#Chapter 2: Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Ethics

[couronnez]

Ravkan Times Exclusive Interview:

Vasily Lantsov, the Heir and Future CEO of Lantsov Corporation, Shares His Vision for the Company's Future

Published on June 2, 2023, in the Ravkan Times Business Section

Os Alta, Ravka – In a momentous transition, Vasily Lantsov, the heir apparent and future CEO of the renowned Lantsov Corporation, is set to take the reins from his father, Alexander Lantsov. The Lantsov Corporation, a pillar of the Ravkan economy for decades, has been at the forefront of innovation and development in various sectors. Vasily Lantsov, known for his exceptional business acumen and strategic vision, now steps into the spotlight, poised to lead the company into the future. The Ravkan Times had the privilege of an exclusive interview with Vasily, where he shared his thoughts, aspirations, and plans for the corporation and its role in Ravka's growth.

At just 28 years old, Vasily Lantsov possesses an air of confidence that belies his age. Dressed in a tailored suit and exuding an aura of determination, he welcomed us into his spacious office at the heart of Lantsov Tower, the headquarters of the corporation, overlooking the bustling city of Os Alta.

As the interview commenced, Vasily spoke passionately about the company's rich heritage and the values instilled in him by his family. "Lantsov Corporation has been a pillar of innovation and success for decades," he said, with a hint of pride in his voice. "My father's leadership has been instrumental in establishing our company as a global force. Now, it's my turn to build upon his legacy and drive Lantsov Corporation into the future."

When asked about his vision for the future of the company, Vasily's eyes lit up with excitement. "In today's rapidly evolving business landscape, it's crucial to stay ahead of the curve. I plan to further expand our presence in emerging markets while maintaining our commitment to excellence and ethical practices," he explained. "We will invest heavily in research and development, focusing on sustainable technologies and solutions that address the world's pressing challenges, such as climate change and social inequality."

Vasily emphasized the importance of collaboration and partnerships. "No company can succeed in isolation," he said. "I intend to forge strategic alliances with innovative startups and established industry leaders, leveraging their expertise to drive our growth and diversify our portfolio. We must remain agile and adaptive to navigate the complexities of the global market."

When questioned about the challenges he anticipates in his new role, Vasily acknowledged the weight of the responsibilities he is about to undertake. "The world is changing at an unprecedented pace, and the business landscape is increasingly competitive," he reflected. "But challenges present opportunities, and I am confident in our ability to adapt and thrive. With a talented team, a strong corporate culture, and an unwavering commitment to our core values, I believe we can overcome any obstacles that come our way."

As the interview drew to a close, Vasily Lantsov shared a message to the employees, stakeholders, and the public:

"Lantsov Corporation is poised for a new era of growth and innovation. I am committed to leading this organization with integrity, transparency, and a steadfast dedication to making a positive impact in the world. Together, we will continue to write the next chapter of our success story."

With Vasily Lantsov at the helm, Lantsov Corporation enters a new phase in its illustrious history. As the heir and future CEO, he brings youthful energy, fresh perspectives, and a determination to uphold the company's reputation for excellence. The business world eagerly awaits the next steps in Lantsov Corporation's journey, as Vasily ushers in an era of progress and transformation.

[lingerieday]

The Science of Finance: How Numbers Tell Stories

In the intricate tapestry of the financial world, numbers are more than just digits; they are the narrators of powerful stories about economies, businesses, and individuals. Finance, at its core, is a science that deciphers these tales, bridging the gap between cold, hard data and the pulsating heartbeat of the global economy. Dive into the captivating world of finance, and discover how it weaves stories from the loom of numbers.

1. Introduction to the Science of Finance

Finance is often viewed as a complex maze of numbers and charts. However, beneath this seemingly impenetrable facade lies a narrative that impacts every facet of our lives, from the choices we make as consumers to the fate of nations on the global stage.

2. The Foundational Elements of Financial Storytelling

a. Assets & Liabilities: Every entity, be it an individual or a multinational corporation, possesses assets (what they own) and liabilities (what they owe). The balance between these defines net worth.

b. Revenue & Expenses: These reflect the performance of a business over a period. While revenue showcases earnings, expenses detail the costs incurred.

c. Cash Flow: This reveals how money moves within an entity, offering insights into its liquidity and operational efficiency.

3. The Macro Tales: Understanding Economic Indicators

a. GDP (Gross Domestic Product): A reflection of a nation's economic health, it represents the total value of goods and services produced.

b. Inflation & Deflation: These indicators narrate the story of price fluctuations in an economy, impacting purchasing power.

c. Unemployment Rate: It's a testament to a nation's employment health, affecting consumer confidence and spending.

4. Financial Markets: The Pulse of the Economy

Stocks, bonds, commodities, and forex markets are not just platforms for trading. They are barometers of global sentiment, reacting to political events, economic policies, and corporate performances.

5. Personal Finance: The Chronicles of Individual Choices

From managing debt to building retirement nests, personal finance paints the story of individual aspirations and challenges. Tools like budgets, investment portfolios, and insurance policies become chapters in this lifelong narrative.

6. Corporate Finance: The Saga of Business Strategy

Every business decision, from launching a new product to expanding into a foreign market, revolves around finance. Balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements become the script, narrating a company's strategic journey.

7. Behavioral Finance: The Human Element in the Financial Narrative

Beyond raw data, human emotions and biases play pivotal roles in financial decision-making. Market bubbles, irrational exuberance, or panic selling showcase the intertwined relationship between finance and psychology.

8. Financial Technology: The Modern Twist in the Tale

With AI, machine learning, and blockchain revolutionizing finance, a new chapter is being written. Robo-advisors, algorithmic trading, and digital currencies are reshaping the financial story for the 21st century.

9. The Art of Financial Analysis

Financial analysts are the interpreters of the financial world. They delve deep into numbers, extracting trends, patterns, and insights, and forecast the future trajectory of businesses and economies.

10. Global Finance: The Interconnected Epic

In our globalized world, financial events in one corner reverberate across continents. The 2008 financial crisis and its ripple effects underscored the interconnectedness of the global financial narrative.

11. Ethical Finance: A New Chapter of Responsibility

In recent times, finance has been evolving to incorporate ethical considerations. Sustainable investments, impact investing, and ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) criteria reflect a shift towards conscious capitalism.

12. Financial Education: Deciphering the Story

Understanding the science of finance is key to informed decision-making. Financial literacy programs, workshops, and courses empower individuals to navigate the financial narrative with confidence.

Conclusion

Finance, in its essence, is a vast repository of stories. From the individual saving for a rainy day to a nation navigating economic challenges, every financial decision, strategy, and outcome adds a new layer to this intricate narrative. By comprehending the science of finance, we become active participants in this story, capable of making informed choices, anticipating challenges, and seizing opportunities. In the realm of finance, numbers and narratives coalesce, reminding us that behind every statistic, chart, and figure lies a tale waiting to be told.

[fulltestbank]

Solution Manual For M: Marketing 7th Edition By Dhruv Grewal

chapter 1 Overview of Marketing chapter 2 Developing Marketing Strategies and a Marketing Plan chapter 3 Digital Marketing: Online, Social, and Mobile chapter 4 Conscious Marketing, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Ethics chapter 5 Analyzing the Marketing Environment chapter 6 Consumer Behavior chapter 7 Business-to-Business Marketing chapter 8 Global Marketing chapter 9 Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning chapter 10 Marketing Research chapter 11 Product, Branding, and Packaging Decisions chapter 12 Developing New Products chapter 13 Services: The Intangible Product chapter 14 Pricing Concepts for Capturing Value chapter 15 Supply Chain and Channel Management chapter 16 Retailing and Omnichannel Marketing chapter 17 Integrated Marketing Communications chapter 18 Advertising, Public Relations, and Sales Promotions chapter 19 Personal Selling and Sales Management Read the full article

[gotestbank]

Test bank Community Public Health Nursing 7th Edition by Nies

Chapter 01: Health: A Community View

Nies: Community/Public Health Nursing, 7th Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which best describes the primary reason that Americans are concerned about health care? a. Politicians are discussing how to improve health care. b. The media has provided mixed messages about the health care system. c. Our national health care costs keep increasing. d. The new health care system offers free services to Americans. ANS: C The primary reason for the focus on health care is the constantly increasing costs, which cannot be sustained. The costs of caring for the sick accounted for the majority of escalating health care dollars, which increased from 5.7% of the gross domestic product in 1965 to 17.8% in 2015. Politicians and the media both influence Americans’ perceptions about health care; however, they are not the primary reason why Americans are concerned. The new health care system will change the health care access and availability, but will not necessarily be offering any free services to Americans. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) 2. A nurse has begun to lobby with politicians for changes to the health care system. Why is this involvement important? a. Nurses, as central characters in several popular TV series, are currently very visible in American media. b. Nurses are primarily responsible for managing the various units in our health care system. c. Nurses are the largest segment of health care providers. d. Nurses are the only group that is employed both inside and outside of hospitals. ANS: C As the largest segment of health care providers, nurses are informed about the current health care system and all the problems that result from people not seeking care until they are desperately ill. Nurses, as the American Nurses Association (ANA) emphasize, usually believe that health care is a right, not a privilege. Therefore, nurses, whose work is central to our current health care delivery system, can also be instrumental in working politically to create a health care delivery system that will meet health needs. While nurses are in several current TV series and are employed both inside and outside of hospitals, physicians and other health care providers are as well. Nurses are often managers, but managers often have other backgrounds, such as business administration. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) 3. What conclusion can be drawn from examining where nurses are employed? a. There is a trend toward consolidation of health care into large central medical centers. b. There is an increased emphasis on community-based health care. c. There is an obvious need to decrease health care costs by cutting positions. d. Managed care organizations (MCOs) are employing nurses to improve customer NURSINGTB.COM Community Public Health Nursing 7th Edition Nies Test BankNU RS IN GT B.CO M relations. ANS: B MCOs are employing nurses in many capacities. Although hospitals are closing and acute care is increasingly found in central medical centers, the same trend may be seen in an increase in neighborhood-based practice centers. While positions are cut in most industries, health care is recognized as an area where growth in employment is expected. However, nurses are increasingly employed in community settings as opposed to hospitals. This change reflects the move toward community-based care rather than hospital-based tertiary care. To help decrease the continued rise in health care costs, the increased emphasis is on disease prevention rather than high-cost treatment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) 4. Which ethical belief would be most helpful in the current health care crisis? a. Emphasis should be on individual and corporation freedom in the marketplace. b. Emphasis should be on individual autonomy and freedom of choice. c. Emphasis should be on social justice and collective responsibility. d. Emphasis should be on the effectiveness of technology in resolving problems. ANS: C Public health recognizes the necessity of collective action in keeping the environment safe and in egalitarian tradition and vision. An overinvestment in technology and seeking of cures within the market justice system has stifled the evolution of a health system to protect and preserve the health of the population. Although individual autonomy and freedom of choice are important, so is the recognition of collective responsibility in ensuring social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) 5. What is the primary problem seen in Healthy People 2020’s emphasis on choosing healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as daily exercise or healthy food choices? a. Emphasis on other lifestyle choices, such as not smoking and minimal use of alcohol or drugs, is also needed. b. All of us must work together to make unhealthy behaviors socially unacceptable. c. It costs more to make healthy choices, such as buying and eating fresh fruits and vegetables as opposed to quick and cheap fast-food choices. d. Public policy emphasizes personal responsibility but ignores social and environmental changes needed for well-being. ANS: D Although all responses are accurate, the primary problem is the emphasis on personal choices in the Healthy People 2020 objectives. Emphasis on personal choices ignores the need for community responsibility and action that addresses environmental or cultural restraints to health. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) 6. What responsibility does the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics require of the nurse beyond giving excellent care to patients? a. Accept longer work schedules to ensure that professional care is always available NURSINGTB.COM Community Public Health Nursing 7th Edition Nies Test BankNU RS IN GT B.CO M to clients. b. Recognize the need for experienced nurses to mentor new graduates to help increase and expand the number of professionals available. c. Support health legislation to improve accessibility and cost of health care. d. Volunteer to work overtime as needed to ensure maximum quality of care. ANS: C The ANA Code of Ethics promotes social reform by focusing on health policy and legislation to positively affect accessibility, quality, and cost of health care. The code does not directly address workplace issues, such as work schedules or need for overtime. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze (Analysis) 7. What is the community health nursing definition of health? a. Health is a person’s goal-directed purposeful process toward well-being or wholeness. b. Health is an individual’s physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. c. Health is the mutual adaptation between a person and his or her environment in meeting daily existence. d. Health is families and aggregates choosing actions to ensure safety and well-being. ANS: D The text stresses that health is not just the result of an individual’s choices, but choices and actions of individuals, families, groups, and communities that lead to better health. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) 8. How does community health nursing define community? a. A group of persons living within specific geographic boundaries b. A group of persons who share a common identity and environment c. A group of persons who work together to meet common goals d. A group of persons who resolve a community concern ANS: B Community health nurses work with both geopolitical groups (within specific geographic boundaries) and phenomenological groups (who have a common identity based on culture, history, or goals). A particular phenomenological group may or may not have been a planned group—that is, a group that came together to resolve a recognized common problem or to meet a common goal. However, of all the choices, a group of persons who share a common identity (phenomenological group) and environment (which implies a specific geographic setting) is the broadest and most complete definition. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) 9. Which variable has a major influence on a community’s health? a. Behavior choices made by persons in the community b. Number of health care providers and hospitals in the community c. Quality of the public safety officers (police officers, firefighters, etc.) d. The number and credentials of public health officials in the community ANS: A NURSINGTB.COM Community Public Health Nursing 7th Edition Nies Test BankNU RS IN GT B.CO M Individual behavior choices are responsible for about 50% of health outcomes. Individual choices are affected through interaction with other individuals, and their mutual social and physical environments. The number of health care providers has not played a major role in the health outcomes in the community in comparison to individual health behaviors. The quality of public safety officers and number of public health officials have not been identified as major contributors to the determinants of health. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) 10. What change could most effectively lead to a longer life span in Americans? a. Parenting and sexual behavior classes in all public school systems b. Legislation restricting alcohol and drug use c. Notably reducing speed limits on all state and federal highways, and changing the age limit for driving to 21 years of age d. The belief that smoking is shameful and disgusting, as well as expensive, becoming the social norm ANS: D Smoking is responsible for almost 20% of all deaths in the United States. Although smoking is an individual’s choice, all people are affected by social norms. Parenting and sexual behavior classes and legislative changes may influence health, but may not necessarily lead to a longer lifespan. Community health nurses should recognize that health is influenced by a web of factors, some that can be changed and some that cannot. Influencing social norms may better promote change among Americans. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) 11. What is the health issue causing the most concern in the United States today? a. Diabetes epidemic b. Increase in cardiac disease c. Increase in obesity d. Rise in cancer rates ANS: C The widespread increase in incidence of overweight and obesity has led to calls for population-based measures to address this issue. The overarching problem of obesity has led to an increase in diabetes as well as cardiac disease. If this health issue was controlled, there should be in a decrease in the other health issues. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) 12. What factors are most responsible for the increasing length of life of Americans over the past 100 years? a. Better nutrition and family planning options b. Education concerning the need to reduce salt and fat in the diet c. Improved medical care, including exciting new technologies d. More efficient cancer screenings and early intervention ANS: A NURSINGTB.COM Community Public Health Nursing 7th Edition Nies Test BankNU RS IN GT B.CO M Average increased life span over the past 100 years can be largely attributed to higher standards of living, better nutrition, a healthier environment, and having fewer children. Public health efforts such as immunization and medical care have also contributed. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) 13. Why would a public health nurse want to know about morbidity and mortality statistics on the local, state, and national level? a. To be able to share current trends in health problems with the community b. To be able to observe the community’s statistics over time and compare the community with other communities c. To justify local budgets and the need for increased income from citizens d. To publicize current health issues and suggest appropriate actions to citizens ANS: B Although being informed and being able to educate the public is always preferred and nurses often do have to justify budgets, data are needed to compare the local community with itself over time and with other communities so that problems may be recognized and action taken to confront health issues. The first step is always to recognize problems as they develop. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) 14. How do public health efforts differ from medical efforts in improving the health of our citizens? a. Medical care providers autonomously choose appropriate interventions, whereas public health care providers must engage in whatever actions legislation requires. b. Medical care providers are self-employed or agency employed, whereas public health care providers are employed by and paid through the government. c. Medical care providers focus only on individuals, whereas public health care providers focus only on aggregates. d. Medical care providers focus on disease diagnosis and management, whereas public health care providers focus on health promotion and disease prevention. ANS: D Medical care providers are restricted by insurance and government regulations. Providers may also be employed in government facilities, such as Veterans Administration facilities. However, medical care providers primarily focus on diagnosis and treatment of disease, whereas public health care providers try to promote health and prevent disease. Although medical care providers primarily focus on individuals and public health care providers primarily focus on aggregates, their practice is not limited to only individuals or only aggregates. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) 15. Which primary prevention would the school nurse choose to address the school’s number of unwed pregnancies? a. Create a class on parenting for both the moms-to-be and the dads-to-be. b. Convince the school board to allow sex education classes to include birth control measures. c. Employ the moms-to-be as 1-hour-a-day employees in the school daycare center for children born to school students. NURSINGTB.COM Community Public Health Nursing 7th Edition Nies Test BankNU RS IN GT B.CO M d. Establish a class where all the unwed moms-to-be can learn infant care. ANS: B Primary prevention relates to activities directed at preventing a problem before it occurs by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Primary prevention consists of two elements: general health promotion and specific protection. Health promotion efforts enhance resiliency and protective factors and target essentially well populations. Specific protection efforts reduce or eliminate risk factors. Although all choices would be appropriate actions in a school, only education regarding sexuality and birth control would help prevent future pregnancies. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application)

[2021law641]

Session 1. What is Infocomm Law and How is it Relevant to Society Today

READ: ICTL TEXTBOOK CHAPTER 1

A. TRANSACTIONS - ICTL AND SOCIETY

What is ICTL: What is “information technology” and what is “communications technology”? What is the law relating to ICT?

Different Perspectives of ICTL: According to a leading textbook on the subject, the subject can be studied from two perspectives -

“[As] a set of discrete topics linked solely by virtue of their transient novelty and relationship to information technologies”, or

“[As] a set of topics that raises new political, social, and economic issues, and this requires consideration of appropriate legal and regulatory approaches to tackling them, outside of traditional legal paradigms.” *

What is your opinion on the above perspectives? What are the issues that can arise in relation to transactions and activities using information technology and in relation to electronic forms of communications?

Is it accurate to label an “IT lawyer” a “generalist” in law? Is it fair to make the assertion that “IT Law” is merely a “collection of legal areas that happen to touch upon IT”? *

* Diane Rowland et al, Information Technology Law (Routledge, 4ed, 2011) at p. 3

The Digital Society and Online Community: We live in an age where we do not need to physically leave home in order to interact and transact with one another. We can order food using a food delivery app, work from home through communication devices and functions, read the news and socially interact through social media platforms and be entertained through various streaming platforms. During the pandemic and In the ‘new normal’ of a world with covid-19 as endemic, ICT is becoming even more important as a safe way for human interaction as well as to conduct transactions and do business. However, although the virtual environment provides a lot of benefits and conveniences, the same technology can be abused and can cause negative effects on society and the individual.

Because of the four (or some say five) ‘V’s of Big Data, the way that we interact (communicate) and what and how we do so (information) have fundamentally changed giving rise to problems stemming from the sheer “volume”, “variety” and “velocity” of data that we have to selectively filter and process (or have it done for us), and the type of information and the manner that we consume it and how that affects our thoughts and values. One of the biggest challenges is the “veracity” of data as well as the bias in how it is being received or transmitted to us. Other issues include the increased surveillance and loss of privacy that the Internet of Things have given rise to as well as the trustworthiness and ethics of applying Artificial Intelligence in our lives.

The Evolution of the World Wide Web: Consider the general understanding of Web 1.0 and Web 2.0. What were the fundamental changes and how have the law generally responded? What are the problems of regulating the Internet? What is Web 3.0 and is there a consistent understanding and meaning in the term? How do the buzzwords and catchphrases that have dominated ‘tech-talk’ in recent years (Big Data, Smart Contract, Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, IoT, A.I.) fit into the vision of the future of ICT? What further challenges will it pose to the lawyer and the regulator, and to law itself?

Class Discussion: Consider what areas of law are covered in the study of ICT Law relating to electronic transactions as well as any possible ‘new’ areas of law that have emerged or are emerging as a result of ICT developments. Take into account the socio-economic and cultural contexts and the regulatory aspects of the law as it has developed in response to the evolution of ICT, and in particular the “Internet society”.

Browse only:

Pew Research Internet Project Publications (Browse for a general understanding of the current and overall ICT issues, but note the U.S. slant to reporting; and see e.g., this article on Ethics and A.I. Design)

Lev Grossman, You – Yes, You – Are TIME’s Person of the Year (TIME Magazine, 25 December 2006) (How does this relate to Web 2.0 and what are the issues relating to the empowerment of the individual through the Internet Intermediaries?)

B. INTERMEDIARIES - ICTL AND THE ECONOMY

The Data Economy: What is the “data economy” and how does it relate to disruptions to business models and the development of new industries based on information as the core asset?

Disruptive Technology and the Impact of New Media: What is “disruptive technology” and how has such innovations affected the economic markets of the world? What are the differences and similarities between new markets and new business models in this context? What are the political, social and cultural impact of new media? For example, consider how social media has shaped the new political landscape and developments; how the configuration of search and newsfeed algorithms as well as I2B arrangements can shape the socio-cultural norms and thinking of a new generation; and how the debate over “net neutrality” is relevant to the same inquiry. Finally, what and where is the ‘push back’ from both the public and private sector to an otherwise free market to the development and use of such technologies and the operation of their developers and users?

Digital Economy and the New Dot.com: The digital economy can be compartmentalised into two categories of corporate entities -

The first set are the products and services sector that may pre-exist the Internet and WWW or that may have arisen because of it. These include bricks-and-mortar companies transitioning into online companies as well as new powerhouses performing much of the same function but on a greater scale and breadth, such as Amazon, eBay and Alibaba. It will also cover network access providers that provides the gateway to WWW accessibility, companies that innovate and provide both hardware and software for mobile access such as Apple and Samsung as well as related and often complementary services including app developers.

The second consists of content-non-generators that provide ‘free’ or subscription (or mixed) services tied to the storage and/or organisation of content (including cloud storage services like Dropbox and indexing/search engines like Google). Others include Facebook and Linkedin (social and professional networking platforms), news aggregation services (Google and Yahoo!), electronic mail and text transmission (Gmail and Twitter), Multi-media sharing services (YouTube and P2P), Blogging platforms (e.g. Tumblr) and new forms of B2B, B2C and C2C middlemen like Uber/Grab, AirBnB, Carousel, etc. (also called the “Sharing Economy” and the “Gig Economy”)

Governments and public organisations are increasingly providing public and non-profit services via ICT innovations as well.

The Internet Intermediary: What are “intermediaries” in the true sense of the word and how are intermediaries, which are often themselves organisations/corporations different from other organisations/corporations in the eyes of the law? What is the distinction based on? Why is the study of intermediaries law important? Are these facilitative or disruptive innovations (or both), and depending on whose perspective? What is an ‘owning’ versus a ‘sharing’ economy, or a traditional versus a data economy?

Class Discussion: Categorise “intermediaries” according to a set of factors that you consider relevant. Explain the reason for the categorisation and how, in your opinion, it is important to the issue of legal status and concomitant rights and liabilities. Second, factor in the diverse social, historical and cultural contexts within which these intermediaries operate; now, consider how the context can affect the way these intermediaries operate.

Browse:

OECD Publication: The Economic and Social Role of Internet Intermediaries (2010) [Browse for an idea of a type of categorisation of Internet intermediaries and related issues]

WIPO Studies: Internet Intermediaries and Creative Content [As above, but in the context of Intellectual Property]

Lev Grossman, Person of the Year 2010: Mark Zuckerberg (TIME Magazine, 15 December 2010) [How does this relate to Web 2.0 and what are the current (legal) problems facing Facebook and its ilk?]

Joshua Quittner, Person of the Year 1999: Jeff Bezos (TIME Magazine, 27 December 1999) [Consider the new and alternative business models to Amazon and the rise of Alibaba]

C. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - AI AND THE REGULATOR

Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and Frameworks: Critically consider the analysis and recommendations made in the report on Applying Ethical Principles for Artificial Intelligence in Regulatory Reform, SAL Law Reform Committee, July 2020. Evaluate it against the Model AI Governance Framework from the IMDA. Take note of this even as we embark on the ‘tour’ of disparate ICT topics from Session 2 onwards, and its implications for each of those areas of law.

[antivirusprogram2020]

I am an antivirus program (2020)

> CHAPTER 2 The new human type cannot be properly understood without an awareness of what he is continuously exposed to from the world - Theodor Adorno. Minima Moralia, 1951 We can not change the medium as the medium is predicated on the message (use my square space code for a 10% discount)- we are fixed in this web 2.0 and the control of knowledge will be met with the streamlining of UI and UX design. Design tools like the adobe programs will continue to increase their premium and their monopoly hold on the design space - to be a designer is to be implicated with this process, regardless if you pirate software or notThis is where I raise flags against the tepid conglomeration of blog sites and web in general, the astroturfing of the internet has only amplified the feedback of Graphic Design. You’d typically call this commercial design. Commercial design fits the criteria of an evolving media world, “It is important to note that this ultimate stage of pictorialization was a reversal of pattern. The world of body and mind...was not photographical at all, but anonvisual set of relations”1. Commercial Design started to drive an efficiency science behind it’s aesthetic - you make the access mode immediate and your engagement success is far higher, and you do this through the pictogram, and when photography came about, that too was made into a design appendage. “To understand the medium of the photograph is quite impossible, then, without grasping its relations to other media, both old and new. For media, as extensions of our physical and nervous systems, constitute a world of biochemical interactions that must ever seek new equilibrium as new extensions occur.”1 This is potentially a valuable understanding of media, and thus design, presented by media theorist Marshall Mcluhan, commercial design (and all art and design in a sense) are schizophrenic presentations of the world, they accumulate meanings outside the presented scope of an advertisement, or typography - they link the relational experience of the mass media consumer, as Mcluhan states. However, this is not all, he states an ‘equilibrium as new extensions occur’ - in my context now this weighs with a great importance, we know the new extensions already, something that Mcluhan unfortunately didn’t get to experience fully, and that’s the web, the modern computer, the pocket mobile device. These are in their own rights mediums, your OS (operating system) is a computer language medium that dictates other program mediums, the access mode to the rest of the systems of design, websites contain live feeds and streams to distant realities, it’s all so lucid but at the same time it feels like an astral projection. At times this can feel nauseating, that collapsing feeling of ‘space’ and ‘time’. This presents a wider problem with modern design, technology has embedded itself into the core of the practice since the dawn of paper and pen, stone and chisel etc. The problem being that while technology has stopped gapped connectivity, it refuses to go further - refuses to return the creativity of a design practice unless commandeered. This has led to the necessity for the designer to code, and script, to kit bend and utilise AI - once again “fragmenting” the work role. “Under conditions of electric circuitry, all the fragmented job patterns tend to blend once more into involving and demanding roles or forms of work that more and more resemble teaching, learning, and “human” service, in the older sense of dedicated loyalty.” Graphic design namely has done well to adapt and reshape, showing its versatility in the age of digital design. Not only that, it hybridizes aesthetic models much like a fashion season generates new styles, which keeps design itself fresh and alive, while sometimes slipping into the contrived and over-saturated. But is the “human” service really what Graphic Design is becoming? It certainly hints to this with the proactive design studio model. Interaction and Bureaucracy, it’s an efficiency tactic. All design requires hierarchy even if that hierarchy is to not have one. I see the office space, I remember the spider plant, I see the shore line, I see the whitecaps. The workers space is a micro-territorial space of capital politics and a grab for faux socialism in most cases, in some, it is an honest attempt to form comradery - the cafeteria is an effective grounds to reinforce or detourne this thinking. People like artist Olafur Eliasson effectively install a commons space for the studio team to interact and communicate, job roles are made equal in that space. “The studio, as much as we don’t like it, means working in your own little departments, compartmentalised. And there are hierarchies even though everyone’s a part of the democracy. The kitchen is a nice leveller.” It’s a universal ideology that falls into a majority of Eliasson’s work that provides an effective future-proof for how the operations of studio practice should be carried out (see the Auteur myth). My cynicism is only symptomatic of the consumerist prerequisite that allows design to exist in the first place - a degree in the topic definitely is met with a careerist sentiment, to be financially viable within a milieu of art and design subjects. Graphic Design should not try to divorce itself from this grouping, it stands stronger with the complex wovings and multitudes that allow it to bloom as an individual practice that arranges the practice of others. The efforts here are a concern with the design practice no less, and how ethics and politics are sequestered by a shifting responsibility of effects, how and why Graphic design mutated into the corporate virus that it is now. ”All media work us over completely.”8 This is Mcluhan’s sentiment from his writings in the 60’s, and It stands up true to this day, more so than ever. Algoration (the use of data algorithms to curate a web feed) are notorious and globally implemented into most ‘social media’, but outside social media, it’s used as predictive data. This is the “reversal pattern”, Graphic Design puts a face to this slippery coded underbelly. The automation of design media has become an efficient business strategy to overmine its user base data, and subsequently requires illustration. To be concise, the study of the Graphic Designer is in part the study of Media, the study of media is the lens of relational activities and connectivity. And this is the permitted virus. Adversely, the antivirus program is a research protocol invested in studying the autonomy available to a Graphic Designer, and an extended hand to all fragmented sectors that require a similar reclamation. Language dictates media – media manufactures consent, therefore language manufactures consent. A small quibble no less, that the Graphic Designer goes to bed with media every day. And in the morning they arise with vast spawns of editorials, emailing lists, content posts - lots of fucking content posts by content creatures. The homogeneous sprawl of media is a compounded expository of new design conditions. “Today, the mass audience can be used as a creative, participating force. It is, instead, merely given packages of passive entertainment.”8 The passive entertainment is reflexive of its audience, an audience that is content on not being challenged when engaging and consuming media, not being challenged when creating and releasing it - the language logic is a false preposition - things don’t have to occur in the forefront of our percepts, media can be a stealth operation for critical theory or a dog whistle for nazis. Even a glass of milk is steeped in meaning. “The photograph is just as useful for collective, as for individual, postures and gestures, whereas written and printed language is biased toward the private and individual(s) posture.”1 Mcluhan and designer Rapheal Roake seem to fit perfectly in collusion with one another here, “All design is a political act”, this fits Mcluhan’s collective principle for the photograph precisely, as this explicitly gives backing to the relational dynamics of media itself, it sits in the collective sphere - the global village. It all begins to feel like a fever dream, the spectres of Helvetica, Comic sans and Papyrus jumping on your chest as you’re paralysed in a waking dream. Blink and you’ll miss the horses head 144hz refresh rate. The grid settings of your life are closing in tighter and tighter as you cant kern in a moment for peace, please adobe I’m plugged in to your creative cloud let me use my kettle already, yes dear, they’re wacom tablet plates, we threw out the cutlery and replaced them for tote bags and ironic panel hats. The decoherence of the 21st century is here and it’s got anthropocene smeared all over its lips. Everyone wants to fuck their OLED displays, the screen is constantly flirting with me, it bulges and writhes along with it’s circuitry like an obscene Cronenburg slide show, and with a tilt of the hinge, it rips my hands straight off the bone. It’s simultaneously psychosexual and completely meaningless, but there doesn’t seem to be any Big Other alternative, can you see the demons wearing the guise of post-modernity, and where they emit a solar flare? Just tryna game the system can’t you see, if I shake it at just the right moment, at the right angle, I’ll get an additional diet coke. You don’t understand how fucking much I like diet coke. A man who finds himself among others drinking diet coke is irritated because he does not know why he is not one of the others drinking diet coke. I have graphic design Stockholm syndrome, what do you mean you don’t know who Gerrit Noordzij is? At this point going outside will trigger my flight or fight response, I’m afraid of being swooped by seagulls while I’m bound on a rock, I sleep in a bed with a faraday blanket, I’m absolutely glowing, washed in sunlight. “As for the anticipation of reality by images, the precession of images and media in relation to events, such that the connection between cause and effect becomes scrambled and it becomes impossible to tell which is the effect of the other” These collective postures translate into all modern media and are littered with effects. One is singular and rhizomatic in any given instance of engagement towards media and the invisible hand of the ‘designer’. And on the contrary the medium is an assemblage of arborescence and is later politicised in the factory line assembly - a by-product of ‘essential’ capital labor. The capital fiction is overwritten by the post-market mythos of a company and it’s figureheads, it’s in-house publishing team use individual members to feature in nice magazines. Effects, we are overcome by so many different effects daily, to the extent that we become desensitized to the potential the subsequent causes and effects, modern reality makes sure to compound these consequences of media to a sensory overload of hysteria, the neurotic ones take to pinterest to organise themselves. We like to order things, It gives clarity and comfort within the dysphoria and entropy of our lives, pinterest, tumblr, are.na, instagram are all negentropical solutions in an overstimulated digital environment. “Instant communication insures that all factors of the environment and of experience coexist in a state of active interplay.”8 To understand this I need to clarify that the medium, the message, the photograph and all subsets of visual and nonvisual information are communication - it goes without saying - but this establishes the politicised and astroturfed space of Graphic Design, a designer is expected to make commercially viable work to thrive, and usually this is achieved by co-opting styles to any degree appropriate to a brief. This results is the parody, the hyperstition and hyperobject - an overly ironic and self aware ventilation apparatus that keeps the gimmicks of Graphic Design alive. The overtures of a design piece can appear stark placid and regurgitated. It’s very much easy to default to a ctrl-c, ctrl-v automation process. Reinforced no less by an autodidact push of some educational institutions - more concerned with juggling design briefs than focusing their teachings on a core design system (despite their ever love for the Bauhaus - yes huni the library is open). Of course, with the new emphasis on a technology dominated world we are expected to rely and reinforce the techno-dependent designer (work smart not hard). And we are yet to catch up to this mutation in design, where design was once a phylogeny of different features that collected to assume a physical medium, centrered on type, constrained by fibres and ink and oil - these components have congealed onto the Macbook, the ergonomics of physical/digital unbound the Designer from the difficulties of a physical medium. So why do we remain in the realm of rehashing typefaces and conventional media, why are we tied down to the revolving doors of design trends - surely now than ever we have all the components, all the tools to produce new design movements, this can’t keep up “When the circuit learns your job, what are you going to do?”8

[moondeerdotblog]

The Art of Propaganda

Translating Bernays for a time of anti-science, mainstream cults, the bifurcated information ecosystem, and the dual realities within which America has been divided.

Chapter I: Organizing Chaos

We are governed, our minds molded our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of.

Whatever attitude one chooses toward this condition, it remains a fact that in almost every act of our daily lives, whether in the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our ethical thinking, we are dominated by a relatively small number of persons—a trifling fraction of our three hundred and thirty three million1—who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. It is they who pull the wires which control the public mind, who harness old social forces and contrive new ways to bind and guide the world.

We have voluntarily agreed to let an invisible government sift the data and high-spot the outstanding issue so that our field of choice shall be narrowed to practical proportions. From our leaders and the media they use to reach the public, we accept the evidence and the demarcation of issues bearing upon public question; society consents to have its choice narrowed to ideas and objects brought to its attention through propaganda of all kinds. There is consequently a vast and continuous effort going on to capture our minds in the interest of some policy or commodity or idea.

Some of the phenomena of this process are criticized—the manipulation of news, the inflation of personality, and the general ballyhoo by which politicians and commercial products and social ideas are brought to the consciousness of the masses.

As civilization has become more complex, and as the need for invisible government has been increasingly demonstrated, the technical means have been invented and developed by which opinion may be regimented.

If all these thousands of formal organizations and institutions could be listed (and no complete list has ever been made), they would still represent but a part of those existing less formally but leading vigorous lives.

This invisible, intertwining structure of groupings and associations is the mechanism by which democracy has organized its group mind and simplified its mass thinking.

Chapter II: The New Propaganda.

The minority has discovered a powerful help in influencing majorities. It has been found possible so to mold the mind of the masses that they will throw their newly gained strength in the desired direction.

Propaganda is the executive arm of the invisible government. Whether, in any instance, propaganda is good or bad depends upon the merit of the cause urged, and the correctness of the information published.

So vast are the numbers of minds which can be regimented, and so tenacious are they when regimented, that a group at times offers an irresistible pressure before which legislators, editors, and teachers are helpless.

When an Imperial Wizard, sensing what is perhaps hunger for an ideal, offers a picture of a nation all Nordic and nationalistic, the common man of the older American stock, feeling himself elbowed out of his rightful position and prosperity by the newer immigrant stocks, grasps the picture which fits in so neatly with his prejudices, and makes it his own. He buys the sheet and pillowcase costume, and bands with his fellows by the thousand into a huge group powerful enough to swing state elections and to throw a ponderous monkey wrench into a national convention.

The new propaganda. It takes account not merely of the individual, nor even of the mass mind alone, but also and especially of the anatomy of society, with its interlocking group formations and loyalties. It sees the individual not only as a cell in the social organism but as a cell organized into the social unit. Touch a nerve at a sensitive spot and you get an automatic response from certain specific members of the organism.

Chapter III: The New Propagandists

Who are the men, who, without our realizing it, give us our ideas, tell us whom to admire and whom to despise? If we set out to make a list of the men and women who, because of their position in public life, might fairly be called the molders of public opinion, we could quickly arrive at an extended list of persons mentioned in “Who’s Who.”

Such a list would comprise several thousand persons. But it is well known that many of these leaders are themselves led, sometimes by persons whose names are known to few.

There was a period in which the major policies of the national government were dictated by a single man, Mark Hanna2. A Simmons3 may, for a few years, succeed in marshaling millions of men on a platform of intolerance and violence. The invisible government tends to be concentrated in the hands of the few because of the expense of manipulating the social machinery which controls the opinions and habits of the masses. The propaganda specialist.

Governments, whether they are monarchical, constitutional, democratic or communist, depend upon acquiescent public opinion for the success of their efforts and, in fact, government is government only by virtue of public acquiescence.

Chapter IV: The Psychology of Public Relations

The group has mental characteristics distinct from those of the individual, and is motivated by impulses and emotions which cannot be explained on the basis of what we know of individual psychology. In certain cases we can effect some change in public opinion with a fair degree of accuracy by operating a certain mechanism, just as the motorist can regulate the speed of his car by manipulating the flow of gasoline.

If you can influence the leaders, either with or without their conscious cooperation, you automatically influence the group which they sway. Because man is by nature gregarious he feels himself to be member of a herd, even when he is alone in his room with the curtains drawn. His mind retains the patterns which have been stamped on it by the group influences.

But when the example of the leader is not at hand and the herd must think for itself, It does so by means of clichés, pat words or images which stand for a whole group of ideas or experiences. Not many years ago, it was only necessary to tag a political candidate with the word interests to stampede millions of people into voting against him4. By playing upon an old cliché, or manipulating a new one, the propagandist can sometimes swing a whole mass of group emotions.

It is chiefly the psychologists of the school of Freud who have pointed out that many of man’s thoughts and actions are compensatory substitutes for desires which he has been obliged to suppress. A thing may be desired not for its intrinsic worth or usefulness, but because he has unconsciously come to see in it a symbol of something else, the desire for which he is ashamed to admit to himself. That men are very largely actuated by motives which they conceal from themselves, is as

true of mass as of individual psychology.

Chapter V: Business and the Public

Businesses realize that its relationship to the public is not confined to the manufacture and sale of a given product, but includes at the same time the selling of itself and of all those things for which it stands in the public mind.

Business is conscious of the public’s conscience. This consciousness has led to a healthy cooperation. Today supply must actively seek to create its corresponding demand; it must maintain constant touch, through advertising and propaganda, with the vast public. To make customers is the new problem.

Business must express itself and its entire corporate existence. It must dramatize its personality and interpret its objectives in every particular in which it comes into contact with the community (or the nation) of which it is a part.

The public relations activities of a business cannot be a protective coloring to hide its real aims.

Continuous interpretation is achieved by trying to control every approach to the public mind in such a manner that the public receives the desired impression, often without being conscious of it.

The businessman has become a responsible member of the social group. It is not a question of ballyhoo, of creating a picturesque fiction for public consumption.

Public opinion is no longer inclined to be unfavorable to the large business merger. It resents the censorship of business by the Federal Trade Commission.

A merger may bring into existence huge new resources, and these resources, perhaps amounting to millions of dollars in a single operation, can often fairly be said to have been created by the expert manipulation of public opinion. It must be repeated that I am not speaking of artificial value given to a stock by dishonest propaganda or stock manipulation.

I believe that competition in the future will not be only an advertising competition between individual products or between big associations, but that it will in addition be a competition of propaganda.

Chapter VI: Propaganda and Political Leadership

The great political problem in our modern democracy is how to induce our leaders to lead.

The voice of the people expresses the mind of the people, and that mind is made up for it by the group leaders in whom it believes and by those persons who understand the manipulation of public opinion.

The sincere and gifted politician is able, by the instrument of propaganda, to mold and form the will of the people.

An automaton cannot arouse the public interest. A leader, a fighter, a dictator, can. But, given our present political conditions under which every office seeker must cater to the vote of the masses, the only means by which the born leader can lead is the expert use of propaganda.

Present-day politics places emphasis on personality. An entire party, a platform, an international policy is sold to the public, or is not sold, on the basis of the intangible element of personality.

The public is not made up merely of Democrats and Republicans. The public is made up of interlocking groups—economic, social, religious, educational, cultural, racial, collegiate, local, sports, and hundreds of others.

The media through which a political campaign may be brought home to the public are numerous. Every object which presents pictures or words that the public can see, everything that presents intelligible sounds, can be utilized in one way or another.

The important thing for the statesman of our age is not so much to know how to please the public, but to know how to sway the public.

I often wonder whether the politicians of the future, who are responsible for maintaining the prestige and effectiveness of their party, will not endeavor to train politicians who are at the same time propagandists.

The criticism is often made that propaganda tends to make the President of the United States so important that he becomes not the President but the embodiment of the idea of hero worship, not to say deity worship. I quite agree that this is so.

The public actions of America’s chief executive are, if one chooses to put it that way, stage-managed. The whole basis of successful propaganda is to have an objective and then to endeavor to arrive at it through an exact knowledge of the public and modifying circumstances to manipulate and sway that public.

Ours must be a leadership democracy administered by the intelligent minority who know how to regiment and guide the masses. Is this government by propaganda?

Chapter VII: Women’s Activities and Propaganda

In politics, the American women today occupy a much more important position , from the standpoint of their influence, in their organized groups than from the standpoint of the leadership they have required in actual political positions or in actual office holding.

If the suffrage campaign did nothing more, it showed the possibilities of propaganda to achieve certain ends. Their accomplishments in the field are various. They can justifiably take the credit for much welfare legislation. The eight-hour day is theirs. So is the Shepard-Towner Bill which stipulates support by the central government of maternity welfare in the state governments.

The Federal measures endorsed at the first convention of the National League of Women Voters typify social welfare activities of women’s organizations. These covered such broad interests as child welfare, education, the home and high prices, women in gainful occupations, public health and morals, independent citizenship for married women, and others.

To propagandize these principles, the National League of Women Voters has published all types of literature, such as bulletins, calendars, election information, has held a correspondence course on government and conducted demonstration classes and citizenship schools.

If I seemed to concentrate on the accomplishments of women in politics, it is because they afford a particularly striking example of intelligent use of the new propaganda to secure attention and acceptance of minority ideas.

When organized and conscious of their power to influence their surroundings, women can use their newly acquired freedom in a great many ways to mold the world into a better place to live.

Chapter VIII: Propaganda for Education

Education is not securing its proper share of public interest.

There are a number of reasons for this condition. First of all, there is the fact that the educator has been trained to stimulate to thought the individual students in his classroom, but has not been trained as an educator at large of the public.

In a democracy an educator should, in addition to his academic duties, bear definite and wholesome relation to the general public. This public does not come within the immediate scope of his academic duties. But in a sense he depends upon it for his living, for the moral support, and the general cultural tone upon which his work must be based.

The teacher finds himself in a world in which the emphasis is put on those objective goals and those objective attainments which are prized by our American society. He himself is but moderately or poorly paid. Thus the educator becomes repressed and suppressed in our civilization.

In the ethical sense, propaganda bears the same relation to education as to business or politics. It may be abused. It may be used to over-advertise an institution and to create in the public mind artificial values. There can be no absolute guarantee against its misuse.

Chapter IX: Propaganda in Social Service

The great enemy of any attempt to change men’s habits is inertia. Civilization is limited by inertia. Comstock drops his mantle of proselytizing morality on the willing shoulders of a Sumner; Carnegie his on Schwab, and so ad infinitum. Opposing this traditional acceptance of existing ideas is an active public opinion that has been directed consciously into movements against inertia.

Public opinion was made or changed formerly by tribal chiefs, by kings, by religious leaders. Today the privilege of attempting to sway public opinion is everyone’s. It is one of the manifestations of democracy that any one may try to convince others and to assume leadership on behalf of his own thesis.

A social service organization undertook to fight lynching, Jim Crowism and the civil discriminations against the Negro below the Mason and Dixon line. The decline in lynching is very probably a result of this and other efforts of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

The very activities of social service are propaganda activities. Social progress is simply the progressive education and enlightenment of the public mind in regard to its immediate and distant social problems.

Chapter X: Art and Science

In art as in politics the minority rules, but it can rule only by going out to meet the public on its own ground, by understanding the anatomy of public opinion and utilizing it.

Propaganda can play a part in pointing out what is and what is not beautiful, and business can definitely help in this way to raise the level of American culture.

The public must be interested by means of associational values and dramatic incidents. New inspiration, which to the artist may be very technical and abstract kind of beauty, must be made vital to the public by association with values which it recognizes and responds to.

The treasures of beauty in a museum need to be interpreted to the public, and this requires a propagandist.

Pure science was once guarded and fostered by learned societies and scientific associations. Many of the laboratories in which abstract research is being pursued are now connected with some large corporation, which is quite willing to devote hundreds of thousands of dollars to scientific study, for the sake of one golden invention or discovery which may emerge from it. Big business of course gains heavily when the invention emerges. But at that very moment it assumes the responsibility of interpreting its meaning to the public.

Propaganda, by repeatedly interpreting new scientific ideas and inventions to the public, has made the public more receptive. Propaganda is accustoming the public to change and progress.

Chapter XI: The Mechanics of Propaganda

There is no means of human communication which may not also be a means of deliberate propaganda, because propaganda is simply the establishing of reciprocal understanding between an individual and a group.

The relative value of the various instruments of propaganda, and their relation to the masses, are constantly changing. Take advantage of these shifts of value the instant they occur.

Fifty years ago, the public meeting was a propaganda instrument par excellence. Today it is difficult to get more than a handful of people to attend. They are sick of the ballyhoo of the rally. Instead there are numerous other media of communication, some new, others old but so transformed that they have become virtually new.

Large groups, political, racial, sectarian, economic or professional, are tending to control stations to propagandize their points of view.

Another instrument of propaganda is the personality. Has the device of the exploited personality been pushed too far? A personality may create circumstances. Events may create a personality. It is often difficult to say which creates the other.

Once a public figure has decided what ends he wishes to achieve, he must regard himself objectively and present an outward picture of himself which is consistent with his real character and his aims. The man who would most effectively transmit his message to the public must be alert to make use of all the means of propaganda.

Propaganda will never die out.

Up from the one hundred twenty million originally estimated by Bernays back in 1928 [return]

Hannah was a United States Senator from Ohio. He is often credited with the invention of the modern presidential campaign after managing McKinley’s run in 1896 (for which he also earned the nickname Dollar Mark). [return]

Simmons was United States Senator from North Carolina, a staunch segregationist, white supremacist and a leading perpetrator of the Wilmington insurrection of 1898. [return]

Don’t get why being tagged with interests would be politically damaging? What are you, a socialist? [return]

[shadowychopshopreview]

Crafting And Executing Strategy Ebook

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Crafting and Executing Strategy: Concepts and Readings : Concepts and Readings

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Book Description Mcgraw-Hill Education - Europe, 2015. Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Neu neuware, importqualität, auf lager - PART 1 Concepts and Techniques for Crafting and Executing Strategy Section A: Introduction and Overview1 What Is Strategy and Why Is It Important 2 Charting a Company's Direction: Its Vision, Mission, Objectives, and Strategy Section B: Core Concepts and Analytical Tools3 Evaluating a Company's External Environment4 Evaluating a Company's Resources, Capabilities,and Competitiveness Section C: Crafting a Strategy5 The Five Generic Competitive Strategies6 Strengthening a Company's Competitive Position7 Strategies for Competing in International Markets8 Corporate Strategy9 Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, Environmental Sustainability, and Strategy Section D: Executing the Strategy10 Building an Organization Capable of Good Strategy Execution11 Managing Internal Operations12 Corporate Culture and Leadership PART 2 Readings in Crafting and Executing Strategy Section A: What Is Strategy and How Is the Process of Crafting and Executing Strategy Managed 1 The Perils of Bad Strategy2 The Role of the Chief Strategy Officer3 Managing the Strategy Journey4 The Balanced Scorecard in China: Does It Work Section B: Crafting Strategy in Single-Business Companies5 Competing in Network Markets: Can the Winner Take All 6 BlackBerry Forgot to Manage the Ecosystem R-357 Dynamic Capabilities: Routines versus Entrepreneurial Action8 Meta-SWOT: Introducing a New Strategic Planning Tool9 Are You Ready for the Digital Value Chain 10 Limits to Growing Customer Value: Being Squeezed Between the Past and the Future11 Organizational Ambidexterity: Balancing Strategic Innovation and Competitive Strategy in the Age of Reinvention12 Pioneering and First Mover Advantages: The Importance of Business Models13 Adding Value through Offshoring Section C: Crafting Strategy in International and Diversified Companies14 Reverse Innovation: A Global Growth Strategy That Could Pre-empt Disruption at Home15 How Emerging Giants Can Take on the World16 Why Conglomerates Thrive (Outside the U.S.)17 Diversification: Best Practices of the Leading Companies Section D: Strategy, Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Sustainability18 Pragmatic Business Ethics19 Leaders as Stewards Section E: Executing Strategy20 Attract Top Talent21 Building Superior Capabilities for Strategic Sourcing22 How Collaboration Technologies Are Improving Process, Workforce, and Business Performance23 The ROI of Employee Recognition24 The Critical Few: Components of a Truly Effective Culture25 How Strategists Lead 608 pp. Englisch. Seller Inventory # INF1000401463

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[deniscollins]

Colleges Slash Budgets in the Pandemic, With ‘Nothing Off-Limits’

Costs have soared as colleges have spent millions on testing, tracing and quarantining students, only to face outbreaks. More than 214,000 cases this year at college campuses, with at least 75 deaths, mostly among adults last spring, but also including some students more recently. If you were a university president, which of the two strategies would you emphasize to balance budgets: (1) layoff faculty, or (2) eliminate the lowest enrollment programs? Why? What are the ethics underlying your decision?

Ohio Wesleyan University is eliminating 18 majors. The University of Florida’s trustees this month took the first steps toward letting the school furlough faculty. The University of California, Berkeley, has paused admissions to its Ph.D. programs in anthropology, sociology and art history.

As it resurges across the country, the coronavirus is forcing universities large and small to make deep and possibly lasting cuts to close widening budget shortfalls. By one estimate, the pandemic has cost colleges at least $120 billion, with even Harvard University, despite its $41.9 billion endowment, reporting a $10 million deficit that has prompted belt tightening.

Though many colleges imposed stopgap measures such as hiring freezes and early retirements to save money in the spring, the persistence of the economic downturn is taking a devastating financial toll, pushing many to lay off or furlough employees, delay graduate admissions and even cut or consolidate core programs like liberal arts departments.

The University of South Florida announced this month that its college of education would become a graduate school only, phasing out undergraduate education degrees to help close a $6.8 million budget gap. In Ohio, the University of Akron, citing the coronavirus, successfully invoked a clause in its collective-bargaining agreement in September to supersede tenure rules and lay off 97 unionized faculty members.

“We haven’t seen a budget crisis like this in a generation,” said Robert Kelchen, a Seton Hall University associate professor of higher education who has been tracking the administrative response to the pandemic. “There’s nothing off-limits at this point.”

Even before the pandemic, colleges and universities were grappling with a growing financial crisis, brought on by years of shrinking state support, declining enrollment, and student concerns with skyrocketing tuition and burdensome debt. Now the coronavirus has amplified the financial trouble systemwide, though elite, well-endowed colleges seem sure to weather it with far less pain.

“We have been in aggressive recession management for 12 years — probably more than 12 years,” Daniel Greenstein, chancellor of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, told his board of governors this month as they voted to forge ahead with a proposal to merge a half-dozen small schools into two academic entities.

Once linchpins of social mobility in the state’s working-class coal towns, the 14 campuses in Pennsylvania’s system have lost roughly a fifth of their enrollment over the past decade. The proposal, long underway but made more urgent by pandemic losses, would merge Clarion, California, and Edinboro universities into one unit and Bloomsburg, Lock Haven and Mansfield universities into another to serve a region whose demographics have changed.

Such pressures have reached critical mass throughout the country in the months since the pandemic hit. State governments from Washington to Connecticut, tightening their own belts, have told public universities to expect steep cuts in appropriations. Students and families, facing skyrocketing unemployment, have balked at the prospect of paying full fare for largely online instruction, opting instead for gap years or less expensive schools closer to home.

Costs have also soared as colleges have spent millions on testing, tracing and quarantining students, only to face outbreaks. A New York Times database has confirmed more than 214,000 cases this year at college campuses, with at least 75 deaths, mostly among adults last spring, but also including some students more recently.

Freshman enrollment is down more than 16 percent from last year, the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center has reported — part of a 4 percent overall drop in undergraduate enrollment that is taking tuition revenue down with it.

In a letter to Congress last week, the American Council on Education and other higher education organizations estimated that the virus would cost institutions more than $120 billion in increased student aid, lost housing fees, forgone sports revenue, public health measures, learning technology and other adjustments.

And because donations to all but the heftiest endowments limit those funds to specific uses, most colleges cannot freely dip into them as emergency reserves. Harvard has the largest endowment in the nation, but its pandemic losses turned a $300 million-plus surplus in 2019 into a $10 million operating loss in 2020, according to an annual report posted last week, forcing the university to freeze hiring, slash capital spending and cut senior managers’ pay.

That has meant months of cutbacks, including abolishing athletic programs, deferring campus construction and laying off administrative staff and cafeteria workers. Scores of graduate programs, including some at elite research universities such as Harvard, Princeton and U.C. Berkeley, have temporarily stopped taking new Ph.D. students — the result of financial aid budgets strained by current doctoral candidates whose research is taking more time because of the pandemic.

A Chronicle of Higher Education database tracking the budgetary triage has documented more than 100 such suspended programs, from the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Arts and Sciences, which will not take new school-funded doctoral students next fall, to Rice University, which paused admissions to all five of the Ph.D. programs in its school of humanities.

Most of the suspensions are in social sciences and humanities programs where the universities — rather than outside funders such as corporations, foundations and the federal government — typically underwrite the multiyear financial aid packages offered to doctoral students. University officials say the suspensions are necessary to ensure their strapped budgets can continue supporting students already in Ph.D. pipelines.

But Suzanne T. Ortega, president of the Council of Graduate Schools, noted that interrupting that pipeline could also have a lingering impact on the higher education work force, diverting promising students from low-income households, for example, or discouraging candidates who might bring much needed diversity to faculty rosters.

As it is, the pandemic has had an outsize impact on less affluent students: A survey of 292 private, nonprofit schools released this month by the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities reported a nearly 8 percent decrease in enrollment among students who receive federal Pell Grants.

“A couple years off is not necessarily the end of the world and may even be a wise thing,” Ms. Ortega said. “But if our universities don’t remain in touch with those students, and connect with them, and encourage them to keep thinking about grad school, we could have our own lost generation of students who get busy with other things and then don’t fulfill their dreams.”

As schools exhaust the possibilities of trims around the margins, what is left, administrators say, is payroll, typically the largest line item in higher education. Since February, when the coronavirus hit, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has reported that colleges and universities have shed more than 300,000 mostly nonfaculty jobs.

“Some of these institutions have redone their budgets three, four, five times,” said Jim Hundrieser, vice president for consulting and business development at the National Association of College and University Business Officers, a professional organization for finance officers in higher education.

“As this next chapter unfolds, what’s left is just staffing. For most, this will be the toughest round.”

In central New York, Ithaca College’s provost and senior vice president for academic affairs, La Jerne T. Cornish, said “there is no joy” as the school accelerated plans to cut 131 full-time faculty jobs, a result of declining enrollment exacerbated by the pandemic. Ms. Cornish said the school had already furloughed 167 nonfaculty staff members and offered early retirement to 30 faculty members to address an $8 million shortfall.

But, Ms. Cornish said, further action was needed to bring the payroll into line with enrollment declines.

Ohio Wesleyan’s president, Rock Jones, told students in a recent email that the university would eliminate or phase out majors in comparative literature, urban studies, journalism and 15 other subjects. The move, he wrote, would merge religion and philosophy into one department and lump Black studies and women’s studies into a single “critical identity studies” program, but also will save about $4 million and limit faculty layoffs to one tenured post.

The school’s plan followed a yearlong faculty-led review, but Mr. Kelchen, the higher education professor, said such consolidations often can allow institutions to downsize despite faculty job protections as well as encourage people in positions deemed redundant to take early retirement.

“Even if the faculty can stay on,” he said, “they’ll get reassigned, maybe to teach in another department or do administrative work.”

Other schools are laying the groundwork now for cuts they expect later. Trustees at the University of Florida took the first step in September to allow faculty furloughs to help close a projected $49 million shortfall from the coronavirus. Steve Orlando, a university spokesman, said the next step — a formal furlough policy — is expected to come to the board this year.

Daniel Meisenzahl, a spokesman for the University of Hawaii, said the 10-campus system had embarked on an exhaustive fiscal review in which “every single unit” was being examined, including an array of bachelors’ programs and university centers for public policy and conflict resolution. The system is facing a projected 13 percent decline in revenue and a net loss of nearly $67 million in operating income.

Mr. Kelchen said that the coronavirus had worked its way into the core of the nation’s academic machinery, and that the damage would likely be lasting.

“These cuts are going to continue long past the pandemic,” he said.

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Solution Manual for 9781439042311 Business and Society A Strategic Approach to Social Responsibility 4th edition

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[2020law405]

Session 1. Introduction to ICTL

READ: ICTL TEXTBOOK CHAPTER 1

A. TRANSACTIONS - ICTL AND SOCIETY

What is ICTL: What is “information technology” and what is “communications technology”? What is the law relating to ICT?

Different Perspectives of ICTL: According to a leading textbook on the subject, the subject can be studied from two perspectives -

“[As] a set of discrete topics linked solely by virtue of their transient novelty and relationship to information technologies”, or

“[As] a set of topics that raises new political, social, and economic issues, and this requires consideration of appropriate legal and regulatory approaches to tackling them, outside of traditional legal paradigms.” *

What is your opinion on the above perspectives? What are the issues that can arise in relation to transactions and activities using information technology and in relation to electronic forms of communications?

Is it accurate to label an “IT lawyer” a “generalist” in law? Is it fair to make the assertion that “IT Law” is merely a “collection of legal areas that happen to touch upon IT”? *

* Diane Rowland et al, Information Technology Law (Routledge, 4ed, 2011) at p. 3

The Digital Society and Online Community: We live in an age where we do not need to physically leave home in order to interact and transact with one another. We can order food using a food delivery app, work from home through communication devices and functions, read the news and socially interact through social media platforms and be entertained through various streaming platforms. In this pandemic environment and the ‘new normal’ of post-Covid world, ICT is becoming even more important as a safe way for human interaction as well as to conduct transactions and do business. However, although the virtual environment provides a lot of benefits and conveniences, the same technology can be abused and can cause negative effects on society and the individual. 

Because of the four (and some say five) ‘V’s of Big Data, the way that we interact (communicate) and what and how we do so (information) have fundamentally changed giving rise to problems stemming from the sheer “volume”, “variety” and “velocity” of data that we have to selectively filter and process (or have it done for us), and the type of information and the manner that we consume it and how that affects our thoughts and values. One of the biggest challenges is the “veracity” of data as well as the bias in how it is being received or transmitted to us. Other issues include the increased surveillance and loss of privacy that the Internet of Things have given rise to as well as the trustworthiness and ethics of applying Artificial Intelligence in our lives.

The Evolution of the World Wide Web: Consider the general understanding of Web 1.0 and Web 2.0. What were the fundamental changes and how have the law generally responded? What are the problems of regulating the Internet? What is Web 3.0 and is there a consistent understanding and meaning in the term? How do the buzzwords and catchphrases that have dominated ‘tech-talk’ in recent years (Big Data, Smart Contract, Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, IoT, A.I.) fit into the vision of the future of ICT? What further challenges will it pose to the lawyer and the regulator, and to law itself?

Class Discussion: Consider what areas of law are covered in the study of ICT Law relating to electronic transactions as well as any possible ‘new’ areas of law that have emerged or are emerging as a result of ICT developments. Take into account the socio-economic and cultural contexts and the regulatory aspects of the law as it has developed in response to the evolution of ICT, and in particular the “Internet society”.

Browse:

Pew Research Internet Project Publications: See e.g. (1) The Web at 25 in the U.S. (2014); (2) Digital Life in 2025; (3) The Internet of Things Will Thrive by 2025 & Net Threats [browse for an overview of the issues, but note the U.S. slant to reporting]

Lev Grossman, You – Yes, You – Are TIME’s Person of the Year (TIME Magazine, 25 December 2006) [How does this relate to Web 2.0 and what are the issues relating to the empowerment of the individual through the Internet Intermediaries?]

B. INTERMEDIARIES - ICTL AND THE ECONOMY

The Data Economy: What is the “data economy” and how does it relate to disruptions to business models and the development of new industries based on information as the core asset?

Disruptive Technology and the Impact of New Media: What is “disruptive technology” and how has such innovations affected the economic markets of the world? What are the differences and similarities between new markets and new business models in this context? What are the political, social and cultural impact of new media? For example, consider how social media has shaped the new political landscape and developments; how the configuration of search and newsfeed algorithms as well as I2B arrangements can shape the socio-cultural norms and thinking of a new generation; and how the debate over “net neutrality” is relevant to the same inquiry. Finally, what and where is the ‘push back’ from both the public and private sector to an otherwise free market to the development and use of such technologies and the operation of their developers and users?

Digital Economy and the New Dot.com: The digital economy can be compartmentalised into two categories of corporate entities -

The first set are the products and services sector that may pre-exist the Internet and WWW or that may have arisen because of it. These include bricks-and-mortar companies transitioning into online companies as well as new powerhouses performing much of the same function but on a greater scale and breadth, such as Amazon, eBay and Alibaba. It will also cover network access providers that provides the gateway to WWW accessibility, companies that innovate and provide both hardware and software for mobile access such as Apple and Samsung as well as related and often complementary services including app developers.

The second consists of content-non-generators that provide ‘free’ or subscription (or mixed) services tied to the storage and/or organisation of content (including cloud storage services like Dropbox and indexing/search engines like Google). Others include Facebook and Linkedin (social and professional networking platforms), news aggregation services (Google and Yahoo!), electronic mail and text transmission (Gmail and Twitter), Multi-media sharing services (YouTube and P2P), Blogging platforms (e.g. Tumblr) and new forms of B2B, B2C and C2C middlemen like Uber/Grab, AirBnB, Carousel, etc. (also called the “Sharing Economy” and the “Gig Economy”)

Governments and public organisations are increasingly providing public and non-profit services via ICT innovations as well.

The Internet Intermediary: What are “intermediaries” in the true sense of the word and how are intermediaries, which are often themselves organisations/corporations different from other organisations/corporations in the eyes of the law? What is the distinction based on? Why is the study of intermediaries law important? Are these facilitative or disruptive innovations (or both), and depending on whose perspective? What is an ‘owning’ versus a ‘sharing’ economy, or a traditional versus a data economy?

Class Discussion: Categorise “intermediaries” according to a set of factors that you consider relevant. Explain the reason for the categorisation and how, in your opinion, it is important to the issue of legal status and concomitant rights and liabilities. Second, factor in the diverse social, historical and cultural contexts within which these intermediaries operate; now, consider how the context can affect the way these intermediaries operate.

Browse:

OECD Publication: The Economic and Social Role of Internet Intermediaries (2010) [Browse for an idea of a type of categorisation of Internet intermediaries and related issues]

WIPO Studies: Internet Intermediaries and Creative Content [As above, but in the context of Intellectual Property]

Lev Grossman, Person of the Year 2010: Mark Zuckerberg (TIME Magazine, 15 December 2010) [How does this relate to Web 2.0 and what are the current (legal) problems facing Facebook and its ilk?]

Joshua Quittner, Person of the Year 1999: Jeff Bezos (TIME Magazine, 27 December 1999) [Consider the new and alternative business models to Amazon and the rise of Alibaba]

C. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - AI AND THE REGULATOR

Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and Frameworks: Critically consider the analysis and recommendations made in the report on Applying Ethical Principles for Artificial Intelligence in Regulatory Reform, SAL Law Reform Committee, July 2020. Evaluate it against the Model AI Governance Framework from the IMDA. Take note of this even as we embark on the ‘tour’ of disparate ICT topics from week 2 onwards, and its implications for each of those areas of law.

[besthomeworkhelp]

Business Ethics Chapter 3 - Corporate Social Responsibility

Business Ethics Chapter 3 – Corporate Social Responsibility

Multiple Choice Quiz

  1

The most influential theory of corporate responsibility of the past century is: A) The moral minimum model. B) The classical model. C) The social contract theory. D) The stakeholder theory.

2

The ethical roots of the classical model of corporate social responsibility are found in which statement: A) The idea that the interests of stakeholders are as important as the…

[digital-marketing-expert]

What are the legal requirements for opening a Play-school in India?

In the recent years, India has achieved milestones of success in the economic sector by becoming the tenth-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power parity; and has witnessed significant social development with rising levels of literacy and social awareness. Where a fast growing economy has generated numerous opportunities and created a favorable environment for businesses to flourish, the rising social awareness has led to a demand for quality education for all age groups including the formative years of a child.

 The Right to Education Act enacted by the Government of India in 2009 provides for free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. Though children below the age of 6 are beyond the scope of the fundamental Right to Education; the act does address early childhood care in Section 11 of the Act by stating that “the appropriate government may make necessary arrangement for providing free pre-school education.” In pursuance to this, the Government of India has signed a convention for implementing.

Early Childhood care and Education Scheme for free playschool education. As per the Law commission Report No.259 Early Childhood Development and Legal Entitlements “The National Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) Policy, 2013 envisions a holistic and integrated development of the child with a focus on care and early learning at each sub-stage of the development continuum, in order to promote all-round development.” However, The ECCE scheme is yet to be implemented.

As per Census 2011, India, with a population of 121.1 Cr, has 11.05 Cr children in the age group 0-4 years

Business plan/ outline

For setting up a playschool, first and foremost a Business plan must be prepared to take into consideration all important issues and challenges. This shall serve as a blueprint for guiding further course of action and include details like the Number of children to be catered too.

Location & Infrastructure: The selected area should be well maintained, safe for children and adequate to set up the infrastructure. A playschool can also be started from a residential area which fulfills safety requirements.

Business Mode of the playschool: whether it is Full time or part time or Daycare, playschool with afterschool activities, etc

Financial considerations/Budget in relation to Investments for infrastructure, supplies, equipment, advertising, etc of the playschool and whether a loan needs to be arranged. For instance, the Government has come up with schemes providing a loan to women entrepreneurs for establishing a preschool or child day-care centre by Bharatiya Mahila Bank and Punjab National Bank called the BMB Parvarish loan scheme which requires loan repayment in 5 years and a 12% rate of interest.

Recruiting of Teaching and administration staff: As per National council for Teacher Education (NCTE) guidelines, a preschool teacher must have a Secondary School certificate or its equivalent and preferably a Diploma/Certificate in Pre-school teacher education programme of not less than one year, or B.Ed.

Deciding Curriculum be taught and followed in the school, for instance, the Montessori Method of education that focuses both on social interaction and academics.

·         Advertising and marketing

·         Formations of entity

·         Profit/ Non- profit enterprise

·         Preschools can be set up as profit or nonprofit enterprises.

In the case of the playschool being a Profit making enterprise, it is advisable to incorporate it into a private limited company or a Limited Liability Partnership.

In the case of the playschool being a nonprofit enterprise, a Company or a Trust can be registered under Section 8 of the Companies Act 2013, which pertains to a established company ‘for promoting commerce, art, science, sports, education, research, social welfare, religion, charity, protection of environment or any such other object’, provided the profits, if any, or other income is applied for promoting only the objects of the company, and no dividend is paid to its members.

Franchise/ setting up one’s institution

For starting a Playschool; one can either choose a franchise or set up one’s own institution

Franchise

In the case of the Franchise, one needs to enter into an agreement with the parent organization and abide by the terms and conditions of the same. In India, there is no specific law on the regulation of franchised businesses. Chapter 5 of the Finance Act defines ‘franchise’ as “an agreement by which the franchisee is granted representational rights to sell or manufacture goods or to provide service or undertake any process identified with franchisor, whether or not a trademark, service mark, trade name or logo or any such symbol, as the case may be, is involved.” Franchise arrangement is therefore largely contractual in nature and governed by The Indian Contract act 1872. Moreover,  Laws relating to intellectual property, (includes Copyright, Trademark Act, Patent, etc) Taxation, Sale of Goods, Property Laws, Insurance Law and Labour Laws also apply to franchise transactions.

Top Franchise for Play Schools in India

1)      Kidzee  

2)      Euro Kids

3)      Makoons Play School

4)      Bachpan

5)      MapleBear

6)      Shemrock

7)      ABC Montessori

8)      GD Goenka La Petite

 In the last decade, Franchising in the pre-school sector has grown. Different organizations of Playschools have different criteria mostly in relation to investment, location, training, etc; these along with curriculum and support are usually listed on their websites and can also be availed with the help of various play school consultancies. As compared to setting up one’s own institution, a Franchise involves less risk as they have an already established brand name and offer support in selecting a location for playschool, hiring trained staff, developing good curriculum, marketing, purchasing school equipment, promotions, support in organizing events, etc. However, the franchise agreement needs to be carefully drafted keeping in mind interest of both parties.

Setting Up One’s Own Institution

A new institution can be set up either as a proprietary concern or Partnership or as a company. Where a company needs to be registered with the Ministry of Corporate affairs and is governed by The Companies Act 2013, A Partnership deed is governed by The Partnership Act 1932. It is usually easier to form a partnership, as it is cheaper and quick to register.

The advantage of Setting up one’s own institution is that the investment for setting up preschool is lesser as no amount has to be paid as franchise fees or royalty later. Also, there is greater control and opportunities for innovation which would be difficult to exercise in case of a franchise.

Residential Playschool

A playschool can also be started from a place of residence. For this, the permission of cooperative housing society or apartment association would be needed. Furthermore, in case the residential area is acquired on rent/lease, the purpose of using the residential area for running a play school should be clearly mentioned in the lease agreement.

Legal requirements

There is no specific legislation or certification for setting up a play school in India. However, laws like the Private School Education Acts enacted by the State Government needs to be thoroughly considered as they may require registration and licensing of playschool. Moreover to set up a playschool in an independent premise, the formalities related the Municipal Corporation and education department of the city where the play school is being set up need to be completed and the respective application and registration fee is to be paid. For instance in Maharashtra, The Maharashtra Preschool Centres (Regulation of Admission) Act. 1996 provides for compulsory registration of preschools.

Similarly, In Tamil Nadu the District Elementary Educational Officer is the Competent Authority for the approval as per Draft Code Regulations for Play schools 2015

It is proposed that The ‘Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) Policy’ along with regularizing the curriculum and learning tools for children, shall also make registration and accreditation of playschools mandatory

Other Regulations

The Shops and Establishments Act, in general, is silent in case of a playschool, that is a play school need not be registered under the said act, however as the regulations are different for every state, the act of the state where the preschool is proposed to be set up needs to be carefully studied and verified in order to reach to any conclusion.

Similarly in the case of Labor Laws, the respective state act needs to be followed:

For instance, the minimum wages for primary schools is Rs. 80 per day but these tend to vary from state to state and are to be accordingly paid. Also In case of the number of employees being more than 20, Employees Provident Fund schemes and Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 are to be considered

Service Tax Applicability for Schools

As per clause (l) of Section 66D of the Finance Act, 1994 service tax is not applicable for a playschool as it is included in the negative list

Conclusion

In today’s era of increasing competition and demand for quality, starting a Playschool in India is not only a lucrative business opportunity but also a Social and ethical responsibility which along with economic gains provides a sense of moral satisfaction and fulfillment. Thus by carefully formulating a business plan; choosing the suitable form of entity and considering applicable legal requirements, A playschool can be successfully started in India.

[marketinginnocom]

Writing Tips-Exploratory Essay Proposal

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In addition to that I will […]rnAbstract Powerful leadership is very important for the achievement of any corporation. The efficiency of management is dependent on how effectively leaders impact the attitudes, behaviors, and values of others towards organizational ambitions. There are management expertise that measure chief-™s efficiency. But, a perception of humility is essential to management for the reason that it authenticates a person-™s humanity.

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These thee sights are on the function and cooperate social duty (CSR) of an group.

[gravitascivics]

LEGAL OSCILLATION

Of late, this blog has been looking at the role corporations play as entities within a federal arrangement. Yes, corporations, especially those that are listed as public, do take on a federal structure.  That is, they are owned by a group of investors who buy shares in that corporation.  While not every shareholder in relation to that corporation is equal, each share is and within certain regulations,[1] each person is free to buy as many shares as he/she wants and can afford to buy; only limited by the number of shares issued by the corporation.

         But as entities, corporations, due to their ability to accumulate inordinate amounts of capital – investment dollars – and other assets, they can command relatively high levels of influence within a nation’s political landscape.  One can argue that that is what constitutes what people generally mean by the political swamp characterizing the nation’s – and the individual state’s – capital. There, the competing players go after zero-sum prizes.  That’s what happens when one lives in an environment with limited resources; i.e., this type of arena is ubiquitous.

         The last three postings look at the natural result of such a situation.  They address the question:  what, if any, are the responsibilities of corporations in a federated environment – such as that of the US?  The last posting left the reader with somewhat of a question.  In running a business, one dependent on shareholder investments, should that business be about doing – and spending to do – socially beneficial activities at the expense of shareholder dividends?  There is a debate over this question.

         The firm natural rights view is that they should not. Shareholders are well able to make up their own minds as to what socially beneficial efforts they want to support.  They do not need corporations to make such contributions in their names.  On the other hand, defending the position that corporations should make such contributions are those that argue that by doing so, they bolster the image of a corporation and, in turn, up their esteem in the eyes of their consumers – their buyers – and that translates in higher sales, higher revenues, and higher profits.

         But in a way, this question steers the debate away from what this blog is really asking.  However, regardless of how one feels about corporations making contributions for public, social efforts, the real question posed here is:  should the interests of a corporation go contrary to the interests of the general or the common good?  And that decision can affect any public spending a corporation does.

         For example, a drug company that knowingly promotes an addictive drug – say an opioid – that results in scores of people addicted and dysfunctional – no amount of charity giving – probably done to offset negative publicity their business decisions cause – will change their anti-federal standing.  In such a case, that corporation is generally placing self-interest above the common interest.

         To be a proper federated partner, in other words, an entity – be it a corporation, a person, or some other body of actors – needs to, at least, not align its interests as being contrary or antagonistic to the general welfare of the commonwealth.  And within this context, what the American Bar Association (ABA) deems is a fiduciary duty, the obligation of corporate management and board of directors have toward shareholders as being atop all others, is anti-federal.

         Take the drug companies that made billions of dollars producing, promoting, distributing, and selling opioids to pain-suffering patients. The decisions that led to such a policy and allowed such behavior was in the financial interests of their shareholders; but was it a way for a federated partner to act?  One can say, yes, it is, as long as the corporation obeys the law. Really?  If the goal is to protect the commonwealth, such an expectation falls woefully short.

         To date, there have not been any prosecutorial action against these companies.  Apparently, they did not break any laws.  But one might add, they are subject to civil or negligent tort action.  In that realm there has been highly publicized court action that is proving to be highly expensive to, at least, some of these companies.  The highly esteemed company, Johnson and Johnson, was just hit with a court directed award against it for nearly $600 million in just one state, Oklahoma.[2]

         A day or two later, after the Johnson and Johnson decision was announced, another drug company heavily involved in the opioid drug market, Purdue Pharma, offered to settle all its pending legal liabilities for $10 to $12 billion dollars.[3]  In both instances, one can say, “all well and good,” but at what cost to the federation? These parties did not come to these reckonings till untold damage had befallen whole regions of the country – particularly the Appalachian region, – the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people, and the ruination of millions of lives.

         This fiduciary view can be explained by what ABA states it is:

[T]hat as fiduciaries, corporate directors owe the corporation and its shareholders fiduciary duties of diligence and fidelity in performing their corporate duties.  These fiduciary obligations include the duty of care and the duty of loyalty … the duty of care consists of an obligation to act on an informed basis; the duty of loyalty requires the board and its directors to maintain, in good faith, the corporation’s and shareholders’ best interests over anyone else’s interests.[4]

To these untrained eyes – at least, in terms of legal language – this sounds fuzzy and subject to wide interpretations.  But this writer cannot see why the above statement could not, at least, add “within the parameters of criminal law” and “under the auspices of what reasonably can be construed to be the common good of the communities in which they operate as well as the states and nation.”

         But for the development of this main concept, some legal scholars fall back to what one sees in tort law, a concern for the “slippery slope.”  That is, according to Steven Bainbridge, for example, if corporate leadership were free to spend money on or otherwise support non-profit-maximizing activities, how does one impose any accountability in relation to those activities. Bainbridge cites eBay Domestic Holdings, Inc. v. Newmark (2010)[5] decision to back up this concern, although this case has a mixed precedent.

         But this position is opposed by others.  One such criticism is offered by Lynn Stout. Citing the Hobby Lobby case (mentioned in a previous posting[6]), she argues that that previous case allows one to consider what generally can be described as ethical rules, policies that do not damage the environment, and that do not harm employees, etc.  And that should include not doing medical harm to patients rending them dysfunctional in meeting federalist obligations.

         There seems to be oscillating opinions from the courts. This blog chooses to describe that oscillation as between a natural rights position and a federal position. In a time when natural rights view holds the upper hand, in terms of cultural beliefs and political biases, one can expect that that bias would more often be reflected in court decisions.  

This blog hopes the oscillation shifts and remains with a federalist bias. Its whole train of argument points in that direction.  It does not see this argument as one of indoctrination to a foreign mode of thinking, but to reestablishing its original view – albeit updated – to better maintain and bolster the assumed beliefs of its founding agreement – i.e., the US Constitution.  And that, at its core, is to maintain and bolster a federated union.

[1] Generally, corporations determine the number of shares its policymakers decide to make available.

[2] Katie Thomas and Tiffany Hsu, “Johnson and Johnson’s Brand Falters over Its Role in Opioid Crisis,” The New York Times, August 7, 2019, accessed August 29, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/27/health/johnson-and-johnson-opioids-oklahoma.html .

[3] Laura Strickler, “Purdue Pharma Offers to Settle Opioid Claims for $10 to $12 Billion,” CNBC, August 12, 2019, accessed August 29, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/27/purdue-pharma-offers-10-12-billion-to-settle-opioid-claims.html .

[4] “Business Ethics: Corporate Law and Corporate Responsibility,” BC Campus, n. d., accessed August 19, 2019, https://opentextbc.ca/businessethicsopenstax/chapter/corporate-law-and-corporate-responsibility/ .  Most of the information of this posting is derived from this source.

[5] This convoluted and complex case does demonstrate how difficult corporate life can get when mixing profit motives with cultural ambitions.  eBay filed suit against craigslist for eBay’s attempt to steer that corporation away from its pro-social culture the founders of craigslist initiated.  Through various structural maneuvers, craigslist attempted to maintain its original corporate culture, but at the expense of its shareholder’s, eBay, financial returns.  Therefore, eBay sued based on the fiduciary duty craigslist had in relation to eBay. eBay won on two of its claims and lost on another (the one relating to its legal fees).  This case, in sum, was decided to bolster the pro-fiduciary duty role directors and board members are expected to maintain.

[6] Robert Gutierrez, “Corporations As Good Citizens,” August 20, 2019, https://gravitascivics.blogspot.com/2019/08/corporations-as-good-citizens.html AND “Business Ethics:  Corporate Law and Corporate Responsibility,” BC Campus.

[lolapoola-blog]

BUS 340 Ethical and Legal Issues in Business Entire Course

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 https://homeworklance.com/downloads/bus-340-ethical-legal-issues-business-entire-course/

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  GC bus340 week 1 dq 1 & dq 2

 dq 1

Some individuals apply different ethical standards to various parts of their lives. Is it possible to use one ethical model in all aspects of your life? What ethical model(s) do you follow? Discuss.

 dq 2

 Are constitutional protections for criminal matters overly broad or too narrow? How should we balance the interests of the victim versus the interests of the perpetrator? Discuss.

 GC bus340 week 3 dq 1 & dq 2

 dq 1

 Does your home state’s jurisdiction follow a contributory or comparative negligence theory? How does this impact the outcome of lawsuits?

 dq 2

 In what situations will a court impose a strict liability standard instead of a negligence standard? Provide a real world example of a strict liability case. Is imposing this standard fair? Are strict liability standards fair as a general rule?

 GC bus340 week 4 dq 1 & dq 2

 dq 1

Can an individual enter into a contract without being aware of it and still be bound by its terms? Why or why not? Cite an example of a voidable contract.

 dq 2

 When you go to a department store and purchase an item, what have you done according to contract law? How does this affect the common consumer?

 dq 2

 Discuss remedies for breach of contract. What is the proper calculation of damages?

 GC bus340 week 5 dq 1 & dq 2

 dq 1

 Does the Statute of Frauds (a legal principle from the 1600s) still make sense in today’s commercial world? Why or why not?

 dq 2

 Discuss remedies for breach of contract. What is the proper calculation of damages?

 GC bus340 week 6 dq 1 & dq 2

dq 1

Should employers have the option of firing individuals for behavior that occurs outside of the workplace? Why or why not?

 dq 2

 In many countries, employers must show a valid cause before firing an employee. Should the United States have a similar law? Why or why not?

 GC bus340 week 7 dq 1 & dq 2

 dq 1

Many television shows, movies, and songs can be downloaded for free on the Internet. Much of this material is copyrighted and was expensive to produce. Much of it is available for a fee through a legitimate site. Should you pay to download an episode of your favorite television show or a song, or is it acceptable to take it for free from a website? What is your ethical obligation?

dq 2

 Is it necessary to register a trademark? What are the benefits to registering a trademark? What distinguishes a trademark from another symbol or group of words?

 GC bus340 week 8 dq 1 & dq 2

 dq 1

What business concept would be appropriate for a sole proprietorship? A corporation? A limited liability company? If you were opening your dream business, what structure would you select? Why?

 dq 2

 What is a duty that managers owe to the corporation? Discuss an example of a positive method that the manager may uphold that duty. Provide an example of an act or omission that depicts a manager violating the duty.

 GC bus340 week 1 assignment

Details:

Answer one of the Essay Questions located at the end of chapters 1-4 in Introduction to Business Law.Answer one question for each chapter. Each fully developed response (250-400 words) should include the following:

1.     1. A clear introduction and conclusion

2.     2. A thorough statement of the problem

3.     3. A thorough explanation of the solution to the problem

Identify the chapter and question number you are answering.

APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

 GC bus340 week 2 assignment

Details:

Access the GCU Library. Locate an academic article published within the last 3 years that addresses some aspect of business torts. Write a summary of 500-750 words that addresses the following questions:

1.     1. Why is the author writing about the subject?

2.     2. What is the thesis of the article?

3.     3. What are the key points/facts presented in the article?

4.     4. What are the conclusions and recommendations?

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

   GC bus340 week 3 & 8 benchmark assignment

 week 3

 Details:

In this course, you will complete a two-part assignment in which you will analyze a company that has experienced an ethical crisis. Refer to the attached document for full project details. The final analysis will be due in Topic 8.

For this assignment, select a company from the following list:

1.     Adelphia Communications Corporation

2.     Arthur Andersen LLP

3.     Coca-Cola

4.     Countrywide Financial

5.     Galleon Group

6.     Global Crossing Ltd.

7.     ImClone Systems Inc.

8.     Microsoft

9.     Monsanto

10.   Nike

11.   Tyco International

12.   WorldCom

If you would prefer to complete this assignment using another company that has experienced an ethical crisis but is not included in the list of suggested companies, you must first obtain approval from your instructor.

Research the business and the ethical crisis the company has faced. Write a background summary report of 1,000 to 1,500 words. Your report should accomplish the following:

1.     Summarize relevant information regarding the business and its history.

2.     Summarize the crisis. What stakeholders were involved? What actions did they take? What were the results of those actions?

3.     Explain the legal and ethical issues surrounding the crisis.

4.     Include a minimum of four academic citations.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Students should receive instructor feedback on this assignment by Topic 4.

 week 8

 Details:

Write a final analysis report of 2,000 to 2,500 words (including the content from Part 1 – Background). Incorporate relevant feedback from your instructor to revise the background portion of your report. Your analysis should addresses the following:

1.     What elements in the company’s culture, the external environment, or other factors influenced the crisis?

2.     What could the company have done to avoid the crisis in the first place?

3.     How should the company have handled the crisis differently?

4.     If the situation was handled well, what could other organizations learn from this company’s behavior?

Your final report should contain a minimum of six academic citations, including those submitted in Part 1 – Background.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

  GC bus340 week 4 assignment Details:

 Access the GCU Library. Locate an academic article published within the last 3 years that addresses some aspect of contracts. Write a summary of 500-750 words that addresses the following questions:

1.     Why is the author writing about the subject?

2.     What is the thesis of the article?

3.     What are the key points/facts presented in the article?

4.     What are the conclusions and recommendations?

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

GC bus340 week 5 assignment

  Details:

Answer one of the Essay Questions located at the end of chapters 11-13 in Introduction to Business Law.Answer one question for each chapter. Each fully developed response (250-400 words) should include the following:

1.     A clear introduction and conclusion

2.     A thorough statement of the problem

3.     A thorough explanation of the solution to the problem

Identify the chapter and question number you are answering.

APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

GC bus340 week 7 assignment

 Details:

Craft a hypothetical social media policy statement for a fictitious company. This policy statement of 500-750 words should consider the legal rights and ethical responsibilities of all stakeholders. Provide contextual background explaining why a social media policy is needed.

APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.