#1000: barrier renaissance

[tladb]

I Ching 47 with ChatGPT prompts and Peter Paul Rubens - a review

Background

Prompt : Obstructed by rocks, grasp at brambles. Entering into his house, he does not see his wife, (No artist or ChatGPT text for comparison. )

A main direction of my Midjourney work is to use indirect prompts to see what Midjourney, and other AI Art programs, will generate. The sources for these prompts are from Chines poems, Japanese Haiku and the I Ching.

The I Ching is about 3000 years old and covers subject important to that society such as farm animals, journeys, rivers and often captives. Series 43 is the 43rd section of the I Ching which has 64 sections each with six statements.

What actual words from the saying that used in the prompt is determined by my arbitrary selection from the result of tests in Midjourney.

The initial series used ad hoc styles for each series . From Section 35 the styles of historical western artist starting with Giotto where used.[Source : Techniques of the Great Masters of Art, Quantum Books]

However the I Ching and the artists actual subject often do not match so the resultant images can be discordant. There is an attempt to create some level of consistency within the series but sometimes Midjourney just creates something different.

Series 45, 46, 47 used prompts taken from custom ChatGPTs specialised in Midjourney.

Summary

Series 47 details

I Ching 47. 困 Kun Obstruction

Artist; Peter Paul Rubens

ChatGPT Prompt Generator By Abbas Hassan

Results

The pictures were adequate. There was a painterly style vaguely like Rubens and the scenes illustrated the prompts. However none of the images really impacted me. See below for discussion.

Next Steps

A seperate comparison of long and short ChatGPT prompts and also with just the I Ching text in Midjourney.

The next series will use style references with the painting from “Techniques of the great masters of art” reference used as the source reference. ( Could try more —s {0, 250, 500, 750, 1000} // stylise )

More artists than section so for future I Ching series will skip many artists to move to the modern artists.

Peter Paul Rubens

Portrait of Susanna Linden née Fourment (c 1620 - 1625)

Rubens was based in Antwerp in the Spanish Netherlands was a court painter for the rich and famous including royalty. Rubens also work will collaborators such as Bruegel who painted the backgrounds.

The weight of portrait images by Rubens is mitigated by the detailed ChatGPT prompts which set out in great detail what should be included in the image. The prompts do assume the Rubens painted the backgrounds which may not have been the case.

Techniques.

'The I Ching text and the artist where added as a prompt to the Midjourney focus ChapGPT generator and the resultant text was used as a prompt in Midjourney.

Example with MidJourney Prompt Generator By Abbas Hassan Me : Peter Paul Rubens oil painting of, Obstructed by rocks, grasp at brambles. Entering into his house, he does not see his wife

Prompter: In a dramatic reinterpretation of the classical return, a lone figure emerges from the wilderness, marked by the struggle against nature’s barriers. The composition is steeped in the dramatic chiaroscuro and vibrant palette associated with Peter Paul Rubens. The man, adorned in attire that is both regal and torn, represents a blend of nobility and human vulnerability. His body is muscular, a testament to Rubens’ appreciation for the strength and beauty of the human form, yet it is caught in a moment of profound exhaustion and perseverance. The rocks and brambles that obstruct his path are rendered with painstaking detail, each thorn and stone a symbol of the trials faced on the journey back to one’s origins. The house in the background stands as a beacon of hope, its architecture reminiscent of the grandeur of the Flemish Renaissance, yet there’s a haunting absence the figure’s wife is nowhere to be seen, her presence replaced by the silent anticipation of the home itself. The landscape around them is alive with the tumult of nature and the deep, emotional undercurrents of the human experience, all captured in the rich, fluid strokes of oil paint that define Rubens’ legacy –ar 3:2 –v 6.0

These prompts are very extensive on the subject elements and much less so on the style attributes. It can be that very detailed story prompts obscure the style which blends down to a more generic painterly Midjourney style.

This will be examined in future where detailed, simpler and bare Midjourney prompts are compared.

Images

(The full prompts are on http://imaginediching.tumblr.com/ and just too lengthy to be redone here.)

47.0 Make offering, the divination for the important person is auspicious.

The forest scenes provide a break from the interior temple images which appear when 'offerings' are mentioned. Two Vary (region) passes were need in Midjourney to delete some distorted animals. I was hoping they would be replaced by more realistic ones however they

47.1 Buttocks obstructed by stumps and trees while entering into a deep and secluded valley.

‘Pair of Buttocks’ was in two of the ChatGPT prompts but not allowed by Midjourney. The phrase was replace by ‘pair of people’ which worked in the context. However the phrase '‘human buttocks are ingeniously camouflaged’ was accepted. The image had a more painterly style than the other in the quad and keeps to the forest theme.

47.2 A vermillion ceremonial garment with seal arrives from a beneficial direction—is to be used for offering a sacrifice.

Bleaker and more desolate but still outdoors if not really Rubens. The composition was the most appealing in the quad proof sheet. The indistinct faces of the associated figures obscures the problems Midjourney has in painting smaller group faces.

47 .3 Obstructed by rocks, grasp at brambles. Entering into his house, he does not see his wife,

The outdoor theme continues. The desolation of both the man and the scenery appealed to me. Stylistically of the Rubens' period.

47.4 Coming, slowly, slowly. Obstructed in his bronze chariot.

All generated images figures in a turbulent sky sitting a a throne or chariot. This image had the benefit of having more background than just clouds. It was a case of picking the best of an average lot.

47 .5 Cutting off the nose and feet is obstructed by one wearing vermillion

Prompts with phrases such as cutting off the nose' need to be worked around in Midjourney. Moving the prompt through ChatGPT and then to Midjourney alleviates the issue.

The image lacks focus as a painting but we are back in the forest. It looks more like a storyboard image.

47.6 Obstructed by creeping vines, worried and unsteady

A closeup of a face in the vines continues the outdoor forest theme but with a different subject. The prominence of the face breaks away from the abstracted figures in the previous images in the series. Still not very Rubens.

Conclusion

My process in creating these images for the I Ching is to not dwell too long on the selection. A longer process with more renderings may produce better results but will lead to procrastination.

However with using the detailed ChatGPT prompts there was limited variety which meant a limited selection regardless of the renderings.

[kariachi]

Next up it Speed of Sound, because if I may be honest I don’t actually like renaissance faire storylines. I don’t enjoy them, I don’t have to watch them, if the Smythe episode is relevant let me know but otherwise if you want a liveblog and rating than you can pay me for it.

Until then, on to Speed of Sound.

Max has a friend named ‘Helen Troy’. Her parents knew what they were doing.

She has her own corporation, and designed the fancy futurey train they’re riding.

She also made an AI Ring which, I have no idea what that’s even supposed to be? Is it HAL but an accessory, what?

She was Phil’s apprentice. As if she didn’t look shady, and have a corporation which is always shady, and have HAL as an accessory which is, not even, but she’s Phil’s old apprentice. This woman cannot be trusted.

Even Phil said ‘keep an eye on her’! Even he don’t trust this bitch!

The AI Ring is a fucking watch too just, the fuck

Hello Decibel, nice to see your silhouette you tend to be amusing

Bitch if your company’s tagline has to be ‘Trust Us’-! Not as far as I could punt her, I swear

Also my research tells me that the sound barrier has already been broken on land though I suppose a passenger train that could do it would still be a big deal given the rocket sled that first managed it jumped the rails. Second vehicle to do it was a car so, entirely different situation. The thing is this train would need dedicated tracks and so much fucking power just to run at those speeds. Shit cannot be energy efficient. Plus they’d only be able to move that fast for relatively short periods anyway to avoid causing too much discomfort for passengers (think of the discomfort you feel with the acceleration to the low hundreds of mph when a plane takes off then compare it to the ~800 mph to break the sound barrier). This really is just not a convenient thing.

Gustav Pootknocker. I have to assume a line of bastards because nobody is going to take the name ‘Pootknocker’.

Someday Gwen is going to be That Bitch @ing CEOs and politicians on twitter and honestly all the power to her. Right now she’s just asking intense questions out of innocence and interest but someday...

She scared off Helen! Way to go, Gwen!

“I thought she was different” Gwen the tech nerd with the most integrity on this show is Kevin, okay, lose your hope now.

“Helen’s not normally so mysterious” ‘I mean she straight up gave me the recipe for her ‘babies and blood diamonds’ dip when she graduated college’

Also Max has a picture of himself and Phil at Helen’s graduation so Added Suspicion

They can say she’s just Gwen’s hero all they want but I recognize a 10-yo with a crush when I see one. Move on Gwen, you can do better and also she’s like 20 years older than you at best.

Decibel is having the train modified in fucking motion. Really dude?

Of course Decibel would insist on having a dance club on board.

Gwen stole a dude’s keycard. The boys are rubbing off on her

Decibel have you hooked yourself to the train? Because that cable coming out your back has me concerned

byw I am not four minutes into this episode

Gwen, darling, give up turn around and find a girl your own age, I’m sure there’s plenty worth your while.

Helen has realized that they are Max’s spawn

So, tl;dr: Investors looked at this whole ‘passenger train that breaks the sound barrier’ thing and went ‘wtf that would be hideously expensive to build, to fuel, to build infrastructure for, and overall just be horribly inconvenient’ so Helen had to turn to Decibel for funding because he’s the sort’ve guy who figures if worse comes to worse he can use it for a ransom plot

Wait is this thing fueled by sound, or am I just reading too far into shit?

He did hook himself up the train. And now he’s gonna test the top speed with passengers onboard. Which, why the fuck would you even have passengers on board a train that hasn’t gone through all it’s tests? What the fuck, that’s a major safety hazard. This things can’t even have been rated as safe yet without testing it at top speed, that’s one of the things they do!

Don’t think we’ve seen a fistfight with Decibel before

1) Decibel hits like a truck, 2) I don’t think this fucker is capable of not acting like he’s on a stage

Damn, blasted Ben right out of the train

Helen, dig out that last scrap of soul you have in your closet and put it to use

Oh! So that’s how she’d planned to get over the whole ‘jumping the rails’ issue! By using sound to basically levitate the train! That actually cuts down on a lot of the concerns by reducing drag and removing the need for dedicated infrastructure! Still horribly dangerous though.

I didn’t have any hope in Helen and I’m still disappointed.

Capable of evil maybe, she is Phil’s apprentice

Come on Ben, I’m sure you can go faster. You and Kevin hit 888 before

Helen

“Even supersuit XLR8 can’t catch up!” Ben says as he barely crests 400 mph. Come on Kid, you’ve done better!

Ah, turns out with some new shit armored XLR8 can hit 1000

Ya know, I’d be more impressed with this whole ‘your technology has helped so many people’ thing if we’d gotten any examples up to now. All we have is the HAL ring and this death train, with no hint at what the ring even does (it saves the day, I’ve seen enough tv to know this is where we’re going)

The HAL Ring has a laser mode. Who exactly are you selling this shit to, Helen? Are you sure super villains aren’t just your investors?

Ooo, Decibel going to just try to rip off the damn Omnitrix. He is done.

Omnitrix said ‘fuck this shit’ and blasted Ben into Armored Four Arms

The Omnitrix is not happy

Yeah, Omnitrix is really not happy with all that shit that went down.

8/10, I don’t trust Helen and I’m intrigued with how things are going to go with the Omnitrix from here

[jrenvs3000]

Art and Nature

Art and nature go together like PB & J in my opinion. When you think to your favourite art piece, what comes to mind? Is it a landscape? A portrait? A piece of beautiful writing? Even if the piece that comes to mind is not specifically a capture of landscape, chances are that nature is somehow involved anyway. Is the portrait of a young woman looking out a window into a field? Or a renaissance painting of a group of people feasting on that year’s harvest? Even in painting, architecture, or writings that are starkly without the touch of nature, such as brutalism architecture (seen below), I feel it is the absolute lack of nature and organic shapes taken from nature that make it so brutal.

A photo of a building showing brutalisic architecture. Licensed under Creative Commons Art also bring a permanence to that we rarely see in nature. Capturing the brightly coloured flowers of spring in a painting is akin to capturing a slice of time that we will never see again. In the same way, taking pictures of a snowy hike makes them permanent, even when the snow melts again. I personally find this incredibly comforting, and I often look back through pictures from the previous seasons when I’m struggling to find brightness on a cold winter day.

 photo taken at the Halifax Public Gardens by me in July 2019 showing vibrant flowers I wanted to share this comfort further. As mentioned previously, I work a job where I see a lot of suffering and death in wildlife. While not a wild animal, our facility also takes in the occasional domestic. A few months ago, we got a chicken in who we named Marigold. She was quite old, and had been severely neglected and bullied by the other chickens she was in with. This resulted in damage to her crop which made it sag down, and a lot of missing feathers over her head and back. Unfortunately, the damage to her crop made her unable to digest food properly, and she was humanely euthanized. She was such a ridiculous looking animal, and we had her out of her cage clucking around us while we did out work for the few days she was in our care, so she had a pretty big impact on our team.

A photo taken by me of a watercolour painting of Marigold the chicken  I found great comfort in painting a little watercolour portrait of her when I got home. This picture is now hanging in our main building as a reminder of our little friend who is no longer with us. I believe art is a universal language that helps the viewer understand something more than words can (as the saying goes, a picture is worth 1000 words!). In this way, art can cross language barriers, age differences, and share experiences unique to those with different things in their backpack of privilege!

[developeragent]

Voice (AI driven) ? gift for teachers and learners?

?Voice? is one of Mary Meeker?s top five internet trends. Voice could be a game changer in interface behaviour, like keyboards, mice, joysticks and touch, but what impact could it have in learning?Voice recognition, driven by leaps in AI, allows personalised voice recognition, even tonal and emotional recognition, and it is hands-free. It?s also low cost, requiring a microphone & speaker, and chimes with the rise of the Internet of Things. The three big barriers to adoption are accuracy, latency and social awkwardness. Recognition and response must be accurate and fast. Failures and slow speeds turn users off. The good news is that we?ve punched through the 90% accuracy barrier and moving fast. At 95-99% (not easy) the show really is on the road. Already, the number of smartphone users using voice went over 60% in 2015 and that number is rising as the technology gets better and habits change. The uses, ranked, are; 1) General information (30%), 2) Personal assistant (27%), 3) Local information (22%), 4) Fun and entertainment (21%). An astonishing 1 in 5 searches on mobile in US (Android) are now by voice. But there are problems Meeker doesn?t mention. Sure we can speak (150 wpm) faster than we can type (40 wpm) but we can also read faster than we can hear. There?s also the huge embarrassment hurdle of speaking to non-humans in public spaces. She herself sees the initial impact in hands free environments ? home (43%), car (36%), on the move (19%), at work (3%). This is when avoiding typing & menus, speed and convenience really matter. But in many other contexts, silence may remain golden.AI driven voiceWith Siri and Amazon Echo we see early signs of its power. Viv is coming and a slew of innovations in AI have improved its efficacy. Jeff Bezos thinks that AI will underpin tech for the foreseeable future. He goes further and thinks we currently understate its potential impact. Of course AI is not one thing, it is many very different things and voice recognition is just one of its many stunning applications. Sci-fi films have been showing us voice activated worlds for decades ? it is now a reality. Natural language voice recognition, with the help of machine learning, has accelerated in just the last few years to become a mainstream consumer product.EchoAmazon?s Echo is a home-based, voice activated personal assistant, a competitor to Siri, using a platform called Alexa. Alexa has two software development kits; a voice service and a skills kit. As a customer, you get a weekly email telling you about these new skills (>1000). This is a big push with over 1000 Amazon staff and tons of folk doing 3rd party apps. It will play your music from Spotify, using just voice commands, even from the far side of the room when music is playing (clever), handle Google Calendar, read audiobooks, deliver news, sports results, weather, order a pizza, get a cab on Uber and control lights, switches, thermostats and so on. It is a frictionless interface to the ?Internet of Things?. (An interesting tangent for voice activation is its use by those who are disabled.)Above all, as a cloud-based AI service, on tap, learns fast and is always adapting to your speech, vocabulary and preferences. It becomes, in effect, a personal assistant that learns, not only about you but as an agent which also learns from aggregated data. This is where it gets interesting.Echo as teacherSpoken versus written wordBehind this shift from text to voice is an interesting debate. One could argue that it could push us towards more authentic, and I would argue, balanced, form of education and learning. Typing will always be an awkward interface. It is difficult to learn, error prone and requires physical input devices. Reading is another skill that takes years to master. The spoken word is a skill we do not have to learn. We are grammatical geniuses aged three. Speech is primary and normal, reading and writing relatively recent adjuncts. So, when it comes to learning, speech recognition (output) and voice (input), gives us frictionless dialogue. It could stimulate a return to more Socratic forms of teaching and learning.This may result in significant improvements in teaching and learning, both of which have, arguably, been over-colonised by ?text?. Schooling, in all of its manifestations, has become ever more obsessed by text and there is a good argument for rebalancing the system away from an endless series of written tasks, essays and dissertations towards more efficient, meaningful and relevant teaching and learning. It may also help redress the balance between the academic and vocational.The blackboard has a lot to not answer for. At that moment, teachers turned their backs on dialogue and conversation with learners and began to lecture, mediating their teaching with text, it can be even worse with text-laden PowerPoint. The teacher?s voice started to get lost. Nowhere was this more evident than in HE, where the blackboard reinforced and deeply embedded the ?lecture?. To this day, especially in maths and sciences, ?lecturers?, (a job title that uniquely identifies the profession?s problem), turned their back to learners and started writing. I, and millions of others, have endured the ?three huge blackboard? method of teaching. It is the opposite of teaching, it is writing. You may as well have emailed it to me.The essay as assessment has now descended into a game where students know that they will not get feedback for days, even weeks (often a grade with a few skimpy comments). So they share, plagiarise, buy essays and in exams, memorise them, so that critical thinking is abandoned in favour of regurgitation. This is not to argue for the abandonment of writing, or essays, just less dependence on this one-size-fits-all form of assessment.In schooling we also had the drift towards text-based subjects. Latin is the most surreal example, a dead language, no longer spoken, no longer even written, taught for no other reason than the fact that it got embedded in the curriculum. What a waste. Shakespeare, largely taught off the page, killing it stone dead for many who should have been excited by its searing effect when spoken on the stage. The obsession with ?maths?, in slavish adherence to PISA, which was never their intention, is also made easier by its essentially written nature.We have a system that teaches to the text and the tests of the text. Almost everything we test is in the form of the written word. Oral and social skills count for little in education. Practical skills are shoved below stairs and we send our kids off in lock-step to universities where the process is extended for year after year, often an inefficient and expensive paper trail that results in a huge paper IOU for the student and state.In my lifetime I have seen HE morph into a global paper farm, with exponential growth of Journals and text output, matched only by the inverse growth in readers. Research is falsely equated with paper output, where the paper is the end-in-itself. Teaching is often side-lined as this paper mill becomes the dominant goal.In the professions, and especially in institutions, I have witnessed bureaucratic systems whose function is often to simply to produce ?reports?. These are invariably overwritten, skimmed, then often binned. Report writing, plans and rhetoric are so often substitutes for action. Nowhere is this more apparent in the report than invariably conclude that ?more research is needed in??. Reports beget reports.In a way I think the historic, educational obsession with long-form text has been saved by the internet, where writing returned to a broader set of forms. Young people have taken to writing like demons, in txts, messages, posts, Tweets and blogs. There has been a renaissance of writing, reflecting a wide set of forms of communication, supplemented by images and video.So how will voice manifest itself in learning?Voice and learningGoogle is great but we still largely write our requests. This is partly because it is quicker than speech. However, as speech recognition gets better, it will become quicker and easier to simply ask verbally. As Amazon Echo, Siri and other services take many of us into the Internet of Things, in our homes, cars and other places, we will want voice to trigger events, get help, find answers and arrange our lives. Dialogue with smart people on any topic is often a powerful form of learning. They challenge, probe, contradict. This type of collaborative learning may come into its own with speech and dialogue. There is also the sense in which some topics benefit from the lack of images and writing. It allows the imagination to construct personal imagery and links to what is being heard.The car is now a room, somewhere you can learn? The home is now networked, a place you can learn. Your mobile is voice ready, a place where you can learn. In some of these environments, having your hands free is essential (driving) and useful (home). How to tasks, like cooking, repairing things and finding things out make sense.Frictionless learningAdaptive learning, intelligent tutoring, chatbots? all of these are with us now. This form of technology enhanced teaching can be further enhanced with voice recognition and feedback. One can see how AI, adaptive, tutoring software could turn this, first into a homework support tool, then a tutoring tool, through to the delivery of more sophisticated learning. It has the advantage of being able to both push and pull learning. I like this idea of encouraging habitual learning, the delivery of short questions, quizzes and spaced practice, via voice on the echo, in a personalised sequence. In the privacy of your own home, this takes away the public embarrassment factor.Voice moves us one step closer to frictionless, anywhere, anytime learning. Places other than institutions and classrooms become learning spaces. The classroom and lecture hall were never the places where the majority of learning took place. Context matters and as learning becomes a utility, like water, we ill be able to call upon it at any time and see learning as habitual and informal, not timetabled and formal.Conclusion I am not denigrating the written word. It matters. What matters more is a rebalance in education towards knowledge and skills that are not wholly text-based, but recognise that speech is as important, sometimes more important, and that skills also matter. Imagine a world where the only response to a request or problem is? I?ll write that up. That?s a problem. Education in its current form is not the solution to that problem but part of the problem itself. from Dragplus http://ift.tt/2GL4Hr4

[physical-chemistry-en-blog]

Sonochemistry

In chemistry, the study of sonochemistry is concerned with understanding the effect of ultrasound in forming acoustic cavitation in liquids, resulting in the initiation or enhancement of the chemical activity in the solution. Therefore, the chemical effects of ultrasound do not come from a direct interaction of the ultrasonic sound wave with the molecules in the solution. The simplest explanation for this is that sound waves propagating through a liquid at ultrasonic frequencies do so with a wavelength that is significantly longer than that of the bond length between atoms in the molecule. Therefore, the sound wave cannot affect that vibrational energy of the bond, and can therefore not directly increase the internal energy of a molecule. Instead, sonochemistry arises from acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid. The collapse of these bubbles is an almost adiabatic process, thereby resulting in the massive build-up of energy inside the bubble, resulting in extremely high temperatures and pressures in a microscopic region of the sonicated liquid. The high temperatures and pressures result in the chemical excitation of any matter that was inside of, or in the immediate surroundings of the bubble as it rapidly imploded. A broad variety of outcomes can result from acoustic cavitation, including sonoluminescence, increased chemical activity in the solution due to the formation of primary and secondary radical reactions, and increase chemical activity through the formation of new, relatively stable chemical species that can diffuse further into the solution to create chemical effects (for example, the formation of hydrogen peroxide from the combination of two hydroxyl radicals formed following the dissociation of water vapor inside the collapsing bubbles what water is exposed to ultrasound. The influence of sonic waves traveling through liquids was first reported by Robert Williams Wood (1868–1955) and Alfred Lee Loomis (1887–1975) in 1927. The experiment was about the frequency of the energy that it took for sonic waves to "penetrate" the barrier of water. He came to the conclusion that sound does travel faster in water, but because of the water's density compared to our earth's atmosphere it was incredibly hard to get the sonic waves into the water. After lots of research they decided that the best way to disperse sound into the water was to make loud noises into the water by creating bubbles that were made at the same time as the sound. One of the easier ways that they put sound into the water was they simply yelled. But another road block they ran into was the ratio of the amount of time it took for the lower frequency waves to penetrate the bubbles walls and access the water around the bubble, and then time from that point to the point on the other end of the body of water. But despite the revolutionary ideas of this article it was left mostly unnoticed. Sonochemistry experienced a renaissance in the 1980s with the advent of inexpensive and reliable generators of high-intensity ultrasound. Upon irradiation with high intensity sound or ultrasound, acoustic cavitation usually occurs. Cavitation – the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles irradiated with sound — is the impetus for sonochemistry and sonoluminescence. Bubble collapse in liquids produces enormous amounts of energy from the conversion of kinetic energy of the liquid motion into heating the contents of the bubble. The compression of the bubbles during cavitation is more rapid than thermal transport, which generates a short-lived localized hot-spot. Experimental results have shown that these bubbles have temperatures around 5000 K, pressures of roughly 1000 atm, and heating and cooling rates above 1010 K/s. These cavitations can create extreme physical and chemical conditions in otherwise cold liquids. With liquids containing solids, similar phenomena may occur with exposure to ultrasound. Once cavitation occurs near an extended solid surface, cavity collapse is nonspherical and drives high-speed jets of liquid to the surface. These jets and associated shock waves can damage the now highly heated surface. Liquid-powder suspensions produce high velocity interparticle collisions. These collisions can change the surface morphology, composition, and reactivity. Three classes of sonochemical reactions exist: homogeneous sonochemistry of liquids, heterogeneous sonochemistry of liquid-liquid or solid–liquid systems, and, overlapping with the aforementioned, sonocatalysis. Sonoluminescence is typically regarded as a special case of homogeneous sonochemistry. The chemical enhancement of reactions by ultrasound has been explored and has beneficial applications in mixed phase synthesis, materials chemistry, and biomedical uses. Because cavitation can only occur in liquids, chemical reactions are not seen in the ultrasonic irradiation of solids or solid–gas systems. For example, in chemical kinetics, it has been observed that ultrasound can greatly enhance chemical reactivity in a number of systems by as much as a million-fold; effectively acting as a catalyst by exciting the atomic and molecular modes of the system (such as the vibrational, rotational, and translational modes). In addition, in reactions that use solids, ultrasound breaks up the solid pieces from the energy released from the bubbles created by cavitation collapsing through them. This gives the solid reactant a larger surface area for the reaction to proceed over, increasing the observed rate of reaction. While the application of ultrasound often generates mixtures of products, a paper published in 2007 in the journal Nature described the use of ultrasound to selectively affect a certain cyclobutane ring-opening reaction. Atul Kumar, has reported multicomponent reaction Hantzsch ester synthesis in Aqueous Micelles using ultrasound. Some water pollutants, especially chlorinated organic compounds, can be destroyed sonochemically. Sonochemistry can be performed by using a bath (usually used for ultrasonic cleaning) or with a high power probe, called an ultrasonic horn. More details Android, Windows