#c++ infix

[pillmillipedes]

yep! instead of a loop keyword it also has a power operator for functions: ⍣. some functions can even be raised to the negative power, which inverts them.

A general combining character that simulates a typewriter backspace could be worthwhile, but the Wikipedia article seems to say that this was never the purpose of the ASCII backspace code.

read this Linux HOWTO feel your soul leave your body:

https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO-5.html

however if we go to the original source we see that ANSI defined it like this:

7.3 BS (BACKSPACE). A format effector that causes the active position to move one character position backwards.

nothing to do with erasing, but since most early teletypes didn’t support it anyway there was ambiguity between backspace and delete that persists to this day.

[valentinos-corner]

Hiii Valentino!! Sorry I arrived so late tonight, today's been crazy

I'm so glad to hear that! Always good :>

ohhh aww, I'm sorry that that happens :/ Oh man that's really rough, I get what you mean- giving you many hugs, i wish there were something to be done for you :(

I'm glad you are, they look awesome :> same with the delightful other silly I noticed, I love them both very much c: (ohhh got it! thanks for telling me, I'll make sure to keep that in mind o7 I rescind my previous usage and infix the correction ^^)

also OOOOO that sounds so funn!!! :00 POND DINO COOKIE OMIGOODNESS little tiny baby dragon in a onesie how could it get any cuter than that, i love them already :DD

Also! how'd today go for you? Dnd go well :3? Also I noticed the post about you being out of town, I hope that's fun :D!

Alrighty, I'll have to unfortunately be off now, but it was really nice talking with you! I hope that you have a good time where you're going, and that you sleep well, stay safe, and drink lotsa watah ^^ I'm grateful for you, I'll talk to you soon!!

HALLO

i've had an absolutely SMASHING day, howsabout You?

the morning started. terribly but once we actually arrived at the place it went really well! i got to buy pokemon cards :)

i don't really have much else to say since i slept a lot in the car so my head's a bit fuzzy, sorry

buh bye for now! talk to You later!!

[programmingandengineering]

COMP 3522 Lab 5 Object Oriented Programming in C++

Instructions This week you will continue to explore C++’s flavor of OOP (specifically inheritance and abstraction) by implementing a command line reverse Polish notation calculator. We’ve already talked about binary infix operators in lecture: +2->4 4-2->2 5 / 3 -> 1 (assuming we are using ints) Reverse Polish notation (RPN) is a mathematical notation where operators follow their operands.…

[gadgetcraze00]

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[senzacaponecoda]

conlang i scratched out while waiting on a delivery

p t c/k b d g f th s sy x h v dh z zy m n ny r l ly w y i ï u e ë o a â c/k follows latin spelling rules, is /k/

u is central u, i is ɨ, ë is ə th dh are dental frics sy and zy are postalveolar ny and ly are palatal nasals assimilate to following POA

a ë ï inherently short, â e i o u inherently long. secondary tho

(C)(L)V(N)(C). L includes liquids and glides, N includes liquids, nasals, and glides. While phonemically one sound, sy/zy/ny/ly count as sequences phonologically

For morphological reasons verbs are restricted to CLVC

Glides are also incompatible with high vowels

Stops, Frics, Nasals, Liquids, Glides form groups that can't cooccur - so path ok, pat not.

Stressed. )trochees but the final syllable (including coda) doesn't count if the vowel is short (a ë ï)

-

DP

Gender: In/Animate. Animate pronouns divided by economic standing - propertied men and women take a different pronoun than children, serfs, animals, etc

Cases: Absolute ø, Agentive ë, Object, Benefactive, Aditive (dative but for motion), Genitive, Predicative, Copulative (also does topic), Vocative, Instrumental, Postpositional

Numbers: Sg, Du, Pl. Inanimates typically have unmarked mass forms that take a marked singulative

Distinguishes possessors (genitive) and attributions (adjectivized nouns)

Nouns have several declensions inferable from abs stem:

1 athematic - cóc

2 thematic major - cókï

3 thematic minor front - këké

4 thematic minor back - këcó 1 and 2 are similar, 3 and 4 are similar 1 and 2 pluralize with z/r, du ër, singulative di (turns into 3/4), then cases want to be abs ø, agentive ë, object -m, bene -n, aditive -dh, genitive -i/-y, pred -ëda, cop -ë, vocative -a, inst -ëk, postpos -ë 3 and 4 pluralize with s, du se, singulative dï (turns into 1/2), then cases want to be abs ø, agentive ø, object -ma, bene -na, aditive -te/to, genitive -ske/sko, pred-da, cop -ma, vocative -ya, instru -skumï, postpos -ø

Etymologically determined no degree of determination POS RELC ADJ N GEN D Q P

CP

Stative Eventive split. Eventive imperfect verbs take a nasal infix.

Derivation accomplished with prefixes, some metathizing (pe_r + kas > pekras)

Voice includes passive -u-, active -a-. Can combine with derivative voices applicative -m- and causative -s- ~ -r-

Aspects include continuous -m, stative -ø, imperfect n)-, perfect -s, habitual -ø, and long imperfect -C

Tense is past/non-past. Non-past reduplicates the last syllable before voice suffix.

Verbs agree in person and number for the first two persons only, -k and -t

Imperatives are the bare stem. Y/N questions take -në. Other Questions take -danë. No other special moods.

TOP, SUBJ BEN OBJ ADI ADV V C

The king gave an offering to the gods, but sees that it's won't be of much use, unless reinforcements are arriving. Lyâma Nezrën ïthema kâsas, um kinë nye wibnada ko besma, koprowretnadïrë remba nyeya. king gods offerings gave, but this not useful that sees, reinforcements arriving unless

[codeshive]

COMP 3522 Lab 5 Object Oriented Programming in C++ solved

Instructions This week you will continue to explore C++’s flavor of OOP (specifically inheritance and abstraction) by implementing a command line reverse Polish notation calculator. We’ve already talked about binary infix operators in lecture: 2 + 2 -> 4 4 – 2 -> 2 5 / 3 -> 1 (assuming we are using ints) Reverse Polish notation (RPN) is a mathematical notation where operators follow their…

[codingprolab]

COMP 3522 Lab 5 Object Oriented Programming in C++

1 Instructions This week you will continue to explore C++’s flavor of OOP (specifically inheritance and abstraction) by implementing a command line reverse Polish notation calculator. We’ve already talked about binary infix operators in lecture: 2 + 2 -> 4 4 – 2 -> 2 5 / 3 -> 1 (assuming we are using ints) Reverse Polish notation (RPN) is a mathematical notation where operators follow their…

[myprogrammingsolver]

COMP 3522 Lab 5 Object Oriented Programming in C++

• Instructions This week you will continue to explore C++’s flavor of OOP (specifically inheritance and abstraction) by implementing a command line reverse Polish notation calculator. We’ve already talked about binary infix operators in lecture: • +2->4 4-2->2 5 / 3 -> 1 (assuming we are using ints) Reverse Polish notation (RPN) is a mathematical notation where operators follow their operands.…

[nojoomalnakheel00]

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[000valentine000]

based on some research:

• this language will be called "Northmen" for now because that's the group of people that speak it (there are a bunch of other names for them but basically they're giants who live in the north)

• very agglutinative, with a heavy lean towards suffixes but plenty of prefixes as well, maybe some infixes if i feel like having a headache

• relatively small phonology, probably voiced/voiceless distinction in some plosives but not all, maybe some fun uvulars or voiceless approximants maybe

• relatively small number of root morphemes, following the form (C)V(C)CV(C) (basically, the roots will be disyllabic)

• a good deal of restriction on syllable- and word-final consonants

• polypersonal agreement on verbs, maybe i'll try to fuss with it so it's maybe similar to the focus system of Austronesian but idk

i'm back on my conlanging shit a lil bit and i'd like to get my lang somewhere in the sweet spot of Austronesian and Eskaleut. hmmmmmmmmm

[lady-inkyrius]

I've been writing some ternary conditionals for Haskell, as a more functional style replacement for the if-then-else syntax that Haskell uses. The common ternary a ? b : c would have to be implemented as two separate operators, one for the question mark and one for the colon (Or well I use the tilde ~ as the colon is already being used in Haskell), and obviously there are two different ways to do that depending on which one you give higher precedence.

The first way I though of doing it was with the tilde having higher precedence and then passing both the options to the question mark as a tuple which looks like this:

Essentially you get a function that takes two inputs and returns them as a pair, and then a function that takes a Boolean and a pair, and returns the first item if the Boolean is True and the second item if the Boolean is False.

The other way of doing it is having the question mark have higher precedence and and then passing the result of that to the tilde which would look like this:

Here we have a function that takes a Boolean and a value and returns a maybe of the value and a function that takes that maybe and returns it's value or a the other parameter if it's a Nothing.

I will admit what I'm most surprised about is that none of these functions exist within the base library, they all seem relatively useful and can be used on there own without the other function of the two. the tilde in the first one is the type constructor (,) but that can't be used infix, and the tilde in the second one is fromMaybe with the arguments switched, but neither of the (?) functions have equivalents.

I don't actually know which of these approaches I prefer, I haven't checked how either of them work when chaining them together

[panainpublic]

i literally just finished shadow and bone and i am dutch so i get to shit on the dutch usage and pronunciation now hehehe >:D

i kept track of all names and words and stuff that i thought were dutch(-inspired) based on the word itself or context, then divided them into 3 categories: "yup, thats correct", "aaaaaalmost", and "wtf is this." (pronunciation will be thoroughly criticized later.)

(disclaimer i have only read a small part of SoC due to ✨life✨ so this is mostly based on the show)

yup, thats correct

the following words/names are completely believable, both in context and the name itself, + why:

tante Heleen - tante = aunt and Heleen is a very Dutch name; Dreesen is a real last name; Edam is a real place (their cheese is pretty good); Rozenstraat is a very generic and common street name; Edyck is the fancy old spelling of Edijk, which is probably either a place or someones name; Rietveld is a real last name; stroopwafels are real and oh so very good; Appelbroek, aka apple bottom jeans (or apple pants ig), could probably be a place name; Hiemstra is probably a real last name; Saskia is a very Dutch name; Lij could be a real place; Kooperom sounds so much like a real restaurant i actually would want to eat there now.

aaaaaalmost

these seem like theyre actually dutch names at first glance, but its just a little... wrong. off. (again, + why.)

Ketterdam, as ketter means heretic (probably why its named that tbf), would never be a real place name. it sounds very weird; "goedemorgen, fantomen" was pronounced so wrong i had to take another listen to pick up what he was saying, + wed use "spoken" instead of "fantomen", especially in the context of surprise survivors; Jakob is fine, but Hertzoon would be spelled Hertszoon. even then, its still weird - -szoon was only used with the fathers name, and "hert" means deer, which isnt really a name; Henrik Van Poel would be correct if Van was spelled without a capital. its a "tussenvoegsel", an infix, which behaves a certain way in dutch, including not being capitalized when the whole name is written out; (B/D)uysberg (dont remember exactly) is almost correct, but idk, something feels just a little off about it, especially if it was Buysberg, which is what i think it was; Kaz would be spelled with an s and maybe a C depending on the full name, and Brekker is right but just doesnt feel like a real last name.

wtf is this.

these arent dutch. these will never be dutch. no. (once again, + why.)

Kerch just doesnt sound or feel dutch, even when pronounced the dutch way (which it isnt in the show); stadwatch is a combo of dutch and english, which wed never do like this - just call it the stadswacht or the city watch, both sound better; Sturmhond is a combo of German and Dutch, make it Stormhond and id believe it (but i guess it was made up by a Ravkan, so its excusable); kruge is just not it.

alright. time to learn some dutch pronunciation and spelling rules.

all letters are pronounced, except, depending on context, for final -n.

g/ch = /x/ or /ɣ/ (make an s or z sound, roll your tongue back until its in the same spot you pronounce k), except for loan words.

ee = /eː/, or "ay".

y/ij/ei = /ɛi̯/ - closest thing i can think of is New Zealand "face" or Scottish "write". /aɪ/ ("I") would be acceptable.

uy/ui = /œy/, like finnish äy. nothing similar in English.

oo = /oː/, "oh".

oe = /u/, "oo" as in "loo" (not as in "book")

the rest is either right or depends on context.

"goedemorgen, fantomen". oh boy.

okay, so far we got /ɣud[e]m[o]rɣ[e] f[a]nt[o]m[e]/, where the letters in brackets are not yet explained and not necessarily obvious in pronunciation. from what i can recall, only one of them was pronounced correctly.

but lets start with stress patterns in dutch. the stress will always fall on the root of any given word, unless its a relatively recent loan word. in "goedemorgen", "morgen" is the root with the stress falling on "mor". they got this part right. in "fantomen" the root is "fantoom" with the stress falling on "toom". theres also secondary stress: "goedemorgen" is a compound of "goed" and "morgen", so it falls on "goe". in "fantomen", -en marks plural, and therefore secondary stress is on the other syllable of the root word: "fan".

if "e" isnt stressed in a word, its almost always /ə/ (e in "burden"). in this case, no e is stressed, so its all /ə/.

the first "o" is followed by multiple consonants, so its /ɔ/ (o in RP "sorry").

the second "o" is the shortened form of "oo".

"a" followed by multiple consonants, so its not the short form of "aa", and pronounced /ɑ/ (generic american english first a in "always")

this makes our sentence pronounced as /ˌɣudəˈmɔrɣə(n) ˌfɑnˈtoːmə(n)/.

[gwendolynlerman]

Languages of the world

Filipino/Tagalog (wikang Filipino)

Basic facts

Number of native speakers: 24 million

Official language: Philippines

Also spoken: Australia, Canada, China, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United States

Script: Latin, 28 letters

Grammatical cases: 0

Linguistic typology: agglutinative, VSO

Language family: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central Philippine

Number of dialects: 5

History

1593 - first book in Tagalog

1613 - first dictionary

1987 - major alphabet revision

Writing system and pronunciation

These are the letters that make up the script: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ ng o p q r s t u v w x y z.

-F- and -t- occur only in loanwords, which is why “Filipino” is pronounced /pilipino/. Stress occurs on either the last or the penultimate syllable.

Grammar

Nouns are not marked for number or case. However, they are preceded by case markers to mark the subject and the object. Only some nouns borrowed from Spanish are marked for gender.

Pronouns are marked for number and make a distinction between the inclusive and the exclusive first-person plural.

Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood, aspect, and focus. Verbal affixes include prefixes, suffices, infixes, and circumfixes.

Dialects

There are five dialects: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Manila, and Tayabas. The educated Manila dialect is the basis for Filipino.

[ukfrislandembassy]

Recommendation (based on what I tend to see looking round the world's languages, feel free to disregard my generalisations): nouns generally seem to be be more consonant-heavy than verbs. This to me looks like it's mainly morphological: because verbs on average tend to have more morphology, verb roots are more likely to be phonotactically simpler because it makes inflection (not only affixes but also and especially non-concatenative morphology) less awkward if there's a consistent phonotactic structure. So in Proto-Indo-European, you'll note verb roots in general have a (C)CeC(C) structure because they need to accomodate things like ablaut, -n- infixation and the like, and some nouns do show this structure too, but there's also a tranche of root nouns which don't fit this pattern, aren't related to a verb root and in general seem to break general Indo-European phonotactic patterns, e.g. *h2rtkos 'bear' or *gʰans 'goose' (Indo-Europeanist mutuals feel free to correct me/flesh out my cursory discussion here).

On the flipside, nouns also tend to derive from verbs rather than the other way round, thus often have bits of derivational morphology to complicate things. So in Salishan (you cite Nuxalk but I'll use Musqueam as my example because I actually have a grammar of that), verb roots tend to be CVC (often with a transitivity suffix) and large numbers of nouns are effectively derived from such roots with a ubiquitous s- prefix with in some cases also a suffix, e.g. [ˈɬəməxʷ] 'to rain' → [ˈsɬəməxʷ] 'rain', [ˈʔə��tən] 'eat' → [ˈsʔəɬtən] 'food', [ˈpa] 'get blown' → [spəˈhels] 'wind' and so on; plus loads of root nouns just have this s- anyway, e.g. [ˈswəjˀqɛʔ] 'man', [ˈstalˀəwˀ] 'river' and so on, plus there's some deverbal nouns with a different prefix ʃxʷ- like [ˈʔɛχəθ] 'to lie down' → [ˈʃxʷʔɛχəθ] 'bed' and so on.

Plus there also just often are more nouns than there are verbs: indeed, in many languages, e.g. Japanese deriving new verb stems is not possible, you have to use a light-verb construction, so benkyō suru 'do study'. So you have to allow for a greater range of possible words with nouns, implying that if your language permits consonant clusters you have more words with them overall among nouns than verbs.

But all of this is contingent of course upon what you actually are doing with your language morphologically, which is both irritating as it means you can't necessarily just deal with it at the 'phonology stage', but also helpful because to some extent these patterns are emergent from the morphological systems you choose to base your language around. And of course don't forget to take a look at some real-world parallels to the kinds of things you're looking to include, as well as maybe look at some other languages from other corners of the world with these kinds of questions in mind and see what comes out of that.

I always seem to get bogged down in phonology when I'm conlanging. I'm so indecisive because I love open syllable structure like in finnish or in greenlandic. But I also like more consonant heavy languages like Haida, Tlingit, or Nuxalk. I think Nuxalk especially has an elegantly maximalist approach to syllable structure.

I'm thinking of verbs being consonant heavy as I plan to make them dense with grammatical information and nouns to have a more open syllable structure.

[yeli-renrong]

Forni’s Etruscan etymologies, pt. 1

Forni:

Imagine you came across a poorly attested language with

• -(a)l and -s relational adjectives used as genitives and patronymics • a partially understood lexicon, including mi ‘I’, mini ‘me’, cel ‘earth’, tin ‘day’, tur- ‘give as a present’, nefts ‘nephew’, Tarχun ‘a mythical founder’, maru ‘a magistrate’, etc. • -c and -(u)m enclitic coordinating conjunctions • a phonetic inventory with: no voiced stops; a /ts/ affricate (<z>); an /f/ phoneme (written <8> as in Lydian • massive loss of unstressed vowels (syncope) • a closely related variant attested on an island not far off Anatolia

Would you not classify this language as Anatolian (possibly close to Lydian)? After all, Pisidian, Carian and Sidetic have been classified as Anatolian based on even more fragmentary evidence, including the highly diagnostic feature of relational adjectives used as genitives < Proto-Anatolian *-asso/ī- and *-Vl(i)-.

One man’s modus ponens is another’s modus tollens, so if Etruscan isn’t related to IE, what does this imply about fragmentary ‘Anatolian’? Unless these languages are all well enough attested to have solidly IE vocabulary (as with Hittite nu NINDA-an ezzatteni watarma ekutteni, demonstrating IE affiliation in one sentence)...

Naturally, none of the diagnostic words in the Hittite sentence are recorded for Etruscan. Forni’s lexicon suggests either θi or neri for ‘water’, and Fournet endorses neri with a possible connection to “IEW 766 *nēr- ‘water deity’” but if that exists I’ve totally failed to find it, thanks Fournet. (Fournet seems to believe that Etruscan is connected to Hurro-Urartian - what?!)

As for Forni’s proposed cognates:

cap- ‘to take’ ~ *keh2p isn’t widely distributed within IE, and does anything show a long vowel here? The reconstruction *kap- ~ *ghabh- seems preferable, which implies either a-coloring by a plain velar or substrate vocabulary, maybe from Tyrsenian itself

clan ~ clen- ~ celen- ‘son’ < *kelH-n- ‘to rise’ (cf. Gk kélōr ‘descendant, son’, Lith kìlti ‘to descend from’ etc., poss. TB kālyśke ‘boy, youth’) doesn’t seem obviously unreasonable; unlikely to be an Italic loan since Italic doesn’t seem to show the shift evident in the Gk/TB forms. A connection with Celtic clan < Lat. planta seems entirely chronologically impossible.

sacni- ‘consecrate(d), sacred, holy’ < *seh2k- ‘to sanctify’ (cf. Hitt. sākl(ā)i- ‘custom, rite, ceremony, rule’, Lat. sacer ‘sacred, holy’) - It’s ideal for proposed Etr-IE cognates not to exist in Italic. If they exist in Italic, it’s preferable for them to have dissimilar semantic or morphological developments. Here we have e.g. Lat. sancīre with a nasal infix, but there’s at least no *sh2k-n-.

ica, (e)ca ‘this, the’ < *h1(e)i- ‘this’ + *ḱV- ‘this’ (cf. Gk ekeî ‘there’ < *h1e-ḱe-i) - sure, why not

-c, -χ (arch. -ka, -ca) ‘and’ < *-kʷe ‘and’ seems reasonable

cer- ‘to make, build, erect’ < *kʷer- ‘to make, do, build’ - if Wikipedia can be trusted this is present in Anatolian (Hitt. kuer-, Luw. kuwar-) and absent in Italic

cel ‘earth, land, ground’ < *kʷel(h1)- ‘to turn’ (cf. Lyd. qela- ‘land, estate’, Lat. colere ‘to till’) - unfortunately present in Italic, but Latin only has /o/ here

ita, (e)ta ‘this, that, the’ < *h1(e)i-to- (cf. Lyd. ed-, etc.) - same proposed development as in ica. The other possibility for the vowel is the hic-et-nunc *i, but as a pronominal prefix?

et ‘thus’, et-nam ‘thus, equally; and also, again, furthermore’ < *h1(e)i- ‘this’ + *to- ‘that’ (cf. Hitt. namma ‘then, next, again’, Lat. ita ‘thus’) - not entirely sure what’s going on with the provided etymology, but maybe?

tarχun ‘Tarchon’, tarχ(u)na ‘Tarquinia’ < *terh2-u- ‘to conquer, to overpower’ > *trh2-u-(e)nt- ‘overpowering’ (cf. Tarhun) - of no evidentiary value since it’s impossible to rule out borrowing from IE

nefts ‘grandson, nephew’ < *(h2)nep-(ō)t- ‘grandson, nephew’ (cf. Lemnian naφoθ-, Lat. nepōs) - Forni says the Lemnian form demonstrates this isn’t a loan, but what of the -s? Seems dubious. IIRC -s is not entirely absent from Etruscan (nominative -s in some proper nouns or something like that?) but I’ve forgotten the details and can’t find it now.

ati ‘mother’ < *h2en- ‘(grand)mother’ or *h2et- ‘parent’ + *-ih2 (cf. HLuw. anati ‘mother’, Hitt. anna- ‘mother’, Lydian ẽna-, Lith. anýta ‘husband’s mother’, Arm. dial. atta etc. ‘mother’) is more likely a nursery word.

tur- ‘to give, dedicate, offer’ < PIE *deh3-r(o) ‘gift’, *deh3- ‘to give’ (cf. Hitt. dā-, d- ‘to take’, Lyd. dã- ‘to give’, Gk dôron ‘gift’, Arm. tur ‘gift’, OCS darŭ ‘gift’) seems dubious since the IE *-r- is a nominal derivational affix

tin ‘Zeus, Jupiter, day’ < *dei-no- ‘day’ or *di(e)u- ‘god’ - between the god names and Proto-Italic *dinos > Latin nūndinus etc. it seems impossible to rule out borrowing

tiu ‘moon, month’ < *di(e)u- - I’m sure the Evolians have something to say about this, the inversion of the masculine solar principle among the matriarchal Etruscans and so on... but, sure, maybe. Forni compares the semantic shift to Lat. lūna from PIE *leuk- ‘shine’.

lautni ‘freedman’ < *h1leudh- ‘free man’ - Forni says this can’t be an Italic loan on “formal grounds (/t/ vs. /b/ or /f/, and -n- vs. -r- extension), but at an earlier stage the Italic form was *louðeros, and could the -ni here be connected to the -ni of sacni-? 

etera ‘member of a lower class’ < *n̥dhero- ‘lower’ (cf. Lyc. ẽtre- ‘lower’, Lat. īnferus ‘low’) - could be treated as a loan similarly to lautni by assuming Proto-Italic *enðeros > *[ẽðeros], but it’d have to be explained why -er- is present here and absent there.

teta ‘grandmother’ < *dhēdhē ‘grandmother’ - Nursery word, so of little value.

puia ‘wife’ < *pot-nih2 ‘wife, mistress, lady’ - Forni says this is via *punja > *pũja... sigh, the post box is lagging to below 1FPS, more later

[immersionfrancaise]

اسم فاعِل   ism fa3il

1. The active participle or / اسْم فاعِل /, even though it may translate English verbal ideas, is a noun. It may take the definite article. As a noun it has gender and number.

2. There are two kinds of / اسْم فاعِل /. One (form I) is built from the basic three letter root. The other is built from the increased Forms II-X. To form the / اسْم فاعِل / of form I / ا / is placed after the first letter. If an / ا / is already present in the word, a / ي / is infixed after it. A / ِ / is placed in the final syllable.

كَتَب becomes كاتِب (writing, clerk)

نِزِل becomes نازِل (descending)

نام becomes نايِم (sleeping)

3. The other kind of / اسْم فاعِل / (forms II - X) is made from all verbs of more than three letters. This / اسْم فاعِل / is made by prefixing / م / , / مِ / or / مُ /  to the verb and using a / ِ  / on the final syllable. Note that the prefix of / مِ / or / مُ / often varies according to dialect.

عَلَّم becomes مْعَلِّم (teacher)

اسْتَعجَل becomes مِسْتَجِل (hurrying)

4. The / اسْم فاعِل / has three functions:

a. Sometimes it serves as an adjective: fair, just - عادِل ; complete - كامِل

b. Sometimes it serves as a noun: inspector - مفَتِّش ; scholar - عالِم

c. Sometimes, even though it is a noun, it has a verbal idea. It can often be used interchangeably with a مُضارِع verb: remaining - باقي ; saying - حاكي

Very few active participles can be used in all three ways. Here is one which does use all three:

The secretary is writing on a typewriter (writing machine). - .الكاتبة كاتبة عَلى آلة كاتبة