#wind load calculation as per IS code

[constructioncostco]

The roof slab design process is a critical component of structural engineering and construction. It involves a comprehensive assessment of loads, material selection, reinforcement layout, and adherence to building codes to ensure structural integrity, durability, and safety.

Understanding the Importance of Roof Slab in a Building

A roof slab serves as the uppermost surface in a structure, protecting against environmental elements and bearing various types of loads. It must be designed to withstand dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and sometimes seismic forces, depending on the geographic location.

Types of Roof Slabs in Construction

Before beginning the design, it's essential to determine the type of slab suitable for the project. Common types include:

One-way Slab - Supported on two opposite sides; bending occurs in one direction.

Two-way Slab - Supported on all four sides; bending occurs in two directions.

Flat Slab - Directly supported by columns without beams.

Hollow Core Slab - Precast concrete slab with cylindrical voids.

Waffle Slab - Ribbed slab in two directions; used in large-span areas.

Step-by-Step Roof Slab Design Process

1. Structural Analysis and Load Assessment

The first stage in the roof slab design process involves calculating the various types of loads that the slab will bear:

Dead Load (DL) - Weight of the slab itself, finishes, and fixed equipment.

Live Load (LL) - Variable loads from people, furniture, maintenance.

Wind Load (WL) - Calculated based on height, location, and wind speed.

Snow Load (if applicable) - Region-specific; crucial in colder climates.

Seismic Load - Based on zone classification and structure weight.

These loads are computed as per IS 875 or ASCE 7 depending on the region.

Read more

[cadbench]

Online Course to Learn STAAD Pro – CADBENCH | Structural Design Course

Are you a civil engineer, structural designer, or aspiring professional looking to make your mark in the construction industry? In today's fast-paced world, proficiency in advanced structural analysis and design software is no longer an option – it's a necessity. And when it comes to industry-leading tools, STAAD.Pro stands tall.

At CADbench, we understand the demands of your profession and the desire for flexible, high-quality learning. That's why we're thrilled to offer comprehensive STAAD.Pro Online Classes, designed to equip you with the skills and confidence to tackle any structural challenge!

Why STAAD.Pro? The Industry Standard for a Reason

STAAD.Pro (Structural Analysis and Design) is the world's premier software for structural analysis and design. From towering skyscrapers and expansive bridges to industrial plants and residential complexes, STAAD.Pro empowers engineers to:

Perform intricate structural modeling: Create precise 3D models of any structure, defining materials, cross-sections, and boundary conditions with ease.

Conduct comprehensive analysis: Analyze structures under various loads – static, dynamic, seismic, wind, and more – ensuring safety and stability.

Design with international codes: Apply over 80 international design codes for steel, concrete, timber, and aluminum, guaranteeing compliance and precision.

Generate detailed reports: Produce professional reports, visualizations, and documentation for efficient project management and client communication.

Boost efficiency and accuracy: Automate complex calculations, reduce manual errors, and accelerate your design process.

In short, mastering STAAD.Pro means becoming an indispensable asset in the structural engineering landscape.

Why Choose CADbench for Your Online STAAD.Pro Journey?

CADbench is committed to providing top-tier technical education, and our online STAAD.Pro classes are no exception. Here's what sets us apart:

Expert-Led Instruction: Learn from seasoned structural engineers and industry professionals who bring real-world experience and practical insights into every session.

Interactive Online Learning: Our virtual classrooms are designed for engagement. Participate in live doubt-clearing sessions, interactive exercises, and collaborative projects that mimic real-world scenarios.

Comprehensive Curriculum: Our course covers everything from the fundamentals of STAAD.Pro to advanced analysis and design techniques, including:

Introduction to STAAD.Pro interface and project setup

Geometry creation and modification (nodes, members, plates, solids)

Defining material properties, sections, and supports

Application of various load types (dead, live, wind, seismic, moving loads)

Performing static and dynamic analysis

Concrete and steel design as per relevant international codes (e.g., IS 456, IS 800)

Foundation design and shear wall design

Report generation and post-processing of results

Practical, Hands-on Approach: We believe in learning by doing. Our curriculum emphasizes practical exercises and project-based learning, ensuring you gain confidence in applying theoretical knowledge to real-world projects.

Flexible Learning Options: Life is busy, and our online classes offer the flexibility you need. Learn at your own pace, from the comfort of your home or office, with access to recorded sessions for revision.

Certification of Completion: Upon successful completion of the course, you'll receive a recognized certificate from CADbench, validating your expertise in STAAD.Pro.

Career-Ready Skills: Our training focuses on making you job-ready. Develop the in-demand skills that employers in structural engineering and construction design are actively seeking.

Who Can Benefit?

Our STAAD.Pro online classes are ideal for:

Civil Engineering students

Structural Engineering students

Diploma holders in Civil Engineering

Practicing Civil and Structural Engineers looking to upgrade their skills

Architects and Design Professionals involved in structural aspects

Don't Just Design, Engineer Your Future!

The demand for skilled STAAD.Pro professionals is consistently high. By investing in your knowledge with CADbench, you're not just learning a software; you're opening doors to exciting career opportunities, enhanced project efficiency, and the ability to contribute to safer, more resilient structures.

Ready to elevate your engineering career?

Click here to learn more about CADbench's STAAD.Pro Online Classes and enroll today! (Replace with actual link to your course page)

Join the CADbench community and build a stronger tomorrow, one structure at a time!

[kapilasteel]

Are 8mm Rods Suitable for Residential RCC Frames?

The 8mm rod price per piece, has grown to be an important consideration for homeowners and small contractors making plans for residential creation projects. When budgets are tight, the temptation to opt for smaller-diameter reinforcement bars is understandable. Yet, the query remains: can those thinner rods safely help the structural integrity of residential reinforced cement concrete (RCC) frames?

Understanding Steel Reinforcement Basics

Reinforcement bars, generally referred to as TMT saria in many markets, form the skeleton of any concrete shape. These steel rods work in tandem with concrete to create a composite fabric that withstands both compression and tension forces. The diameter of those bars without delay impacts the load-bearing capacity and sturdiness of the ensuing structure.

Modern TMT saria undergoes thermal mechanical treatment, giving it superior power houses in comparison to older, slight steel versions. When nicely included with Super Rings (stirrups) that bind the principle bars together, they devise a sturdy framework that stops concrete from cracking underneath strain.

Technical Considerations for Residential Structures

For residential creation, structural engineers normally specify minimal reinforcement requirements based totally on numerous factors:

Load Requirements

Most residential homes need to face up to:

Dead hundreds (structural weight)

Live masses (occupants, furnishings)

Environmental loads (wind, rain, seismic pastime)

The 8mm rod charge in keeping with the piece might appear attractive to start with; however, these thinner rods offer appreciably less tensile power than their 10mm or 12mm opposite numbers. When calculating the steel-to-concrete ratio, engineers have to make sure there is sufficient reinforcement to address predicted stresses.

Durability Concerns

Thinner TMT saria may be extra prone to:

Corrosion damage

Reduced fire resistance

Limited load-bearing ability

The spacing between Super Rings will become even more vital with the use of 8mm rods. These stirrups should be located at proper intervals to prevent buckling and ensure the structural integrity of columns and beams.

Regional Building Codes and Standards

Most building codes worldwide specify minimum reinforcement diameters for structural factors:

Columns and Primary Beams

For important structural additives, 8mm rods do not often meet code requirements. These important elements typically require 12mm or larger diameter TMT saria, with Super Rings spaced in line with calculated shear forces.

Secondary Elements

For non-load-bearing partitions, slabs, and minor beams, 8mm rods might be applicable under precise situations. However, even right here, structural engineers often advocate larger diameters for long-term sturdiness.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

While the 8mm rod rate in line with the piece gives instantaneous savings, the long-term implications deserve attention:

Potential restore charges because of structural inadequacies

Reduced property lifespan

Safety issues all through excessive weather occasions

Insurance and resale fees affect

Smart builders stabilize the initial TMT saria costs towards these potential future costs. Super Rings manufactured from 8mm rods can be suitable for stirrups in positive programs; however, the use of them as number one reinforcement frequently proves penny-sensible but pound-foolish.

Making an Informed Decision

For owners considering residential construction, the following steps are advocated:

Consult a structural engineer instead of making selections based completely on the 8mm rod rate per piece.

Review neighborhood building codes and seismic requirements.

Consider the expected lifespan of the structure.

Factor in nearby weather situations that could accelerate corrosion.

Quality TMT saria, when properly designated and mounted with suitable Super Rings, bureaucracy the spine of a safe, long-lasting domestic. The minimal financial savings received from undersized reinforcement rarely justify the capacity risks.

For maximum residential RCC frames, 10mm or 12mm bars represent the practical minimum for primary structural factors, with 8mm rods doubtlessly the most suitable and handiest for precise, non-vital programs beneath professional steerage.

[totalitsolutions]

Best Managed Antivirus Services Provider by totalsupportsolutions

Managed antivirus I wherein one business enterprise offers with all of the antivirus institutions or cycles of every other business enterprise on a non-stop cause for a monthly expense. The overseeing business enterprise is usually a controlled offerings provider (MSP) or IT offerings provider that has the devices, statistics, and enjoy to remotely oversee antivirus institutions on any region from a pair to lots or a big range of devices. To introduce, display screen, and address its clients' antivirus measures remotely

 MSPs frequently make use of both far-off tracking and the executives (RMM) units or cloud-primarily based endpoint coverage. Managed Antivirus solutions for each are certainly considered one among your devices and statistics As your commercial enterprise develops, so will your commercial enterprise business enterprise — and greater devices have to be added. Likewise, the intricacy of business enterprise programs is expanding. 

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Pegasus Technologies comprehends that handling the continually converting universe of the era may be overpowering, however, then the safety of your business enterprise is a better precedence than any time in current memory.

 Our safety programming provides every other layer of coverage to help with retaining malignant movement from undermining your simple statistics. Advantages of Managed Antivirus Having the choice to 0 in for your middle commercial enterprise without agonizing over the safety of your statistics is a prime addition. 

However, utilizing a controlled antivirus association has exclusive blessings too, which include: Focal control – Entrusting your antivirus control to a solitary supply means that every system for your framework has the maximum modern renditions. Reliable safety – Your representatives cannot wind down or uninstall a controlled antivirus association.

 Persistent tracking – Your expert business enterprise automatically filters your framework and applies fixes and updates within side the background. Fast reaction – Viruses and malware are a steady hazard, and your expert co-op can deal with and cast off those risks hastily. Customary updates – System-huge updates of contamination definitions take place obviously and frequently.

 Financially savvy estimating – Per-purchaser comparing of a solitary association is typically greater conservative than singular licenses. For what cause are Antivirus Updates So Important? Separately certified antivirus preparations rely on customers to bodily replace contamination definitions or run contamination examines.

 However lengthy those updates require this kind of pastime, there's the capability for disappointment. PC infections unfold hastily. They can journey alongside as a connection to an email, or they could lie included upon an honest-searching web web page. 

 Rather than strolling it at some thing factor you've got got a unfastened hour (like in May… or in all likelihood August?) your expert business enterprise can run contamination filters throughout excursion—every nighttime after commercial enterprise hours, for example. Each PC may be checked and contamination definitions up to date simultaneously. This ensures that everyone is forward-questioning and now no longer spreading malware with out all people expertise it. 

Best Managed Antivirus Services Provider by totalsupportsolutions

Also, controlled antivirus can deliver international warnings if an contamination is prominent and brought out out of your business enterprise. They can likewise survey and record patterns, which may be beneficial in finding out whether or not your body of workers calls for greater statistics safety guidance Picking the Right Managed Antivirus Solution Lieberman Technologies works with groups, all matters considered, to help them with growing stable organizational safety. Our institution can provide you steerage at the maximum gifted approach to get your business enterprise, PCs, and enormously your people' PDAs.

Everything vital is for one person to click on a connection or down load a file, and you are in for a migraine. One gadget can contaminate your complete business enterprise. Infections and malware are dangerous due to the fact they're constantly evolving. How inescapable are those risks? Very! Truth be told, in 2017, malware versions multiplied via way of means of 88%. The cybercriminals who make those horrible portions of code are constantly attempting to find weaknesses, and that they make infections which could regulate hastily.

That is the cause to hold your contamination definitions up to date. On the off hazard which you rely on human beings to hold their antivirus programming up to date, you're risking everything. Not everyone will replace on a comparable timetable. It's a long way greater stable to rely on this tremendous challenge on a consultant co-op so as to effectively oversee safety updates. How Often Should You Scan for Viruses? With controlled antivirus programming, you do not want to pose that inquiry.

 We have numerous preparations we are able to advise which could expand together along with your commercial enterprise simply as deliver progressing contamination guarantee.

 Managed Antivirus Key Components Installation and configuration This recalls introducing the community purchaser or a consultant for the whole thing of an business enterprise's PCs and people.

 It would possibly comprise in addition customizations, for example, retaining customers from having the choice to prevent tests or impair or uninstall the community antivirus programming. Alert tracking The MSP's body of workers will be careful for indicators which includes ones approximately capability contaminations, bombed filters, or however endeavors to incapacitate or stay away from the product, and could take a look at the indicators to verify the problem if the problem is real or a "bogus positive".

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 (As a employee of an MSP, I frequently see those indicators spring up in our Slack, accompanied generally below 30 seconds after the truth via way of means of certainly considered one among our professionals maintaining that they may be searching at the problem.)

 Log tracking As properly as reacting to indicators, a first rate MSP will audit antivirus logs intermittently to assure not anything tremendous changed into ignored via way of means of the alerting

 framework/calculation – attempting to find abnormalities, surprising changes, bizarre examples of movement, and so on Update control The MSP guarantees the antivirus programming is continually amazing and organized to guard you from each one of the maximum current risks. Contingent upon the product would possibly encompass pushing out the updates to each one of the close by clients or simply downloading the updates to a focused archive on a employee.

 (Or however if the MSP is utilizing a cloud-primarily based totally antivirus programming, the product is continually forward-questioning in any case.) License and purchaser control You can permit your MSP to address buying and re-utilizing licenses and installing new activities as your exertions pressure develops. 

It's less difficult and faster that way, and MSPs will in widespread get licenses at markdown prices from their safety programming accomplices. Antivirus assists with protecting you from the 1.1 billion styles of malware obtainable at the planet. It acknowledges, kills, and gets rid of the malware that actions past your exclusive protections (like firewalls, IDS/IPS, and unsolicited mail channels) and into your frameworks. By and large, antivirus programming distinguishes 100% of recognized risks and nearly 99% of difficult to understand/0-day risks. 

It’s a simple piece of any commercial enterprise' safety towards virtual attacks. Furthermore, it is fairly reasonably-priced for the kind of safety it offers. You might also additionally don't forget antivirus programming as a kind of "set-it-and-forget-it" device depending on your involvement in consumer antivirus programming. 

Indeed, for a sure something, via way of means of now no longer checking for your low-stage indicators and logs and because of the way you set up your antivirus, you'll be feeling the lack of sure risks. 

In addition, it is one of a kind with groups. The statistics is greater tremendous. Also, there may be a more quantity of it. Also, programmers comprehend it and recognize you will pay greater for it in the event that they get you with ransomware, that is the cause you are their #1 objective. Additionally, you'll be structured upon statistics safety and manipulate guidelines. You want to symbolize customers doing such things as debilitating antivirus programming or halting outputs on account that it is meddling with their work, or overlooking activates for them to down load new contamination definitions. 

Furthermore, you want the complete view that an included antivirus association offers, allowing you to do such things as distinguish affiliation-huge examples in virtual attacks and reveal each certainly considered one among your licenses. Why Manage Your Antivirus Software? A few reasons: MSPs have people skilled at remotely executing and overseeing antivirus programming. 

They recognize the way to decipher and moreover clear up each one of the numerous indicators and log sections. They'll raise the adequacy of your antivirus measures, considerably greater proficiently and absolutely than any novice. Regardless of whether or not you've got got in-residence IT body of workers, you may want them to perform greater tremendous matters than reacting to and investigating safety indicators and logs.

 In addition, the ordinary MSP is larger than the not unusual place IT office, so that you have greater people to react all of the greater hastily, with greater combination insight, highbrow prowess, and belongings, to indicators and exclusive troubles. 

Best Managed Antivirus Solutions Associations hold many workstations, people, and mobileular phones; all of them want safety from regularly growing malware programs and attacks, which includes malicious program infections, trojans, spyware, and ransomware. Effective safety breaks can price institutions in misplaced usefulness, harmed notorieties, punishments due to bombed administrative consistence, and purchaser carrying down. 

As indicated via way of means of a WSJ Pro Research overview, groups with below 10 million USD in profits are much less geared up to control cyberattacks than their larger partners. This is specially disturbing, as SMBs want greater belongings to get well from cyberattacks contrasted with larger institutions. To make sure you may help customers with forestalling risks, take a stab at utilizing a controlled antivirus association that allows you to halfway address customers' AV conditions with obtaining into endpoint safety. Managed antivirus preparations allow directors to bring professionals, plan outputs and updates, uphold safety strategies, and restrict customers from handicapping coverage. This method can make sure endpoints towards risks, detach infected machines, and remediate safety troubles depending on sizable reviews. Picking preparations depend on some components, which includes: Will the association apprehend and isolate recognized and difficult to understand risks adequately?

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 Is the association sufficiently flexible to assist a growing affiliation? What is the impact on framework asset usage? Does the association provide

[speedsiteinsurance]

Staad pro analysis example

Staad pro v8i with indian examplesseismic design of buildings to eurocode. Staad foundation advanced will use the imported geometry and support reactions to design a mat foundation for the structure you can only import a staad. Bentley s staadpro sixth is v8i will be a structural designing software used around the world for this objective. Buildings using staad pro v8i with indian examples t s sarma. For example, a double layer flat surface space frame is usually analyzed as. Multiple floors and a surface represents an entire floor of a building, for example. Bentley staad pro v8i selectseries 6 crack pdf portia.Įxplained by taking a practical example such that it will be understood very easily by. An example staad input file is attached for staad user to copy and insert to.

Do you want to learn staad pro from basic to advance. By srs ghdoura 2016 cited by 3 involves load calculations and analysis the whole structure by staad pro and. Explain a simple plane frame model with all the necessary dimensions. At the end of the assessment, you will be able to view detailed results. Pro v8i is a comprehensive textbook that has been written to cater to the needs of the students and professionals. Typically resulting with a screen message displaying the phrase hello world. Finite elemental analysis of industrial structure using cold. I am proficient in using the following software: STAAD Pro, Tekla Structures, AutoCAD (Autodesk Certified), Revit (Autodesk certified), ETABS, Prokon, SAFE, SACS, Microsoft Office and Primavera.Calculations manually and analyzing the whole structure by staad pro. fixed offshore platforms / topsides and jackets performing pre-service, in-place, seismic, fatigue and joint can analyses as well as pile soil interaction. In addition, I have knowledge about offshore structure design i.e. Moreover, I have also designed composite structures: steel and RCC. I also have experience in designing concrete structures of different purposes with different types of slabs, foundations, shear walls and retaining walls. warehouses, workshops with overhead crane facility etc.) and oil & gas (e.g. shopping malls, sport clubs, cinemas, multi-purpose and marriage halls etc.), industrial (e.g. villas and multi story buildings), commercial (e.g. I have designed various projects of different types: residential (e.g. I am a Structural Engineer and PMP (Project Management Professional), with vast experience in structural design of hot rolled and PEB steel structures in a leading structural steel fabricator. ✓ Reading and understanding steel structure drawings. ✓ Design of deck slab (deck sheet + RCC slab) according to code SDI-C. ✓ Importing user-customized section shapes using user table via Section Wizard into STAAD. slender sections definition and typical PEB section ratios. ✓ Basic steel material properties and mechanics. ✓ Getting the base reactions, SFD, BMD and the member end forces. ✓ Using the STAAD editor and defining design parameters. ✓ Understanding concept of jack beam and floating column. ✓ Member take off: for bill of quantities and total tonnage of the project. ✓ Member optimization based on the utilization ratio (stress ratio) and deflection limits as per the serviceability requirements of ASCE / IBC.

✓ Design of workshops with overhead cranes and crane runway beam in STAAD.

✓ Incorporating seismic considerations in the design of multi-story buildings as per UBC code. ✓ Wind load calculation according to MBMA and ASCE. ✓ Assigning different types of loads like dead, live, thermal… and load combinations as per ASCE. ✓ Assigning member properties of both hot rolled and built-up sections (section size, grade, orientation etc.) ✓ Introduction about STAAD Pro software and creating the geometry of the structure. ✓ PEB and hot rolled structural steel design of low-rise industrial and multi-story buildings using codes: AISC, MBMA, ASCE, IBC and UBC.

[allknowledge12]

Most Popular Benefits Of Responsive Web Designs of 2022

Responsive website architecture permits you to configuration destinations for different gadgets (portable, PC, work area, tablet, and so on.). It shows that your plans ought to adjust to the client's inclinations in light of the gadget, screen size, and direction.

The underpinning of responsive plan is adaptable grids. Ever encountered a website page that was ultra-zoomed-in and bad quality on your cell phone? In this way, we want responsive website composition administrations.

A responsive plan should change over all work area explicit components into versatile highlights. This permits clients to visit non-responsive sites without looking over or resize their screens.

Organizations can receive many rewards from responsive website compositions. Your potential clients can be reached with various gadgets across the globe and website architecture administrations will help us. Dealing with various URLs for different locales is wiped out while utilizing RWD.

We should assess the advantages your business can get from Responsive Web Design, which is viewed as the following enormous thing:

Increment Mobile Traffic for Your Business

In the mid 2000s, the web developed at a very fast speed. Versatile web perusing is at the very front of this. It has been the favored gadget for web perusing for quite a while now. Couple with the developing notoriety of versatile perusing, most portable clients leave sites without a responsive plan.

Responsive sites permit you to arrive at the main number of potential clients because of their capacity to change content as per different screen sizes and viewports. The consequence of this will be an expanded attention to your image and expanded deals.

Help Your Website's Conversion Rate

Clients can get to your substance across various stages when your website architecture is responsive. No matter what the gadget, the site continues as before across work areas, PCs, tablets, and cell phones.

No matter what the gadget, program, or content the client is getting to, they get similar substance, components, and visuals and are not worried about the area of explicit instruments or elements. It helps you connect with and draw in new clients by giving substance consistency across stages and gadgets.

Frequently, higher transformation rates are the aftereffect of lower skip rates and great SEO rankings. Integrate a consistent client experience and consistent route between your site's pages into your prosperity equation.

Lessen upkeep and backing costs while saving money on advancement costs

Numerous codebases and it are costly to have various URLs. Thus, tweaking your site responsively can save a huge piece of your all out business venture. The primary advantage of responsive sites over versatile ones is a solitary codebase with streamlined templates that change themselves in light of the gadget, goal, and determinations. That implies your business will get a good deal on improvement costs.

Albeit the responsive plan could appear to be more costly from the outset, responsive sites wind up saving you huge load of cash over the long haul by lessening repeating spending plan costs. A figure out in your site's code can be fixed by creating, testing, and delivering a fix relating to a solitary URL.

What's more, making your site receptive to the furthest down the line innovations will diminish your site's help costs essentially contrasted with its past partners.

Get Google To Boost Your Business

Your webpage should be responsive for Google to rank the webpage profoundly and has expressed that responsive sites enjoy an upper hand over non-responsive locales. It breaks down and refines its hunt and SEO rankings calculations because of its shopper conduct to make an easy to understand stage for perusing the web.

Thus, in the event that your site isn't improved for more modest screens, you may not rank well in Google, and it will be savvy to find a supplier that can assist you with building a responsive, versatile site. Your business will be recorded in Google's great books by having a responsive site and having phenomenal chances to collaborate with your clients.

Increment Revenue Streams For Businesses

The adaptability of responsive destinations permits them to adjust to any survey climate unendingly. They increment changes on your site and give improved perceivability. You'll have a more prominent potential for success of standing apart from the opposition the more purchaser accommodating your site becomes, creating more income for your business.

As responsive sites rule both the work area and portable social spaces, you can use online entertainment benefits.

Create Quality Backlinks for Your Website

A fundamental part of a viral showcasing system is quality backlinks, essential for any business with an internet based presence. A sound backlink will get the news out about your site as additional individuals connect back to your site, and the alternate way round as well, as additional individuals interface back to your site as you become more famous.

A responsive site expands your believability and authority in your industry. It assists you with creating quality backlinks thanks to its versatile plan, low bob rate, compelling long range interpersonal communication, and diminished reaction time.

Notwithstanding, We are amidst a responsive plan unrest, and you should make up for lost time before you get abandoned. Organizations are progressively utilizing responsive website composition administrations since Google has effectively advanced it starting around 2015. Ideally, The justification for a responsive web composition ought to be evident at this point. You will work on your clients' insight by exploiting the advantages.

[loaddream412]

Asce 716

Asce 7-16 Seismic

Asce 7 16 Online

Since the 2013 study, an update to ASCE 7 (ASCE 716) has been released and adopted by - the 2019 California Building Code (CBC). As a result, the existing seismic design spectra for. With some exceptions. Differences in the IBC and ASCE/SEI 7 load combinations are covered in the following sections. In ASCE/SEI 7­16, the load combinations with seismic load effects have been removed from ASCE/SEI Chapter 12 and placed in ASCE/SEI Chapter 2 in sections sepa­ rate from the basic load combinations. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) acknowledges the work of the Minimum Design Loads on Buildings and Other Structures Standards Committee of the Codes and Standards Activities Division of the Structural Engineering Institute. This group comprises individuals from many backgrounds, including consulting engineering, research, construc. Best app cleaners for mac.

Asce 7-16 Seismic

Asce 7 16 Online

More specifically, it changes the uplift (or negative pressures –referred to as 'pressures' in this article) that roof coverings are required to resist. ASCE, the American Society of Civil Engineers, creates the structural standards that are referenced in the major building codes. ASCE 7 is called the Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures. That’s a mouthful. The 7-16 is due to the year it was promulgated. A slightly modified version of ASCE 7-16 is the most recently adopted version in the Florida Building Code (FBC) 7th Edition (2020) that goes into effect December 31, 2020. All roof coverings except asphalt shingles and metal shingles will be impacted. Asphalt shingles use the FBC’s Classification of Asphalt shingles Table 1507.2.7.1 (R905.2.6.1). Metal shingles use the FBC’s Classification of Metal Roof Shingles Tested in Accordance with ASTM D3161 Table 1504.3.3 (R905.4.4.1). These tables use wind speed in miles per hour (mph) instead of pressure. All other roof coverings and roof systems must meet the FBC’s requirements for components and claddings in ASCE 7-16. ASCE 7-16 didn’t change the wind speeds, however it did change the coefficients used in the calculations that generally increases the pressures. The information included here should allow you to determine the proper pressures on most jobs without doing the actual calculations. Read More.

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Api Tank Design Software

Api Tank Design Software Developer

Api Tank Design software, free download

Api Tank Chart

Api Development Software

Api Tank Design Software Installer

Steel Design Specification Sheet API 650 Design Calculations Annular Bottom Plate Thickness Shell Design: td = 2.6(D)(H -1)(G)/Sd= td =td / tt = 2.6(D)(H-1)/(St) td = Miniumum shell thickness, in inches D = Normal tank diameter, in feet H = depth of tank, in feet G = design Specific gravity of liquid Sd = allowable Stress for Design condition. Design of aboveground and underground tanks as per UL-142 & UL-58. Design of Internal & External Floating Roof with Elastic / Fatigue Analysis. Design of Tanks with Partition Plates. Design of Venting devices as per API-2000. Major Software Used. AME Tank DCM and 3D: Design and 3D Layout of API650, API 620 & UL 142 Tanks. COADE TANK 3.20.

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DecoTech Design Software

DecoTech Design Software is a professional 3D interior space design software packages for Microsoft Windows. The program provide powerful and sophisticated indoor layout and is ideal for the kitchen specialist, decorator, designer, architect, contractor or anyone else planning interior home renovation projects in metric or imperial measurements.

Publisher: Adeluc

Home page:www.decotechpro.com

Last updated: January 17th, 2011

DreamPlan Home Design Software Free

Home Plan and Landscape Design Software for Windows that's free and easy to use. See your dream floor plan with customized kitchens, bathrooms and bedrooms for a home or apartment. Plan out your landscape. Customize paint, textures and decorations.

Publisher: NCH Software

Home page:www.nchsoftware.com

Last updated: January 21st, 2019

Company Logo Design Software

Design logos by adding text to your images or symbols that you have on your computer.

Publisher: Sobolsoft

Home page:www.sobolsoft.com

Last updated: January 30th, 2014

ITSdesign

ITSdesign is a visually-oriented tank design program. Being comprehensive and easy-to-use, it helps design AWWA D-100-11 water storage tanks and API-650, 12th Edition fuel storage tanks, both in US and SI units. With ITSdesign, time-consumption and variables are reduced.

Publisher: Innovative Tank Solutions, LLC

Home page:www.innovativetanksolution.com

Last updated: October 29th, 2015

AMETank

AMETank enables the rapid configuration, design, and detailing of above-ground shop-built and field-erected storage tanks. The program features design calculations conform to API 650. Calculations include seismic, internal and external pressures, and wind loading.

Publisher: Technosoft, Inc.

Home page:www.ametank.com

Last updated: March 26th, 2015

Auto Debug for Windows

A best api monitor tool, Automatic monitor all API and COM Interface. can spy any dll's api. automatic analysis symbols with pdb files. easy to moitor input/output parameters.

Publisher: Auto Debug System

Home page:www.autodebug.com

Last updated: December 24th, 2009

Combined3D

Combined3D is a general purpose spread and combined (two load points on a single footing) foundation design software for use on many different types of foundation design projects.Whether you are designing foundations for your industrial, residential or other commercial projects, Combined3D will help you complete them in minutes.

Publisher: Dimensional Solutions

Last updated: December 27th, 2009

DRPU ID Card Design Software

DRPU ID Card Design Software is a powerful tool that lets you create personalized ID cards that can be used for achieving a large variety of purposes, from distinguishing the guests of a social event to identifying employees in a company.The best thing about DRPU ID Card Design Software is the fact that it lets you create cards which you may fully customize to your liking.

Publisher: DRPU Software Pvt. Ltd.

Home page:www.designidcards.com

Last updated: November 18th, 2015

DreamPlan Home Design Software

DreamPlan Home Design Software is a simple 3D tool that lets you draw the plan of your house, condo, or apartment. You can design the floor-plan and set colors, textures, furniture, and other decorations. You can also plan and visualize exterior landscaping ideas and garden spaces.

Publisher: NCH Software

Home page:www.nchsoftware.com

Last updated: August 19th, 2020

Connect Label design software

Connect Label design software is an application that offers you the possibility to create different templates, all in a simple interface. You can create your own personalized template or you can open and use one that has already been saved. You can generate an object with the tools on the tool bar. It can be a drawn object, a text object, a graphic object or a special object from the tool bar.

Publisher: Connect Label design software

Last updated: February 16th, 2012

Sidewinder Conveyor Design Software

The program can handle conveyors of any length, geometry, and drive configuration. It incorporates a wide range of conveyor design calculations from both international standards and many published technical papers. The software has been designed to support multiple languages for non-English speaking countries and areas. All inputs, outputs, and full word reports are available in many languages.

Publisher: AC-Tek

Home page:www.conveyorsoftware.net

Last updated: March 30th, 2017

Saal Design Software UK

It's an application that allows you to create your own graphical resources.Main Features:-exact positioning of all the objects-cross-platform for both Windows and Mac-import and export function-user-friendly interface-quick installation-optimized ordering process-new function of ordering photo prints-calendar: flexible starting month, editable calendar design

Publisher: Saal Digital Fotoservice GmbH

Last updated: August 2nd, 2016

SEL-5804 Curve Design Software

Use the SEL-5804 Curve Designer Software to create custom curves for the SEL-351R Recloser Control.Use acSELerator Quickset® or Quickset Designer® to set the recloser curve setting to a user-programmable curve and then use this curve designer to create and download a curve to the recloser control.

Api Tank Design Software Developer

Publisher: Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc.

Home page:www.selinc.com

Last updated: March 8th, 2011

CMF Deck Design Software

CMF Deck Design Software analyses CMF Ltd composite floor slabs in buildings subject to wide range of loading configurations. The deck may be single spanning or continuous over several bays. Design is in accordance with BS5950. The design checks performed by the software covers the construction and normal (composite) design stages, and fire design.

Publisher: CMF Ltd.

Home page:www.cmf.uk.com

Last updated: March 31st, 2015

EWPAA Shelf Design Software

The EWPAA Shelving Design Software is a program for anyone wishing to design a shelf or similar application using PAA certified plywood. This software features a simple and easy to use interface, and has many features. The software comes with a full user manual, and its own copy of the EWPAA Shelving Design Manual.

Publisher: EWPAA

Last updated: July 17th, 2018

AAA Logo

Api Tank Design software, free download

AAA Logo can help you create appealing logos even if you don't have advanced designing skills. The interface is quite straightforward. There are lots of beautiful templates and useful categories to choose from. Besides, the tag usage to identify the templates is also available.

Publisher: SWGSoft Inc.

Home page:www.aaa-logo.com

Last updated: May 23rd, 2016

EAGLE by CadSoft Computer GmbH

Api Tank Chart

EAGLE is a PCB design software with a schematic editor. It lets you draw the circuit schematic and shift to PCB design easily;real-time design synchronization between both makes it easy to incorporate changes. With itsRouting Engine, you can draw complex board layouts quickly.

Publisher: CadSoft Computer GmbH

Home page:www.cadsoftusa.com

Last updated: July 7th, 2017

StarUML

StarUML is a fully fledged, open source, UML modeling tool that supports the ability to create software designs, from basic concepts, through to the coded solution. User should beware that this tool is more complex than a simple UML diagram editing tool, in that, through the use of the Model Drive Architecture (MDA) standard, the tool supports complex modeling which is realizable in code.

Publisher: Plastic Software, Inc.

Last updated: May 26th, 2020

Ametank is the next generation of aboveground storage tank design, drafting, & re-rating software. partnering with technosoft, we have released ametank which combines etank2000's engineering & design capabilities with technosofts state of the art 3d modeling, estimating, & drafting capabilities.. Tank is a comprehensive, easy-to-use software package for the design, analysis and evaluation of oil storage tanks. it provides users with quick and accurate designs for new tanks and evaluation of existing tanks.. Oil storage tank design, analysis & evaluation software overview tank software is a comprehensive, easy-to-use software program for the design, analysis and evaluation of welded steel oil storage tanks according to american petroleum institute (api) standards 650 and 653..

Piping tools and thermodynamic excel functions add-ins Chempute software -api 650/653 oil storage tank design and Fishbone diagram for software defects | download

Ametank supports a fully interactive 3d graphical user interface. the configuration and layout of the tank shell, floor, roof and structure, and subsystems is facilitated through intuitive menus with options customized specifically for tank design.. Tank - api 650/653/620 oil storage tank design and analysis summary tank is a comprehensive engineering software program that designs and analyzes oil storage tanks according to the latest api-650/653 and api-620 codes.. Intergraph tank 2016 free download latest version for windows. it is full offline installer standalone setup of intergraph tank 2016 for 32/64. intergraph tank 2016 is a powerful, comprehensive and easy to use application for designing, analyzing and evaluating the welded steel oil storage tanks.

Api Development Software

Api Tank Design Software Installer

storage tank design software, free download

[zeroadult479]

Matchmaking Near Shawneetown Il

Thanks for watching my videos!! Please remember to rate and comment. All feedback is welcome (positive or negative). Also subscribe to my channel. Matchmaking changes in – posted in Game Discussion. The covered site of your Rashi, Lagna, Dasha, Antar Dasha and Nakshatra including your near future. In Blizzard announced World of Warcraft: Classic, a way to play WoW near-as-dammit as. In Ground Forces Realistic mode, matchmaking is performed based.

Matchmaking Near Shawneetown Illusion

Matchmaking Near Shawneetown Illustrator

Kern Mauris

2422 South Thompsonville Road, Thompsonville, IL 62890

Open now

Dollar General

21665 Shawneetown Road, Thompsonville, IL 62890

Closed now

Davis Tree & Crane Services

874 Davis Road, Thompsonville, IL 62890

Closed now

West End Disposal Facility

2061, 1710 McFarland Road, Thompsonville, IL 62890

Closed now

Thompsonville Veterinary Clinic

21325 Shawneetown Road, Thompsonville, IL 62890

Closed now

Ross Auto

761 South Township Line Road, Thompsonville, IL 62890

Open now

Daves Dungalo..blue Lighting Lol

Illinois 34, Thompsonville, IL 62890

Closed now

Akin Water District

8339 Bolen Store Road, Thompsonville, IL 62890

Closed now

Akin Auto Salvage

22269 Adams Street, Thompsonville, IL 62890

Akin CC School District

+1 618-627-2180

Schmidt House

+1 618-969-2698

Categories of places in Thompsonville, Illinois

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Weather in Thompsonville, Illinois

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Matchmaking

May 14, What the blazing hell is that? We dedicate this article for the new buyers, the old buyers, for those who love them, for those who cannot stand them, for low tiers and high tiers, in short, for everyone. Because this tank brings out emotions from all of us. Have you ever got the feeling, that something just does not belong? A sale stunt for the biggest market on Earth became an every hour reality on all servers. Forerunner of the pay to win? The Type then stood out among other toned down premium tanks compared to fully teched same tiers.

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Comments Shares There are not many games that can attract 21, visitors to an exhibition centre in Moscow in December. Temperatures drop as low as minus 22 degrees centigrade, fresh snow becomes ice on roads and pavements and strong winds add further to the dominant air of hostility. With million registered users, however, World of Tanks has enough followers to overcome the elements.

In World of Tanks, your crew plays an important role in improving the combat effectiveness of your vehicle. In this guide, you’ll learn all about crew rank, skills, experience, training, and .

First daily victory with the vehicle Coefficient of 2 No Exiting battle during loading screen or countdown No “Joining a battle” bonus. Since your tank is actually present in the battle until it gets destroyed, it can passively earn XP e. No “Joining a battle” bonus. Since your tank is actually present in the battle until it gets destroyed, it can passively earn credits e. Exiting battle after countdown There is a penalty for XP earning, but only if the tank has not yet been destroyed.

Also, if the tank was not destroyed before exiting, further XP can be earned passively while it remains on the battlefield, e. Credits as earned, there is no penalty. If the tank was not destroyed before exiting, further credits can be earned passively while it remains on the battlefield, e. Team Damage inflicted Small penalty, supposedly twice the amount of XP you would receive for causing the same amount of damage to the enemy. Penalty to an amount of four times the repair costs required to fix the damage that was inflicted, limited by the total amount earned during battle.

Team Damage received None. Half the repair costs required to fix the damage or a quarter of the penalty paid by the player s who caused the team damage, whichever is lower. You will NOT get experience for: Damaging an ally’s tank, even if said ally is “blue” i.

How Wargaming Sabotages Competition (War Thunder)

Matchmaking Near Shawneetown Illusion

For a WoW veteran, World of Warcraft: It felt strange, walking into rooms filled with memories, where everything felt smaller, older. It was also the house where, on Christmas Eve , I came home with a copy of World of Warcraft , an exciting new game based on the lore of a strategy game I already loved. In Blizzard announced World of Warcraft: Classic , a way to play WoW near-as-dammit as it was when it first came out. Blizzard have made no secret of how they feel about unauthorised versions of the game, but the time has finally arrived for an official one.

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Starting from Update 2. Read below for all the details. Legendary Camouflage In Update 2. A legendary camouflage is a special colour scheme applied to only one vehicle model. Just like universal camouflage, a legendary camouflage can be installed in any slot for winter, summer and desert maps. Tanks were available for purchase before the introduction of this camouflage type will be able to resupply their legendary camouflages for free after each battle. The distinctive feature of legendary camouflage, in addition to its stunning design, is the possibility to temporarily remove it and repaint the tank according to its standard historical pattern.

In such case the name of the tank will also change to the standard one: Type 62 In the future, legendary camouflage will have the standard resupply price in credits, which depends on the vehicle Tier, for all vehicles with the exception of the already given out.

Matchmaking

Battle ratings are calculated by examining how well an aircraft or ground unit fares in different game modes, and they may differ for each game mode for the same vehicle for example, an aircraft or ground unit may perform considerably better in arcade mode than realistic battles mode, and so will have a higher battle rating in the former. This allows for a balanced game at all ranks and using all vehicles, meaning that certain nations having technological advantages at different periods in the game’s timeline is not an issue when playing, and planes that are too powerful do not ruin gameplay for those flying less effective aircraft.

Aviation In Arcade mode Comparison sheet of fighter aircraft’s BR in Arcade For Arcade Air Battles, a formula is in place that calculates your overall Battle Rating, aka the Battle Rating that the Matchmaker will use to match opponents against you, based on the three highest aircraft in your lineup in regards to their individual BR. That said, the important thing for you to know are three short facts:

Not really a date (Grains Petitioner is a victim of dating violence and has reasonable cause to believe that he or she is in imminent danger of becoming the victim of another act.

You may order presentation ready copies to distribute to your colleagues, customers, or clients, by visiting http: BMW recently announced its intention to skip next year’s North American International Auto Show in Detroit, issuing a statement about re-evaluating its trade-show strategy that amounted to the age-old “It’s not you, it’s me.

E la MotoGp fa la F1: Elezioni Molisevince il centrodestra: Fi cala ma non Elezioni Molisecinque motivi per cui M5s ha perso. Toto Cutugno a Che tempo che fa:. Update your software and prevent problems. Updates available for you. Download the free trial version below to get started. Double-click the downloaded file to install the software.

Tanki Online

Leave a comment Wizard My current spell in Wizard has come to an end. I was part-way through the second Grizzleheim sequence when my time came to an end. All in all it was good fun to play in the Spiral for a bit, and I may very well return on and off. World of Warplanes Very sporadic playing, on the whole. I did manage to achieve my second Ace, which made me smile.

I have also gotten a few games in on my second Tier II aircraft, the Demon.

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First daily victory with the vehicle Coefficient of 2 No Exiting battle during loading screen or countdown No “Joining a battle” bonus. Since your tank is actually present in the battle until it gets destroyed, it can passively earn XP e. No “Joining a battle” bonus. Since your tank is actually present in the battle until it gets destroyed, it can passively earn credits e. Exiting battle after countdown There is a penalty for XP earning, but only if the tank has not yet been destroyed.

Also, if the tank was not destroyed before exiting, further XP can be earned passively while it remains on the battlefield, e. Credits as earned, there is no penalty.

World of Tanks overhauls its matchmaking system

You pay your money, you take your choices (Last Updated January 18 ) There are quite a few premium vehicles in World of Tanks, sprinkled across the various nations, classes, and tiers. As stated above; premium vehicles come in a variety of forms, and there are a few limitations on what they can be. Generally speaking and there are exceptions , premium tanks will be slightly inferior to fully upgraded tanks of the same class and tier. They span tiers 2 to 8 and have a few special quirks; as one example, a premium vehicle can use crew trained on vehicles of the same class at no penalty.

Premium Tank Guide: You pay your money, you take your choices (Last Updated January 18 ) There are quite a few premium vehicles in World of Tanks, sprinkled across the .

In the game, you are fighting with giant, walking robots in 6v6 pvp matches controlling territory by capturing beacons, and, of course, by destroying other robots. Last year was a very good year for War Robots. The number of installations was tripled, and reached 50 million. DAU is about , players. Why does War Robots attract players so much? Judging on its dynamics, War Robots is the only adequate game in the genre niche of slow shooters, which is dominated by World of Tanks WoT.

In a slow shooters game, exchanging of fire lasts longer than in the mainstream shooter games. It looks more realistic when long fights occur between combat vehicles with armor and survivability.

2018 Gameweek 2 Discussion (No new threads, include all GW2 yarns here)

That’s 6M paying customer, in the same league as WoW, despite much smaller developer budget. The only gameplay is going to the field and battle enemy tanks, head on. PvP games are killed by the “PvP spiral”:

As I have spent many hours looking for World of Tanks mods, bonus codes, free gold, t-shirts and more, I’m pretty sure you’ll find something for yourself as well. To start, take a look at the main menu above or pick one of the popular categories below.

In Air Realistic mode, matchmaking is performed based on the aircraft selected for the battle. Since the vehicles not selected cannot be used in the battle, there is no need to include them in the calculation. In Ground Forces Arcade mode, matchmaking is performed based on the tank with the highest BR in the set. In Ground Forces Realistic mode, matchmaking is performed based on the tank or aircraft with the highest BR in the entire set depending on which vehicle has the highest BR. Many players have a preference for several modes.

For their convenience, there is a ” vehicle preset ” mechanism, which allows players to save preferred and frequently used vehicle arrangements in their hangar. This allows players to prepare for any type of battle in just a few clicks. Matchmaking by Bracket Air Simulator battles use this matchmaking method. When the player opens the Air SB interface, they will see several identical missions where the only difference is the BR of the permitted aircraft.

Matchmaking Near Shawneetown Illustrator

All you have to do is select the desired battle rank and assemble the required aircraft in your set.

Let’s Play! WoT 92 – Premium Matchmaking Tanks

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[aayatichandra2010]

How Website Speed Impact SEO Ranking In 2020

Positioning variables must be thought of while building up a site to draw in more rush hour gridlock and to get more snaps. In the relatively recent past it was uncovered that "Speed" is one of the significant positioning elements. The declaration prompted significant upgrades on numerous sites Best Digital Marketing Companies Hyderabad and the utilization of workers turned out to be more normal. Like other positioning components of SEO, speed isn't to be perceived in straightforward terms. There is consistently a nuance that should be abused to help make the most out of it. Through the accompanying aide, you will have the option to all the more likely comprehend the idea of speed and how to utilize it to get a superior SEO positioning.

Page speed streamlining

WHAT IS MEANT BY PAGE SPEED?

Speed, here, alludes to page speed and it is a proportion of time taken for a page to stack totally. An opportunity to stack a page relies upon the site's worker, the size of the page, picture pressure, etc. This is the essential meaning of "Page Speed" yet it tends to be estimated from multiple points of view:

Completely Loaded – this legitimizes the fundamental meaning of page speed. It is the time taken to completely stack a page including all the assets.

TTFB – it represents Time to First Byte. This is the measure of time taken before the page begins stacking. On the off chance that you end up tapping on a connection, you may wind up gazing at a white screen before some time. This is the place where TTFB gets helpful.

First Contextual Paint – here, the page has not stacked totally however enough of its substance is stacked to empower you to peruse the page. Some of the time, the pictures sound, or documents set aside some effort to stack while the content shows up rapidly. It is the proportion of the time taken before the end-client can collaborate with the site.

Slow Page Speed Cause a Drop in Rankings

DOES SLOW PAGE SPEED CAUSE A DROP IN RANKINGS?

Indeed, slow page speed can hurt your SEO rankings. Among the three kinds of page speeds, there is no particular measurement to gauge their significance comparative with one another. You should upgrade all the sorts of page rates to improve your rankings. Page speed is a perceived SEO positioning component and in this manner, its significance can't be sabotaged. As it were, it in a roundabout way could influence other positioning elements, for example, stay time and ricochet rate.

After the declaration to list "Page Speed" as one of the 200 positioning components, the calculation was thusly refreshed. It isn't something effortlessly comprehended and in this way, sites as a rule attempt to expand a wide range of speed. The most widely recognized contention on the side of speed is that clients will in general leave the page on the off chance that it doesn't stack rapidly. Different investigations have appeared if the site takes excessively long, generally over 3 seconds;

the end-client closes it and proceeds onward to another. Accordingly, the speed update was thusly declared.

How Does Slow Speed Lead To Drop In Rankings?

In any commercial centre, the shopper starts things out. The equivalent could be said for a web index. Coming up next are a portion of the basic reasons related with moderate speed:

Relinquishment is the most observable reason for moderate speed. Clients, generally, leave the page on the off chance that it takes too long to even consider loading. As of now referenced, if the site doesn't begin to stack inside 3 seconds, the end-client movements to another.

Consumer loyalty goes down each time the website page takes a long to stack. In the time where 5G is lined, clients request speed and if their desires are not met, the website page is minimized.

It is likewise normal for clients to not visit a specific site on the off chance that they are disappointed with the equivalent. Besides, they may educate their companions concerning their experience. Hence, if your site could be promoted in an awful light on the off chance that it is delayed to stack.

There is an overall agreement that clients need the pages to stack similarly snappier in their cell phones. Considering nearly everybody gets to the web through cell phones first, it could cause a huge effect on the client's brain.

Postponement in the stacking of a page and the results that follow could cost organizations. The previously mentioned outcomes lead to a drop in deals or pay-per-clicks. Your site could be losing cash because of moderate page speed.

Slow Page Speed

How To Find Out Whether Your Page Speed Is Slow Or Not?

Since the significance of Page Speed has been demonstrated, the following stage should be to check if your site has a decent speed. It is, to a degree, dictated by web network and in this way, just with the utilization of proper devices you can decide the genuine speed of your site.

Probably the best device to quantify that page speed is Google Page Speed Insights. You can basically enter the URL and get a point by point examination of the page. The examination will incorporate the speed and client experience. Likewise, it gives proposals on the best way to improve speed.

Different apparatuses that are ordinarily utilized incorporate and Webpage Test. On the last mentioned, you could pick various areas around the globe to get an examination of the page speed here. It is prudent to get to the information with a web designer to more readily comprehend the reports and in this manner execute the suggestions.

A portion Of the Common Ways To Boost Page Speed

What Are Some Of The Common Ways To Boost Page Speed?

While you can bounce into the details to see how it functions and improve the speed, here are a portion of the normal approaches to help page speed:

Empower Caching – this is the most straightforward and the snappiest method of improving rate. However, it just works with existing clients and not first-time guests. Reserve permits the client to store a few pieces of the page on their work area or cell phone. So when they visit the site page once more, these intelligent parts would stack right away and the remainder of the page will likewise stack quicker.

Pack Images – another method of diminishing stacking time is to pack pictures. Pictures make up the a large portion of a website page. You ought to guarantee that while you transfer a picture to a page, you diminish its size. A packed picture will stack rapidly and with the correct apparatuses, the compacted picture will in any case look fresh.

Update Server – you ought to spend a higher sum on web facilitating administrations. In the event that you end up having similar worker with different sites, it will react gradually and diminish page speed. A devoted worker will significantly speed up however you should follow through on a greater expense.

Clean Your Website Code – you may have enlarged code on your page. Superfluous or covering code is repetitive and will build the stacking time. You may have superfluous code for highlights you don't permit on your site. Recognize and eliminate such code.

Content Delivery Network – contracted as CDN, it recognizes the worker nearest to the end-client. On the off chance that the worker is arranged far away, it will in general diminish the stacking time. Through CDN, the end-client is associated with the closest host worker.

Upgrading Images Could Be the Key to Better Speed

One significant highlight note here is that pictures make up the vast majority of the piece of a site. Accordingly, uncommon accentuation should be given to advancing it. While picture pressure is significant, its quality ought not to be crumbled to demonstrate repetitive. You ought to pick pictures that are reasonable for utilitarian necessities. Locate the best raster organization and stick to it. You could decide to utilize instruments that consequently enhance pictures.

Another method of streamlining pictures is to pick vector pictures for portrayal. Additionally, you can decrease the nature of the picture to a limited degree to lessen stacking time. While transferring a picture, you ought to guarantee that it doesn't have any metadata, for example, geo-data. This diminishes picture size boundlessly.

How Does Page Speed Relate To Other Ranking Factors?

While page speed is significant for SEO rankings, it doesn't suggest that you bargain on different components. To improve the speed, you ought not to decrease the substance length on your website page. As indicated by different investigations, the base quantities of words that are needed to support SEO rankings rely on the kind of industry. It additionally relies upon whether you are focusing on a neighbourhood or global crowd and the watchword expression. Discover the absolute minimum words your site Top Digital Marketing Agencies in Kolkata ought to have and upgrade it as needs be.

Content Freshness and Schema Mark-up are other related elements. Composition Mark-up alludes to the utilization of watchwords while Content Freshness infers uniqueness. You should expect to utilize explicit expressions that individuals generally look for and furthermore give new and one of a kind substance. Regardless of whether this expects you to post pictures or recordings, it ought not to stop you for the sake of boosting page speed.

Page Speed Greatly Impacts Your Website Rating and SEO Ranking

Whenever you have utilized various methods of boosting page speed without trading off some other positioning component, you should test the speed once more. You can utilize various instruments for better investigation and furthermore follow their suggestions. Guarantee to test the speed for work area and cell phone sites to improve thought and see where your site needs. Like different elements, page speed ought to every now and again be checked and refined. This will assist you with evading pointless misfortunes and lift your nearby or global positioning.

[bitter-307-blog]

Week 1

Welcome to Aero 307. A two unit class that somehow justifies 6 hours of class time per week. I never understood how a 3 hour lab counts towards 1 unit of class, but a 3 hours of lecture goes to 3 units. But I digress.

Lab 1 involves testing using a NACA 4412 airfoil in the Cal Poly low speed wind tunnel. The experiment that our lab group got to run was up to us, so I suggested that we find the best Cl and Cl/Cd of the infinite wing at a few speeds.

We’ve calculated lift and drag from the wind tunnel before, so it didn’t seem like it would be an issue. However, when we did it in the past during the Aero 302 winglet lab, our math came from the load cell. The data that we have available to us is pressure from 20 ports unevenly spaced around the wing. 11 on the top and 8 on the bottom plus one more right on the leading edge. We understand that the Cd that we can get from the pressure data will only include the pressure drag and not any of the viscous drag, but it will have to do for now.

My first individual task was to make Matlab code for the Cp plot.

Nailed it.

The real struggle comes from trying to get the Cl and Cd from the pressure points. To try and find the direction and area associated with each pressure port, we have to develop some rudimentary panel code. Making that all work with the angles, panel lengths, sines, and cosines is, believe it or not, a huge pain in the ass.

But, with a little elbow grease and some matrix dimensions that may or may not agree, we will have code that spits out Cl/Cd by the time that we test on Monday.

[cetpatraininginstitute]

BENEFITS OF USING ETABS SOFTWARE

ETABS permits the user for Graphic input and modification for the sake of simple and quick model creation for any type of structure.

Making of a 3D model with the utilization of plan views and elevations, a 3D model of any kind of complicated structure can be created quickly.

Drawing of an object with most efficiency using snap command consisting of the end, perpendicular and middle, or some other choices.

Simple navigation with the help of multiple viewing of windows.

Different view options of the 3D model including any side elevation view, plan view, and also customization view created by the modeler.

Automatic creation of Wind load and Earthquake saves a lot of time to calculate them manually and assign them in the 3D Model.

You do not need to define load combination individually which saves lots of time as it is also automated as per your defined building code.

[healthyworthyofficial]

How To Apply The 80-20 Rule To Weight Loss, According To Doctors

One of the largest pitfalls of being on a restrictive eating regimen is, nicely, the restriction. Your favorite meals — possibly even total meals teams — are off-limits. You could also be excited that you simply’re shedding weight, however you actually miss ice cream and chocolate and french fries. Aren’t there any diets that don’t contain complete deprivation and sacrifice of all of your worldly pleasures? Enter the 80/20 rule, which is principally “everything in moderation” in motion: You eat wholesome 80 % of the time and indulge 20 % of the time. Sounds nice, proper? Even higher, it’s apparently a legit mindset to adapt to get in form. In truth, Blake Lively lately credited the approach with helping her get in shape earlier than movie roles, with the assistance of her coach, Don Saladino. (An essential word: Some individuals use the phrase “80/20 rule” to imply that weight reduction is 80 % consuming proper and 20 % exercising, however for this text, we’re solely specializing in how an 80/20 rule shakes out as a eating regimen plan.) But following the 80/20 rule is just not so simple as munching on salads 80 % of the time and large scorching fudge sundaes the opposite 20 %. There are greatest practices for profitable weight reduction. If you play your playing cards proper, although, this method to consuming might provide help to attain your targets. Here’s the whole lot it is advisable find out about shedding weight with the 80/20 rule.

What is the 80/20 rule for weight reduction?

You can apply the 80/20 rule — which many individuals additionally name the 80/20 eating regimen when speaking about weight reduction, although it isn’t really a eating regimen within the conventional sense — to many areas of your life that want a dose of moderation, as a result of it’s simply sufficient compliance and restriction to see adjustments however not a lot you could’t ever sit back and luxuriate in your self. Not having to comply with one thing 100 % to the letter will help you keep it up long-term, an essential component in shedding weight and holding it off. READ MORE: 10 Tips That’ll Help You Finally Nail The Whole Portion Control Thing To apply this rule to your eating regimen, you eat wholesome or “compliant” meals 80 % of the time after which eat extra freely the opposite 20 % of the time. “The critical part of this plan is to determine what foods make up good calories and what foods make up bad calories,” says weight-loss knowledgeable Dr Matthew Weiner, a bariatric surgeon at Tucson Bariatric. “It’s important to measure the ratio of good calories—like those from fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds and beans — to bad calories, like those from refined sugar, refined grains, cheese and other high-fat animal proteins.” Suggested compliant meals for the wholesome 80 % of your eating regimen: Whole or plant-based meals (like fruits and veggies) Lean animal protein Seafood wealthy in omega-3s Whole grains Low-fat dairy Monounsaturated fat from nuts, seeds, and olive oil Suggested meals for the extra indulgent 20 %: Foods excessive in saturated fats (e.g., fried hen, cheese, and bacon) Highly processed meals (ice cream, pizza, breakfast cereal) Alcohol White sugar and refined carbs Depending in your calorie wants and weight-loss targets, it's possible you'll want or wish to transfer among the wholesome meals into the 20 % class (just like the animal protein, grains, and dairy). Those meals may be a part of a nutritious diet for many individuals, however others might really feel higher or have extra weight-loss success when these meals are thought-about an indulgence. To hash out what varieties of meals and vitamins under in every class, it's possible you'll wish to work with a nutritionist.

So how do you really take these percentages and really apply them to your real-life calorie consumption?

If you need the most effective outcomes then it's important to do some little bit of math, says Dr Amy Elizabeth Rothberg, director of the load administration clinic at Michigan Medicine. “Before starting, it’s in all probability clever to take inventory of your every day and weekly consumption, by logging energy a few days throughout a typical work or college week and likewise on the weekend, significantly with respect to alcohol and high-calorie meals consumption,” she explains. This offers you a baseline of what number of energy you devour per day and over the course of per week, each of that are good to know, as a result of it's possible you'll eat kind of on some days in comparison with others (like for those who work out on Mondays/Wednesdays/Fridays, for instance). READ MORE: 5 Mistakes Almost Everyone Makes When They Start New Year’s Resolution Diets From there, you may determine learn how to body your share break up. You can calculate what number of particular energy make up 80 % of your every day or weekly consumption, or depend up what number of meals and snacks comprise 80 % of what you eat in complete. Everything else you eat, then, would fall into the remaining 20 %. Both Dr Rothberg and Dr Weiner say it actually doesn’t matter whether or not you apply the 80/20 rule to every day (like consuming three wholesome meals and one deal with) or to a seven-day week (like maintaining a healthy diet for 5 days after which enjoyable your eating regimen restrictions for 2). Either approach, you’re topic to the advantages and pitfalls of this method to consuming.

Speaking of pitfalls, it’s fairly simple to mess up once you eat in line with the 80/20 rule.

Pitfall #1: You overeat less-nutritious meals. Dr Weiner says that for those who eat cleanly for 5 days however then binge on junk meals, quick meals, and sugary drinks on the opposite two days, you in all probability received’t lose any weight. In truth, you could possibly even achieve some. Instead, it's best to nonetheless be maintaining a healthy diet meals on 20-percent days, striving for what Dr Weiner calls a “modest deviation” from an in any other case nutritious diet. Pitfall #2: You overeat wholesome meals. Yup, mentioned it: You can overeat good-for-you meals, too. Remember that, usually talking, weight reduction finally solely occurs when your caloric consumption is lower than your output. If you’re stuffing your self with “healthy” meals, you could possibly be consuming simply as a lot as once you permit your self a modest deal with. “Limiting your indulgences to 20 percent of the time doesn’t mean you have free reign to overeat on the healthier days,” factors out Dr Rothberg. Pitfall #3: You neglect to have a look at the entire image. Even for those who crack the 80/20 code, you could possibly nonetheless wind up not shifting the dimensions a lot for those who’re neglecting different elements of your well being. Dr Rothberg says individuals additionally want to scale back their general portions, get common train, and drink loads of water.

What does an 80/20 eating regimen appear like in actuality?

By now, you’ve (hopefully) caught on that the 80/20 eating regimen isn’t a free cross to take pleasure in wholesome or unhealthy meals. So how do you begin consuming like an 80/20 professional? That will depend on whether or not you’re making use of it to your every day or weekly calorie consumption. Eating 80/20 every day: You fill nearly all of your meals and snacks with wholesome, nutrient-dense meals from the compliant listing. When it comes time to your 20 % indulgence, you attain for a snack bag of chips within the afternoon, a glass of wine with dinner, or a couple of squares of darkish chocolate for dessert. Remember: Even although you’re allowed to indulge, you may’t name half a pan of brownies a “snack” and anticipate to drop pounds (even when your different meals are wholesome!). The 20 % refers back to the ratio of “good” versus “bad” meals, but in addition to the quantity of energy you eat day-after-day. Eating 80/20 on a weekly foundation: You follow your calorie targets for 5 days in a row (let’s say weekdays, simply to simplify). You don’t should be overly strict — which may depart you tempted to swing too far the opposite approach when the weekend arrives —  however try to be making an attempt to make wholesome decisions as near 100 % of the time as doable from Monday by Friday. When the weekend comes, you calm down your calorie targets. Notice that claims “relax,” not “throw out the window.” Overindulging in your 20 % days, like consuming quick meals for each meal, received’t provide help to along with your weight-loss targets. For instance, take pleasure in a portioned serving of your favorite cereal for breakfast, a wholesome lunch, one drink with dinner, and both the mac-and-cheese aspect dish or the slice of carrot cake for dessert (not each).

What are the professionals and cons of the eating regimen?

Like actually each different eating regimen on the planet, the 80/20 rule will work for some individuals however not others, and it has each benefits and drawbacks you want to concentrate on for those who’re contemplating making an attempt it out. The Pros: There’s no calorie counting or meals weighing required. You would possibly choose to trace energy to ensure you’re nailing the 80/20 ratio, however it’s not a necessary a part of the eating regimen. It can promote long-term way of life adjustments. “It could be ideal for people who are so busy with work, community, kids, and activities that they don’t have time for a more aggressive strategy, a more wholesome, balanced diet,” says Dr Rothberg. There’s no restriction concerned. “80/20 doesn’t require you to limit the total amount of food you eat, so you can eat whenever you get hungry and not feel like you’re starving yourself,” says Dr Weiner, who provides that the power to manage your starvation is without doubt one of the secrets and techniques to long-term compliance with an consuming plan. The Cons: No calorie counting means much less caloric consciousness. “A disadvantage of any moderation-based approach is we tend to overestimate our healthy decisions and underestimate the unhealthy ones,” explains Dr Weiner, “so without a detailed tracking system what you consider as a 80/20 diet may actually be a 60/40 one.” It might not work with different diets, like keto. Dr Weiner says that consuming quite a lot of high-fat animal protein and enjoyable the keto carb limits 20 % of the time will make it arduous to drop pounds and will even provide help to placed on kilos. Labelling meals as “good” or “bad” may be troublesome for anybody with a historical past of disordered consuming or body-image points, or perhaps a sensitivity to the pressures of diet culture. No single meals is really unhealthy; it’s the frequency and amount with which we eat sure meals that contributes to our well being. And all meals, even “good” ones, can do hurt if we don’t eat them sparsely. The backside line: For individuals trying to overhaul the best way they eat on a broad scale, making use of the 80/20 rule permits for simply sufficient flexibility to learn to make smarter, more healthy decisions day-after-day. If you want strict pointers about energy and vitamins, although, the summary boundaries of the 80/20 rule might set you up for frustration or failure. This article was initially revealed on www.womenshealthmag.com READ MORE ON: Weight Loss Weight Loss Tips !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=;t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e);s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');fbq('init','2162521310492989');fbq('track','PageView'); Source link Read the full article

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Hill AFB, UTTR combat exercises conclude.

Airmen assigned to the 95th Aircraft Maintenance Unit, Tyndall Air Force Base, Fla., launch Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor aircraft during exercise Combat Archer at Hill Air Force Base, Utah, Aug. 18, 2016.

HILL AIR FORCE BASE, Utah — Military exercises Combat Hammer and Combat Archer ended August 18 at Hill AFB and the Utah Test and Training Range.

During the exercises, Total Force Initiative Airmen assigned to the active-duty 95th and AF Reserve 301st Fighter Squadrons from Tyndall AFB, Fla. tested their ability to build, load, launch and employ munitions, which were dropped and fired from Tyndall Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor aircraft.

“Our Airmen gain a tremendous opportunity to prepare for future combat operations in the F-22 by performing in these exercises,” said Lt. Col. Daniel Lehoski, 95th Fighter Squadron detachment commander. “It builds confidence in our team, aircraft, and munitions through a mission-focused effort.”

The air-to-ground and air-to-air exercises are conducted by the 83rd and 86th Fighter Weapons Squadrons here. Their purpose is to collect and analyze data on the performance of precision weapons, and to measure their suitability for use in combat.

During the exercises, Lehoski noted that Tyndall F-22s dropped 32 precision guided munitions, employed 14 air-to-air missiles, and validated AIM-9X missile employment procedures, a first for Tyndall F-22s. Operations Airmen also flew integration missions with F-35, F-16, and F-15E aircraft, enhancing their ability to provide air dominance for America.

“We are tremendously appreciative of the support we have received from Hill AFB and both the 86th and 83rd FWS for giving the Airmen of Team Tyndall the opportunity to train at Combat Hammer and Combat Archer,” said Lehoski.

Airmen and aircraft, including A-10s from Moody AFB, Ga., F-15Es from Royal Air Force Lakenheath, England, and F-16s from Shaw AFB, S.C., also participated during the past two weeks.

A U.S. Air Force Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor flies above Royal Australian Air Force Base Tindal, Australia, March 2, 2017. Twelve Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptors and approximately 200 U.S. Air Force Airmen participated in the first Enhanced Air Cooperation, an initiative under the Force Posture Agreement between the U.S. and Australia.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Lockheed Martin F-22 "Raptor" is a fifth-generation, single-seat, twin-engine, all-weather stealth tactical fighter aircraft developed for the United States Air Force (USAF). The result of the USAF’s Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) program, the aircraft was designed primarily as an air superiority fighter, but also has ground attack, electronic warfare, and signal intelligence capabilities. The prime contractor, Lockheed Martin, built most of the F-22’s airframe and weapons systems and conducted final assembly, while Boeing provided the wings, aft fuselage, avionics integration, and training systems.

The aircraft was variously designated F-22 and F/A-22 before it formally entered service in December 2005 as the F-22A. Despite its protracted development and various operational issues, USAF officials consider the F-22 a critical component of the service’s tactical air power. Its combination of stealth, aerodynamic performance, and situational awareness enable unprecedented air combat capabilities.

Service officials had originally planned to buy a total of 750 ATFs. In 2009, the program was cut to 187 operational production aircraft due to high costs, a lack of clear air-to-air missions due to delays in Russian and Chinese fighter programs, a ban on exports, and development of the more versatile F-35. The last F-22 was delivered in 2012.

Development

Origins

In 1981, the U.S. Air Force identified a requirement for an Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) to replace the F-15 "Eagle" and F-16 "Fighting Falcon". Code named "Senior Sky", this air-superiority fighter program was influenced by emerging worldwide threats, including new developments in Soviet air defense systems and the proliferation of the Su-27 "Flanker"- and MiG-29 "Fulcrum"-class of fighter aircraft. It would take advantage of the new technologies in fighter design on the horizon, including composite materials, lightweight alloys, advanced flight control systems, more powerful propulsion systems, and most importantly, stealth technology. In 1983, the ATF concept development team became the System Program Office (SPO) and managed the program at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The demonstration and validation (Dem/Val) request for proposals (RFP) was issued in September 1985, with requirements placing strong emphasis on stealth and supercruise. Of the seven bidding companies, Lockheed and Northrop were selected on 31 October 1986. Lockheed teamed with Boeing and General Dynamics while Northrop teamed with McDonnell Douglas, and the two contractor teams undertook a 50-month Dem/Val phase, culminating in the flight test of two technology demonstrator prototypes, the YF-22 and the YF-23, respectively.

Dem/Val was focused on risk reduction and technology development plans over specific aircraft designs. Contractors made extensive use of analytical and empirical methods, including computational fluid dynamics, wind-tunnel testing, and radar cross-section calculations and pole testing; the Lockheed team would conduct nearly 18,000 hours of wind-tunnel testing. Avionics development was marked by extensive testing and prototyping and supported by ground and flying laboratories. During Dem/Val, the SPO used the results of performance and cost trade studies conducted by contractor teams to adjust ATF requirements and delete ones that were significant weight and cost drivers while having marginal value. The short takeoff and landing (STOL) requirement was relaxed in order to delete thrust-reversers, saving substantial weight. As avionics was a major cost driver, side-looking radars were deleted, and the dedicated infra-red search and track (IRST) system was downgraded from multi-color to single color and then deleted as well. However, space and cooling provisions were retained to allow for future addition of these components. The ejection seat requirement was downgraded from a fresh design to the existing McDonnell Douglas ACES II. Despite efforts by the contractor teams to rein in weight, the takeoff gross weight estimate was increased from 50,000 lb (22,700 kg) to 60,000 lb (27,200 kg), resulting in engine thrust requirement increasing from 30,000 lbf (133 kN) to 35,000 lbf (156 kN) class.

Each team produced two prototype air vehicles for Dem/Val, one for each of the two engine options. The YF-22 had its maiden flight on 29 September 1990 and in flight tests achieved up to Mach 1.58 in supercruise. After the Dem/Val flight test of the prototypes, on 23 April 1991, Secretary of the USAF Donald Rice announced the Lockheed team as the winner of the ATF competition. The YF-23 design was considered stealthier and faster, while the YF-22, with its thrust vectoring nozzles, was more maneuverable as well as less expensive and risky. The aviation press speculated that the Lockheed team’s design was also more adaptable to the U.S. Navy’s Navalized Advanced Tactical Fighter (NATF), but by 1992, the Navy had abandoned NATF.

Production and procurement

As the program moved to full-scale development, or the Engineering & Manufacturing Development (EMD) stage, the production version had notable differences from the YF-22, despite having a broadly similar shape. The swept-back angle of the leading edge was decreased from 48° to 42°, while the vertical stabilizers were shifted rearward and decreased in area by 20%. To improve pilot visibility, the canopy was moved forward 7 inches (18 cm), and the engine intakes moved rearward 14 inches (36 cm). The shapes of the wing and stabilator trailing edges were refined to improve aerodynamics, strength, and stealth characteristics. Increasing weight during development caused slight reductions in range and maneuver performance.

Prime contractor Lockheed Martin Aeronautics manufactured the majority of the airframe and performed final assembly at Dobbins Air Reserve Base in Marietta, Georgia; program partner Boeing Defense, Space & Security provided additional airframe components as well as avionics integration and training systems. The first F-22, an EMD aircraft with tail number 4001, was unveiled at Marietta, Georgia, on 9 April 1997, and first flew on 7 September 1997. Production, with the first lot awarded in September 2000, supported over 1,000 subcontractors and suppliers from 46 states and up to 95,000 jobs, and spanned 15 years at a peak rate of roughly two airplanes per month. In 2006, the F-22 development team won the Collier Trophy, American aviation’s most prestigious award. Due to the aircraft’s advanced nature, contractors have been targeted by cyberattacks and technology theft.

The USAF originally envisioned ordering 750 ATFs at a total program cost of $44.3 billion and procurement cost of $26.2 billion in fiscal year (FY) 1985 dollars, with production beginning in 1994. The 1990 Major Aircraft Review led by Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney reduced this to 648 aircraft beginning in 1996. By 1997, funding instability had further cut the total to 339, which was again reduced to 277 by 2003. In 2004, the Department of Defense (DoD) further reduced this to 183 operational aircraft, despite the USAF’s preference for 381. A multi-year procurement plan was implemented in 2006 to save $15 billion, with total program cost projected to be $62 billion for 183 F-22s distributed to seven combat squadrons. In 2008, Congress passed a defense spending bill that raised the total orders for production aircraft to 187.

The first two F-22s built were EMD aircraft in the Block 1.0 configuration for initial flight testing, while the third was a Block 2.0 aircraft built to represent the internal structure of production airframes and enabled it to test full flight loads. Six more EMD aircraft were built in the Block 10 configuration for development and upgrade testing, with the last two considered essentially production quality jets. Production for operational squadrons consisted of 37 Block 20 training aircraft and 149 Block 30/35 combat aircraft; one of the Block 35 aircraft is dedicated to flight sciences at Edwards Air Force Base.

The numerous new technologies in the F-22 resulted in substantial cost overruns and delays. Many capabilities were deferred to post-service upgrades, reducing the initial cost but increasing total program cost. As production wound down in 2011, the total program cost is estimated to be about $67.3 billion, with $32.4 billion spent on Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) and $34.9 billion on procurement and military construction (MILCON) in then year dollars. The incremental cost for an additional F-22 was estimated at about $138 million in 2009.

Ban on exports

The F-22 cannot be exported under US federal law to protect its stealth technology and other high-tech features. Customers for U.S. fighters are acquiring earlier designs such as the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon or the newer F-35 Lightning II, which contains technology from the F-22 but was designed to be cheaper, more flexible, and available for export. In September 2006, Congress upheld the ban on foreign F-22 sales. Despite the ban, the 2010 defense authorization bill included provisions requiring the DoD to prepare a report on the costs and feasibility for an F-22 export variant, and another report on the effect of F-22 export sales on U.S. aerospace industry.

Some Australian politicians and defense commentators proposed that Australia should attempt to purchase F-22s instead of the planned F-35s, citing the F-22’s known capabilities and F-35’s delays and developmental uncertainties. However, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) determined that the F-22 was unable to perform the F-35’s strike and close air support roles. The Japanese government also showed interest in the F-22 for its Replacement-Fighter program. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) would reportedly require fewer fighters for its mission if it obtained the F-22, thus reducing engineering and staffing costs. However, in 2009 it was reported that acquiring the F-22 would require increases to the Japanese government’s defense budget beyond the historical 1 percent of its GDP. With the end of F-22 production, Japan chose the F-35 in December 2011. Israel also expressed interest, but eventually chose the F-35 because of the F-22’s price and unavailability.

Production termination

Throughout the 2000s, the need for F-22s was debated, due to rising costs and the lack of relevant adversaries. In 2006, Comptroller General of the United States David Walker found that "the DoD has not demonstrated the need" for more investment in the F-22, and further opposition to the program was expressed by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon R. England, Senator John McCain, and Chairman of U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services Senator John Warner. The F-22 program lost influential supporters in 2008 after the forced resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley.

In November 2008, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that the F-22 was not relevant in post-Cold War conflicts such as irregular warfare operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and in April 2009, under the new Obama Administration, he called for ending production in FY2011, leaving the USAF with 187 production aircraft. In July, General James Cartwright, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, stated to the Senate Committee on Armed Services his reasons for supporting termination of F-22 production. They included shifting resources to the multirole F-35 to allow proliferation of fifth-generation fighters for three service branches and preserving the F/A-18 production line to maintain the military’s electronic warfare (EW) capabilities in the Boeing EA-18G Growler.[60] Issues with the F-22’s reliability and availability also raised concerns. After President Obama threatened to veto further production, the Senate voted in July 2009 in favor of ending production and the House subsequently agreed to abide by the 187 production aircraft cap. Gates stated that the decision was taken in light of the F-35’s capabilities, and in 2010, he set the F-22 requirement to 187 aircraft by lowering the number of major regional conflict preparations from two to one.

In 2010, USAF initiated a study to determine the costs of retaining F-22 tooling for a future Service Life Extension Program (SLEP).[66] A RAND Corporation paper from this study estimated that restarting production and building an additional 75 F-22s would cost $17 billion, resulting in $227 million per aircraft, or $54 million higher than the flyaway cost. Lockheed Martin stated that restarting the production line itself would cost about $200 million. Production tooling and associated documentation were subsequently stored at the Sierra Army Depot, allowing the retained tooling to support the fleet life cycle. There were reports that attempts to retrieve this tooling found empty containers, but a subsequent audit found that the tooling was stored as expected.

Russian and Chinese fighter developments have fueled concern, and in 2009, General John Corley, head of Air Combat Command, stated that a fleet of 187 F-22s would be inadequate, but Secretary Gates dismissed General Corley’s concern. In 2011, Gates explained that Chinese fifth-generation fighter developments had been accounted for when the number of F-22s was set, and that the U.S. would have a considerable advantage in stealth aircraft in 2025, even with F-35 delays. In December 2011, the 195th and final F-22 was completed out of 8 test EMD and 187 operational aircraft produced; the aircraft was delivered to the USAF on 2 May 2012.

In April 2016, the House Armed Services Committee (HASC) Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee proposed legislation that would direct the Air Force to conduct a cost study and assessment associated with resuming production of the F-22. Since the production halt directed in 2009 by then Defense Secretary Gates, lawmakers and the Pentagon noted that air warfare systems of Russia and China were catching up to those of the U.S. Lockheed Martin has proposed upgrading the Block 20 training aircraft into combat-coded Block 30/35 versions as a way to increase numbers available for deployment. On 9 June 2017, the Air Force submitted their report to Congress stating they had no plans to restart the F-22 production line due to economic and operational issues; it estimated it would cost approximately $50 billion to procure 194 additional F-22s at a cost of $206–$216 million per aircraft, including approximately $9.9 billion for non-recurring start-up costs and $40.4 billion for aircraft procurement costs.

Upgrades

The first aircraft with combat-capable Block 3.0 software flew in 2001. Increment 2, the first upgrade program, was implemented in 2005 for Block 20 aircraft onward and enabled the employment of Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM). Certification of the improved AN/APG-77(V)1 radar was completed in March 2007, and airframes from production Lot 5 onward are fitted with this radar, which incorporates air-to-ground modes. Increment 3.1 for Block 30 aircraft onward provided improved ground-attack capability through synthetic aperture radar mapping and radio emitter direction finding, electronic attack and Small Diameter Bomb (SDB) integration; testing began in 2009 and the first upgraded aircraft was delivered in 2011. To address oxygen deprivation issues, F-22s were fitted with an automatic backup oxygen system (ABOS) and modified life support system starting in 2012.

Increment 3.2 for Block 35 aircraft is a two-part upgrade process; 3.2A focuses on electronic warfare, communications and identification, while 3.2B includes geolocation improvements and a new stores management system to show the correct symbols for the AIM-9X and AIM-120D.[83][84] To enable two-way communication with other platforms, the F-22 can use the Battlefield Airborne Communications Node (BACN) as a gateway. The planned Multifunction Advanced Data Link (MADL) integration was cut due to development delays and lack of proliferation among USAF platforms. The F-22 fleet is planned to start receiving Increment 3.2B as well as a software upgrade for cryptography capabilities and avionics stability in May 2019. A Multifunctional Information Distribution System-Joint (MIDS-J) radio that replaces the current Link-16 receive-only box is expected to be operational by 2020. Subsequent upgrades are also focusing on having an open architecture to enable faster future enhancements.

In 2024, funding is projected to begin for the F-22 mid-life upgrade (MLU), which is expected to include new sensors and antennas, hardware refresh, cockpit improvements, and a helmet mounted display and cuing system. Other enhancements being developed include IRST functionality for the AN/AAR-56 Missile Launch Detector (MLD) and more durable stealth coating based on the F-35’s.

The F-22 was designed for a service life of 8,000 flight hours, with a $350 million "structures retrofit program". Investigations are being made for upgrades to extend their useful lives further. In the long term, the F-22 is expected to be superseded by a sixth-generation jet fighter to be fielded in the 2030s.

Design

Overview

The F-22 Raptor is a fifth-generation fighter that is considered fourth generation in stealth aircraft technology by the USAF.[91] It is the first operational aircraft to combine supercruise, supermaneuverability, stealth, and sensor fusion in a single weapons platform. The F-22 has four empennage surfaces, retractable tricycle landing gear, and clipped delta wings with reverse trailing edge sweep and leading edge extensions running to the upper outboard corner of the inlets. Flight control surfaces include leading-edge flaps, flaperons, ailerons, rudders on the canted vertical stabilizers, and all-moving horizontal tails (stabilators); for speed brake function, the ailerons deflect up, flaperons down, and rudders outwards to increase drag.

The aircraft’s dual Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 augmented turbofan engines are closely spaced and incorporate pitch-axis thrust vectoring nozzles with a range of ±20 degrees; each engine has maximum thrust in the 35,000 lbf (156 kN) class. The F-22’s thrust-to-weight ratio at typical combat weight is nearly at unity in maximum military power and 1.25 in full afterburner. Maximum speed without external stores is approximately Mach 1.8 at military power and greater than Mach 2 with afterburners.

The F-22’s high cruise speed and operating altitude over prior fighters improve the effectiveness of its sensors and weapon systems, and increase survivability against ground defenses such as surface-to-air missiles. The aircraft is among only a few that can supercruise, or sustain supersonic flight without using fuel-inefficient afterburners; it can intercept targets which subsonic aircraft would lack the speed to pursue and an afterburner-dependent aircraft would lack the fuel to reach. The F-22’s thrust and aerodynamics enable regular combat speeds of Mach 1.5 at 50,000 feet (15,000 m). The use of internal weapons bays permits the aircraft to maintain comparatively higher performance over most other combat-configured fighters due to a lack of aerodynamic drag from external stores. The aircraft’s structure contains a significant amount of high-strength materials to withstand stress and heat of sustained supersonic flight. Respectively, titanium alloys and composites comprise 39% and 24% of the structural weight.

The F-22’s aerodynamics, relaxed stability, and powerful thrust-vectoring engines give it excellent maneuverability and energy potential across its flight envelope. The airplane has excellent high alpha (angle of attack) characteristics, capable of flying at trimmed alpha of over 60° while maintaining roll control and performing maneuvers such as the Herbst maneuver (J-turn) and Pugachev’s Cobra. The flight control system and full-authority digital engine control (FADEC) make the aircraft highly departure resistant and controllable, thus giving the pilot carefree handling.

Stealth

The F-22 was designed to be highly difficult to detect and track by radar. Measures to reduce radar cross-section (RCS) include airframe shaping such as alignment of edges, fixed-geometry serpentine inlets and curved vanes that prevent line-of-sight of the engine faces and turbines from any exterior view, use of radar-absorbent material (RAM), and attention to detail such as hinges and pilot helmets that could provide a radar return. The F-22 was also designed to have decreased radio emissions, infrared signature and acoustic signature as well as reduced visibility to the naked eye. The aircraft’s flat thrust-vectoring nozzles reduce infrared emissions of the exhaust plume to mitigate the threat of infrared homing ("heat seeking") surface-to-air or air-to-air missiles. Additional measures to reduce the infrared signature include special topcoat and active cooling of leading edges to manage the heat buildup from supersonic flight.

Compared to previous stealth designs like the F-117, the F-22 is less reliant on RAM, which are maintenance-intensive and susceptible to adverse weather conditions. Unlike the B-2, which requires climate-controlled hangars, the F-22 can undergo repairs on the flight line or in a normal hangar. The F-22 has a Signature Assessment System which delivers warnings when the radar signature is degraded and necessitates repair. While the F-22’s exact RCS is classified, in 2009 Lockheed Martin released information indicating that from certain angles the aircraft has an RCS of 0.0001 m² or −40 dBsm – equivalent to the radar reflection of a "steel marble". Effectively maintaining the stealth features can decrease the F-22’s mission capable rate to 62–70%.

The effectiveness of the stealth characteristics is difficult to gauge. The RCS value is a restrictive measurement of the aircraft’s frontal or side area from the perspective of a static radar. When an aircraft maneuvers it exposes a completely different set of angles and surface area, potentially increasing radar observability. Furthermore, the F-22’s stealth contouring and radar absorbent materials are chiefly effective against high-frequency radars, usually found on other aircraft. The effects of Rayleigh scattering and resonance mean that low-frequency radars such as weather radars and early-warning radars are more likely to detect the F-22 due to its physical size. However, such radars are also conspicuous, susceptible to clutter, and have low precision. Additionally, while faint or fleeting radar contacts make defenders aware that a stealth aircraft is present, reliably vectoring interception to attack the aircraft is much more challenging. According to the USAF an F-22 surprised an Iranian F-4 Phantom II that was attempting to intercept an American UAV, despite Iran’s assertion of having military VHF radar coverage over the Persian Gulf.

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400+ TOP ELECTRICAL Engineering Interview Questions and Answers Pdf- EEE

ELECTRICAL Engineering Interview Questions with Answers free download - EEE :-

CLICK HERE ----> ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MCQs 1. What is electric traction? Electric traction means using the electric power for traction system (i.e. for railways,trams, trolleys etc). Electric traction means use of the electricity for all the above machines. Now a days, magnetic traction is also used for bullet trains.and basically dc motors are used for electric traction systems. 2. How can you start-up the 40w tube lite with 230v AC/DC without using any choke/Coil? It’s possible by means of Electronic chokes,otherwise it’s not possible to ionize the particles in tube light with normal voltage. 3. What is “pu” in electrical engineering? Pu stands for per unit and this will be used in single line diagram of power distribution and it is like a huge electrical circuit with no of components (generators, transformers, loads) with different ratings (in MVA and KV). To bring all the ratings into common platform we use pu concept in which, in general largest MVA and KV ratings of the component is considered as base values, then all other component ratings will get back into this basis.Those values are called as pu values. (p.u=actual value/base value). 4. Operation carried out in Thermal power stations? The water is obtained in the boiler and the coal is burnt so that steam is obtained this steam is allowed to hit the turbine , the turbine which is coupled with the generator generates the electricity. 5. Why link is provided in neutral of an ac circuit and fuse in phase of ac circuit? Link is provided at a Neutral common point in the circuit from which various connection are taken for the individual control circuit and so it is given in a link form to withstand high Amps. But in the case of Fuse in the Phase of AC circuit it is designed such that the fuse rating is calculated for the particular circuit (i.e load) only.So if any malfunction happen the fuse connected in the particular control circuit alone will blow off.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Interview Questions 6. How tube light circuit is connected and how it works? A choke is connected in one end of the tube light and a starter is in series with the circuit. When supply is provided ,the starter will interrupt the supply cycle of AC. Due to the sudden change of supply the chock will generate around 1000 volts . This volt will capable of to break the electrons inside the tube to make electron flow. once the current passes through the tube the starter circuit will be out of part. now there is no change of supply causes choke voltage normalized and act as minimize the current. 7. whats is MARX CIRCUIT? It is used with generators for charging a number of capacitor in parallel and discharging them in series.It is used when voltage required for testing is higher than the available. 8. What is encoder, how it function? An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bit stream) or data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to another. This is usually done by means of a programmed algorithm,especially if any part is digital, while most analog encoding is done with analog circuitry. 9. What are the advantages of speed control using thyristor? Advantages : Fast Switching Characteristics than Mosfet, BJT, IGBT Low cost Higher Accurate. 10. Why Human body feel Electric shock ?? n in an Electric train during running , We did nt feel any Shock ? why? Unfortunately our body is a pretty good conductor of electricity, The golden rule is Current takes the lowest resistant path if you have insulation to our feet as the circuit is not complete (wearing rubber footwear which doing some repairs is advisable as our footwear is a high resistance path not much current flows through our body).The electric train is well insulated from its electrical system. 11. what is the principle of motor? Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in an magnetic field it produce turning or twisting movement is called as torque. 12. Why, when birds sit on transmission lines or current wires doesn’t get shock? Its true that if birds touch the single one line (phase or neutral) they don’t get electrical shock… if birds touch 2 lines than the circuit is closed and they get electrical shock.. so if a human touch single one line(phase) then he doesn’t get shock if he is in the air (not touching – standing on the ground if he is standing on the ground then touching the line (phase) he will get a shock because the ground on what we standing is like line (ground bed – like neutral)? and in the most of electric lines the neutral is grounded..so that means that human who touch the line closes the circuit between phase and neutral. 13. what is meant by armature reaction? The effect of armature flu to main flux is called armature reaction. The armature flux may support main flux or opposes main flux. 14. what happen if we give 220 volts dc supply to d bulb r tube light? Bulbs for AC are designed to operate such that it offers high impedance to AC supply. Normally they have low resistance. When DC supply is applied, due to low resistance, the current through lamp would be so high that it may damage the bulb element. 15. Which motor has high Starting Torque and Staring current DC motor, Induction motor or Synchronous motor? DC Series motor has high starting torque. We can not start the Induction motor and Synchronous motors on load, but can not start the DC series motor without load. 16. what is ACSR cable and where we use it? ACSR means Aluminium conductor steel reinforced, this conductor is used in transmission & distribution. 17. What is vacuum circuit breaker.define with cause and where be use it Device? A breaker is normally used to break a circuit. while breaking the circuit, the contact terminals will be separated. At the time of separation an air gap is formed in between the terminals. Due to existing current flow the air in the gap is ionized and results in the arc. various mediums are used to quench this arc in respective CB’s. but in VCB the medium is vacuum gas. since the air in the CB is having vacuum pressure the arc formation is interrupted. VCB’s can be used up to kv. 18. What will happen when power factor is leading in distribution of power? If their is high power factor, i.e if the power factor is close to one: losses in form of heat will be reduced, cable becomes less bulky and easy to carry, and very cheap to afford, & it also reduces over heating of transformers. 19. whats the one main difference between UPS & inverter ? And electrical engineering & electronics engineering ? uninterrupt power supply is mainly use for short time . means according to ups VA it gives backup. ups is also two types : on line and offline . online ups having high volt and amp for long time backup with with high dc voltage.but ups start with 2v dc with 7 amp. but inverter is start with 2v,24,dc to 36v dc and 20amp to 80amp battery with long time backup. 20. What is 2 phase motor? A two phase motor is a motor with the the starting winding and the running winding have a phase split. e.g;ac servo motor.where the auxiliary winding and the control winding have a phase split of 90 degree. 21. Advantages of vvvf drives over non vvvf drives for EOT cranes? smooth start and stop. no jerking of load. exact positioning better protection for motor. high/low speed selection. reliability of break shoe. programmable break control. easy circuitry reduction in controls increases motor life 22. What is the significance of vector grouping in Power Transformers? Every power transformer has a vector group listed by its manufacturer. Fundamentally it tells you the information about how the windings are connected (delta or wye) and the phace difference between the current and voltage. EG. DYN means Delta primary, Wye Secondry and the current is at o clock referred to the voltage. 23. Which type of A.C motor is used in the fan (ceiling fan, exhaust fan, pedestal fan, bracket fan etc) which are find in the houses ? Its Single Phase induction motor which mostly squirrel cage rotor and are capacitor start capacitor run. 24. Give two basic speed control scheme of DC shunt motor? By using flux control method:in this method a rheostat is connected across the field winding to control the field current.so by changing the current the flux produced by the field winding can be changed, and since speed is inversely proportional to flux speed can be controlled .armature control method:in this method a rheostat is connected across armature winding by varying the resistance the value of resistive drop(IaRa)can be varied,and since speed is directly proportional to Eb-IaRa the speed can be controlled. 25. what is the principle of motor? Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in an magnetic field it produce turning or twisting movement is called as torque. 26. what is meant by armature reaction? The effect of armature flu to main flux is called armature reaction. The armature flux may support main flux or opposes main flux. 27. Give two basic speed control scheme of DC shunt motor? By using flux control method:in this method a rheostat is connected across the field winding to control the field current.so by changing the current the flux produced by the field winding can be changed, and since speed is inversely proportional to flux speed can be controlled .armature control method:in this method a rheostat is connected across armature wdg.by varying the resistance the value of resistive drop(IaRa)can be varied,and since speed is directly proportional to Eb-IaRa the speed can be controlled. 28. what is the difference between synchronous generator & asynchronous generator? In simple, synchronous generator supply’s both active and reactive power but asynchronous generator(induction generator) supply’s only active power and observe reactive power for magnetizing.This type of generators are used in windmills. 29. What is the Polarization index value ? (pi value)and simple definition of polarization index ? Its ratio between insulation resistance(IR)i.e meggar value for 0min to insulation resistance for min. It ranges from 5-7 for new motors & normally for motor to be in good condition it should be Greater than .5 . 30. Why syn. generators are used for the production of electricity? synchronous machines have capability to work on different power factor(or say different imaginary power varying the field emf. Hence syn. generators r used for the production of electricity. 31. What is the difference between synchronous generator & asynchronous generator? In simple, synchronous generator supply’s both active and reactive power but asynchronous generator(induction generator) supply’s only active power and observe reactive power for magnetizing.This type of generators are used in windmills. 32. 1 ton is equal to how many watts? 1 ton = 12000 BTU/hr and to convert BTU/hr to horsepower, 12,000 * 0.000929 = 4.715 hp therefore 1 ton = 4.715*.746 = .5 KW. 33. why syn. generators r used for the production of electricity? synchronous machines have capability to work on different power factor(or say different imaginary pow varying the field emf. Hence syn. generators r used for the production of electricity. 34. Enlist types of dc generator? D.C.Generators are classified into two types: separately excited d.c.generator self excited d.c.generator, which is further classified into;1)series 2)shunt and compound(which is further classified into cumulative and differential). 35. What is Automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)? AVR is an abbreviation for Automatic Voltage Regulator.It is important part in Synchronous Generators, it controls the output voltage of the generator by controlling its excitation current. Thus it can control the output Reactive Power of the Generator. 36. What is an exciter and how does it work? There are two types of exciters, static exciter and rotory exciter.purpose of excitor is to supply the excitation dc voltage to the fixed poles of generator.Rotory excitor is an additional small generator mounted on the shaft of main generator. if it is dc generator, it will supply dc to the rotory poles through slip ring and brushes( conventional alternator). if it is an ac excitor, out put of ac excitor is rectified by rotating diodes and supply dc to main fixed poles.ac excitor is the ac generator whose field winding are stationary and armature rotates. initial voltage is built up by residual magnetism.It gives the starting torque to the generator. 37. Difference between a four point starter and three point starter? The shunt connection in four point stater is provided separately form the line where as in three point stater it is connected with line which is the drawback in three point stater 38. Why use the VCB at High Transmission System ? Why can’t use ACB? Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc quenching property compare to air because in VCB ,the die electric strengths equal to 8 times of air . That y always vacuum used as inHT breaker and air used as in LT . 39. What is the difference between surge arrestor and lightning arrestor? LA is installed outside and the effect of lightning is grounded,where as surge arrestor installed inside panels comprising of resistors which consumes the energy and nullify the effect of surge. 40. What happens if i connect a capacitor to a generator load? Connecting a capacitor across a generator always improves power factor,but it will help depends up on the engine capacity of the alternator,other wise the alternator will be over loaded due to the extra watts consumed due to the improvement on pf. Secondly, don’t connect a capacitor across an alternator while it is picking up or without any other load. 41. Why the capacitors works on ac only? Generally capacitor gives infinite resistance to dc components(i.e., block the dc components). it allows the ac components to pass through. 42. Explain the working principal of the circuit breaker? Circuit Breaker is one which makes or breaks the circuit.It has two contacts namely fixed contact & moving contact.under normal condition the moving contact comes in contact with fixed contact thereby forming the closed contact for the flow of current. During abnormal & faulty conditions(when current exceeds the rated value) an arc is produced between the fixed & moving contacts & thereby it forms the open circuit Arc is extinguished by the Arc Quenching media like air, oil, vacuum etc. 43. How many types of colling system it transformers? ONAN (oil natural,air natural) ONAF (oil natural,air forced) OFAF (oil forced,air forced) ODWF (oil direct,water forced) OFAN (oil forced,air forced) 44. Define What is the function of anti-pumping in circuit breaker? when breaker is close at one time by close push button,the anti pumping contactor prevent re close the breaker by close push button after if it already close. 45. What is stepper motor.what is its uses? Stepper motor is the electrical machine which act upon input pulse applied to it. it is one type of synchronous motor which runs in steps in either direction instead of running in complete cycle.so, in automation parts it is used. 46. How to calculate capacitor bank value to maintain unity power factor with some suitable example? KVAR= KW(TAN(COS(-1)#e)- TAN(COS(-1)#d) ) #e= EXISTING P.F. #d= DESIRED P.F. 47. Tell me in detail about c.t. and p.t. ?(Company:reliance) The term C.T means current transformer,and the term P.T means potential transformer.In circuit where measurements of high voltage and high current is involved they are used there.Particularly when a measuring device like voltmeter or ammeter is not able to measure such high value of quantity because of large value of torque due to such high value it can damage the measuring device.so, CT and PT are introduced in the circuits. They work on the same principle of transformer, which is based on linkage of electromagnetic flux produced by primary with secondary.They work on the ratio to they are designed.E.g if CTis of ratio 50005A and it has to measure secondary current of 8000A.then ANS=8000*55000=8Aand this result will be given to ammeter .and after measuring 8A we can calculate the primary current.same is the operation of PT but measuring voltage. 48. There are a Transformer and an induction machine. Those two have the same supply. For which device the load current will be maximum? And why? The motor has max load current compare to that of transformer because the motor consumes real power.. and the transformer is only producing the working flux and its not consuming.. hence the load current in the transformer is because of core loss so it is minimum. 49. What is power factor? whether it should be high or low? why? Power factor should be high in order to get smooth operation of the system.Low power factor means losses will be more.it is the ratio of true power to apparent power. it has to be ideally 1. if it is too low then cable over heating & equipment overloading will occur. if it is greater than 1 then load will act as capacitor and starts feeding the source and will cause tripping.(if pf is poor ex: 0.17 to meet actual power load has to draw more current(V constant),result in more losses if pf is good ex: 0.95 to meet actual power load has to draw less current(V constant),result in less losses). 50. What is the difference between Isolator and Circuit Breaker? Isolator is a off load device which is used for isolating the downstream circuits from upstream circuits for the reason of any maintenance on downstream circuits. it is manually operated and does not contain any solenoid unlike circuit breaker. it should not be operated while it is having load. first the load on it must be made zero and then it can safely operated. its specification only rated current is given.But circuit breaker is onload automatic device used for breaking the circuit in case of abnormal conditions like short circuit, overload etc., it is having three specification 1 is rated current and 2 is short circuit breaking capacity and 3 is instantaneous tripping current. 51. what is boucholz relay and the significance of it in to the transformer? Boucholz relay is a device which is used for the protection of transformer from its internal faults, it is a gas based relay. whenever any internal fault occurs in a transformer, the boucholz relay at once gives a horn for some time, if the transformer is isolated from the circuit then it stop its sound itself other wise it trips the circuit by its own tripping mechanism. 52. What is SF6 Circuit Breaker? SF6 is Sulpher hexa Flouride gas.. if this gas is used as arc quenching medium in a Circuitbreaker means SF6 CB. 53. What is frantic effect? Output voltage is greater than the input voltage or receiving end voltage is greater than the sending end voltage. 54. What is meant by insulation voltage in cables? explain it? It is the property of a cable by virtue of it can withstand the applied voltage without rupturing it is known as insulation level of the cable. 55. Why we do 2 types of earthing on transformer (ie:)body earthing & neutral earthing , what is function. i am going to install a oo kva transformer & 380 kva DG set what should the earthing value? The two types of earthing are Familiar as Equipment earthing and system earthing. In Equipment earthing: body ( non conducting part)of the equipment shouldd be earthed to safegaurd the human beings.system Earthing : In this neutral of the supply source ( Transformer or Generator) should be grounded. With this,in case of unbalanced loading neutral will not be shifted.so that unbalanced voltages will not arise. We can protect the equipment also. With size of the equipment( transformer or alternator)and selection of relying system earthing will be further classified into directly earthed,Impedance earthing, resistive (NGRs) earthing. 56. What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be used? MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short circuit protection in small current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case circuit breaker and is thermal operated for over load current and magnetic operation for instant trip in short circuit condition.under voltage and under frequency may be inbuilt. Normally it is used where normal current is more than 100A. 57. Where should the lighting arrestor be placed in distribution lines? Near distribution transformers and out going feeders of 11kv and incomming feeder of 33kv and near power transformers in sub-stations. 58. Define IDMT relay? It is an inverse definite minimum time relay.In IDMT relay its operating is inversely proportional and also a characteristic of minimum time after which this relay operates.It is inverse in the sense ,the tripping time will decrease as the magnitude of fault current increase. 59. What are the transformer losses? TRANSFORMER LOSSES – Transformer losses have two sources-copper loss and magnetic loss. Copper losses are caused by the resistance of the wire (I2R). Magnetic losses are caused by eddy currents and hysteresis in the core. Copper loss is a constant after the coil has been wound and therefore a measurable loss. Hysteresis loss is constant for a particular voltage and current. Eddy-current loss, however, is different for each frequency passed through the transformer. 60. What is the count of hvdc transmission lines in India? Resolution:At present there are three hvdc transmission lines in india chandrapur to padghe(mumbai)–(100 MW at ±00 kV DC) rehand to delhi (100 MW at ±00 kV DC) talchal to kolar (200 MW) 61. What is meant by regenerative braking? Resolution:When the supply is cutt off for a running motor, it still continue running due to inertia. In order to stop it quickly we place a load(resitor) across the armature winding and the motor should have maintained continuous field supply. so that back e.m.f voltage is made to apply across the resistor and due to load the motor stops quickly.This type of breaking is called as “Regenerative Breaking”. 62. Why is the starting current high in a DC motor? Resolution:In DC motors, Voltage equation is V=Eb-IaRa (V = Terminal voltage,Eb = Back emf in Motor,Ia = Armature current,Ra = Aramture resistance).At starting, Eb is zero. Therefore, V=IaRa, Ia = V/Ra ,where Ra is very less like 0.01ohm.i.e, Ia will become enormously increased. 63. What are the advantages of star-delta starter with induction motor? Resolution: (1). The main advantage of using the star delta starter is reduction of current during the starting of the motor.Starting current is reduced to 3-4 times Of current of Direct online starting. (2). Hence the starting current is reduced , the voltage drops during the starting of motor in systems are reduced. 64. Why Delta Star Transformers are used for Lighting Loads? Resolution:For lighting loads, neutral conductor is must and hence the secondary must be star winding. and this lighting load is always unbalanced in all three phases. To minimize the current unbalance in the primary we use delta winding in the primary. So delta / star transformer is used for lighting loads. 65. Why in a three pin plug the earth pin is thicker and longer than the other pins? Resolution:It depends upon R=rho l/a where area(a) is inversely proportional to resistance (R), so if (a) increases, R decreases & if R is less the leakage current will take low resistance path so the earth pin should be thicker. It is longer because the The First to make the connection and Last to disconnnect should be earth Pin. This assures Safety for the person who uses the electrical instrument. 66. Why series motor cannot be started on no-load? Resolution:Series motor cannot be started without load because of high starting torque. Series motor are used in Trains, Crane etc. 67. Why ELCB can’t work if N input of ELCB do not connect to ground? Resolution:ELCB is used to detect earth leakage fault. Once the phase and neutral are connected in an ELCB, the current will flow through phase and that much current will have to return neutral so resultant current is zero. Once there is a ground fault in the load side, current from phase will directly pass through earth and it will not return through neutral through ELCB. That means once side current is going and not returning and hence because of this difference in current ELCB wil trip and it will safe guard the other circuits from faulty loads. If the neutral is not grounded, fault current will definitely high and that full fault current will come back through ELCB, and there will be no difference in current. 68. How electrical power is generated by an A.C Generator? For the generation of elect power we need a prime mover which supplies mechanical power input to the alternator, can be steam turbines,or hydro turbines .When poles of the rotor moves under the armature conductors which are placed on the stator ,field flux cut the armature conductor ,therefore voltage is generated and is of sinusoidal in nature…due to polarity change of rotor poles(i,e) N-S-N-S. 69. Why an ac solenoid valve attract the plunger even though we interchanges the terminal? Will the poles changes? Yes because the poles changes for every half-cycle of ac voltage so the polarity of AC voltage is continuously changing for every half cycle. so, interchanging of terminals in ac system does not show any difference. That’s why the ac solenoid attract the plunger even though it’s terminals are interchanged. 70. What is derating?, why it is necessary, it is same for all means for drives, motors,and cables. The current currying of cables will change depending upon the site temperature (location of site), type of run (it will run through duct, trench, buried etc.), number of tray, depth of trench, distance between cables. Considering this condition actual current currying capacity of cable reduce than current currying capacity (which given to cable Catalogue) this is called derating. 71. Why temperature rise is conducted in bus bars and isolators? Bus bars and isolators are rated for continuous power flow, that means they carry heavy currents which rises their temperature. so it is necessary to test this devices for temperature rise. 72. When voltage increases then current also increases then what is the need of over voltage relay and over current relay? Can we measure over voltage and over current by measuring current only? No.We can’t sense the over voltage by just measuring the current only because the current increases not only for over voltages but also for under voltage(As most of the loads are non-linear in nature).So,the over voltage protection & over current protection are completely different. Over voltage relay meant for sensing over voltages & protect the system from insulation break down and firing. Over current relay meant for sensing any internal short circuit, over load condition ,earth fault thereby reducing the system failure & risk of fire.So, for a better protection of the system.It should have both over voltage & over current relay. 73. If one lamp connects between two phases it will glow or not? If the voltage between the two phase is equal to the lamp voltage then the lamp will glow. When the voltage difference is big it will damage the lamp and when the difference is smaller the lamp will glow depending on the type of lamp. 74. How do you select a cable size (Cu & Al) for a particular load? At first calculate the electrical current of the load, after that derate the electrical current considering derating factor(depending on site condition and laying of cable) after choose the cable size from cable catalog considering derating electrical current.After that measure the length of cable required from supply point of load to load poin. Calculate the voltage drop which will max 3% (resistance and reactance of cable found from cable catalog of selecting cable) if voltage drop>3% then choose next higher size of cable. 75. What are HRC fuses and where it is used? HRC stand for “high rupturing capacity” fuse and it is used in distribution system for electrical transformers. 76. Which power plant has high load factor? All base load power plants have a high load factor. If we use high efficiency power plants to supply the base load,we can reduce the cost of generation.Hydel power plants have a higher efficiency than thermal & nuclear power plants. 77. Mention the methods for starting an induction motor? The different methods of starting an induction motor DOL:direct online starter Star delta starter Auto transformer starter Resistance starter Series reactor starter 78. What is the difference between earth resistance and earth electrode resistance? Only one of the terminals is evident in the earth resistance. In order to find the second terminal we should recourse to its definition: Earth Resistance is the resistance existing between the electrically accessible part of a buried electrode and another point of the earth, which is far away. The resistance of the electrode has the following components: (A) the resistance of the metal and that of the connection to it. (B) the contact resistance of the surrounding earth to the electrode. 79. Explain What is use of lockout relay in ht voltage? A lock-out relay is generally placed in line before or after the e-stop switch so the power can be shut off at one central location. This relay is powered by the same electrical source as the control power and is operated by a key lock switch. The relay itself may have up to 24 contact points within the unit itself. This allows the control power for multiple machines to be locked out by the turn of a single key switch. 80. What is the power factor of an alternator at no load? At no load Synchronous Impedance of the alternator is responsible for creating angle difference. So it should be zero lagging like inductor. 81. Explain How to determine capacitor tolerance codes? Resolution:In electronic circuits, the capacitor tolerance can be determined by a code that appears on the casing. The code is a letter that often follows a three-digit number (such as 130Z).The first two are the 1st and 2nd significant digits and the third is a multiplier code. Most of the time the last digit tells you how many zeros to write after the first two digits and these are read as Pico-Farads. 82. Why most of analog o/p devices having o/p range 4 to 20 mA and not 0 to 20 mA? Resolution:4-20 mA is a standard range used to indicate measured values for any process. The reason that 4ma is chosen instead of 0 mA is for fail safe operation .For example- a pressure instrument gives output 4mA to indicate 0 psi, up to 20 mA to indicate 100 psi, or full scale. Due to any problem in instrument (i.e) broken wire, its output reduces to 0 mA. So if range is 0-20 mA then we can differentiate whether it is due to broken wire or due to 0 psi. 83. Two bulbs of 100w and 40w respectively connected in series across a 230v supply which bulb will glow bright and why? Resolution:Since two bulbs are in series they will get equal amount of electrical current but as the supply voltage is constant across the bulb(P=V^2/R).So the resistance of 40W bulb is greater and voltage across 40W is more (V=IR) so 40W bulb will glow brighter. 84. What is meant by knee point voltage? Resolution:Knee point voltage is calculated for electrical Current transformers and is very important factor to choose a CT. It is the voltage at which a CT gets saturated.(CT-current transformer). 85. What is reverse power relay? Resolution:Reverse Power flow relay are used in generating stations’s protection. A generating stations is supposed to fed power to the grid and in case generating units are off,there is no generation in the plant then plant may take power from grid. To stop the flow of power from grid to generator we use reverse power relay. 86. What will happen if DC supply is given on the primary of a transformer? Resolution:Mainly transformer has high inductance and low resistance.In case of DC supply there is no inductance ,only resistance will act in the –> electrical circuit. So high electrical current will flow through primary side of the transformer.So for this reason coil and insulation will burn out. 87. What is the difference between isolators and –>electrical circuit breakers? What is bus-bar? Resolution:Isolators are mainly for switching purpose under normal conditions but they cannot operate in fault conditions .Actually they used for isolating the CBs for maintenance. Whereas CB gets activated under fault conditions according to the fault detected.Bus bar is nothing but a junction where the power is getting distributed for independent loads. 88. What are the advantage of free wheeling diode in a Full Wave rectifier? Resolution:It reduces the harmonics and it also reduces sparking and arching across the mechanical switch so that it reduces the voltage spike seen in a inductive load 89. What is the function of interposing current transformer? Resolution:The main function of an interposing current transformer is to balance the currents supplied to the relay where there would otherwise be an imbalance due to the ratios of the main current transformers. Interposing current transformer are equipped with a wide range of taps that can be selected by the user to achieve the balance required. 90. What are Motor Generator Sets and explain the different ways the motor generator set can be used ? Resolution:Motor Generator Sets are a combination of an electrical generator and an engine mounted together to form a single piece of equipment. Motor generator set is also referred to as a genset, or more commonly, a generator. The motor generator set can used in the following different ways: Alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) DC to AC DC at one voltage to DC at another voltage AC at one frequency to AC at another harmonically-related frequency 91. Define what is power quality meter ? Power Quality meters are common in many industrial environment. Small units are now available for home use as well. They give operators the ability to monitor the both perturbations on the power supply, as well as power used within a building, or by a single machine or appliance. In some situations, equipment function and operation is monitored and controlled from a remote location where communication is via modem, or highspeed communication lines.So we can understand the importance of power measurement through power quality meters. 92. What is the different between digital phase converter and ordinary phase converter? Digital phase converter are a recent development in phase converter technology that utilizes proprietary software in a powerful microprocessor to control solid state power switching components. This microprocessor, called a digital signal processor (DSP), monitors the phase conversion process, continually adjusting the input and output modules of the converter to maintain perfectly balanced three-phase power under all load conditions. 93. Explain the operation of variable frequency transformer? A variable frequency transformer is used to transmit electricity between two asynchronous alternating current domains. A variable frequency transformer is a doubly-fed electric machine resembling a vertical shaft hydroelectric generator with a three-phase wound rotor, connected by slip rings to one external ac power circuit. A direct-current torque motor is mounted on the same shaft. Changing the direction of torque applied to the shaft changes the direction of power flow; with no applied torque, the shaft rotates due to the difference in frequency between the networks connected to the rotor and stator.The variable frequency transformer behaves as a continuously adjustable phase-shifting transformer. It allows control of the power flow between two networks . 94. What is the main use of rotary phase converter ? Rotary phase converter will be converting single phase power into true balanced 3 phase power,so it is often called as single phase to three phase converter . Often the advantages of 3 phase motors, and other 3 phase equipment, make it worthwhile to convert single phase to 3 phase so that small and large consumers need not want to pay for the extra cost of a 3 phase service but may still wish to use 3 phase equipment. 95. Use of switch mode power converter in real-time basis? Switch mode power converter can be used in the following 5 different ways step down an unregulated dc input voltage to produce a regulated dc output voltage using a circuit known as Buck Converter or Step-Down SMPS, step up an unregulated dc input voltage to produce a regulated dc output voltage using a circuit known as Boost Converter or Step-Up SMPS, step up or step down an unregulated dc input voltage to produce a regulated dc output voltage, invert the input dc voltage using usually a circuit such as the Cuk converter, and produce multiple dc outputs using a circuit such as the fly-back converter. 96. Which type of oil is used as a transformer oil? Transformer oil, or insulating oil, is usually a highly-refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil filled transformers, some types of high voltage capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and some types of high voltage switches and circuit breakers. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing, and to serve as a coolant. Well into the 170s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)s were often used as a dielectric fluid since they are not flammable. They are toxic, and under incomplete combustion, can form highly toxic products such as furan. Starting in the early 170s, concerns about the toxicity of PCBs have led to their banning in many countries. Today, non-toxic, stable silicon-based or fluoridated hydrocarbons are used, where the added expense of a fireresistant liquid offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault. Combustion-resistant vegetable oil-based dielectric coolants and synthetic pentaerythritol tetra fatty acid (C7, C8) esters are also becoming increasingly common as alternatives to naphthenic mineral oil. Esters are non-toxic to aquatic life, readily biodegradable, and have a lower volatility and higher flash points than mineral oil. 97. If we give 2334 A, 540V on Primary side of 1.125 MVA step up transformer, then what will be the Secondary Current, If Secondary Voltage=11 KV? As we know the Voltage & current relation for transformer-V1/V2 = I2/I1 We Know, VI= 540 V; V2=11KV or 11000 V; I1= 2334 Amps. By putting these value on Relation- 540/11000= I2/2334 So,I2 = 114.5 Amps 98. what are the points to be consider for MCB(miniature circuit breaker selection? I(L)*1.25=I(MAX) maximum current. Mcb specification are done on maximum current flow in circuit. 99. What is the full form of KVAR? We know there are three types of power in Electrical as Active, apparent & reactive. So KVAR is stand for “Kilo Volt Amps with Reactive component. 100. What is excitation? Excitation is applying an external voltage to DC shunt coil in DC motors. ELECTRICAL Interview Questions :: 101. In three pin plug 6 Amp. 220v AC rating. why earth pin diameter is higher than other two pin? what its purpose ? Because Current flow in the conductor is inversely proportional to the conductor diameter. So if any short circuits occur in the system first high currents bypassed in the Earthling terminal.( R=Pl/a area of the conductor increases resistance value decreases) 102. Difference between megger test equipment and contact resistance meter test instruments? Megger test equipment used to measure cable electric resistance, conductor continuity, phase identification where as contact resistance meter test instruments used to measure low resistance like relays ,contactors. 103. When we connect the large capacitor bank in series ? we connect large capacitor bank in series to improve the voltage power supply at the load end in balanced transmission line when there is considerable voltage drop along the balanced transmission line due to high impedance of the line.So in order to bring the voltage at the load terminals within its limits (i.e (+ or – %6 )of the rated high terminal voltage )the large capacitor bank is used in series. 104. What is electrical diversity factor in electrical installations? Electrical diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the various subdivisions of a system, or part of a system, to the maximum demand of the whole system, or part of the system, under consideration. Electrical diversity factor is usually more than one. 105. Why field rheostat is kept in minimum position while armature rheostat at maximum position? In motors at the time of starting the armature resistance is introduced to reduce the high starting current and the field resistance is kept minimum to have high starting torque. 106. Why computer humming sound occurred in HT transmission line? This computer humming sound is coming due to ionization (breakdown of air into charged particles) of air around transmission conductor. This effect is called as Corona effect, and it is considered as power loss. 107. Explain What is rated speed? At the time of motor taking normal current (rated current)the speed of the motor is called rated speed. It is a speed at which any system take small current and give maximum efficiency. 108. What is different between resistance grounding system and resistance earthing system? Resistance grounding system means connecting the neutral point of the load to the ground to carry the residual current in case of unbalanced conditions through the neutral to the ground whereas resistance earthing system is done in an electric equipment in order to protect he equipment in occurrence of fault in the system. 109. Why should be the frequency 50 Hz 60Hz only why not others like 45, 95 56 or anything , why should we maintain the frequency constant if so why it is only 50 Hz 60Hz? We can have the frequency at any frequency you like, but than you must also make your own motors,high voltage transformers or any other equipment you want to use.We maintain the frequency at 50hz or 60hz because the world maintains a standard at 50 /60hz and the equipments are are made to operate at these frequency. 110. How to determine alternating current frequency? Zero crossings of the sine wave to trigger a monostable (pulse generator) is a way to determine alternating current frequency. A fixed width pulse is generated for each cycle. Thus there are “n” pulses per second, each with with a constant energy. The more pulses there are per second, the more the energy. The pulses are integrated (filtered or averaged) to get a steady DC voltage which is proportional to frequency. This voltage can then be displayed on an analogue or digital voltmeter, indicating frequency. This method is more suitable than a direct counter, as it can get good accuracy in a second or so. 111. Why electricity in India is in the multiples of 11 like 11kv, 22kv, 33kv ? Transformer Induced voltage equation contains 4.44 factor. E=4.44*f*T*phi E -Induced emf per phase T -number of turns f -frequency phi -maximum flux per pole From the equation we see that E is proportional to 4.4 and it is in turn multiple of 11. So always transmission voltage is multiple of 11 112. Why we use ac system in India why not dc ? Firstly, the output of power stations comes from a rotary turbine, which by it’s nature is AC and therefore requires no power electronics to convert to DC. Secondly it is much easier to change the voltage of AC electricity for transmission and distribution. thirdly the cost of plant associated with AC transmission (circuit breakers, transformers etc) is much lower than the equivilant of DC transmission AC transmission provides a number of technical advantages. When a fault on the network occurs, a large fault current occurs. In an AC system this becomes much easier to interupt, as the sine wave current will naturally tend to zero at some point making the current easier to interrupt. 113. Which type of motor is used in trains, what is the rating of supply used explain Working principal? Dc series is in the trains to get high starting torque while starting of the trains and operating voltage is 1500v dc. 114. Battery banks are in connected in series or parallel and why? Battery banks are always connected in series in order to get a multiplied voltage where the AH or current capacity remaining same. Ex : 24 nos. 2V,200Ah batteries connected in series will give 48V,200Ah output (AH = Ampere hours) 115. What is inrush current? Inrush current is the current drawn by a piece of electrically operated equipment when power is first applied. It can occur with AC or DC powered equipment, and can happen even with low supply voltages. 116. In a Tap changing transformer where is the tap connected, is it connected in the primary side or secondary side? Tapings are connected to high voltage winding side, because of low current. If we connect tapings to low voltage side, sparks will produce while tap changing operation due to high current. 117. Why transformer ratings are in kva? Since the power factor of transformer is dependent on load we only define VA rating and does not include power factor .In case of motors, power factor depend on construction and hence rating of motors is in KWatts and include power factor. 118. Define what is difference between fuse and breaker? Fuses are burned at the time of over current flows in the circuit but breakers are just open(not burn) at the time of over current flow. Fuses are used in only one time but breakers are used by multiple number of times. 119. What is the difference between delta-delta, delta-star transformer? Delta-delta transformer is used at generating station or a receiving station for Change of Voltage (i,e) generally it is used where the Voltage is high & Current is low.Delta-star is a distribution kind of transformer where from secondary star neutral is taken as a return path and this configuration is used for Step down voltage phenomena. 120. Capacitor is load free component but why ampere meter shows current when capacitor bank breaker close? As we know that Electrical is having two type of load, Active and Reactive .Capacitor is a reactive load which is not considering as a load,& its factor is Isin@ .Meter is design based on Current RMS value because of it meter is showing the current RMS value. 121. What’s electric traction? Traction implies with the electric power for traction system i. e. for railways, trams, trolleys etc. electric traction implies use of the electricity for all these. Now a day, magnetic traction is also utilised for bullet trains. Essentially dc motors are utilized for electric traction systems. 122. What is “pu” in EE? Pu stands for per unit in power system. (pu = actual value/ base value) 123. Define stepper motor. What is the use of stepper motor? The motor which work or act on the applied input pulse in it, is called as stepper motor.This stepper motor is under the category of synchronous motor, which often does not fully depend of complete cycle. It likes to works in either direction related to steps. for this purpose it mainly used in automation parts. 124. What is a differential amplifier? Also, explain CMRR. Differential Amplifier: The amplifier, which is used to amplify the voltage difference between two input-lines neither of which is grounded, is called differential amplifier. This reduces the amount of noise which is injected into the amplifier, because any noise appearing simultaneously on both the input-terminals as the amplifying circuitry rejects it being a common mode signal. CMRR: It can be defined as the ratio of differential voltage-gain to common made voltage gain. If a differential amplifier is perfect, CMRR will be infinite because in that case common mode voltage gain would be zero. 125. What is use of lockout relay in ht voltage? A lock-out relay is generally placed in line before or after the e-stop switch so the power can be shut off at one central location. This relay is powered by the same electrical source as the control power which is operated by a key lock switch. The relay itself may have up to 24 contact points within the unit itself. This allows the control power for multiple machines to be locked out by the turn of a single key switch. 126. How can you start-up the 40w tube lite with 230v AC/DC without using any choke/Coil? It’s possible with Electronic choke. otherwise it’s not possible to ionize the particles in tube. light, with normal voltage. 127. What types domain of Laplace transforms? What behavior can Laplace transform predict how the system work? Types domain of Laplace transforms is s-domain, Laplace transforms provide a method to find position, acceleration or voltage the system will have. 128. In the magnetic fluxes, what is the role of armature reaction? The armature flux has an important role for the running condition. This armature flux can oppose the main flux or it may support the main flux for better running condition. This effect of supporting and opposing of main flux to armature flux is called armature reaction. 129. Explain thin film resistors and wire-wound resistors Thin film resistors- It is constructed as a thin film of resistive material is deposited on an insulating substrate. Desired results are obtained by either trimming the layer thickness or by cutting helical grooves of suitable pitch along its length. During this process, the value of the resistance is monitored closely and cutting of grooves is stopped as soon as the desired value of resistance is obtained. Wire wound resistors – length of wire wound around an insulating cylindrical core are known as wire wound resistors. These wires are made of materials such as Constantan and Manganin because of their high resistivity, and low temperature coefficients. The complete wire wound resistor is coated with an insulating material such as baked enamel 130. whats the one main difference between UPS & inverter ? And electrical engineering & electronics engineering ? uninterrupt power supply is mainly use for short time . means according to ups VA it gives backup. ups is also two types : on line and offline . online ups having high volt and amp for long time backup with with high dc voltage.but ups start with v dc with 7 amp. but inverter is startwith v,24,dc to 36v dc and 0amp to 180amp battery with long time backup. 131. What are the operation carried out in Thermal power station? The water is obtained in the boiler and the coal is burnt so that steam is obtained this steam is allowed to hit the turbine, the turbine which is coupled with the generator generates the electricity 132. What is the difference between Electronic regulator and ordinary rheostat regulator for fans? The difference between the electronic and ordinary regulator is the fact that in electronic reg. power losses tend to be less because as we minimize the speed the electronic reg. give the power necessary for that particular speed but in case of ordinary rheostat type reg. the power wastage is same for every speed and no power is saved. In electronic regulator triac is employed for speed control. by varying the firing angle speed is controlled but in rheostatic control resistance is decreased by steps to achievespeed control. 133. What is 2 phase motor? A two phase motor is often a motor with the the starting winding and the running winding have a phase split. e.g; ac servo motor. where the auxiliary winding and the control winding have a phase split of 90 degree. 134. What does quality factor depend on in resonance? Quality factor q depends on frequency and bandwidth. 135. What are the types of power in electrical power? There are normally three types of power are counted in electrical power. They are, Apparent power Active power Reactive power 136. What are the advantages of VSCF wind electrical system? Advantages of VSCF wind electrical system are: No complex pitch changing mechanism is needed. Aero turbine always keeps going at maximum efficiency point. Extra energy in the high wind speed region of the speed – duration curve can be extracted Significant reduction in aerodynamic stresses, which are associated with constant – speed operation. 137. What is slip in an induction motor? Slip can be defined as the distinction between the flux speed (Ns) and the rotor speed (N). Speed of the rotor of an induction motor is always less than its synchronous speed. It is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed (Ns) and represented by the symbol ‘S’. 138. Why link is provided in neutral of an ac circuit and fuse in phase of ac circuit? Link is provided at a Neutral common point in the circuit from which various connection are taken for the individual control circuit and so it is given in a link form to withstand high Amps. But in the case of Fuse in the Phase of AC circuit it is designed such that the fuse rating is calculated for the particular circuit (i.e load) only.So if any malfunction happen the fuse connected in the particular control circuit alone will blow off. 139. State the difference between generator and alternator? Generator and alternator are two devices, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Both have the same principle of electromagnetic induction, the only difference is that their construction. Generator persists stationary magnetic field and rotating conductor which rolls on the armature with slip rings and brushes riding against each other, hence it converts the induced emf into dc current for external load whereas an alternator has a stationary armature and rotating magnetic field for high voltages but for low voltage output rotating armature and stationary magnetic field is used. 140. What is ACSR cable and where we use it? ACSR means Aluminium conductor steel reinforced, this conductor is used in transmission & distribution. 141. Why star delta starter is preferred with induction motor? Star delta starter is preferred with induction motor due to following reasons: Starting current is reduced 3-4 times of the direct current due to which voltage drops and hence it causes less losses. Star delta starter circuit comes in circuit first during starting of motor, which reduces voltage 3 times, that is why current also reduces up to 3 times and hence less motor burning is caused. In addition, starting torque is increased and it prevents the damage of motor winding. 142. State the difference between generator and alternator Generator and alternator are two devices, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Both have the same principle of electromagnetic induction, the only difference is that their construction. Generator persists stationary magnetic field and rotating conductor which rolls on the armature with slip rings and brushes riding against each other, hence it converts the induced emf into dc current for external load whereas an alternator has a stationary armature and rotating magnetic field for high voltages but for low voltage output rotating armature and stationary magnetic field is used. 143. Why AC systems are preferred over DC systems? Due to following reasons, AC systems are preferred over DC systems: a. It is easy to maintain and change the voltage of AC electricity for transmission and distribution. b. Plant cost for AC transmission (circuit breakers, transformers etc) is much lower than the equivalent DC transmission c. From power stations, AC is produced so it is better to use AC then DC instead of converting it. d. When a large fault occurs in a network, it is easier to interrupt in an AC system, as the sine wave current will naturally tend to zero at some point making the current easier to interrupt. 144. How can you relate power engineering with electrical engineering? Power engineering is a sub division of electrical engineering. It deals with generation, transmission and distribution of energy in electrical form. Design of all power equipments also comes under power engineering. Power engineers may work on the design and maintenance of the power grid i.e. called on grid systems and they might work on off grid systems that are not connected to the system. 145. What are the various kind of cables used for transmission? Cables, which are used for transmitting power, can be categorized in three forms: Low-tension cables, which can transmit voltage upto 1000 volts. High-tension cables can transmit voltage upto 23000 volts. Super tension cables can transmit voltage 66 kV to 132 kV. 146. Why back emf used for a dc motor? highlight its significance. The induced emf developed when the rotating conductors of the armature between the poles of magnet, in a DC motor, cut the magnetic flux, opposes the current flowing through the conductor, when the armature rotates, is called back emf. Its value depends upon the speed of rotation of the armature conductors. In starting, the value of back emf is zero. 147. What is slip in an induction motor? Slip can be defined as the difference between the flux speed (Ns) and the rotor speed (N). Speed of the rotor of an induction motor is always less than its synchronous speed. It is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed (Ns) and represented by the symbol ‘S’. 148. Explain the application of storage batteries. Storage batteries are used for various purposes, some of the applications are mentioned below: For the operation of protective devices and for emergency lighting at generating stations and substations. For starting, ignition and lighting of automobiles, aircrafts etc. For lighting on steam and diesel railways trains. As a supply power source in telephone exchange, laboratories and broad casting stations. For emergency lighting at hospitals, banks, rural areas where electricity supplies are not possible. 149. Explain advantages of storage batteries Few advantages of storage batteries are mentioned below: Most efficient form of storing energy portably. Stored energy is available immediately because there is no lag of time for delivering the stored energy. Reliable source for supply of energy. The energy can be drawn at a fairly constant rate. 160. What are the different methods for the starting of a synchronous motor. Starting methods: Synchronous motor can be started by the following two methods: By means of an auxiliary motor: The rotor of a synchronous motor is rotated by auxiliary motor. Then rotor poles are excited due to which the rotor field is locked with the stator-revolving field and continuous rotation is obtained. By providing damper winding: Here, bar conductors are embedded in the outer periphery of the rotor poles and are short-circuited with the short-circuiting rings at both sides. The machine is started as a squirrel cage induction motor first. When it picks up speed, excitation is given to the rotor and the rotor starts rotating continuously as the rotor field is locked with stator revolving field. 161. Name the types of motors used in vacuum cleaners, phonographic appliances, vending machines,refrigerators, rolling mills, lathes, power factor improvement and cranes. Following motors are used: – Vacuum cleaners- Universal motor. Phonographic appliances – Hysteresis motor. Vending machines – Shaded pole motor. Refrigerators – Capacitor split phase motors. Rolling mills – Cumulative motors. Lathes – DC shunt motors. Power factor improvement – Synchronous motors. 162. State Thevenin’s Theorem: According to thevenin’s theorem, the current flowing through a load resistance Connected across any two terminals of a linear active bilateral network is the ratio open circuit voltage (i.e. the voltage across the two terminals when RL is removed) and sum of load resistance and internal resistance of the network. It is given by Voc / (Ri + RL). 163. State Norton’s Theorem The Norton’s theorem explains the fact that there are two terminals and they are as follows: One is terminal active network containing voltage sources Another is the resistance that is viewed from the output terminals. The output terminals are equivalent to the constant source of current and it allows giving the parallel resistance. The Norton’s theorem also explains about the constant current that is equal to the current of the short circuit placed across the terminals. The parallel resistance of the network can be viewed from the open circuit terminals when all the voltage and current sources are removed and replaced by the internal resistance. 164. State Maximum power transfer theorem The Maximum power transfer theorem explains about the load that a resistance will extract from the network. This includes the maximum power from the network and in this case the load resistance is being is equal to the resistance of the network and it also allows the resistance to be equal to the resistance of the network. This resistance can be viewed by the output terminals and the energy sources can be removed by leaving the internal resistance behind. 165. Explain different losses in a transformer. There are two types of losses occurring in transformer: Constant losses or Iron losses: The losses that occur in the core are known as core losses or iron losses. Two types of iron losses are: 1. eddy current loss 2. Hysteresis loss. These losses depend upon the supply voltage, frequency, core material and its construction. As long as supply voltage and frequency is constant, these losses remain the same whether the transformer is loaded or not. These are also known as constant losses. Variable losses or copper losses: when the transformer is loaded, current flows in primary and secondary windings, there is loss of electrical energy due to the resistance of the primary winding, and secondary winding and they are called variable losses. These losses depend upon the loading conditions of the transformers. Therefore, these losses are also called as variable losses. 176. Explain different types of D.C motors? Give their applications Different type of DC motors and their applications are as follows:- Shunt motors: It has a constant speed though its starting torque is not very high. Therefore, it is suitable for constant speed drive, where high starting torque is not required such as pumps, blowers, fan, lathe machines, tools, belt or chain conveyor etc. Service motors: It has high starting torque & its speed is inversely proportional to the loading conditions i.e. when lightly loaded, the speed is high and when heavily loaded, it is low. Therefore, motor is used in lifts, cranes, traction work, coal loader and coal cutter in coalmines etc. Compound motors: It also has high starting torque and variable speed. Its advantage is, it can run at NIL loads without any danger. This motor will therefore find its application in loads having high inertia load or requiring high intermittent torque such as elevators, conveyor, rolling mill, planes, presses, shears and punches, coal cutter and winding machines etc. 177. Explain the process of commutation in a dc machine. Explain what are inter-poles and why they are required in a dc machine. Commutation: It is phenomenon when an armature coil moves under the influence of one pole- pair; it carries constant current in one direction. As the coil moves into the influence of the next pole- pair, the current in it must reverse. This reversal of current in a coil is called commutation. Several coils undergo commutation simultaneously. The reversal of current is opposed by the static coil emf and therefore must be aided in some fashion for smooth current reversal, which otherwise would result in sparking at the brushes. The aiding emf is dynamically induced into the coils undergoing commutation by means of compoles or interpoles, which are series excited by the armature current. These are located in the interpolar region of the main poles and therefore influence the armature coils only when these undergo commutation. 178. Comment on the working principle of operation of a single-phase transformer. Working principle of operation of a single-phase transformer can be explained as An AC supply passes through the primary winding, a current will start flowing in the primary winding. As a result, the flux is set. This flux is linked with primary and secondary windings. Hence, voltage is induced in both the windings. Now, when the load is connected to the secondary side, the current will start flowing in the load in the secondary winding, resulting in the flow of additional current in the secondary winding. Hence, according to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, emf will be induced in both the windings. The voltage induced in the primary winding is due to its self inductance and known as self induced emf and according to Lenze’s law it will oppose the cause i.e. supply voltage hence called as back emf. The voltage induced in secondary coil is known as mutually induced voltage. Hence, transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. 179. Define the following terms:- • Reliability, • Maximum demand, • Reserve-generating capacity, • Availability (operational). Reliability: It is the capacity of the power system to serve all power demands without failure over long periods. Maximum Demand: It is maximum load demand required in a power station during a given period. Reserve generating capacity: Extra generation capacity installed to meet the need of scheduled downtimes for preventive maintenance is called reserve-generating capacity. Availability: As the percentage of the time a unit is available to produce power whether needed by the system or not. 180. Mention the disadvantages of low power factor? How can it be improved? Disadvantages of low power factor: Line losses are 1.57 times unity power factor. Larger generators and transformers are required. Low lagging power factor causes a large voltage drop, hence extra regulation equipment is required to keep voltage drop within prescribed limits. Greater conductor size: To transmit or distribute a fixed amount of power at fixed voltage, the conductors will have to carry more current at low power factor. This requires a large conductor size. 181. State the methods of improving power factor? Methods of improving power factor: By connecting static capacitors in parallel with the load operating at lagging power factor. A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over excited and therefore behaves like a capacitor. By using phase advancers to improve the power factor of induction motors. It provides exciting ampere turns to the rotor circuit of the motor. By providing more ampere-turns than required, the induction motor can be made to operate on leading power factor like an overexcited synchronous motor. 182. State the factors, for the choice of electrical system for an aero turbine. The choice of electrical system for an aero turbine is guided by three factors: Type of electrical output: dc, variable- frequency ac, and constant- frequency ac. Aero turbine rotational speed: constant speed with variable blade pitch, nearly constant speed with simpler pitch- changing mechanism or variable speed with fixed pitch blades. Utilization of electrical energy output: in conjunction with battery or other form of storage, or interconnection with power grid. 183. What are the advantages of VSCF wind electrical system? Advantages of VSCF wind electrical system are: No complex pitch changing mechanism is needed. Aero turbine always operates at maximum efficiency point. Extra energy in the high wind speed region of the speed – duration curve can be extracted Significant reduction in aerodynamic stresses, which are associated with constant – speed operation. 184. Explain the terms real power, apparent power and reactive power for ac circuits and also the units used. Real Power: It is the product of voltage, current and power factor i.e. P = V I cos j and basic unit of real power is watt. i.e. Expressed as W or kW. Apparent power: It is the product of voltage and current. Apparent power = V I and basic unit of apparent power is volt- ampere. Expressed as VA or KVA. Reactive Power: It is the product of voltage, current and sine of angle between the voltage and current i.e. Reactive power = voltage X current X sinj or Reactive power = V I sin j and has no other unit but expressed in VAR or KVAR. 185. Define the following: Average demand, Maximum demand, Demand factor, Load factor. Average Demand: the average power requirement during some specified period of time of considerable duration is called the average demand of installation. Maximum Demand: The maximum demand of an installation is defined as the greatest of all the demand, which have occurred during a given period. It is measured accordingly to specifications, over a prescribed time interval during a certain period. Demand Factor: It is defined as the ratio of actual maximum demand made by the load to the rating of the connected load. Load Factor: It is defined as the ratio of the average power to the maximum demand. 186. Explain forward resistance, static resistance and dynamic resistance of a pn junction diode. Forward Resistance: Resistance offered in a diode circuit, when it is forward biased, is called forward resistance. DC or Static Resistance: DC resistance can be explained as the ratio of the dc-voltage across the diode to the direct current flowing through it. AC or Dynamic Resistance: It can be defined as the reciprocal of the slope of the forward characteristic of the diode. It is the resistance offered by a diode to the changing forward current. 187. How does Zener phenomenon differ from Avalanche breakdown? The phenomenon when the depletion region expands and the potential barrier increases leading to a very high electric field across the junction, due to which suddenly the reverse current increases under a very high reverse voltage is called Zener effect. Zener-breakdown or Avalanche breakdown may occur independently or both of these may occur simultaneously. Diode junctions that breakdown below 5v are caused by Zener Effect. Junctions that experience breakdown above 5v are caused by avalanche-effect. The Zener-breakdown occurs in heavily doped junctions, which produce narrow depletion layers. The avalanche breakdown occurs in lightly doped junctions, which produce wide depletion layers. 191. Compare JFET’s and MOSFET’s. Comparison of JFET’s and MOSFET’s: JFET’s can only be operated in the depletion mode whereas MOSFET’s can be operated in either depletion or in enhancement mode. In a JFET, if the gate is forward-biased, excess-carrier injunction occurs and the gatecurrent is substantial. MOSFET’s have input impedance much higher than that of JFET’s. Thus is due to negligible small leakage current. JFET’s have characteristic curves more flat than that of MOSFET is indicating a higher drain resistance. When JFET is operated with a reverse-bias on the junction, the gate-current IG is larger than it would be in a comparable MOSFET. 192. Explain thin film resistors and wire-wound resistors a. Thin film resistors- It is constructed as a thin film of resistive material is deposited on an insulating substrate. Desired results are obtained by either trimming the layer thickness or by cutting helical grooves of suitable pitch along its length. During this process, the value of the resistance is monitored closely and cutting of grooves is stopped as soon as the desired value of resistance is obtained. b. Wire wound resistors – length of wire wound around an insulating cylindrical core are known as wire wound resistors. These wires are made of materials such as Constantan and Manganin because of their high resistivity, and low temperature coefficients. The complete wire wound resistor is coated with an insulating material such as baked enamel 193. What is a differential amplifier? Also, explain CMRR. Differential Amplifier: The amplifier, which is used to amplify the voltage difference between two input-lines neither of which is grounded, is called differential amplifier. This reduces the amount of noise injected into the amplifier, because any noise appearing simultaneously on both the input-terminals as the amplifying circuitry rejects it being a common mode signal. CMRR: It can be defined as the ratio of differential voltage-gain to common made voltage gain. If a differential amplifier is perfect, CMRR would be infinite because in that case common mode voltage gain would be zero. 196. What is the difference between electronic regulator and ordinary electrical rheostat regulator for fans? The difference between the electronic and ordinary electrical regulator is that in electronic regulator power losses are less because as we decrease the speed the electronic regulator gives the power needed for that particular speed but in case of ordinary rheostat type regulator, the power wastage is same for every speed and no power is saved.In electronic regulator, triac is employed for speed control by varying the firing angle speed and it is controlled but in rheostatic ,control resistance is decreased by steps to achieve speed control. 197. What is the voltage gain or transfer function of amplifier? Vout/Vin 198. What does the KVAR means? The KVAR indicates the electrical power. KVAR means “Kilo Volt Amperes with Reactive components” 199. Why use the VCB at High Transmission System ? Why can't use ACB? Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc quenching property compare to air because in VCB ,the die electric strengths equal to 8 times of air . That y always vacuum used as inHT breaker and air used as in LT . 200. What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be used? MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short circuit protection in small current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case circuit breaker and is thermal operated for over load current and magnetic operation for instant trip in short circuit condition.under voltage and under frequency may be inbuilt. Normally it is used where normal current is more than 100A. Basic ELECTRICAL Engineer Interview Questions and Answers :: Read the full article