#Gastric Cancer – Diseases & Therapeutic
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What is omental bursa?
The omental bursa, also known as the lesser peritoneal sac, is an anatomical structure located within the abdominal cavity. It is a potential space that lies posterior to the stomach and extends superiorly towards the diaphragm. The omental bursa is an important structure in the human body, playing a role in the movement and positioning of various organs within the abdominal region.
Anatomically, the omental bursa is formed during embryonic development as a result of the rotation of the stomach. As the stomach rotates, its posterior surface comes into contact with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity, forming a double-layered peritoneal fold known as the dorsal mesogastrium. This fold, in turn, creates a space between the posterior surface of the stomach and the dorsal abdominal wall, which is referred to as the omental bursa.
The omental bursa is divided into different compartments by various peritoneal reflections and attachments. These compartments include the lesser sac proper, which lies behind the stomach, and the superior recess, which extends superiorly towards the diaphragm. The bursa communicates with the greater peritoneal cavity through an opening called the epiploic foramen, also known as the foramen of Winslow. This opening allows for the passage of structures such as blood vessels and the bile duct.
The omental bursa has important clinical implications. It serves as a potential space for the accumulation of fluid or infection, which can occur in conditions such as pancreatitis or peritonitis. The presence of the omental bursa also influences the spread of diseases or tumors within the abdomen. For example, in cases of gastric cancer, tumor invasion into the omental bursa can occur, leading to a poorer prognosis.
Surgical procedures involving the omental bursa may be performed for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. For instance, during laparoscopic surgery, the omental bursa can be accessed to visualize and assess the condition of various abdominal organs. In certain cases, it may be necessary to enter the omental bursa to drain fluid collections, remove abscesses, or address specific pathologies.
In summary, the omental bursa is a potential space located in the abdominal cavity, posterior to the stomach. It plays a significant role in the arrangement and movement of abdominal organs. Understanding its anatomy and clinical implications is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in the diagnosis and treatment of abdominal conditions.
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The HER2 gastric cancer market is set for a steady ascent from 2024 to 2032, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.12%. The market’s size in 2024 is 1340.56 million USD, and it’s projected to escalate to 1714.07 million USD by 2032. Gastric cancer, a prevalent and often fatal malignancy, continues to pose a significant global health challenge. Among its various subtypes, HER2-positive gastric cancer has garnered considerable attention due to its distinct biological characteristics and therapeutic implications. HER2, or Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2, is a protein that promotes cell growth, and its overexpression in gastric cancer cells is associated with aggressive disease progression and poor prognosis. The HER2 gastric cancer market has evolved rapidly in recent years, driven by advancements in targeted therapies and personalized medicine, offering hope for improved patient outcomes.
Browse the full report at https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/her2-gastric-cancer-market
Market Dynamics
The HER2 gastric cancer market is shaped by a complex interplay of factors, including the rising incidence of gastric cancer, advances in diagnostic technologies, the development of targeted therapies, and growing awareness of personalized treatment approaches. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, with over a million new cases diagnosed annually. Although HER2-positive gastric cancer represents only about 10-20% of these cases, the need for specialized treatments has spurred significant market growth.
Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment
One of the key drivers of the HER2 gastric cancer market is the improvement in diagnostic capabilities. The introduction of more accurate and accessible testing methods, such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), has facilitated the identification of HER2-positive patients. Early and precise detection is crucial, as it allows for the timely initiation of targeted therapies, which can significantly improve survival rates.
The development of targeted therapies has revolutionized the treatment landscape for HER2-positive gastric cancer. Trastuzumab (Herceptin), the first HER2-targeted therapy approved for gastric cancer, has been a game-changer, improving overall survival in combination with chemotherapy. The success of Trastuzumab has paved the way for the development of other HER2-targeted agents, including pertuzumab, trastuzumab deruxtecan, and tucatinib, each offering different mechanisms of action and potential benefits.
Challenges and Opportunities
Despite these advancements, the HER2 gastric cancer market faces several challenges. One of the primary obstacles is the development of resistance to HER2-targeted therapies. Many patients eventually progress despite initial treatment success, necessitating the exploration of combination therapies and novel treatment strategies. Additionally, the high cost of targeted therapies can limit access, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where the burden of gastric cancer is often highest.
However, these challenges also present opportunities for innovation. The ongoing research into overcoming resistance mechanisms has led to the investigation of new drug combinations and next-generation HER2 inhibitors. Furthermore, the integration of biomarker testing into routine clinical practice has the potential to refine patient selection and optimize treatment outcomes, ensuring that the right patients receive the most effective therapies.
Regional Market Insights
The HER2 gastric cancer market exhibits regional variations, reflecting differences in gastric cancer incidence, healthcare infrastructure, and access to advanced treatments. Asia-Pacific, particularly East Asia, represents the largest market due to the high prevalence of gastric cancer in countries like Japan, South Korea, and China. In contrast, North America and Europe have smaller patient populations but benefit from robust healthcare systems and greater access to innovative therapies.
In Asia-Pacific, the market is expected to grow rapidly due to increasing awareness, improved diagnostic capabilities, and the introduction of new targeted therapies. Governments in the region are also investing in cancer care infrastructure, which is likely to further boost market growth. Meanwhile, in North America and Europe, the focus is on expanding the use of combination therapies and overcoming treatment resistance, with ongoing clinical trials playing a pivotal role in shaping the future treatment landscape.
Future Outlook
The HER2 gastric cancer market is poised for continued growth as new therapies and diagnostic tools are developed and integrated into clinical practice. The trend towards personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to the individual patient based on genetic and molecular profiling, is expected to drive innovation and improve outcomes for HER2-positive gastric cancer patients. Moreover, the increasing emphasis on combination therapies, addressing resistance mechanisms, and expanding access to targeted treatments in emerging markets will be crucial in shaping the future of this dynamic market.
Key Player Analysis:
Roche (Herceptin)
Merck (Keytruda)
AstraZeneca (Tagrisso)
Daiichi Sankyo (Enhertu)
Bristol Myers Squibb (Opdivo)
Genentech
MacroGenics
Seattle Genetics
Pfizer
Takeda
Segmentations:
By Therapy:
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Targeted Therapy
By Stage:
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
By End-User:
Ambulatory surgery centers,
Hospitals and Specialty clinics
Others
Based on the Geography:
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Spain
Rest of Europe
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
India
South Korea
South-east Asia
Rest of Asia Pacific
Latin America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of Latin America
Middle East & Africa
GCC Countries
South Africa
Rest of Middle East and Africa
Browse the full report at https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/her2-gastric-cancer-market
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Bee Venom Cancer Cure?
Can HoneyBee Venom Be Used as Anticancer Agent?
New scientific medical studies in PubMedCentraal medical journal, article #10378503 are looking at the mechanisms of anticancer activity of bee venom. Research shows strong 'anti-cancer' potential of both crude bee venom and its main constituent, "melittin", by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the cell cycle without significantly affecting physiological cells.
Which means the Melittin in Bee Venom stops the cancer cells from growing, starving them to death while letting normal healthy cells reproduce.
Like the bee venom only affects the cancer cells!
There are many reports in the literature on the pharmacological properties of bee venom and/or its main components, e.g., anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial or neuroprotective properties. In addition, both crude venom and melittin exhibit cytotoxic activity against a wide range of tumor cells, with significant anti-metastatic activity in pre-clinical studies.
Ya see,... Over the centuries, secondary metabolites from bacteria, fungi, insects or terrestrial plants have played an essential role in traditional medicine, but bee products have greatly distinguished themselves in chemical biodiversity, providing not only an efficient, but also a widely available and renewable source of therapeutic substances.
We have seen various types of products produced by bees known for their health-promoting properties since ancient times. Natural bee products used in the treatment and prevention of various diseases include honey, bee pollen, propolis, royal jelly, bee pollen, beeswax, as well as bee venom (BV) also known as apitoxin since 1000-3000 BC.
Bee Venom is a secretion from the venom gland of worker bees that is supposed to have a defensive function against predators. It is an odorless and colorless liquid consisting of 88% water and only 0.1 μg of dry matter, and we now know this because of Microbiology,.... the study of the biology at microscopic levels.
Microbiology started in 1857, but significant advances in the field have occurred in the last three years because of new technology with Centrifuges, Microscopes, Colony Counters, and Spectrophotometers.
Which have opened a whole new era with Bee Venom being realized as a rich source of secondary metabolites, such as: peptides, including melittin, apamin, mast cell degranulating peptide (MCD) or adolapin, enzymes such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and hyaluronidase, as well as amino acids and volatile compounds. And this new information tells us Bee Venom has all the components to not only cure cancers, but prohibit them from starting by taking supplements before you get cancer,..... like when we put sunscreen on our skin so the sun's ultraviolet and UV rays won't damaging the skin's melanin causing damage to skin cells we call sunburn.
Don't get this wrong, we have been studying Bee Venom since the 1950's, but it wasn't until the 1980 that anyone thought Bee Venom had anti-cancer properties. And from 2013 to 2023 we have actually seen how it works to starve-out and kill cancer cells in the laboratory.
The list of types of cancer Bee Venom is being tested for is long, but a few are breast Cancer, Leukemia, TNBC, Lung Cancer, Glioblastoma, Pancreatic cancer, Colon cancer, Cervical cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Gastric cancer, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Malignant melanoma, ........ and on, and on, and on.
Are Honey bees going to turn out to be humanities saviours?
Will Bee products be the new cure-all for human beings?
Will we realize this before we wipe out the honey bee with global warming?
Your Votes can make a change, because the Green party is the only political party that wants to further investigate the Honey Bee and it's cures for humanity. Not the republicans, and not the democrats, because their support is on treatments side of cancer, not cures, because treatments bring in much more money,........ once you are cured they lose money!
It's your government they tell you, so vote to push the human race forward, and vote independent Green Party.
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PACE Hospitals: Best Center for Advanced Hepatology Care in Hyderabad, India
Liver disease can be a complex and concerning issue. At PACE Hospitals, we understand the importance of early diagnosis, effective treatment, and compassionate care for patients with liver problems. Our dedicated team of hepatologists offers the latest advancements in hepatology to ensure the best possible outcomes for our patients.
A certified experienced medical hepatologist doctors in Hyderabad, with a good patient satisfaction feedback, could be the best hepatologist doctors. Hepatologist doctor at PACE hospitals are internationally and nationally accredits with deep exposure in assessing, diagnosing and treating several kinds of hepatic diseases with a high patient satisfaction rate.
What is Hepatology?
Hepatology is a branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases affecting the liver, gallbladder, biliary system, and pancreas.
Our Expertise in Hepatology
PACE Hospitals boasts a team of highly qualified hepatologists with extensive experience in treating a wide range of liver conditions, including:
Viral Hepatitis (A, B, C)
Fatty Liver Disease (Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - NAFLD)
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Cholangitis (bile duct inflammation)
Pancreatitis
Department of Hepatology (Liver Care) and Pancreatology:
Dr. Govind Verma :
MD, DM (Gastroenterology)
Interventional Gastroenterologist, Transplant Hepatologist, Pancreatologist and Endosonologist
23 years of experience
Dr. Govind Verma, is a senior Interventional Gastroenterologist, Hepatologist and Endosonologist. He has a special interest in the treatment of Liver disorders: like Hepatitis B and C, cirrhosis of liver, Liver cancer (HCC); Pancreatic disorders: Pancreatitis, Pancreatic tumour (Cancer); Inflammatory bowel disease: like ulcerative colitis and crohns disease; Oesophageal and anorectal motility diseases: Like Achalasia cardia, Diffuse oesophageal spasm, Hirschsprungs; Functional bowel diseases.
Dr. M Sudhir:
MBBS, MD (Internal Medicine), DNB(Internal Medicine), DNB(Gastroenterology), FICP
Senior Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist
35+ years of experience
Dr. M Sudhir, is a Senior Gastroenterologist, having 35+ years of experience. He was award TWO GOLD MEDALS in MBBS and TWO GOLD MEDALS in MD (Internal Medicine). He has a special interest in the treatment of Inflammatory bowel diseases such as Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, GI motility disorders such as achalasia cardia, Hirschsprungs, Diffuse oesophageal spasm, Pancreatico-biliary disorders such as chronic pancreatitis, CBD stones, Gall Stones, Malignancies, functional bowel disorders such as Irritable bowel syndrome and Liver diseases and their conditaions.
He has extensive experience in both diagnostic and therapeutic UGI endoscopy, colonoscopy and ERCP. He has special interest in advance and therapeutic endoscopic procedures like third space endoscopy, POEM, Endoscopic sleeve Gastroplasty (ESG) and Endoscopic ultrasound.
Dr. R Venkatesh Reddy:
MBBS, MD (Internal Medicine), DM (Medical Gastroenterology)Consultant Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist
Dr. R Venkatesh Reddy has extensive experience in the field of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy. He is expert in treating GI motility disorders, all types of Liver diseases, Acute and Chronic pancreatitis, Common bile duct stone (choledocholithiasis), Cholangitis, Inflammatory bowel diseases, Lemmel syndrome, Gastric cancer, Irritable bowel syndrome etc.
He specialises in performing ERCP, Diagnostic EUS and EUS-guided therapeutic interventions, Endoscopic pancreatic and bile duct stenting, Spiral enteroscopy, Oesophageal manometry, Upper and Lower GI Endoscopies, Endoscopic variceal ligation, Polypectomy, Argan plasma coagulation, Narrow-band imaging, Oesophageal bougie dilation, Colonic stricture dilation, Achalasia balloon dilation, Ano-rectal manometry, Spyglass cholangioscopy etc.
Advanced Technology and Treatment Options:
We are equipped with state-of-the-art technology for accurate diagnosis and advanced treatment modalities for liver disorders. Our hepatologists utilize:
Non-invasive diagnostic tools like FibroScan and liver elastography
Advanced endoscopic procedures (ERCP)
Minimally invasive surgical techniques (laparoscopy)
Liver transplant services (in collaboration with our Kidney and Liver Transplant Centre)
A Holistic Approach to Liver Care:
We believe in a comprehensive approach to hepatology care. Our team works closely with patients to develop individualized treatment plans that address not just the disease but also the patient's overall well-being. This may include:
Dietary and lifestyle modifications
Medication management
Education and support groups
Why Choose PACE Hospitals for Hepatology Care?
Experienced and Renowned Team: Our hepatologists are leaders in their field, with a proven track record of success.
Advanced Technology: We utilize cutting-edge technology for diagnosis and treatment.
Comprehensive Care: We offer a holistic approach, addressing all aspects of your liver health.
Patient-Centered Focus: We prioritize clear communication, respect, and empathy for all our patients.
Schedule a Consultation Today:
PACE Hospitals is a multi-super speciality hospital in Hyderabad catering to a wide range of treatments with the help of top hepatologist in Hyderabad who are nationally and globally awarded, highly skilled and experienced in their respective departments and accustomed to treating patients based on evidence and the latest approaches and procedures.
If you are experiencing symptoms of liver disease or have concerns about your liver health, don't hesitate to contact PACE Hospitals. Schedule a consultation with one of our hepatologists to discuss your individual needs and get on the path to optimal liver health.
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Track 19: Gastrointestinal Radiology
Introduction:
Welcome to the fascinating realm of gastrointestinal radiology, where technology meets anatomy to unlock the mysteries of the digestive system. In this blog, we'll embark on a journey through the world of gastrointestinal radiology, exploring its significance, techniques, and contributions to modern medicine.
Understanding Gastrointestinal Radiology:
Gastrointestinal radiology is a specialized field within radiology that focuses on imaging techniques to diagnose and treat disorders of the digestive tract. The gastrointestinal tract, comprising the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and associated organs, plays a crucial role in digestion and nutrient absorption. Radiological imaging provides invaluable insights into the structure, function, and pathology of these vital organs.
Techniques in Gastrointestinal Radiology:
Several imaging modalities are employed in gastrointestinal radiology, each offering unique advantages depending on the clinical scenario:
X-ray Radiography: Conventional X-rays are often the initial imaging modality used to evaluate gastrointestinal conditions. Barium studies, such as barium swallow, barium enema, and upper gastrointestinal (GI) series, involve the ingestion or administration of barium contrast to highlight the anatomy and detect abnormalities.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: CT scans utilize X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the gastrointestinal tract. CT scans are particularly useful in detecting conditions like bowel obstruction, inflammation, and cancer, offering high-resolution images for precise diagnosis.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI employs magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of soft tissues within the gastrointestinal tract. MR enterography is a specialized MRI technique used to assess inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease, and other gastrointestinal disorders without radiation exposure.
Endoscopic Techniques: Endoscopy involves the insertion of a flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) into the digestive tract for direct visualization and diagnosis. Advanced endoscopic techniques, such as endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), allow for both diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Clinical Applications:
Gastrointestinal radiology plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of various gastrointestinal conditions, including:
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Imaging techniques like CT enterography and MRI enterography are valuable tools for assessing disease activity, monitoring complications, and guiding treatment in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Gastrointestinal Malignancies: Radiological imaging aids in the detection, staging, and surveillance of gastrointestinal cancers, including esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Radiological studies, such as angiography and tagged red blood cell scans, help localize and diagnose sources of gastrointestinal bleeding, facilitating timely intervention and management.
Gastrointestinal Radiology type
Gastrointestinal radiology is a specialized branch of radiology focused on diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system using various imaging techniques. These techniques are instrumental in visualizing the anatomy, detecting abnormalities, and guiding therapeutic interventions within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Gastrointestinal radiologists work closely with gastroenterologists and other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive patient care. Some common types of gastrointestinal radiology include:
X-ray Radiography: Traditional X-ray imaging is often the first-line modality for evaluating gastrointestinal conditions. Barium studies involve the ingestion or administration of barium contrast material, allowing radiologists to visualize the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. Barium swallow, barium meal, and barium enema are common types of X-ray studies used to detect structural abnormalities, such as strictures, ulcers, and tumors.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: CT scans provide detailed cross-sectional images of the gastrointestinal tract and surrounding structures. CT imaging is valuable for diagnosing conditions such as bowel obstruction, perforation, diverticulitis, and abdominal trauma. CT enterography, a specialized CT technique, is used to evaluate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and small bowel disorders.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce high-resolution images of the gastrointestinal system without ionizing radiation. MR enterography is particularly useful for assessing inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, as well as detecting tumors and evaluating liver and pancreatic disorders.
Endoscopic Techniques: Endoscopy involves the insertion of a flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) into the GI tract to visualize the mucosal lining and perform diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) combines endoscopy with ultrasound imaging to evaluate lesions in the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and rectum. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is used to diagnose and treat bile duct and pancreatic duct disorders.
Nuclear Medicine Imaging: Nuclear medicine techniques, such as gastrointestinal bleeding scans (tagged red blood cell scans) and hepatobiliary scans, help diagnose conditions like gastrointestinal bleeding, liver disease, and biliary obstruction.
Fluoroscopy: Fluoroscopic studies, such as upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) and small bowel follow-through (SBFT), involve real-time X-ray imaging to assess the function and motility of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
Each type of gastrointestinal radiology has its advantages and indications based on the clinical scenario, patient history, and suspected pathology. By utilizing these imaging modalities, healthcare providers can accurately diagnose gastrointestinal disorders and formulate appropriate treatment plans to optimize patient outcomes.
Conclusion:
Gastrointestinal radiology is an indispensable component of modern healthcare, providing clinicians with vital information for diagnosing and treating a wide range of gastrointestinal disorders. By harnessing the power of advanced imaging techniques, radiologists and gastroenterologists collaborate to improve patient outcomes and enhance the quality of care. As technology continues to evolve, the future of gastrointestinal radiology holds promise for further innovations and advancements in diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic interventions.
Important Information:
Conference Name: 14th World Gastroenterology, IBD & Hepatology Conference
Short Name: 14GHUCG2024
Dates: December 17-19, 2024
Venue: Dubai, UAE
Email: [email protected]
Visit: https://gastroenterology.universeconferences.com/
Call for Papers: https://gastroenterology.universeconferences.com/submit-abstract/
Register here: https://gastroenterology.universeconferences.com/registration/
Exhibitor/Sponsor: https://gastroenterology.universeconferences.com/exhibit-sponsor-opportunities/
Call Us: +12073070027
WhatsApp Us: +442033222718
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Recent Advances in Gastric Cancer Research
Recent Advances in Gastric Cancer: Gastric cancer is also known as stomach cancer, continues to be a significant health concern worldwide. Despite advancements in early detection and treatment, the disease often presents in advanced stages, making it challenging to manage. However, recent research has brought forth new insights and therapeutic approaches that are changing the landscape of gastric…
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Targeted Therapies for Gastric and Esophageal Cancer: A New Era in Treatment
The Gastric and Esophageal Cancer Drugs Market: Battling Two Deadly Diseases
Cancer, a relentless and complex group of diseases, continues to pose a significant threat to global health. Gastric and esophageal cancer are among the most deadly forms of this disease, characterized by their aggressive nature and often late-stage diagnosis. The demand for effective treatments in the Gastric and Esophageal Cancer Drugs Market has been steadily increasing in response to the growing prevalence of these cancers. This market has seen remarkable developments in recent years, driven by innovative research, advanced drug therapies, and a better understanding of the biology of these malignancies.
The Burden of Gastric and Esophageal Cancer
Gastric (stomach) and esophageal (throat) cancers share some similarities, primarily related to their anatomical proximity and the digestive system. However, they differ in several ways, including their causes, risk factors, and disease progression. Gastric cancer is often associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, while esophageal cancer can be linked to chronic acid reflux, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Both cancers are frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage, leading to a poor prognosis.
The mortality rates for these cancers are alarmingly high, which has driven the demand for more effective and targeted drug therapies. The Gastric and Esophageal Cancer Drugs Market is critical in addressing the unmet medical needs of these patient populations, focusing on both early and late-stage cancer treatment options.
Market Dynamics
Several factors have contributed to the growth of the Gastric and Esophageal Cancer Drugs Market. Advances in cancer research and technology have enabled the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and the development of precision medicines. These treatments are designed to target specific cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissues and reducing the severity of side effects. The rise in precision medicine has revolutionized the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancer, as it allows for more personalized and effective therapies.
In addition to advances in precision medicine, the market has benefited from increased awareness and early detection efforts. Education campaigns, public health initiatives, and improved screening methods have led to earlier diagnosis and treatment. This, in turn, has expanded the potential patient pool for drug therapies, fostering growth in the market.
Furthermore, collaborations and partnerships between pharmaceutical companies, research institutions, and healthcare providers have accelerated drug development and testing. This collaborative approach has enabled quicker translation of scientific discoveries into clinically viable treatments.
Key Players and Promising Developments
The Gastric and Esophageal Cancer Drugs Market includes several key players that have made substantial contributions to the field. Pharmaceutical giants like AstraZeneca, Roche, and Bristol-Myers Squibb are at the forefront of developing cutting-edge drugs. Immunotherapy, a promising approach that stimulates the body's immune system to attack cancer cells, has shown impressive results in clinical trials.
One such drug, pembrolizumab (Keytruda), has gained FDA approval for the treatment of certain esophageal and gastric cancers. This represents a significant step forward in providing patients with new hope and options for managing their disease. Targeted therapies, such as trastuzumab (Herceptin), are also making strides in the treatment of specific subtypes of these cancers.
Challenges and Future Prospects
While the Gastric and Esophageal Cancer Drugs Market has made remarkable progress, significant challenges persist. Drug resistance, the high cost of treatment, and access to care remain critical issues. Addressing these challenges requires ongoing research, continued collaboration, and policy changes to ensure that promising treatments are accessible to all patients.
In conclusion, the Gastric and Esophageal Cancer Drugs Market plays a pivotal role in the battle against two of the deadliest forms of cancer. Advances in precision medicine, early detection efforts, and innovative drug therapies offer hope to patients facing these malignancies. The market's future is marked by promising developments and a commitment to improving outcomes for those affected by gastric and esophageal cancer.
Few Other Promising Reports in Pharmaceutical Industry
Probiotic Ingredients Market
Next Generation Probiotics Market
Digestive Health Products Market
Weight Management Market
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Empowering Patients: A Comprehensive Guide to Stomach Cancer Treatment
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a challenging disease that affects many individuals worldwide. In Singapore, significant advancements have been made in the field of stomach cancer treatment, offering patients access to some of the best medical care available. This comprehensive guide aims to empower patients and their loved ones by providing insights into the best stomach cancer treatment options in Singapore. By understanding the available treatments, patients can make informed decisions and embark on their journey towards healing and recovery.
Surgical Interventions:
Surgery is often the primary treatment for stomach cancer, especially in early-stage cases. Singapore boasts highly skilled surgeons who specialize in stomach cancer surgery. They employ advanced techniques, such as minimally invasive surgery, laparoscopic surgery, and robotic-assisted surgery, to remove the cancerous tissue while preserving as much healthy tissue as possible. These surgical interventions result in faster recovery times, reduced complications, and improved quality of life for patients.
Singapore's healthcare institutions, such as the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS), offer comprehensive surgical services, providing patients with access to experienced surgical teams and state-of-the-art facilities.
Chemotherapy:
Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that uses powerful medications to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. In Singapore, chemotherapy plays a crucial role in stomach cancer treatment, both as a primary therapy and in combination with other treatments. The country's medical professionals leverage the latest research and evidence-based protocols to develop personalized chemotherapy regimens tailored to each patient's specific needs.
Moreover, Singapore's healthcare system actively participates in clinical trials, providing patients with opportunities to access novel chemotherapy agents and innovative treatment combinations.
Targeted Therapies:
Targeted therapies have revolutionized the field of cancer treatment, including stomach cancer. These therapies work by targeting specific molecules or genetic alterations present in cancer cells, thereby inhibiting their growth or causing their destruction. Singapore's healthcare institutions have embraced targeted therapies for stomach cancer, with ongoing clinical trials and access to approved targeted therapy options.
Through genetic profiling and molecular testing, medical professionals in Singapore can identify specific targets in a patient's tumor and design personalized treatment plans that maximize therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing side effects.
Radiation Therapy:
Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. It is often employed as an adjuvant therapy after surgery or in combination with chemotherapy to enhance treatment outcomes. In Singapore, radiation therapy for stomach cancer is administered by skilled radiation oncologists using advanced technologies, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). These techniques precisely target cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
Clinical Trials and Research:
Singapore's robust healthcare and research ecosystem provide access to cutting-edge clinical trials and advancements in stomach cancer treatment. Clinical trials offer patients the opportunity to receive innovative treatments that may not yet be widely available, potentially improving outcomes and advancing medical knowledge. Singapore's medical community actively collaborates with international partners to conduct clinical trials and contribute to the global knowledge base in stomach cancer treatment.
Holistic Supportive Care:
Beyond medical interventions, Singapore's healthcare system emphasizes holistic supportive care for stomach cancer patients. Supportive care services include pain management, nutritional support, psychological counseling, and palliative care. By addressing the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of patients, supportive care enhances their overall well-being and improves their quality of life throughout the treatment journey.
Conclusion:
Singapore stands at the forefront of stomach cancer treatment, offering patients access to state-of-the-art medical care, cutting-edge research, and a holistic support system. Through a multidisciplinary approach that combines surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, radiation therapy, and supportive care, patients receive comprehensive treatment tailored to their individual.
Here you can find our reference post: https://stomachcancertreatmentinsingapore.blogspot.com/2023/06/best-stomach-cancer-treatment-in.htmlStomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a challenging disease that affects many individuals worldwide. In Singapore, significant advancements have been made in the field of stomach cancer treatment, offering patients access to some of the best medical care available. This comprehensive guide aims to empower patients and their loved ones by providing insights into the best stomach cancer treatment options in Singapore. By understanding the available treatments, patients can make informed decisions and embark on their journey towards healing and recovery.Surgical Interventions:Surgery is often the primary treatment for stomach cancer, especially in early-stage cases. Singapore boasts highly skilled surgeons who specialize in stomach cancer surgery. They employ advanced techniques, such as minimally invasive surgery, laparoscopic surgery, and robotic-assisted surgery, to remove the cancerous tissue while preserving as much healthy tissue as possible. These surgical interventions result in faster recovery times, reduced complications, and improved quality of life for patients.Singapore's healthcare institutions, such as the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS), offer comprehensive surgical services, providing patients with access to experienced surgical teams and state-of-the-art facilities.
Chemotherapy:Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that uses powerful medications to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. In Singapore, chemotherapy plays a crucial role in stomach cancer treatment, both as a primary therapy and in combination with other treatments. The country's medical professionals leverage the latest research and evidence-based protocols to develop personalized chemotherapy regimens tailored to each patient's specific needs.Moreover, Singapore's healthcare system actively participates in clinical trials, providing patients with opportunities to access novel chemotherapy agents and innovative treatment combinations.Targeted Therapies:Targeted therapies have revolutionized the field of cancer treatment, including stomach cancer. These therapies work by targeting specific molecules or genetic alterations present in cancer cells, thereby inhibiting their growth or causing their destruction. Singapore's healthcare institutions have embraced targeted therapies for stomach cancer, with ongoing clinical trials and access to approved targeted therapy options.Through genetic profiling and molecular testing, medical professionals in Singapore can identify specific targets in a patient's tumor and design personalized treatment plans that maximize therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing side effects.Radiation Therapy:Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. It is often employed as an adjuvant therapy after surgery or in combination with chemotherapy to enhance treatment outcomes. In Singapore, radiation therapy for stomach cancer is administered by skilled radiation oncologists using advanced technologies, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). These techniques precisely target cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.Clinical Trials and Research:Singapore's robust healthcare and research ecosystem provide access to cutting-edge clinical trials and advancements in stomach cancer treatment. Clinical trials offer patients the opportunity to receive innovative treatments that may not yet be widely available, potentially improving outcomes and advancing medical knowledge. Singapore's medical community actively collaborates with international partners to conduct clinical trials and contribute to the global knowledge base in stomach cancer treatment.Holistic Supportive Care:Beyond medical interventions, Singapore's healthcare system emphasizes holistic supportive care for stomach cancer patients. Supportive care services include pain management, nutritional support, psychological counseling, and palliative care. By addressing the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of patients, supportive care enhances their overall well-being and improves their quality of life throughout the treatment journey.Conclusion:Singapore stands at the forefront of stomach cancer treatment, offering patients access to state-of-the-art medical care, cutting-edge research, and a holistic support system. Through a multidisciplinary approach that combines surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, radiation therapy, and supportive care, patients receive comprehensive treatment tailored to their individual.Here you can find our reference post: https://stomachcancertreatmentinsingapore.blogspot.com/2023/06/best-stomach-cancer-treatment-in.html
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The Apollo Hospitals in Delhi have established themselves as the premier destination for specialized gastroenterology hospital in delhi. The highly qualified and proficient team of doctors and surgeons at Apollo have dedicated their expertise in offering a comprehensive range of treatments for digestive system and liver diseases. The specialized team is dedicated to providing the best treatment plans based on the specific diagnosis and customized for the patient's needs. The team offers specialized services for endoscopy, ERCP, interventional gastroenterology and therapeutic endoscopies. Diagnostic imaging like CT, MRI, and ultra-sound aid in getting a better understanding of the condition. The experts at Apollo are adept at managing various gastric, pancreatic, bowel, and hepatic disorders. The qualified team provides treatments for Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, hepatic diseases, gastrointestinal cancers, and bleeding disorders. The comprehensive approach includes nutritional therapy, lifestyle modifications, and physical rehabilitation. Drug and biological therapies are employed to tackle the gastrointestinal issues added with pain management techniques that are employed with utmost care.
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Top Vegetables and Their Therapeutic Uses.
A diet high in vegetables is good for your health because they are high in fiber, antioxidants, and essential vitamins and minerals. Even though all vegetables are good for you, some have more medicinal properties than others.
To buy these fresh vegetables and fruits online for free home delivery in Kingston, Ontario, reach out to Gomaple Farm Fresh.
Beets.
Beets are vibrant and earthy vegetables that are high in several vitamins and minerals that aid in blood pressure reduction and athletic performance. They also contain a lot of nutrients that can help control blood sugar levels, improve heart health, and lower the risk of cancer.
According to Inna Melamed, Pharm., this root vegetable contains a lot of dietary nitrates, which turn into nitric oxide in the body to increase blood flow and relax the vessels. D, a practitioner of functional medicine and the author of Digestive Reset. Nitrates may also help improve brain function and lower blood pressure.
Carrots.
People of all cultures have enjoyed carrots raw, cooked, or in the form of carrot juice. Carrots are one of the oldest vegetables that have been grown in the world. Carotenoids, an antioxidant group that our bodies convert to vitamin A, are what gives them their orange color. They are important for eye health, keep skin and mucous membranes healthy, and activate enzymes that break down carcinogens.
They are also a good source of dietary fiber, which helps digestion by making the peristaltic motion of the stomach and the production of gastric juices go up. It can even help prevent colon cancer by reducing constipation.
Garlic.
Along with scallions, leeks, and chives, garlic is a pungent vegetable that, rather than being consumed by itself, is frequently utilized as an herb or spice to enhance flavors. However, it is loaded with a wide range of nutrients and sulfur compounds that are good for health, such as allicin.
Garlic's organosulfur compounds, like thiosulfate and alliin, kill a lot of different kinds of microorganisms. Studies have demonstrated that individuals who consume this vegetable regularly are less likely to catch colds and recover from them more quickly, which may be why it is one of the best foods for fighting bacteria.
In his well-known medical treatise, Materia Medica, Dioscorides, a physician who lived between 40 and 90 AD, recommended garlic for its ability to thin mucus and alleviate coughing; get rid of parasites and worms; encourage menstruation; to safeguard against dog and viper bites; and to treat ulcers, leprosy, toothaches, and skin and uterine infections. A delicious way to get your daily dose of this superfood is to roast it in the oven or add raw garlic to soups, salad dressings, and marinades.
Spinach.
Spinach is a leafy green that tastes good cooked, raw, or wilted. It's a common addition to salads, soups, and omelets when combined with cheese or eggs. Additionally, it is frequently added to pasta dishes.
Iron, which is required for the production of red blood cells and the transport of oxygen throughout the body, can be found in this vegetable. Anemia, which results in fatigue and weakness, can be caused by a lack of iron.
Spinach contains folic acid, which can help protect babies from neural tube birth defects like spina bifida if taken as a supplement by pregnant women. Potassium, which helps lower blood pressure, is abundant in it. Additionally, it is anti-inflammatory.
Broccoli.
Broccoli is rich in manganese, potassium, and folate. It also contains vitamin C, iron, calcium, and antioxidants like sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol. These mixtures help detoxify proteins and go about as normal plant synthetic compounds that forestall the sort of cell harm that might prompt disease.
Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties and combats oxidative stress. Additionally, it aids in blood pressure management. It is one of the best natural sources of magnesium, zinc, and phosphorus, all of which are necessary for healthy bones. Lutein and zeaxanthin, two B vitamins that support eye health, are abundant in it.
#fresh vegetable#fresh vegetables#veggies#vegetables#fresh vegetables and fruits#farm fresh#farm produce#gomaple#gomaplefarms#vegetables box
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Best Gastrointestinal Surgery in Trivandrum | KIMSHEALTH Hospital
KIMSHEALTH Trivandrum Gastroenterology department manages digestive and hepatobiliary diseases with modern equipment and advanced ICUs for both adults and children.
The Department of GI Surgery at KIMS is a super specialty unit dealing with the management of diseases related to the human gastrointestinal tract and the related organs
Procedures & Treatments
The Department has a team of highly qualified and experienced Surgical Gastroenterologists performing a wide range of surgical procedures for Oesophago-gastric, Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic, Intestinal & Colorectal cancers and Bariatric procedures
Minimal Access Surgery is used by our Gastrointestinal Surgeons to treat major gastrointestinal surgical problems of the intestines, pancreas and hepatobiliary tract including cancers. Apart from this, our renowned transplant care programme performs adult and pediatric Liver Transplants as well as cutting edge Hepatobiliary procedures.
Being a tertiary care Hospital, KIMS provides the best inpatient and intensive care facilities which includes
Dedicated intensive care unit
Full time intensivist coverage
24 Hrs Blood Bank
Continuous veno — venous haemofiltration
Therapeutic endoscopy
Colonoscopy
Esophageal manometry
Therapeutic ERCP
Endoscopic Ultrasonography
Endoscopic drainage of cysts
Facility for all organ support
24 hour Emergency services
Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures at KIMS
Video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.
Thoraco laparoscopic operation for GE Junction tumors
laparoscopic d2 gastrectomy
laparoscopic whipple operations
laparoscopic assisted resection of small bowel tumors
laparoscopic low anterior resection
laparoscopic APR surgery
laparoscopic total proctocolectomy and pouch
laparoscopic right hemicolectomy
laparoscopic distal pancreatectom
laparoscopic splenectomy both total and partial
laparoscopic lateral pancreatic jejunostomy
laparoscopic cystogastrostomy and cystojejunostomy
laparoscopic left hepatectomy
laparoscopic right hepatectomy
laparoscopic left lateral segmentectomy
laparoscopic segmentectomies
laparoscopic radical cholecystectomy
laparoscopic excision of choledochal cyst
laparoscopic management of hydatid cyst of liver
laparoscopic fundoplication of GERD
laparoscopic Heller’s cardiomyotomy
#Gastrointestinal Surgery#Best Gastro Surgery#Gastro Surgery Trivandrum#Kims Gastro Surgery#Kimshealth Trivandrum
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The endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) needle market is projected to grow from USD 380.26 million in 2023 to USD 573.92 million by 2032, at a CAGR of 4.68%.Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) has become an indispensable tool in modern gastroenterology, blending endoscopy and ultrasound to provide detailed images and facilitate fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or biopsy of lesions within or adjacent to the gastrointestinal tract. EUS needles, pivotal to this procedure, have witnessed significant market growth owing to their critical role in diagnosing and staging gastrointestinal and other cancers. This article explores the key dynamics, trends, and future outlook of the EUS needles market.
Browse the full report at https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/endoscopic-ultrasound-eus-needles-market
Market Dynamics
Growing Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Diseases
The increasing incidence of gastrointestinal disorders, including pancreatic, gastric, and colorectal cancers, has driven the demand for EUS procedures. The ability of EUS to provide detailed images and facilitate targeted biopsies has made it a preferred diagnostic tool. This rising prevalence is a primary driver of the EUS needles market.
Technological Advancements
Technological innovations have significantly enhanced the safety, efficacy, and accuracy of EUS procedures. The development of needles with improved designs, such as the introduction of needles with echogenic tips, has improved visibility and accuracy during procedures. Additionally, the advent of fine-needle biopsy (FNB) needles has expanded the utility of EUS beyond aspiration, enabling histological examination.
Increasing Adoption of Minimally Invasive Procedures
The healthcare industry’s shift towards minimally invasive procedures is another critical factor propelling the EUS needles market. EUS is less invasive compared to traditional surgical methods, resulting in reduced patient recovery time, lower risk of complications, and cost savings. This trend aligns with the broader move towards minimally invasive diagnostics and therapeutics in the medical field.
Competitive Landscape
The EUS needles market is highly competitive, with key players focusing on product innovation, strategic collaborations, and mergers and acquisitions to strengthen their market position. Some of the prominent players include Olympus Corporation, Cook Medical, Medtronic, and Boston Scientific Corporation. These companies are investing in research and development to introduce advanced products and expand their product portfolios.
Future Outlook
The EUS needles market is poised for substantial growth in the coming years. The increasing prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases, technological advancements, and the growing adoption of minimally invasive procedures are expected to drive market expansion. Additionally, ongoing research and development activities aimed at improving the efficacy and safety of EUS needles will further fuel market growth.
Key Players
ACE Medical Devices Pvt. Ltd.
Boston Scientific Corporation
Cook Medical (Cook Group Incorporated)
CONMED Corporation
Endo-Flex GmbH
Fujifilm Holdings Corporation
Medi-Globe GmbH
Medtronic plc
Olympus Corporation
PENTAX Medical (Hoya Corporation)
ROCAMED
Sterylab S.r.l.
TaeWoong Medical Co., Ltd.
Wilson-Cook Medical Inc. (Cook Medical)
Xlumena, Inc. (Boston Scientific Corporation)
Others
Segmentations:
By Type
Aspiration Needles
Biopsy Needles
By Application
Enteral Needles
Bronchial Needles
By End-user
Hospital
Ambulatory Surgical Centers
Specialty Clinics
By Indication
Oncology
Gastroenterology
Pulmonology
Urology
Others
By Region
North America
The U.S.
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
The U.K.
Italy
Spain
Rest of Europe
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
India
South Korea
South-east Asia
Rest of Asia Pacific
Latin America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of Latin America
Middle East & Africa
GCC Countries
South Africa
Rest of Middle East and Africa
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IJMS, Vol. 23, Pages 16091: Anti#cancer Effects of Fucoxanthin through Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis Induction, Angiogenesis Inhibition, and Autophagy Modulation
#cancer accounts for one in seven deaths worldwide and is the second leading cause of death in the United States, after heart disease. One of the standard #cancer treatments is chemotherapy which sometimes can lead to chemoresistance and treatment failure. Therefore, there is a great need for novel therapeutic approaches to treat these patients. Novel natural products have exhibited anti#cancer effects that may be beneficial in treating many kinds of #cancer, having fewer side effects, low toxicity, and affordability. Numerous marine natural compounds have been found to inhibit molecular events and signaling pathways associated with various stages of #cancer development. Fucoxanthin is a well-known marine carotenoid of the xanthophyll family with bioactive compounds. It is profusely found in brown seaweeds, providing more than 10% of the total creation of natural carotenoids. Fucoxanthin is found in edible brown seaweed macroalgae such as Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, and Eisenia bicyclis. Many of fucoxanthin's pharmacological properties include antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, anti#cancer, and antihypertensive effects. Fucoxanthin inhibits many #cancer cell lines' proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, it modulates #miRNA and induces cell cycle growth arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy. Moreover, the literature shows fucoxanthin's ability to inhibit cytokines and growth factors such as TNF-α and VEGF, which stimulates the activation of downstream signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt autophagy, and pathways of apoptosis. This review highlights the different critical mechanisms by which fucoxanthin inhibits diverse #cancer types, such as breast, prostate, gastric, lung, and bladder development and progression. Moreover, this article reviews the existing literature and provides critical supportive evidence for fucoxanthin's possible therapeutic use in #cancer. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/24/16091?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr
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Scottish Noble prize winner pharmacologist and academic James Black was born on June 14th 1924 in Uddingston.
I myself am thankful for Dr Black's work having been diagnosed with high blood pressure and prescribed beta-blockers, many more of you out there will have used another drug he developed, the brand name is tagamet, but sold as other brand names throughout the world.
James was the fourth of five sons of a Baptist family which traced its origins to Balquhidder, Black himself said on his Noble biography that his family have tenuous links to the most famous man from the area Rob Roy MacGregor. He was brought up in Fife, educated at Beath High School, Cowdenbeath, and, at the age of 15, won a scholarship to the University of St Andrews His family had been too poor to send him to university and he had been persuaded to sit the St Andrews entrance exam by his maths teacher at Beath, where he earned a medical degree.
He taught at various universities for the next 10 years and then joined Imperial Chemical Industries as a senior pharmacologist in 1958. He became head of biological research at Smith Kline & French Laboratories in 1964, and he joined the Wellcome Research Laboratories as director of therapeutic research in 1978. From 1984 he was professor of analytical pharmacology at King’s College, London, becoming emeritus in 1993. From 1992 to 2006 Black served as chancellor of the University of Dundee in Scotland, and, in honour of his work, the university built the Sir James Black Centre, a research facility for the investigation of cancer, tropical diseases, and diabetes. Knighted in 1981, Black became a member of the Order of Merit in 2000.
Black’s drug discoveries arose out of his systematic research on the interactions between certain cell receptors in the body and chemicals in the bloodstream that attach to them. Black wanted to find a drug that would relieve angina pectoris—i.e., the spasms of intense pain felt in the chest when the heart is not receiving enough oxygen. His work agents were subsequently developed to treat heart attacks, hypertension, migraines, and other conditions.
Not content with that Black went on to use a similar approach and developed treatment for stomach and duodenal ulcers, which are largely caused by the stomach’s over secretion of gastric acids. The new drug, cimetidine, revolutionised the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers.
The first drug is called Propranolol, sold under the brand names Inderal, marketed under brand names Avlocardyl, Deralin, Dociton, Inderalici, InnoPran XL, Sumial, Anaprilin, and Bedranol, the second Cimetidine, is sold under the brand name Tagamet, the two have sold millions upon millions worldwide, Black though only earned a basic salary for the two discoveries, he no doubt took more pleasure in helping millions of people with their health over the 50 odd years they have been in use.
Read more on him here https://www.nobelprize.org/…/…/laureates/1988/black-bio.html
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Medicinal Mushrooms IN THE 21ST CENTURY
INTRODUCTION
THE USE OF MUSHROOMS in traditional ancient therapies dates back to at least the Neolithic Age (in China, 10,000 B.C. – 2,000 B.C). For millennia, mushrooms have been regarded and revered by humans as edible and medicinal agents. Ancient Asian traditions have stressed the importance of several mushroom species, most notably the lingzhi or reishi, lion’s mane, cordyceps, and shitake mushroom. The history of mushroom consumption is rich in Tibetan shamanism and Buddhism, as well as in spiritual cultures of Mesoamerica, Mexico, and Guatemala with the use of hallucinogenic mushroom species. Use of medicinal mushrooms has a long history in Russia, Europe, and some parts of Africa, including Nigeria, Algeria, and Egypt. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 2 Given the use of mushrooms in traditional therapies spanning the globe, modern researchers are attempting to validate and document some of the ancient knowledge. In the past three decades, the interdisciplinary field of science that studies mushrooms, known as mycology, has demonstrated the nutritional (culinary) and therapeutic (medicinal) value of many compounds extracted from a range of mushrooms species . Traditionally, mushrooms were used to maintain good health, as well as to prevent and treat diseases, mainly by regulating the immune system. In the last decade scientists have identified and explored other ways in which various mushroom species promote good health, revealing mushrooms to beunique, multi-modal medicinal agents worthy of further investigation. Today, more than 100 therapeutic applications have been demonstrated by mushrooms, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitumor, anti-diabetic, immunomodulating, antiviral, antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antiparasitic, and antifungal. Mushrooms also protect against brain, heart, and liver damage. While modern researchers are just beginning to explore the clinical potential of medicinal mushrooms in the West, countries in the East such as Japan, Korea, China, and Russia have already adopted mushroom-derived preparations for use in clinical practice. For example, mushrooms have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for years to treat pulmonary diseases, and in Japan, the mushroom T. versicolor has been used as an approved product for adjunctive cancer treatment since the 1970s. The number of mushroom species on Earth is currently estimated at 150,000, yet perhaps only 10 percent are known to science. This presents researchers with an exciting opportunity to dive into this vast and largely untapped field of mushroom science with hopes of uncovering new and potentially breaththrough nutritional and therapeutic agents. "Today, more than 100 therapeutic applications have been demonstrated by mushrooms..." Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 3 WHAT ARE MUSHROOMS? Mushrooms comprise an extremely abundant and diverse world of fungi. They are something special in the living world, being neither plant nor animal. Belonging to a kingdom of their own, called Myceteae, all mushrooms are heterotrophic, meaning they cannot make their own food. Instead, they absorb nutrients from other sources of organic carbon such as complex organic polymers like cellulose, which get degraded by extracellular enzymes secreted by mushrooms. Taxonomically, mushrooms can be classified into two different categories: Basidiomycetes, which comprise many of the well-known genera, and Ascomycetes. The structures that we refer to as mushrooms are in fact only the fruiting bodies of fungi. The vegetative parts of fungi, called mycelia, are a system of cordlike strands that branch out of soil, compost, wooden logs, and other lignocellulosic materials that are host to fungi. After some time, the matured mycelia growing on such materials produce the fruiting bodies we know as mushrooms. As mentioned, mushrooms have been used by humans for thousands of years as food and medicine. More than 14,000 mushroom species are recognized by science, and among them, about 2,000 are classified as edible. These edible mushrooms can be categorized into 30 genera, with 270 species that bear potential therapeutic value in human health. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 4 MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS Medicinal mushrooms possess nutraceutical and pharmaceutical characteristics in addition to taste and aroma. They are a rich source of nutrients such as carbohydrates, fibers, proteins, unsaturated fats, vitamins, and minerals. They also produce secondary metabolites, which are largely responsible for their therapeutic effects. These metabolites are bioactive, low-molecular-weight compounds that are produced in response to stress as a defense and signaling mechanism for survival. Interestingly, they are not required by the fungi for normal growth and reproduction. More than 100 species of medicinal mushrooms are used in Asia. Some of the more commonly used species are introduced below. It is worth noting that while these mushrooms have been used historically as traditional medicines, with many being used clinically today in Asia, modern research is insufficient to draw conclusions, as it has mostly been conducted in cellular and animal Structure of bioactive compounds from medicinal mushroom Medicinal Mushroom:Nitrogen analog B Phenol derivative D Carbohydrates derivative C Derivative of α β Unsaturated carbonyl o o OH NH2 N H Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 5 studies. While many of these medicinal mushrooms have been recognized scientifically for their health-promoting activities, pharmaceutical application in healthcare is still far away in the majority of countries across the world, and especially in the West. Today, medicinal mushrooms can be found as dietary and nutritional supplements. They are often recommended by nutritionists and holistic healthcare professionals and sold by health food and wellness retailers. Given the lack of consensus and limited information on safety, it is a good idea to consult with your healthcare professional about appropriate dosages and risk factors with certain medications. Finally, when choosing medicinal mushrooms as dietary supplements, it is important to ensure they have been tested by a third-party facility for quality and purity and that there is sufficient information available about the product. Reishi Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), also known as reishi in Japanese Medicine or lingzhi in Chinese Medicine, is a large, dark mushroom from Asian Traditional Medicine that has been praised for its powerful health benefits for over 2,000 years. It was in the 16th-century Ming Dynasty when G. lucidum was discovered to have therapeutic value. Benefits included enhanced vital energy, improved memory, and improved cardiac function, and tonifying and anti-aging effects. According to the State Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, G. lucidum acts to replenish Qi, calm the mind, and reduce coughing and asthma. It is also recommended for insomnia, dizziness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations. Since the early 1970s, cultivation of G. lucidum has become a major source of the mushroom, with popularity extending outside of Asian Traditional Medicine and into the West. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 6 Lion’s Mane Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus) is an edible mushroom with distinguished medicinal value, a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine, and an established process of cultivation in Asia since the late 1980s. H. erinaceus is referenced by several names, including yamabushitake in Japanese Medicine, houtou in Chinese Medicine, or more broadly as lion’s mane mushroom. Lion’s mane is considered a saprotroph, or weak parasite, and grows on dead wood and occasionally on the cracks of living hardwood across Asia, Europe, and North America. More recently, it has earned scientific attention as a potential source for a variety of therapies for cancer, depression, diabetes, and diseases of the heart and nervous system. Shitake The shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) is the second most commonly consumed mushroom worldwide and has grown to become an extensively used culinary ingredient. Historically, therapeutic use of the L. edodes became widespread in the Ming Dynasty after methods of cultivating the fungus on logs were developed. Shiitake was traditionally used as a tonic to improve circulation and vigor. Health-promoting properties included improved heart health and efficacy against lung disease and intestinal worms. It was also associated with the treatment of chronic rheumatism and cancer. Today lentinan, one of the active ingredients purified from shiitake mushrooms, has been used experimentally and clinically as an immunopotentiation agent in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer in Japan. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 7 Turkey Tail Trametes versicolor (T. versicolor) or Coriolus versicolor (C. versicolor), also known as yun zhi in Traditional Chinese Medicine and kawaratake in Japanese Medicine, is a woody bracket polypore mushroom that grows on dead logs throughout the world in many diverse climates, including North America. The name turkey tail refers to its concentric rings of brown and tan, which resemble turkey tail feathers. Turkey tail mushroom has a long history of treasured use in Asia as food and in Asian Traditional Medicine as a therapeutic agent. In 1965, the immunomodulatory activity of turkey tail was identified in Japan by a chemical engineer who observed a case of cancer remission after ingesting it. Subsequent research and findings led to its clinical use as a supplementary therapeutic agent in cancer treatments in Japan and China. Chaga Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus), grows as a rock-hard protrusion from birch trees in cooler climates, such as Northern Europe, Siberia, Russia, Korea, Northern Canada, and Alaska. Chaga is also referenced by other names, such as cinder conk, birch canker polymore, clinker polypore, and black mass. Unlike the other commonly known medicinal mushrooms, this dense structure is known as a sclerotium rather than a fruiting body. For centuries, chaga powder was used as traditional medicine in tea form in Russia and other Northern European countries to boost the immune system and improve overall health. It has also been used in the treatment of some cancers, diabetes, and heart disease. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 8 Cordyceps Cordyceps is a genus of parasitic fungi that grows on the larvae of insects. These mushrooms remain dormant in the soil until they attack their host, replacing its tissue and sprouting long stems that grow outside the infected host’s body. With over 750 identified species, cordyceps have been used for centuries in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a tonic, food, and medicine. However, it was in the early 1990s that cordyceps gained worldwide attention, when Chinese longdistance runners who took tonic from the species C. sinensis broke world records during their training periods. In recent times, several cordyceps species have been shown to have medicinal value, with the most studied being C. militaris and C. sinensis. They have the potential to help treat respiratory, liver, kidney, and heart and lung diseases, as well as type 2 diabetes and some cancers. Maitake Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa), is an edible medicinal mushroom with a large fruiting body characterized by overlapping caps that grows at the base of stumps tree trunks of dead, dying, or aging hardwoods such as oaks, elms, and chestnuts. It is also known as hen of the woods in North America or maitake in Japan. Maitake is mainly found in northern temperate regions of Japan, as well as in some European countries and the Northeastern United States. G. frondosa is treasured in both Traditional Japanese and Chinese Medicine as a medicinal mushroom to boost energy and improve spleen and stomach ailments, as well as to calm the mind. Cultivation began in Japan in the early 1980s, with China and the United States beginning large-scale production a decade later. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 9 NUTRITIONAL VALUE The nutritional value of mushrooms typically comes from high protein, low fat, high fiber, and diverse vitamin and mineral content. Notably, mushrooms are abundant in essential amino acids leucine, valine, glutamine, and glutamic and aspartic acids. Fatty acids found in mushrooms are predominantly linoleic, oleic, and palmitic fatty acids. Carbohydrates include chitin, glycogen, trehalose, and mannitol, as well as fiber enriched sources, β-glucans, hemicelluloses, and pectic substances. Minerals found in high quantities in mushrooms include potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, copper, iron, selenium, and zinc. Abundant vitamins include riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin, folates, and traces of vitamins C, B1, B12, D, and E. Mushrooms are the only non-animal food source of vitamin D and therefore the only food-based vitamin D source for vegetarians. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 10 MAJOR BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS Medicinal mushrooms are a rich source of bioactive compounds, which are found in mushroom fruiting bodies, spores, cultured mycelia, and cultured broth. These compounds, also referred to as secondary metabolites, are largely responsible for the therapeutic properties of the mushrooms. They include polysaccharides, glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils, terpenoids, tocopherols, phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, and lactones. The most important secondary metabolites are polysaccharides, which belong to the 1,3-β-glucans family. Polysaccharide β-glucans or polysaccharideprotein complexes in mushroom extracts have immense therapeutic potential in human health, as they demonstrate many health-promoting benefits, including anti-diabetic, anticancer, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory, anticholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antibiotic, detoxifying, and anti-aging properties. The immunomodulating and antitumor activity of polysaccharides or polysaccharideprotein complexes is worth highlighting because research in this area is quite extensive. Clinical trials of several mushroom polysaccharide compounds as treatment for various cancers and other diseases have been conducted in Asia. To date, over 120 medicinal functions have been identified, with the majority of research still in exploratory phase in cellular models. New proteins with biological activities have also been found in medicinal mushrooms which may be useful to both human health through drug development and environmental health through biotechnological processes. These include lignocellulose- degrading enzymes, lectins, proteases and protease inhibitors, ribosome-inactivating proteins, and hydrophobins. "...medicinal mushrooms may be useful to both human health through drug development and environmental health through biotechnological processes." Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 11 Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are the most well-researched secondary metabolites of medicinal mushrooms, with data having been collected from hundreds of different species of the higher basidiomycetes genus. As mentioned, they are best known for their antitumor and immunomodulating capacity. Specifically, in a tumor-bearing mouse model, mushroom polysaccharides were shown to activate the immune response of the host organism, resulting in a 50% reduction in tumor size and an increase in survival. The underlying mechanism of action of polysaccharides therefore points to immunomodulation, versus a direct killing of tumor cells. Given β-glucans are not synthesized by humans, they are not recognized by the human immune system. Therefore, upon consumption, they induce both innate and adaptive immune responses as a protective strategy. In doing so, they protect the body from pathogenic microbes, viruses and harmful environmental toxins and carcinogens that have entered the body. This health-promoting activity can be beneficial for patients with compromised immune systems, such as those recovering from chemotherapy. "This health-promoting activity can be beneficial for patients with compromised immune systems..." Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 12 β-glucans are the main polysaccharides found in mushrooms, with about half of the mushroom cell wall mass made up of β-glucans. This has important implications for the industrial use of these compounds, given that many are excreted into the cell growth medium, resulting in efficiencies around recovery, purification, and characterization. Terpenoids Recent research has brought attention to the presence of another bioactive compound abundant in mushrooms: terpenoids. Terpenoids are now among the most potent of secondary metabolites found in medicinal mushrooms, best known for their anticancer, antitumor, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective benefits. Terpenoids demonstrate a spectrum of therapeutic properties with great pharmaceutical potential. An outline of the therapeutic potential of mushroom-derived terpenoids Mushrooms: an emerging resource for therapeutic terpenoids, Biotech (2019) 9:369 Sesquiterpenes (C15) Triterpenes (C10) Diterpenes (C20) Monoterpenes (C10) Anti-microbial Anti-parasitic Anti-tumour Anti-inflammatory Anti-oxidant Anti-viral Anti-neurodegenerative Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 13 Medicinal mushroom: boon for therapeutic applications Biotech (2018) 8:334. Schematic illustration of therapeutic applications of edible mushrooms Phenolics Phenolic compounds are another group of secondary metabolites worth highlighting, as they exhibit a wide range of therapeutic functions including anti-inflammatory, anti- allergenic, anti-atherogenic, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilating benefits. The chief mechanism of action of this group of compounds is related to their antioxidant activity. THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES Studies have shown that medicinal mushrooms have over 125 therapeutic functions. Some of the major benefits are described below. Anticancer and Immune Function Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with the most common treatment being chemotherapy, which has serious side effects. The search continues for effective, non-toxic treatments. In recent years, several species of medicinal mushrooms have been studied for their anticancer properties in human cell lines, including leukemia, breast, renal, gastric, colorectal, and cervical cancers. Mushroom polysaccharides have been identified as one of the major categories of bioactive compounds to demonstrate anticancer effects in several cancer cell lines, including colorectal, renal, and oral cancer. Other bioactive compounds have also been recognized for their therapeutic potential, such as lectins (leukaemia), triterpenes (breast cancer), and clitocine (cervical cancer). Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 14 In the medicinal mushroom Pleurotus eryngii (eringi), the anticancer effects demonstrated by polysaccharides include increased activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the spleen, as well as an increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-2 in a renal cancer mouse model, thereby pointing to immune system modulation as the underlying mechanism of action. In another study, G. lucidum (reishi) was reported to increase cellular autophagy and the formation of autophagosomes in a gastric cancer cell line, demonstrating a different mechanism of action involving the removal of damaged cells. While the beneficial effects of medicinal mushrooms on boosting cellular immunity and protecting against various types of cancer have been well documented, we are only at the very beginning of uncovering the clinical potential of medicinal mushrooms, with much to consider, including extraction methods of bioactive compounds, mushroom cultivation, and safety. Antiviral and Antibacterial Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a highly contagious virus affecting millions of people worldwide. Current treatment for HIV-1 postpones the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is the disease caused by HIV-1. Research in this field continues, and medicinal mushrooms are showing exciting albeit early developments in this space. Proteins, triterpenoids, peptides, lectins, and polysaccharide-protein complexes have all been shown to possess antiviral properties against HIV-1. One reported mechanism of action by G. lucidum (reishi) includes the inhibition of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme, which plays a critical role in the lifecycle of the virus. The antimicrobial activity of several medicinal mushrooms has also recently been investigated. In G. lucidum, polysaccharides were shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms found in food, including Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus nigricans. "...we are only at the very beginning of uncovering the clinical potential of medicinal mushrooms..." Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 15 Anti-diabetic and Anti-obesity Diabetes mellitus, also known as type 2 diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disease impacting millions of people worldwide. It is defined by high blood glucose levels caused by imbalances with the insulin hormone. Polysaccharides extracted from a number of different medicinal mushroom species have been associated with reducing blood glucose levels, and for some, in increasing the secretion of insulin by β-cells, which lowers blood glucose levels. In one study, bioactive substances in an extract of the G. frondosa (maitake) fruiting body decreased blood glucose levels in genetically-born diabetic mice. Some medicinal mushrooms with alleged antidiabetic properties are commercially available as dietary supplements, including products containing cordyceps, lion’s mane, and maitake. Maitake, along with other medicinal mushrooms, have also shown promising anti-obesity effects, likely due to the activity of β-glucans in the mushroom extracts. Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Anti-aging Medicinal mushrooms possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which have been associated with many of the healthpromoting properties of fungi. G. lucidum (reishi) has been reported to increase the levels of antioxidative enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver and brain homogenates of mice sera. Medicinal mushrooms have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the production of different types of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κΒ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. Anti-aging effects have been demonstrated in G. lucidum through the activity of ergosterols, secondary metabolites obtained from the "Medicinal mushrooms possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which have been associated with many of the health-promoting properties of fungi." Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 16 mushroom. These compounds have been shown to extend the lifespan of the pathogen Saccharomyces cerevisiae by regulating the expression of an oxidative stress-responsive gene. Polysaccharides in G. lucidum and other medicinal mushrooms have also been shown to prevent oxidative stress and inhibit certain enzymes responsible for aging, thereby delaying it. Cardioprotective Cardiovascular disease is marked by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or good cholesterol. Trans fats are primarily responsible for increasing cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the body, and other risk factors include high blood pressure and high glucose levels. Several medicinal mushrooms have been associated with reducing total cholesterol levels in the body, including G. frondosa (maitake), H. erinaceus (lion’s mane), Pleurotus eryngii (eringi), and Hypsizygus marmoreus (bunashimeji). Various mechanisms of action have been identified, such as the inhibition of platelet aggregation, the inhibition of angiotensin, the decrease in very low-density (VLDL) lipoproteins, and improvements in lipid metabolism, with peptides being the major bioactive compounds responsible for these beneficial properties. Hepatoprotective The liver is critical in the metabolism of drugs and the detoxification of toxic compounds. Many bioactive compounds have been shown to support liver function, including phenolics, steroids, and terpenes, largely due to their role as antioxidants. In one study, G. lucidum (reishi) showed protection against vaccine-induced liver injury in mice. The beneficial effect of the medicinal mushroom Agaricusblazei Murill was also investigated in a small study with patients suffering from hepatitis B and liver damage. After a year of being administered the mushroom extract, patients showed normalized liver function and a reduction in critical enzymes associated with liver damage. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 17 Neuroprotective Recent research has demonstrated the protective effects of medicinal mushrooms on neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. One study reported significantly reduced amyloid β deposition in the brain, along with increased anti- oxidative enzymes and improved memory-related learning abilities in a mouse model supplemented with G. lucidum. Several other Alzheimer’s related benefits have been demonstrated by various medicinal mushrooms, including an increase in nerve growth factor production, a reduced rate of synaptic degradation, and the reversal of neuronal apoptosis. CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION Mushroom cultivation has many steps, including selection of mushroom fruiting culture, preparation of spawn and substrate/compost, inoculation of substrate, crop care, and finally, harvesting, handling, and proper storage of the mushrooms. There are three different categories of decomposers within the basidiomycetes genus, which represent a continuum in the metabolic transition from lignocellulosic and other organic waste materials to soil in the context of large-scale mushroom production. Primary decomposers (e.g., oyster and shiitake mushrooms) degrade cellulose and lignin from dead wood/logs, leaves, straw, cotton seed hulls, corn cobs or peanut shells, and do not depend on other organisms or their metabolites. Secondary decomposers (e.g., button mushrooms) colonize composted materials, and tertiary decomposers (e.g., agrocybe) are found in the soil. Today, indoor cultivation using artificial logs is a more common method for large-scale production. One method involves the use of plastic bags filled with sawdust-based substrates infused with nutrients. When the bag is colonized with mycelia, holes are poked through to enable fruiting to occur. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 18 GLOBAL USES As our world continues to increase in population and our collective behavior continues to harm our planet, we face three main issues: the shortage of real food, an increase in health issues and chronic diseases, and environmental deterioration. Fascinatingly, mushrooms can address all three concerns. It is important to remember that mushrooms, like all other fungi, lack chlorophyll. As such, they can be referred to as non-green organisms since they cannot convert solar energy to organic matter like plants do. They can, however, convert massive amounts of lignocellulosic waste produced from agriculture and forestry activities into dietary food, medicine, animal feed, and crop fertilizer. Further, they can help clean and restore soil that is damaged from chemical agricultural methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND REGENERATION Mushroom cultivation is a powerful tool to restore, replenish, and remediate our planet’s over-burdened ecosphere. Because cultivation can take place on organic waste, this presents an exciting opportunity to biologically recycle the Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 19 high amounts of accumulated natural by-products of the agro-food industry, which contribute to environmental pollution through their burning and also take up precious land space that could otherwise be used to grow crops. Natural byproducts of the agro-food industry include dead wood and leaves, which hold several nutrients that cannot be accessed unless broken down and digested. Fungi are the only organisms in the world that can decompose such organic waste products. The process is actually done by mycelia, the vegetative part of fungi, which resembles white threads that grow from the dead wood and leaves. These mycelia release powerful extracellular enzymes and acids that can break down cellulose and lignin, the two key components of plant fiber. In the natural ecosystem, once the process of decomposition starts, organisms from other kingdoms as well as nutrients present in the organic waste can now participate in and speed up the degradation process. The organic waste—now bio-recycled to soil through the process of mushroom cultivation—can be transformed into nutritious fertilizer or feed, useful for growing crops, feeding livestock, and for remediating soil and water damaged through chemical agricultural practices. At the same time, the mushrooms harvested through this process can be used for both nutritional (protein-enriched) and medicinal purposes, as previously described. Use of SMS in a circular economy Mushroom cultivation in the circular economy, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018; 102(18): 7795–7803. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 20 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH Medicinal mushroom science has made good progress over the last three decades, resulting in new classes of pharmaceutical agents in Asia and various types of dietary and nutritional supplements across the world. The community of mushroom researchers and thought leaders has grown extensively during this time as well, owing to the rich opportunities in this field of research, both from a human health and environmental perspective. More than 600 studies on medicinal mushrooms have been published worldwide, and numerous human clinical trials have been conducted. Many bioactive compounds have completed the clinical trial phases in Asia and are being used to treat various cancers and other diseases. DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS Medicinal mushrooms have much potential as daily dietary or nutritional supplements to benefit overall health and immune function. Today, several types of mushroom supplements are available. As pharmaceutical agents, medicinal mushrooms are most helpful for modulating immune function and maintaining good health for immunocompromised individuals and those undergoing cancer treatment. Major bioactive compounds that have been developed as products include polysaccharides, specifically β-glucans. The following products are available for clinical and commercial purposes: • krestin (PSK) and polysaccharide peptide (PSP) from Trametes versicolor • lentinan isolated from Lentinula edodes Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 21 • schizopyllan (sonifilan, sizofiran, or SPG) from Schizophyllum commune • befungin from Inonotus obliquus • D-fraction from Grifola frondosa ■ GLPS polysaccharide fraction from Ganoderma lucidum Given the many therapeutic activities of the secondary metabolites of various medicinal mushrooms, they remain a relatively unclaimed source for drug discovery. CONSIDERATIONS Recently, the interest in developing mushroom extracts to be marketed as dietary supplements and novel prebiotics (non-digestive β-glucans) has grown. As popularity increases, questions arise about safety, standardization, regulation, efficacy, and mechanism of action. Given that no reputable standards or protocols are currently in place for the production, extraction, and testing of medicinal mushroom bioactive products, quality and efficacy between products vary greatly. Other critical safety questions also remain unanswered, such as are medicinal mushroom products safe for pregnant women, or can they be consumed by young children, given immune systems in young children are not yet mature? Concerns around dosage also exist, given the discrepancy between various forms and formulations. Many clinical trials have determined that 500–1000mg broken down and taken over the course of the day (2-3 times) is the acceptable dosage of medicinal mushroom preparations. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine, the standard daily dose of medicinal mushrooms per day in different forms (tablets, capsules, liquid extracts, etc.) must be equivalent to approximately 100–150g of fresh mushroom material. From a research perspective, the majority of studies with medicinal mushrooms have been performed on cellular and animal models. More clinical data from human studies is therefore required to clarify whether Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 22 the health-promoting claims reported are valid and significant. Critical factors going forward include ensuring studies are of the highest quality, following manufacturing best practices, and developing sustainable, large-scale production of medicinal mushrooms under controlled conditions. CONCLUSIONS Medicinal mushrooms and their bioactive compounds have the potential to act as promising source materials for both the dietary supplement and pharmaceutical industries. Medicinal mushroom cultivation can also serve to promote equitable economic growth in communities within the developing world that are subject to the accumulation of large amounts of agricultural crop residues and forest industry wastes. What’s more, mushroom cultivation has the power to restore and regenerate soil health in a zero emissions manner, thereby positively contributing to not only human health and social change, but also to healing our planet. The multidimensional nature of the powerful fungi is highly unique and worth celebrating, even in its current state of research and level of impact. This is just the beginning for the abundant and diverse mushroom kingdom. I, for one, am deeply excited about the vast opportunities within this space. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 23 AUTHOR BIO Rhea Mehta has a PhD in Molecular Toxicology and Nutritional Biochemistry from the University of Toronto and a Bachelor’s in Biomedical Sciences from the University of Waterloo with over 15 scientific publications. She has over 10 years of experience working as an entrepreneur and advisor at the intersection of science, health technology, and wellness. Rhea is a certified Integrative Health Coach, the founder of Global Smoothie Day, and a featured member of the Mind Body Green Collective of global health and wellness experts. In her spare time, Rhea practices and teaches meditation and kriya yoga from the Himalayan Vedantic Tradition. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 24 REFERENCES 1. Chang ST, Miles PG, Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact, second edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2004;385- 387. 2. Cheung PC, Mushrooms as Functional Foods John Wiley & Sons, 2008, Technology & Engineering. 3. Money, NP, Are mushrooms medicinal?, Fungal Biology, 2016;120(4):449-453. 4. Valverde ME, Hernández-Pérez T, Paredes-López O, Edible Mushrooms: Improving Human Health and Promoting Quality Life, Int J Microbiol. 2015:376- 387. 5. Guillamón E, García-Lafuente A, Lozano M, et al., Edible mushrooms: role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Fitoterapia. 2010;81(7):715-723. 6. Hobbs C, Medicinal Mushrooms: An Exploration of Tradition, Healing, and Culture, Edible mushrooms, 2002. 7. Jones K, Shiitake: A Major Medicinal Mushroom, Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 2009:4(1). 8. Nguyen AH, Maria MS, Gonzaga BS, Lim VM, Clinical features of shiitake dermatitis: a systematic review, International Journal of Dermatology, 2017. 9. PDQ Integrative, Medicinal Mushrooms (PDQ®) Health Professional Version, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board, 2020. 10. Deepalakshmi, Mirunalini, Therapeutic properties and current medical usage of mushroom: Ganoderma Lucidum, IJPSR, 2011;2(8):1922-1929. 11. Standish LJ, Wenner CA, Sweet ES, et al., Trametes versicolor mushroom immune therapy in breast cancer. J Soc Integr Oncol. 2008;6(3):122-128. 12. Kubo K, Aoki H, Nanba H, Anti-diabetic Activity Present in the Fruit Body of Grifola Frondosa (Maitake). Biol Pharm Bull, 1994:17(8):1106-1110. 13. Zhong XH, Ren K, Lu SJ, Yang SY, Sun DZ, Progress of research on Inonotus obliquus. Chin J Integr Med. 2009;15(2):156-160. 14. Opeyemi JO, Tang J, Tola A, et al., The genus Cordyceps: An extensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology, 2018;129:293-316. 15. Cör D, Knez Ž, Knez Hrnčič M. Antitumour, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antiacetylcholinesterase Effect of Ganoderma Lucidum Terpenoids and Polysaccharides: A Review. Molecules. 2018;23(3):649. 16. He Y, Li X, Hao C, et al., Grifola frondosa polysaccharide: a review of antitumor and other biological activity studies in China. Discov Med. 2018;25(138):159-176. 17. He X, Wang X, Fang J, et al., Polysaccharides in Grifola frondosa mushroom and their health promoting properties: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;101:910- 921. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 25 18. Erjavec J, Kos J, Ravnikar M, et al., Proteins of Higher Fungi—From Forest to Application, Trends Biotechnol, 2012;5:259-73. 19. Dasgupta A, Acharya K, Mushrooms: an emerging resource for therapeutic terpenoids, 3 Biotech 2019;9:369. 20. Chaturvedi VK, Agarwal S, Gupta KK, et al., Medicinal mushroom: boon for therapeutic applications, 3 Biotech, 2018;8:334. 21. McIntosh M, Stone BA, Stanisich VA, Curdlan and other bacterial (13)-β-D glucans, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2005;68(2):163-173. 22. Vetvicka V, Vannucci L, Sima P, Richter J. Beta Glucan: Supplement or Drug? From Laboratory to Clinical Trials. Molecules. 2019;24(7):1251. 23. Muszyńskaa B, Grzywacz-Kisielewskaa A, Katarzyna K, Gdula-Argasińskab J, Anti-inflammatory properties of edible mushrooms: A review, Food Chemistry, 2018;243(15):373-381. 24. Cör D,, Knez Z, Hrnčič KM Antitumour, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antiacetylcholinesterase Effect of Ganoderma Lucidum Terpenoids and Polysaccharides: A Review, Molecules 2018;23:649. 25. Wasser SP, Medicinal Mushrooms as a Source of Antitumor and Immunomodulating Polysaccharides, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2002;60(3):258- 74. 26. Chen W, Tan H, Liu Q, et al., A Review: The Bioactivities and Pharmacological Applications of Phellinus linteus, Molecules 2019;24:1888. 27. Balasundramab N, Kalyana N, Sundramb N, Sammana S, Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: Antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses, Food Chemistry Analytical, Nutritional and Clinical Methods, 2006;99(1):191-203. 28. Chung-Hua H, Kung-Chang H, Yi-Hsiung C, and Pesus C, The Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill Extract Normalizes Liver Function in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B, The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2008;14(3):299-301. 29. Stamets P. Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms. New York: Crown Publishing Group, 1993. 30. Jan S. Tkacz, Lene Lange, Advances in Fungal Biotechnology for Industry, Agriculture, and Medicine, Springer Science & Business Media, 2004. 31. Rahman MA , Abdullah N, Aminudin N, Interpretation of mushroom as a common therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular diseases, Crit Rev Biotechnol, 2016;36(6):1131-1142. 32. Sullivan, R, et al., Medicinal Mushrooms and Cancer Therapy: translating a traditional practice into Western medicine, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 2006;49(2):159- 170. Project MUSE. 33. Wasser SP, Int J Med Mushrooms, Medicinal Mushrooms in Human Clinical Studies. Part I. Anticancer, Oncoimmunological, and Immunomodulatory Activities: A Review, 2017;19(4):279-317. Medicinal Mushrooms in the 21st Century 26 34. Phan CW, David P, Naidu M, Wong KH, Sabaratnam V. Therapeutic potential of culinary-medicinal mushrooms for the management of neurodegenerative diseases: diversity, metabolite, and mechanism. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 2015;35(3):355-368. 35. Zhang JJ, Li Y, Zhou T, et al., Bioactivities and Health Benefits of Mushrooms Mainly from China, Molecules, 2016;21(7):938. 36. Zhang H, Wang ZY, Zhang Z, Wang X, Purified Auricularia auricular-judae polysaccharide (AAP I-a) prevents oxidative stress in an ageing mouse model, Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011;84(1):638-648. 37. Weng Y, Xiang L, Matsuura A, et al., Ganodermasides A and B, two novel anti-aging ergosterols from spores of a medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum on yeast via UTH1 gene, Bioorg Med Chem, 2010;18(3):999-1002. 38. Reis F, Lima RT, Morales P, et al., Methanolic Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Induces Autophagy of AGS Human Gastric Tumor Cells, Molecules, 2015;20(10):17872-17882. 39. Zeng Y, Yang A, Xu JB, et al., Antitumor activity of a polysaccharide from Pleurotus eryngii on mice bearing renal cancer, Carbohydrate Polymers, 2013;95(2):615-620. 40. Chang ST, The World Mushroom Industry: Trends and Technological Development, Int J Med Mushr, 2006;8(4):10:297-314. 41. Grimm D, Wösten HAB, Mushroom cultivation in the circular economy, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018;102(18):7795-7803. 42. Rhodes CJ, Applications of bioremediation and phytoremediation, Science Progress, 2013;96(4):417–427. 43. Rhodes CJ, Mycoremediation (bioremediation with fungi) – growing mushrooms to clean the earth, Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability 2014;26(3):2047- 6523. 44. Wasser SP, Current findings, future trends, and unsolved problems in studies of medicinal mushrooms, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2011;89:1323-1332. 45. Wasser SP, Medicinal Mushroom Science: Current Perspectives, Advances, Evidences, and Challenges, Biomed J, 2014;37:345-356. 46. Chang ST, Waser SP, Current and Future Research Trends in Agricultural and Biomedical Applications of Medicinal Mushrooms and Mushroom Products (Review), International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2018;20(12):1121-1133. 47. 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Tinkering with Cannabis: Tincture Review 4
Product: CBD Tincture (1,000 mg / Natural Flavor)
Company: Panda Styx
Website: www.pandastyx.com
Hello again to all my cannabis loving and canna-curious friends, and welcome back to another tincture review! Today I will be reviewing the 1,000 mg strength, natural flavor CBD Tincture from Panda Styx. Before we jump in, I want to start out by stating that this is an oral tincture, and it should NOT be vaped. This product contains vitamin E, which is extremely harmful and can be deadly if inhaled. Ok, now that we got that out of the way, let’s dive right in. The ingredients which make up this tincture are full spectrum CBD extract, which is blended with MCT oil, vitamin E oil, monk fruit extract, and food-grade organic terpenes. Panda Styx is kind enough to provide us with the breakdown of what each of these main ingredients do, and then we can dive into the terpene profiles. The MCT oil is very beneficial as an anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal due to its high lauric acid content. Due to the medium-chain-triglycerides, this product also helps aid in digestion and neurological function. The full spectrum CBD extract enhances the benefits of the cannabinoids working together. The vitamin E oil acts as an antii-oxidant for your body. Monk fruit extract also acts as an anti-oxidant, but it has been found to act as a zero-calorie sweetener.
The terpenes in cannabis influence the aroma, flavor, and therapeutic effect. Panda Styx CBD tincture uses linalool, a-pinene, myrcene, and beta-caryophyllene as their main terpenes for this product. Linalool, which is found in lavender, has been found to be beneficial as an anti-inflammatory, sedative, pain-reliever, an anti-depressant, anxiety reliever, and has been found to also aid in the treatment of neurological disorders, such as seizures and Alzehimer’s disease. A-pinene, which has a pine, cedarwood, sharp flavor, with an earthy, piney, woody aroma, has been found to benefit those fighting cancer, inflammation, and asthma. This terpene is also a memory enhancer and has anti-bacterial properties. It can be found in rosemary, eucalyptus, sage, and citrus. Myrcene is found in mangos, lemongrass, hops, and chamomile. It has been found to be beneficial for pain relief, to boost the immune system, and a sedative. Beta-caryophyllene is a spicy, woody, peppery terpene found in black pepper, basil and cloves. It been found beneficial as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, an analgesic, and as a gastric protective.
As we prepare to talk about the testing portion of this segment, I want to talk a little about Panda Styx’s “Dosing Help” and “How To Use” sections for this product. The bottle you receive is 30 mls. A 1,000 mg bottle contains 33.33 mg of CBD per ml. Panda Styx has the mg/ml available on this page for their 500mg and 1,500 mg strengths as well. When preparing to use this product, you should first, shake the bottle well. Second, use the eye dropper to measure the amount of your desired dose. The eye dropper is metered to allow you to easily measure your dosage. Third, you want to administer this directly under your tongue. Last, hold this tincture under your tongue for 60 seconds and then swallow. This process ensures that the tincture properly absorbs into the mucus membranes under your tongue. I have been using this product to continue to assist with some breakthrough migraines, to keep my seizures under control, and to address some ongoing depression and anxiety I have been dealing with. Opening the bottle, I can smell the slight sweetness of the monk fruit extract, along with hints of spice, and earth. I also am picking up on an aroma that I can only describe as “oily”, which I believe to be a combination of the scents of the vitamin E oil and the MCT oil. As far as flavor, there is a sweetness with a muted peppery profile, with a very muted earthy woodiness profile as the flavor tapers off. The consistency of the tincture is like that of an olive oil. When initially dosing with this product, it takes about 20 minutes for me to feel the initial effects. By that time, I can feel my anxiety begin to decrease significantly, and my body seems to become very calm. When my migraines are active, it takes about half an hour for the tincture to significantly decrease the head pressure and light sensitivity, and to help return my speech from slurred back to almost normal.
Although at this point the migraine and/or anxiety may not be entirely gone, it has significantly decreased to a manageable point where I can return to my daily acitivites without limitation. Within an 40 minutes I feel full relief from my anxiety. My body is fully relaxed, I am very calm, my mood is uplifted, and I feel more clear. Although I do not experience the effects increasing much from this point on, I do find that the tincture keeps my anxiety under control for about three hours before I feel I need to remedicate. When it comes to the migraines, I find close to full relief within an hour. Although it does not entirely relieve the migraine, it does decrease it to a dull ache, which is manageable. The pressure in the front and back of my head, the pain over my left eye, the light sensitivity, the slurred speech, and the nausea all decrease to the point where I just feel slightly ill, but I can still manage. About an hour and 45 minutes in I find full relief from my migraines, which seems to last for about another hour to an hour and a half. In most cases, the migraine does not return, but I have had a few cases where it has, but an additional dose of the CBD tincture as I feel it beginning to return usually stops the migraine before it becomes unbearable. When I am able to grab the tincture at the start of a migraine, I find I’m sometimes able to avoid the painful experience of the migraine all together, but this is not generally an option.
Based on the effectiveness and longevity of the effects of this product, hands down I have to give it 5 stars ⭐️. When I add in the factor that the flavor is not overly strong and tastes pretty good compared to many tinctures, this just reiterates that 5 star rating. This product is something that I plan to keep on hand going forward, as it has been very beneficial in the management of my migraines, seizures, anxiety, and depression. Amazing job Panda Styx, keep up the amazing work!
Well my friends, we have reached the end of this review. Thank you for joining me, and stay tuned for my next tincture review!!
Disclaimer
*****Please remember, this blog is an account of my personal experience with this product. Not everyone has the same experience with every product, and that’s okay. I always recommend starting out with one to two hits to see if that is enough, and you can always increase your dose from there.*****
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3D Revalution USA