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What is Hacking? How to learn Hacking? || LN-TECHINFO

What is Hacking?

Computer Hacking is a process by which we modify and modify a computer software or hardware and implement other goals besides the original purpose of creator. Hacking is the art of declaring the mistake of software. Because the word 'Hack' is mostly used for people who are weak in their 'profession', so some hackers tell about this term, that it is offensive and unable to recognize their real skill. .

Who's the hackers?

A Hacker or white hat Hacker, is also known as Ethical Hacker. It is a computer security expert who specialized in penetration testing and other testing methods, and ensures that the company's information system is secure or not. These people work in companies and these people are called as sneakers Also known.

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Types of Hackers

1)White Hat Hacker

- We can call it good hackers, White hat hackers use their skills for the safety of other people and company. We know it as security expert and Ethical hackrs.Black Hat hacker - We also know Black hat hackers as Crackers, they do illegal work using their skill like account hacking, online phishing etc.

2)Gray Hat Hackers

- Gray hat hacker is made up of black and white hat hackers, they work well some times and illegal work so some times they are called gray hat hackers.

What is crackers?

Black hat hackers, known as Cracker. These people illegally enter the computer system and do their profit, fun and illegal work. They mostly do this through data modification and destruction. They can distribute computer virus and internet worm, deliver spam through botnet.

Who is Script Kiddies?

A script kiddies is an wannabe (common type) crackers, these people know about how the computer works, but these people get into the computer by adopting the well known and easy technique and important files and data. Can steal

What skills are required to become a Hacker?

It also requires dedication and willingness to learn. For this, it is very important to know about some topics like, operating system and its working, computer network, programming etc. It is impossible to become a Hacker in a day or a night, for this long time duration is required.

What is the best way to learn Hacking?

The best way to learn Hacking is to start basic learning about it from now on. Many books are also available to learn hacking. But before you start learning hacking, you must have basic knowledge about computer programming and security network. Internet is the best source for this.

How to protect your computer from being hacked?

Basic knowledge about computer such as security network, virus, torjan, spyware.phishing etc is enough to protect the computer from hacking.

What is the Best Way to Learn

Step-1: Start with Basic

For the beginner, who doesn't know anything about hacking. It is better for him to do it than the starting basic. Instead of learning direct hacking, you should do research about basics like security network, virus, ports, firewalls, common network protocols like IP address, HTTP, FTP, DNS, SMTP etc.

You can also learn about alternate operating system Linux. Whose knowledge is very important for hacking. Once you learn about basic fundamental. Then you will reach a position where you can easily understand any hacking technique.

Step-2: Select good source to learn Hacking

If you have a good knowledge about hacking, then there are many books that give you technical information about the latest vulnerabilities and also show possible ways to exploit it. It is difficult for a beginner to find a good source that teaches basic hacking. Hacking Secrets Exposed is a very good book for a beginner, it teaches beginner hacking without any previous knowledge and it is also very easy to follow its step. For more information about this book, you can follow its official website.

Step-3: Learn Programming (Optional)

If you want to know more and more about hacking, then programming is something that you cannot skip. Even if you can easily use some ready made tools for hacking.

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What is Python, History and Use of Python? || LN-TECHINFO

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What is python?

Python is a general-purpose and high-level programming language. Python is used in software, web apps, data science, artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning etc.

Python is an interpreted, interactive and object oriented programming language.

Python is portable and platform independent. It can be used on any platform such as Windows, Mac or Linux.

Python is available under a public public license i.e. GPL.

It is absolutely free and open source.

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Where is Python used?

Python is used in every field. Such as software development, web app development, artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, data science and ethical hacking etc.

Python is also used in game development.

Django, a popular Python framework, is used in web programming.

Best book to know python

Free and Open Source: Python is a free and open source programming language. Python can be downloaded for free from its official website. Its source  code can also be taken from GitHub.

Object Oriented: Python is an object oriented programming language similar to C ++ and Java. It supports classes, encapsulation, inheritance and other object oriented features.

Embeddable: It can also be used with other languages. It can be embedded with other languages ​​such as C, C ++ and Java.

Large standard libraries: Python has a very large library of already built modules and functions.

Cross-platform: As I previously described Python in a portable language. It can be used on any of Windows, Mac and Linux.

Simple and easy syntax: Python's syntax is simpler than other programming languages. This makes it easy to learn and use.

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History of Python

The foundation of Python was laid in the 1980s. Its implementation was initiated by Guido van Rossum in 1989 at CWI, Netherlands.

In February 1991, the first version of Van Rosum was publicly launched at 0.9.0 total sources.

Python 1.0 was introduced in 1994 with fewer features like lambda, map, filter and more.

Since then, there have been many versions and add new features. Currently Python 3.7 is its latest version, which was launched on 27 June 2018.

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What is Unix & Types of UNIX? || LN-TECHINFO

What is Unix?

https://lntechinfo.blogspot.com/2020/09/what-is-unix-types-of-unix.html

UNIX

is an operating system that was first

developed in the 1960's

, and has been under continuous development ever since. By operating system, we mean programs that do computer work. It is a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking system for servers, desktops and laptops.

UNIX systems also have a

graphical user interface (GUI)

similar to Microsoft Windows that is easy to use in the environment, however, the operation requires knowledge of UNIX, which is not covered by any graphical program, or when There is no Windows interface available, for example, in a telnet session.

Types of UNIX?

There are many different versions of Unix, although they share similar similarities. The most popular varieties of UNIX are Sun Solaris, GNU / Linux and MacOS X

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The UNIX operating system is made up of three parts;

Kernel, Shell and Program

The kernel

The kernel of UNIX is the hub of the operating system: it allocates time and memory to the program and handles filestores and communications in response to system calls. As an example of the way shell and kernel work together, suppose a user type rm myfile (which has the effect of deleting the file myfile), the shell program searches the filestore for files containing rm, And then the program on myfile requests the kernel via a system call to execute rm. When the process rm myfile is finished, the shell returns the UNIX prompt% to the user, indicating that it is waiting for further commands.

The shell

The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. When a user logs in, the login program checks the username and password, and then starts another program called Shell. Shell is a command line interpreter (CLI). It interprets commands in user types and arranges to exclude them. The commands themselves are programs: when they finish, the shell gives the user another hint (% on our system).The skilled user can customize their own shell, and the user can use different shells on the same machine. The staff and students in the school have tcsh shell by default. Tcsh shell has some features to help user inputting commands. By typing a part of the file name completion, a command, the file name, or the directory name, and pressing the [Tab] key, the tcsh shell will automatically complete the remaining name. If the shell starts more than one name with the letters you typed, it will beep, prompting you to type a few more letters before pressing the tab key.

History

- The shell maintains a list of the commands you typed. If you need to repeat a command, use the cursor keys to type or down the list for a list of previous commands.

Why use Unix?

Unix was developed on the basis of Philosophy that the power of a system comes from the relationship between programs, not programs themselves, UNIX programs are written to do a job well, and programs are written so that They work together, thus, Unix developers increase simplicity, portability and clarity in design. To follow this Philosophy, Unix systems are characterized by -

Use of text files for data storage.

A hierarchical file system.

A large number of small programs move together through a command-line interpreter.

Use of shell script.

Captive user interface is avoided.

Use of high-level language in operating systems.

Hierarchical File System.

Its syntax got wide use for regular expressions.

Unix shell inspired many command line interpreters who came after it.

C programming language became more ubiquitous.

Helped to contribute to the explosion of the Internet by making TCP / IP protocols more widely available.

Contributed to the launch of the free software movement.

You can see the use of Linux everywhere. It is dominating our servers, desktops, smartphones and even used in some electrical appliances such as refrigerators.

For more information : https://lntechinfo.blogspot.com/2020/09/what-is-unix-types-of-unix.html

Some people consider Unix and Linux to be Synonyms, but this is not true. Many operating systems were developed like Unix, but none of them gained popularity as Linux. Linux is a clone of Unix. It has many features similar to Unix, yet there are some major differences. Before Linux and Windows, Unix dominated the computer world. Unix is ​​a copyright name and IBM AIX, HP-UX and Sun Solaris are the only Unix operating systems.

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Linux & Unix | Difference between linux And UNIX ??|LN-TECHINFO

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UNIX is a copyrighted name that is used only by some main companies IBM, AIX, HP-UX and sun solaries.

So let's start: - Linux vs UNIX

1: -Definition

: -linux is an open source operating system that can be downloaded for free.

Unix is ​​an operating system that only its copyrighters can use.

2: - Cost (Price)

: -linux is freely distributed, freely downloaded. It is also distributed by books and magazines.It also has priced versions but it is cheaper than Windows.

The cost of unix is ​​determined by its copyright vendors. Its price may vary for each vendor.

3: - Development And Distribution

: -linux is open source, it is developed by sharing and combining the codes of developers from all over the world and it is distributed by many vendors.

unix was developed by AT&T, non profit organization and many more commericial vendors.

4: -Manufacturer

: -The linux kernel has been developed by developers around the world and the linux parent linus torvalds oversees it.

Unix has three main distributions: - IBM (AIX), HP-UX, and SUN SOLARIES. And apple also uses UNIX to build OSX operating systems.

5: - Users

: -Nowadays linux is used a lot, anyone can use it from anywhere at home.

unix was built primarily for servers, workstations and mainframes. Everyone uses it.

6: - Usage

: -linux is used everywhere. Such as - servers, computers, smartphones, super computers, video game consoles and even electronic devices such as: - are used in refrigerators etc.

The unix operating system is used in Internet servers, work stations and PCs.

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7: -GUI

linux is a command-based operating system but it provides two GUIs: - KDE and Gnome.

Initially the operating system was based on the UNIX command. But ever since the GUI (called the common gateway environment) has developed, most of the unix distribution that they use is Gnome. Linux vs unix

8: -Security

: -linux provides a high level of security, 60 to 100 viruses have been listed so far.

Unix also provides a high level of security, 85 to 120 viruses have been listed so far.

9: -Error detection and solution

: -linux is an open source operating system whenever there is an error in it, then developers from all over the world work together on it so that its solution can be removed faster.

If an error occurs in unix, the user has to wait for some time to resolve it.

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10: -Operating System

: -linux is only a kernal while unix is ​​a complete operating system package.

11: -File System Support

: -linux supports more file systems than unix. It supports Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, FAT, NTFS etc.

unix also supports file systems but less than linux.It supports JFS, gpfs, xfs, zfs etc.

12: -Interface

: -The interface of linux is BASH (Bourne again SHell).

The unix is ​​the one that uses the Bourne SHell.

13: -Example

: -linux has different versions - UBuntu, Debian, OpenSure, Redhat, and solaries etc.

unix has different versions - AIS, HP-UX, BSD, Iris etc.

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Difference between linux And UNIX ?? || LN-TECHINFO

UNIX is a copyrighted name that is used only by some main companies IBM, AIX, HP-UX and sun solaries. So let's start: - Linux vs UNIX 1: - Definition: -linux is an open source operating system that can be downloaded for free. Unix is ​​an operating system that only its copyrighters can use. 2: - Cost (Price): -linux is freely distributed, freely downloaded. It is also distributed by books and magazines.It also has priced versions but it is cheaper than Windows. The cost of unix is ​​determined by its copyright vendors. Its price may vary for each vendor. 3: - Development And Distribution: -linux is open source, it is developed by sharing and combining the codes of developers from all over the world and it is distributed by many vendors. unix was developed by AT&T, non profit organization and many more commericial vendors.

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4: - Manufacturer: -The linux kernel has been developed by developers around the world and the linux parent linus torvalds oversees it. Unix has three main distributions: - IBM (AIX), HP-UX, and SUN SOLARIES. And apple also uses UNIX to build OSX operating systems. 5: - Users: -Nowadays linux is used a lot, anyone can use it from anywhere at home. unix was built primarily for servers, workstations and mainframes. Everyone uses it. 6: - Usage: -linux is used everywhere. Such as - servers, computers, smartphones, super computers, video game consoles and even electronic devices such as: - are used in refrigerators etc. The unix operating system is used in Internet servers, work stations and PCs. 7: - GUIlinux is a command-based operating system but it provides two GUIs: - KDE and Gnome. Initially the operating system was based on the UNIX command. But ever since the GUI (called the common gateway environment) has developed, most of the unix distribution that they use is Gnome. Linux vs unix 8: - Security: -linux provides a high level of security, 60 to 100 viruses have been listed so far. Unix also provides a high level of security, 85 to 120 viruses have been listed so far. 9: - Error detection and solution: -linux is an open source operating system whenever there is an error in it, then developers from all over the world work together on it so that its solution can be removed faster. If an error occurs in unix, the user has to wait for some time to resolve it. 10: - Operating System: -linux is only a kernal while unix is ​​a complete operating system package.

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11: - File System Support: -linux supports more file systems than unix. It supports Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, FAT, NTFS etc. unix also supports file systems but less than linux.It supports JFS, gpfs, xfs, zfs etc. 12: - Interface: -The interface of linux is BASH (Bourne again SHell). The unix is ​​the one that uses the Bourne SHell. 13: - Example: -linux has different versions - UBuntu, Debian, OpenSure, Redhat, and solaries etc. unix has different versions - AIS, HP-UX, BSD, Iris etc.

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What is Linux And History of Linux ? || LN-TECHINFO

What is Linux ?

On operating any computer machine, the first task in the form of software is the operating system. After the operating system itself is loaded into computer memory, it manages and provides further instructions based on the information and data available in the computer. One type of Unix operating system is Linux OS. Just like Windows and Mac operating systems. Similarly, Linux is also an operating system. It is a free and open source software. Which means a user can modify link coding on the internet for free and take it for commercial and personal use. It contains software that is based on Linux Kernel. The Linux operating system was originally developed for personal computers. But later this operating system has used this operating system in many platforms mobile, smart TV, gaming console and even in vehicles. Linux is a similar operating system as the Unix operating system. In addition, it is most commonly used in server and computer system (manframe computer) devices. According to the data, the Linux operating system is the only OS used in the top 500 supercomputers. Linux is used in more than 2% of the total desktop computer system. Even a Chromebook whose name you might have heard. It also works on Linux operating systems.

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History of Linux ?

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The operating system started in the year 1991 when a student named Linux Torvalds designed the free operating system Kernel in his personal project. And Linux Kernel continued to evolve from then until now.

The interesting thing is that at that time, he designed this program for his computer. And he wanted to buy Unix 386 Intel computers. But Linux was unable to buy that computer due to its economic status. In this way, a small program by him introduced Linux kernel to the world. During that time computers were of a very large size and their operating systems were also different. You can understand how difficult it must be to operate them. With this, each software was prepared with different purpose and it was not possible to use that software on every computer.

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Why linux is better than Windows?? || LN-TECHINFO

Linux is an open source and free operating system developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991, since then Linux has been steadily growing popular. If you are not a powerful computer user, then you would prefer to use the Windows operating system over Linux because its graphic user interface is quite easy. While Windows provides a graphical user interface, Linux is based on the command line interface. But when you look at it from the perspective of a programmer, then you will like the Linux operating system because its features, security and community support are much better than windows. Open sourceLinux is an open source operating system in its entirety. This means you can see the source code of the Linux operating system, modify it and update it. PriceIf you have to use Windows operating system, then you will have to buy Windows and also you have to buy Anti-virus for its security. On the other hand, Linux is a free operating system that you can easily download from the Internet. The Linux operating system is the most powerful and free, so what else can be better than this. SecurityWhen you install Windows in your computer, you also have to install antivirus to protect your computer from hackers and malware. While there is no need to install any type of anti-virus in the Linux operating system. The Linux operating system is so popular because of its powerful security feature. Software UpdatesMicrosoft updates the software of Windows only when there are many problems in it. On the other hand, due to the open source feature in Linux, anyone can update at any time. Linux developers keep an eye on every problem, so that every small problem gets updated. It is of interest to require driver to run applications in windows whereas in Linux the software requires very little driver to run. Hardware supportIf you install an operating system like windows 10 on the old hardware of your computer, then the hardware will not support it. At the same time, the Linux operating system uses RAM and disk memory in a limited amount and provides faster and better performance even on older hardware. CustomizationA major benefit of using the Linux operating system over Windows is that you can change the look of your system whenever you want. Thousands of great themes have been given in Linux, using which you can give a new look to your system. ReliabilityIf you use Windows then you must have seen that it gets slower day by day. Within a few months your system starts crashing, then you are forced to reinstall your system. But in Linux, you don't have to worry about this because Linux is much faster and smoother than other operating systems. PrivacyIf you are using Windows 10 then go to your privacy setting, then you will know that everything is by default enable. If you are using Windows, then you have to take care of your privacy. To prevent misuse of your personal data. On the other hand, Linux is absolutely safe in this case. Linux Distribution does not collect any of your personal data, nor do you need any other tools to protect your privacy. UsageNormal users prefer to use windows more whereas programmers, banks and big companies use linux. Linux is being used everywhere. From small devices to the largest supercomputers, cars, routers, planes, phones, medical devices, satellites, watches are being used everywhere. While writing the program, Linux developer Linus Torvalds would not have imagined that Linux would achieve so much success. Community SupportIf you are facing any problem in Linux operating system then you do not have to go to any expert. If you are having a problem related to Linux, then go to the Linux Community Form on the Internet, where your problem can be solved within a few minutes. There are many active users of Linux who are always ready to solve your problem. From the point of view of programmersThe Linux operating system supports all programming languages ​​(C, C ++, Java, Python, perl). There are many libraries in Linux operating system. Linux's package manager makes programming even easier for programmers. Apart from this, Linux also supports SSH, through which programmers can easily manage their servers. "It can be said clearly that Linux is much better than Windows."

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What is Unix & Types of UNIX? ||Ln-TechInfo

                  What is Unix & Types of UNIX?

What is Unix?

UNIX is an operating system that was first developed in the 1960's, and has been under continuous development ever since. By operating system, we mean programs that do computer work. It is a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking system for servers, desktops and laptops.

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UNIX systems also have a graphical user interface (GUI) similar to Microsoft Windows that is easy to use in the environment, however, the operation requires knowledge of UNIX, which is not covered by any graphical program, or when There is no Windows interface available, for example, in a telnet session.

Types of UNIX?

There are many different versions of Unix, although they share similar similarities. The most popular varieties of UNIX are Sun Solaris, GNU / Linux and MacOS X.

The UNIX operating system is made up of three parts; Kernel, Shell and Program 

The kernel

The kernel of UNIX is the hub of the operating system: it allocates time and memory to the program and handles filestores and communications in response to system calls. As an example of the way shell and kernel work together, suppose a user type rm myfile (which has the effect of deleting the file myfile), the shell program searches the filestore for files containing rm, And then the program on myfile requests the kernel via a system call to execute rm. When the process rm myfile is finished, the shell returns the UNIX prompt% to the user, indicating that it is waiting for further commands.

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The shell

The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. When a user logs in, the login program checks the username and password, and then starts another program called Shell. Shell is a command line interpreter (CLI). It interprets commands in user types and arranges to exclude them. The commands themselves are programs: when they finish, the shell gives the user another hint (% on our system).

The skilled user can customize their own shell, and the user can use different shells on the same machine. The staff and students in the school have tcsh shell by default. Tcsh shell has some features to help user inputting commands. By typing a part of the file name completion, a command, the file name, or the directory name, and pressing the [Tab] key, the tcsh shell will automatically complete the remaining name. If the shell starts more than one name with the letters you typed, it will beep, prompting you to type a few more letters before pressing the tab key.

 History - The shell maintains a list of the commands you typed. If you need to repeat a command, use the cursor keys to type or down the list for a list of previous commands.

 Our Blog : https://lntechinfo.blogspot.com/2020/09/what-is-unix-types-of-unix.html

Why use Unix?

Unix was developed on the basis of Philosophy that the power of a system comes from the relationship between programs, not programs themselves, UNIX programs are written to do a job well, and programs are written so that They work together, thus, Unix developers increase simplicity, portability and clarity in design. To follow this Philosophy, Unix systems are characterized by -

Use of text files for data storage.

A hierarchical file system.

A large number of small programs move together     through a command-line interpreter.

Use of shell script.

Captive user interface is avoided.

Use of high-level language in operating     systems.

Hierarchical File System.

Its syntax got wide use for regular     expressions.

Unix shell inspired many command line     interpreters who came after it.

 C programming language became more     ubiquitous.

Helped to contribute to the explosion of the     Internet by making TCP / IP protocols more widely available.

Contributed to the launch of the free software     movement.

 You can see the use of Linux everywhere. It is dominating our servers, desktops, smartphones and even used in some electrical appliances such as refrigerators.

 Some people consider Unix and Linux to be Synonyms, but this is not true. Many operating systems were developed like Unix, but none of them gained popularity as Linux. Linux is a clone of Unix. It has many features similar to Unix, yet there are some major differences. Before Linux and Windows, Unix dominated the computer world. Unix is ​​a copyright name and IBM AIX, HP-UX and Sun Solaris are the only Unix operating systems.

Contact Us : https://lntechinfo.in/contacts/