold less than one hectare of land in the district and generally practice subsistence farming. Rice is the major crop cultivated in the district in Kharif and also in Rabi where irrigation facilities available. Traditional farm practices are followed in upland resulting in low level of production. In the non-agriculture season NTFP like kendu leaf, tamarind, Mohua and Sal seeds are the source of income. Koraput was recognized as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) by FAO in 2012 for the efforts of the community in biodiversity conservation, food security, preserving the traditional wisdom and cultural diversity of the region for the benefit of the present and future generations (Figures 4-6).

Koraput is a tribal dominated district in Odisha consisting of more than 70% small and marginal farmers and 83% of population live in Below Poverty Line (Anonymous, 2013). The most dominant tribes in this proposed operational area are Bhumia, Gadaba, Paroja and Kandha. Subsistence farming still remains their main source of livelihood, supplemented by forest collection and earning wages [1]. The tribal income is mainly based on agriculture and forest products. The per capita income of the district is Rs 25161/ annum (source: Odisha Economic Survey 2014-15). Though the district is rich in biological resources, experienced & hard working farming communities, existence of Women Self Help Groups and the standard of living is quite low due to poor farm productivity, lack of village level small scale industries, low level of technological knowhow and lack of market knowledge. Foreseeing the sustainable yield in finger millet, M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation launched a project on “Enhancing Production and Productivity of Millets and Pulses in Odisha through an Alternative Seed System Model for Production and Supply of Improved Seed Varieties” with support from Department of Agriculture & Food Production, Govt. of Odisha and Govt. of India under the scheme Rastriya Krishi Vikash Yojana (RKVY) in April 2018. The project was executed in 13 villages of Umuri, Mastiput, Padampur and Lankaput Gram Panchayat in Koarput district involving around 750 farmers. The project introduced new technology like System of Millet Intensification (SMI) and line transplanting. Participatory Varietal Selection was conducted with six traditional varieties and five improved varieties of finger millet. The farmers observed that among all the varieties cultivated, KMR-204 performed better in terms of no. of productive tillers, size of panicle, fingers per panicle, grain filling percentage and grain yield (Figures 7 & 8).

Materials and Methods

Hari and Gori used to cultivate finger millet in one acre of land following traditional practices. They used to follow broadcasting method. Weeding also was a very tedious task for them. They used to harvest 2.5 to 3.0 quintals from it. During last Kharif MSSRF implemented the seed production programme in the village. They were trained on various improved agronomic practices and System of Millet Intensification (SMI) method of cultivation such as - land preparation, FYM application, seed treatment, raised bed nursery preparation, transplanting in SMI method, organic manure and bio pesticides preparation and application, use of cycle weeder for weeding etc. Shri and Smt. Sukia were provided with 500 grams of breeder seed of KMR-204 variety to cultivate in half acre land. Initially they were little bit scared [2]. So, they decided to try in half acre and the rest half acre they cultivated their own variety Bati Mandia following traditional method. They followed all the recommended agronomic practices stated above and also followed organic way of cultivation. They also prepared NPM like Amrut jal, jeebamrut, handi kahata etc. and applied in their millet field in every 15 days interval after weeding using cycle weeder which helped in plant growth and controlling pests and diseases (Figures 9 & 10).

Study Design

A case study

Study Location

Machhara village of Koraput block, Koraput District, Odisha, India

Duration of study

June 2018 to December 2019

Results and Discussions

Despite the un-conducive weather condition during last kharif season, the crop performed very well. There were productive tillers in a range of 8 to 25 per hill. An average finger per panicle was around 9 which is higher than that of other farmers cultivating same variety (Table 1). Hari and his wife were very happy and surprised to see the crop performance of the new improved variety in comparison to her own traditional variety. They yielded 3.4 quintals/ acre from their own variety of bati mandia following traditional practices and 20.55 quintals/ acre from the improved variety i.e. KMR-204 following SMI method and improved cultivation practices (Table 2 & 3). They never dreamt of getting such a bumper yield from the improved variety. Now she is convinced that she will use the seeds of this variety in coming years and also say others to follow the same practice. She sold the foundation seeds of 400 kg @ Rs 40/- per kg and shared around 250 kg to her relatives for seed purpose and remaining grains she kept for own consumption (Figure 11). The cultivation cost was around Rs 6200/- INR for half acre. The net benefit she got after meeting all the cost of cultivation was Rs. 27,400/- INR from the same land of half acre (Table 4-6).

Conclusion

The study clearly reveals that millet is not a poor man’s crop. If it is cultivated with proper care in up or medium land following improved agronomic practices, it can compete with any other crop and produce good yield with very low input cost of cultivation. Inclusion and promotion of modern technological intervention like SMI is an advantage to the finger millet. So, it is proved that millet cultivation can be a viable alternative and sustainable option for the rural poor. Moreover, it is eco-friendly and improves food security and enhances economic growth. She is now a role model who can serve to the community by extending her knowledge and experience to promote millet in the region with a new hope.

Acknowledgement

The authors sincerely thank Department of Agriculture & Food Production, Govt. of Odisha and Govt. of India, RKVY team who supported us to implement this project. Our special thanks are due to Dr Krishnakumar K. Navaladi, Director, Biju Patnaik Tribal Agro-biodiversity Centre, MSSRF, Jeypore for motivation. Special mention of appreciation goes to the farmers of Koraput block who co-operated and adopted the technology and staff members and volunteers who guided the farm families in implementing this alternative seed system project successfully

 https://lupinepublishers.com/food-and-nutri-journal/fulltext/magical-hands-of-a-tribal-farmer-set-a-milestone-in-finger-millet-cultivation-a-case-from-koraput-odisha-india.ID.000144.php

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[hinducosmos]

Radha Krishna Pattachitra is painted on cloth following the traditional process of preparing a canvas using crushed tamarind seeds and chalk paste. Colour is mixed in coconut shells with water and applied, one colour at a time. (via Twitter: Odisha Crafts Museum - Kala Bhoomi)

[odishadetails]

PATTACHITRA OF ODISHA

PATTACHITRA OF ODISHA

Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of Odisha. The name Pattachitra has evolved from the Sanskrit words patta, meaning canvas, and chitra, meaning picture. Pattachitra is thus a painting done on canvas, and is manifested by rich colourful application, creative motifs and designs, and portrayal of simple themes, mostly mythological in depiction.

PATTACHITRA AVAILABLE

Some of the popular themes represented through this art form are Thia Badhia – depiction of the temple of Jagannath; Krishna Lila – enactment of Jagannath as Lord Krishna displaying his powers as a child; Dasabatara Patti – the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu; Panchamukhi – depiction of Lord Ganesh as a five-headed deity. More than anything, the themes are clearly the essence of the art form, conceptualising the meaning of the paintings. It is no surprise therefore that the process of preparing the paintings engages undeterred concentration and careful craftsmanship, stretching the preparation time of the patta alone to around five days.

Making the patta is the first thing that comes in the agenda, and the painters, also called chitrakars, go about their work in preparing a tamarind paste, which is made by soaking tamarind seeds in water for three days. The seeds are later pounded with a crusher, mixed with water, and heated in an earthen pot to turn it to a paste, which is called niryas kalpa. The paste is then used to hold two pieces of cloth together with it, and coated with a powder of soft clay stone a couple of times till it becomes firm. Soon as the cloth becomes dry, the final touch of polishing it with a rough stone and then a smooth stone or wood is given, until the surface becomes smooth and leathery, and is all ready as a canvas to be painted on.

Preparing the paints is perhaps the most important part of the creation of Pattachitra, engaging the craftsmanship of the chitrakars in using naturally available raw materials to bring about indigenous paints. The gum of the kaitha tree is the chief ingredient, and is used as a base for making different pigments, on which diverse raw materials are mixed for diverse colours. Powdered conch shells, for instance, are used for making a white pigment, while lamp soot is used for a black pigment. The root of the keya plant is usually used for making the common brush, while mouse hair is used on the requirement of finer brushes, to be attached to wooden handles.

The creation of the Pattachitra paintings is a disciplined art form, and the chitrakars maintain rigidity in their use of colours and patterns, restricting the colours to a single tone. Limiting themselves within the boundaries of some rules, the chitrakars come up with such remarkable paintings depicting stark emotional expressions that it is a surprise shading of colours is a taboo. In fact, it is this display of emotions of the figures expressed in the paintings, which is the crème de la crème of the art form, and the chitrakars put in their best to bring out the most through their rich colourful motifs.

With the passage of time, the art of Pattachitra has gone through a commendable transition, and the chitrakars have painted on tussar silk and palm leaves, and even created wall hangings and showpieces. However, this kind of innovativeness has never proved to be a hindrance in their customary depiction of figures and the use of colours, which has remained intact throughout generations. This constancy is the key factor that has maintained the effervescence of Pattachitra, backed with the fact that the setting up of some special centres for the art form in Odisha speaks volumes for its popularity.

[adarsh-910]

Pattachitra: An Ancient Folk Art that Reflects the Ethos of India

Traditional arts are an important part of the culture, where skills and knowledge are passed down from one generation to the next. It is transmitted orally and by following in the footsteps of a cultural group.

Leaf painting is important in Oriya painting, which developed in the Jagannath temple of Puri in the 12th century. The Jagannath Temple has been the centre of art and culture in Odisha.

Puri and Raghurajpur are famous for their myths, deities and folklore associated with Pattachitra. This art flourished under the support of the Ganga kings and the Bhoi dynasty. These paintings aimed to popularise Jagannath's worship among the millions of pilgrims visiting Puri.

The origins of Pattachitra painting can be traced back to the 8th century AD, making it one of the earliest forms of indigenous painting. The word "Pattachitra" comes from the Sanskrit words "Patta", meaning canvas, and "Chitra", meaning painting. Thus, Pattachitra involves creating canvas paintings that depict vibrant colours, unique motifs and designs and often mythological themes.

Most of these paintings depict stories of Hindu gods and goddesses. Pattachitra art refers to the ancient frescoes found in sacred centres such as Puri, Konark and Bhubaneswar in Odisha, which date back to the 5th century BC. Fine examples of this art can be seen in and around Puri, especially in the villages of Raghurajpur and Dandsahi.

Different Styles of Pattachitra Paintings

Pata paintings come in a variety of styles, including paintings of Jagannath, the Holy Trinity, and paintings of their chariots. Pattachitra is based on Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita and various Puranas and Kavyas. Pattachitras of folktales and animal-bird stories, as well as erotic pattachitras.

Process of Making Pattachitra Paintings

To begin with, the folk painter chooses two pieces of cloth and sticks them together using a paste made from tamarind seeds. Tamarind seeds are soaked in water for a few days till they swell and become soft. Then, they are pounded with a pestle to make a thick paste. A little water and the ingredients are added to an earthen pot, and the mixture is cooked to make a fine paste. This glue is used to bind two fabrics together, forming a bandage.

The colours used in folk artworks are made from natural elements found in India. Some examples include porcelain, soft clay or chalk, conch shell, red stone and yellow-brown ocher. For the white colour, the artists use shells found in abundance on the beaches of Orissa. Folk women make folium by placing the oiled leaves on a burning flame, which creates a black colour. Gum is added to the juice of green leaves to make the green colour. Red and yellow colours are made by grinding red and ocher stones and making their paste. The blue colour is obtained from a blue stone called Rajbarta. These colours also symbolize the essence of each character depicted in the painting. White represents "laughter" (Hasama), red represents "anger" (Raudra), and yellow represents "awe" (Adhibhuta).

In making patas paintings, traditional artists use five primary colours. These natural colours are associated with the divine colours of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra, Sihasana and Neela Chakra, recognized by Orissa's folk painters and sages. These are collectively called the Pancha Tattva, which means the five components.

Pattachitra painting requires a floral border with intricate designs and leaves, as the Chitra highlights the folklore and story. The lines are bold, crisp and sharp. In general, there is no landscape, perspective or distant view here. All events are shown adjacent to each other. The Pattachitra style combines folk and classical influences.

With time, a significant change has been observed in Pattachitra art, and painters have started painting on palm leaves and Tussar silk.

Pattachitra paintings are not limited to cloth only; Setting up palm leaves or silk. It is practised on sarees, purses, wall hangings and even showpieces. These scroll paintings are not confined to South India but spread to western parts of India and Western countries. Under the leadership of the American Friends Service Committee, an exhibition was organized at Puri Town Hall in 1953, and two shows were held in Delhi and Calcutta in 1954. Shri Nabakrishna Chowdhary, the then Chief Minister of Orissa, worked hard to revive the indigenous art form of Orissa.

[dirumscollective]

Pattachitra Painting: A Journey Through Colors and Stories

In the colorful tapestry of Indian art, Pattachitra painting stands out as a testament to tradition, creativity, and storytelling. Originating from the state of Odisha, Pattachitra is a form of traditional cloth-based scroll painting that has transcended generations, preserving tales from mythology, folklore, and everyday life. Let's embark on a journey through the intricate brushstrokes and vibrant hues of Pattachitra, exploring its rich history, techniques, and enduring significance.

The Origins and Evolution of Pattachitra

Centuries ago, in the sacred lands of Odisha, Pattachitra emerged as a visual medium for narrating religious narratives and legends. The word "Pattachitra" is derived from Sanskrit, where "Patta" means cloth and "Chitra" means picture. Thus, Pattachitra literally translates to "painting on cloth." Initially, these paintings adorned the walls of temples and were integral to religious rituals and ceremonies.

Over time, Pattachitra evolved into portable art forms, with artists painting intricate designs on cloth scrolls made from specially treated cotton fabric or dried palm leaves. The themes expanded beyond religious motifs to encompass scenes from epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as depictions of rural life, flora, and fauna.

The Artistic Techniques Behind Pattachitra

At the heart of Pattachitra lies meticulous craftsmanship and dedication to tradition. The process begins with the preparation of the canvas, which involves treating the cloth with a mixture of chalk and gum made from tamarind seeds to create a smooth surface that can absorb colors. Next comes the sketching stage, where the artist outlines the design using charcoal or pencil.

The colors used in Pattachitra are derived from natural sources, with artists preparing their pigments from minerals, stones, and plant extracts. These colors are mixed with water and applied in layers, starting with lighter shades and gradually adding depth and detail. The use of bold outlines and intricate patterns characterizes Pattachitra paintings, lending them a distinctive aesthetic appeal.

Themes and Symbolism in Pattachitra

Pattachitra paintings serve as visual narratives, weaving together stories that have been passed down through generations. Each motif and symbol carries profound meaning, reflecting the cultural heritage and beliefs of the region. From depictions of gods and goddesses to scenes of everyday life, every element in a Pattachitra painting is imbued with symbolism and significance.

One of the recurring themes in Pattachitra is the depiction of Lord Jagannath, the presiding deity of Odisha, along with his siblings, Balabhadra and Subhadra. These divine figures are often portrayed in vibrant colors, surrounded by intricate floral motifs and geometric patterns. Other popular themes include the Dasavatara (the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu), scenes from the life of Krishna, and tales of love and valor from the epics.

Preserving Tradition in a Modern World

In today's fast-paced world, the legacy of Pattachitra continues to thrive, albeit facing challenges from modernization and changing artistic trends. Yet, artisans and connoisseurs alike are steadfast in their commitment to preserving this ancient art form. Efforts are underway to provide support and recognition to Pattachitra artists, ensuring that their skills are passed down to future generations.

Moreover, Pattachitra has found a global audience, captivating art enthusiasts and collectors with its timeless charm and cultural richness. Exhibitions, workshops, and collaborations with contemporary artists have helped elevate the profile of Pattachitra on the international stage, reaffirming its status as a cherished heritage of India.

In Conclusion: A Tapestry of Tradition and Creativity

Pattachitra painting transcends the boundaries of time and space, bridging the gap between the past and the present. Through its vibrant colors and intricate designs, it tells stories of gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, and the timeless beauty of life itself. As we delve deeper into the world of Pattachitra, we not only appreciate its artistic brilliance but also recognize its role in preserving cultural heritage and fostering creativity for generations to come.